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The Italian seismic code provides a simplified approach to account for the effect of local seismostratigraphical configuration on the expected ground motion. This approach, common with other seismic codes, provides specific 'soil factors' as a function of a set of reference subsoil conditions (soil classes): these factors are considered in 1D subsoil configurations to modify the uniform probability hazard spectrum deduced from probabilistic seismic hazard at reference soil conditions. It is inferred that, to provide a coherent management of uncertainty affecting the response spectrum to be used for the design, the contribution of uncertainty affecting soil factors must be carefully considered to avoid biases in the hazard evaluation. In the present study, variability of soil factors representative of each soil class has been explored by numerical simulation relative to many seismostratigraphical configurations inferred from seismic microzonation studies available in Italy relative to 1689 municipalities. This analysis shows that variability of soil factors is of the same order of magnitude of variability affecting reference response spectra, which implies that the former cannot be neglected as presently happens in the common practice. It is also shown that neglecting this contribution can lead to underestimate the impact of subsoil configuration on the regularized response spectrum provided by the norm, in particular, in the short period range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban areas located on complex geological formations, such as dune deposits, require detailed seismic risk assessments that extend beyond standard seismic codes. This study focuses on the city of Concón, Chile, where a significant portion of the urban area is situated on a coastal dune deposit. The research integrates seismic microzonation with a three-dimensional finite element model (3D FEM) to comprehensively evaluate the regional seismic response. Field data from 208 strategically distributed points were collected and combined with geotechnical and geomorphological information to construct a detailed 3D model of the region. This model allowed for the simulation of seismic behavior under various conditions, highlighting the limitations of general seismic codes in capturing local variations in seismic response. The results underscore the importance of considering local geological conditions in structural design, particularly in areas with irregular topography and complex subsurface conditions. This study concludes that incorporating microzonation into urban planning and seismic analysis can significantly enhance infrastructure resilience and disaster preparedness, providing a replicable approach for other cities facing similar geological challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amravati has been designated as the prospective youthful capital of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, nestled in the geologically stable southern peninsular region. Following the impactful Bhuj earthquake on 26 January 2001 measuring 7.6 Mw on the Richter scale, which resulted in substantial destruction, there has been a heightened curiosity in seismic microzonation research throughout India, encompassing Andhra Pradesh. This study is specifically cantered on evaluating the seismic activity and microzonation of Amaravati, employing a multifaceted seismic hazard assessment methodology. The exploration encompasses three distinct phases. Firstly, site characterization involves regional geological, geomorphological, and geotechnical analysis. Secondly, local site effects and resonance frequencies are assessed using DEEPSOIL software, providing amplification factors through a one-dimensional linear approach. In the third stage, liquefaction hazard analysis and liquefaction potential index are evaluated using the simplified procedure suggested by Seed and Idriss. Microzonation results are presented through nine themes: which includes geological mapping, geomorphology, geotechnical observations, shear wave velocity distribution, seismotectonic set-up, rock depth, amplification, peak ground acceleration, and liquefaction susceptibility mapping. The thematic mapping divides the Amaravati region into three zones: susceptible, partially susceptible, and not susceptible. This comprehensive study enhances understanding of seismic hazards in the Amaravati capital region, aiding in informed urban planning and disaster mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the territory of Dushanbe city, the capital of Tajikistan, detailed geological and geophysical data were collected during geophysical surveys in 2019–2020. The data comprise 5 microtremor array measurements, 9 seismic refraction tomography profiles, seismological data from 5 temporary seismic stations for standard spectral ratio calculations, 60 borehole datasets, and 175 ambient noise measurements. The complete dataset for Dushanbe was used to build a consistent 3D geologic model of the city with a size of 12 × 12 km2. The results of the seismological and geophysical surveys were compared and calibrated with borehole data to define the boundaries of each layer in the study area. The Leapfrog Works software was utilized to create a 3D geomodel. From the 3D geomodel, we extracted six 12 km long 2D geological cross-sections. These 2D geological cross-sections were used for 2D dynamic numerical modeling with the Universal Distinct Element Code software to calculate the local seismic response. Finally, the dynamic numerical modeling results were compared with the amplification functions obtained from the seismological and ambient noise data analysis. The 2D dynamic numerical modeling results allowed a better assessment of the site effects in the study area to support seismic microzonation and the determination of local peak ground acceleration changes in combination with regional seismic hazard maps. In addition, our results confirm the strong seismic amplification effects noted in some previous studies, which are attributed to the influence of local topographic and subsurface characteristics on seismic ground motions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UNESCO World Heritage Site Old City of Dubrovnik (Croatia) has been devastated by historical earthquake in 1667 of M ~ 7 as well 1979 M6.8 Montenegro earthquakes causing strong damage effects. The aim of this research is the evaluation of the geological structure and local site effects under the Old City, using non-invasive seismic survey methods to define the areas that can be subjected to stronger damage in the case of an earthquake. The results present basis for seismic hazard and seismic risk assessment of cultural heritage – which are necessary activities for their preservation as an important witness of the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop seismic microzonation maps in Seoul employing a GIS-aided approach. We use extensive borehole database of Seoul, which include stratigraphical information and standard penetration test (SPT) results. Two outlier detection methods are used to remove unreliable data. VS profiles are developed empirically both from SPT blow counts where available and averaged values representative of geologic soil layers where only stratigraphical information are provided. The sites are classified using the Korean design system (KDS) and a revised site classification system of Aaqib et al. (Earthq Eng 26:8257–8279, 2022, DOI:10.1080/13632469.2021.1990164), (AEA22). It is revealed that the KDS system, which uses the bedrock depth and average VS of soil, is not effective in categorizing the sites, resulting in significant overlapping of site parameters for different classes. The site period dependent AEA22 system better captures the surface geologic variations in Seoul, producing cleaner yet more representative classification map. We further develop the surface spectral acceleration maps of Seoul subjected to a 2400-year return period earthquake. The seismic amplifications are calculated using three procedures, which are (1) simulation-based site amplification model of Aaqib et al. (Earthq Spec 37:1900–1930, 2021, DOI:10.1177/8755293020981984) developed for shallow bedrock sites of Korea, (2) KDS and (3) AEA22 amplification factors. The site amplification model is considered as the reference method. The KDS system produces unrealistic predictions, underestimating the short period accelerations while overestimating the mid-to-long period responses. The AEA22 system produces an enhanced predictions of the surface accelerations compared with the KDS system. We propose to utilize the site amplification model or the AEA22 system for estimation of the seismic hazard in Seoul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seismic site effect which is controlled by local geological conditions is a key parameter of seismic hazards analysis. This paper presents an observational study of microtremor data to investigate the dynamic characteristics of soil in the Chiang Mai basin (Chiang Mai and Lumphun province), Northern Thailand. The Chiang Mai basin was formed on terrace sediments and alluvium sediments. The horizontal vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) analyses of ambient noise data at 101 sites in the basin were analyzed for an average smoothed HVSR curve to estimate the amplification factor and fundamental resonance frequency of each observation point. We also evaluated the shear wave velocity using the HVSR inversion technique based on the diffuse field assumption. Tests undertaken include a comparison of the HVSR of a significant earthquake that was detected at stations in the basin and a nearby bedrock site. The results indicate that the resonance frequency ranges between 0.15 - 0.4 Hz at sites having large thicknesses of soft sediments. The lowest resonance frequencies occur in the center of the basin, whereas higher resonance frequencies were observed in the areas of the shallowest bedrock in the west and east of the basin. It can be inferred that the western margin of the Chiang Mai basin is a steep slope, while the eastern margin of the basin is a lowangle west-dipping basement. The amplification factor ranges between 3 - 5 times, in the middle of the basin. Most of the Chiang Mai basin area is classified as site D soil (stiff soil) relative to alluvium sediments, and a region of class C soil (very dense soil) conforms to the terrace sediments located on the eastern edge of the basin. The soil classification is based on shear wave velocity (Vs30) determined by HVSR inversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A representative sub-surface shear wave velocity model is crucial for seismic hazard studies, as seismic waves are affected by sub-surface characteristics. The offered data in this article were mainly developed based on a quasi-static cone penetration test (q-CPT) collected at the west coast town of Aceh, Indonesia. Microtremor datasets measured at the same locations were employed to extend the depth of the sub-surface models and to validate the models. The in-situ q-CPT data were collected using a locally manufactured Begemann's type cone penetration test apparatus. Twenty seven (27) q-CPT soundings were performed to typical depths of 20 m or measuring cone tip resistances of at least 150 kg/cm2. Several empirical approaches were employed to deduce the sub-surface parameters, including shear wave velocity. To enhance the sub-surface model depth, 23 in-situ microtremor data were recorded using 3 components (3C) of Geobit S100 and RaspberrySHAKE (RS-3D) seismometers at the same locations where the q-CPTs were sounded. At the same time, these microtremor datasets were also utilized to validate the developed sub-surface shear wave velocity models using the forward modeling method. Therefore, all the proposed sub-surface shear wave models presented in this article have been validated. These sub-surface shear wave velocity models can be used for site characterization, i.e., site response analysis, seismic microzonation, or spatial urban planning.

Urban areas located on complex geological formations, such as dune deposits, require detailed seismic risk assessments that extend beyond standard seismic codes. This study focuses on the city of Concón, Chile, where a significant portion of the urban area is situated on a coastal dune deposit. The research integrates seismic microzonation with a three-dimensional finite element model (3D FEM) to comprehensively evaluate the regional seismic response. Field data from 208 strategically distributed points were collected and combined with geotechnical and geomorphological information to construct a detailed 3D model of the region. This model allowed for the simulation of seismic behavior under various conditions, highlighting the limitations of general seismic codes in capturing local variations in seismic response. The results underscore the importance of considering local geological conditions in structural design, particularly in areas with irregular topography and complex subsurface conditions. This study concludes that incorporating microzonation into urban planning and seismic analysis can significantly enhance infrastructure resilience and disaster preparedness, providing a replicable approach for other cities facing similar geological challenges.

Uttarakhand is one of the most seismically active states of India. In this study, the seismic hazard map of Uttarakhand has been developed through deterministic seismic hazard analysis approach. Seismotectonic map with various geological discontinuities has been prepared. A homogenous earthquake catalogue for moment magnitude has been prepared for the duration of 1953–2020 and the past seismic data have been checked for completeness with regard to time and magnitude. Maximum potential magnitude was then assessed for the seismic sources. Concept of logic tree with four different ground motion prediction models was employed for the assessment of hazards. For developing the microzonation map, the state was divided into several grid points (0.1°×0.1°), and the seismic hazard was estimated in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA) for each of the grid points. The estimated PGA values were found to be varying from 0.12 g to as high as 0.70 g. For northern regions, Main Central Thrust, Sundernagar and Ropar faults are critical, whereas for southern regions, thrusts TT18, TT23, TT19, TT23 and faults F37, F36, and F31 are significant. It has also been observed that the current Indian standard underestimates the response spectrum values for most regions of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the territory of Dushanbe city, the capital of Tajikistan, detailed geological and geophysical data were collected during geophysical surveys in 2019–2020. The data comprise 5 microtremor array measurements, 9 seismic refraction tomography profiles, seismological data from 5 temporary seismic stations for standard spectral ratio calculations, 60 borehole datasets, and 175 ambient noise measurements. The complete dataset for Dushanbe was used to build a consistent 3D geologic model of the city with a size of 12 × 12 km2. The results of the seismological and geophysical surveys were compared and calibrated with borehole data to define the boundaries of each layer in the study area. The Leapfrog Works software was utilized to create a 3D geomodel. From the 3D geomodel, we extracted six 12 km long 2D geological cross-sections. These 2D geological cross-sections were used for 2D dynamic numerical modeling with the Universal Distinct Element Code software to calculate the local seismic response. Finally, the dynamic numerical modeling results were compared with the amplification functions obtained from the seismological and ambient noise data analysis. The 2D dynamic numerical modeling results allowed a better assessment of the site effects in the study area to support seismic microzonation and the determination of local peak ground acceleration changes in combination with regional seismic hazard maps. In addition, our results confirm the strong seismic amplification effects noted in some previous studies, which are attributed to the influence of local topographic and subsurface characteristics on seismic ground motions.

The metropolitan community of Montreal (MMC) is located in Eastern Canada and included in the western Quebec seismic zone characterized by shallow crustal earthquakes and moderate seismicity. Most of the urbanized areas are settled close to the Saint-Lawrence River and its tributaries and within the region, delimiting the extension of the clay deposits from the Champlain Sea. The influence of these recent and soft deposits on seismic waves has been observed after the 1988 M5.8 Saguenay earthquake and has proven to be crucial in seismic hazard analysis. The shear-wave velocity Vs averaged over the 30 m of soil, abbreviated Vs30, is one of the most used parameters to characterize the site condition and its influence on seismic waves. Since 2000, a site condition model has been developed for the municipalities of Montreal and Laval, combining seismic and borehole data for risk mitigation purposes. The paper presents an extended version of the Vs30 mapping for the entire region of the MMC, which accounts for half of the population of Quebec, including additional ambient noise recordings, recently updated borehole datasets, geological vector map and unpublished seismic refraction data to derive Vs profiles. The estimated Vs30 values for thousands of sites are then interpolated on a regular grid of 0.01 degrees using the inverse distance weighted interpolation approach. Regions with the lowest estimated Vs30 values where site amplification could be expected on seismic waves are in the Northeastern part and in the Southwest of the MMC. The map expresses in terms of site classes is compared with intensity values derived from citizen observations after recent felt. In general, the highest reported intensity values are found in regions with the lowest Vs30 values on the map. Areas where this rule does not apply, should be investigated further. This site condition model can be used in seismic hazard and risk analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the municipality of Enna, 80 HVSR measurements were performed, and some of these were combined with MASW seismic measurements, which made it possible to constrain the data inversion and obtain significant shear wave velocity models. A reconstruction of the depth of the seismic bedrock was performed for the whole territory, showing different depths for the higher and lower areas, as evidenced also by the Vseq parameter map. The frequency peaks identified in the H/V curve were analyzed through a cluster analysis algorithm to evaluate similarities that allow these peaks to be divided according to their stratigraphic origin. A non-hierarchical analysis algorithm modified in such a way as to avoid any a priori choice that could influence the partition has been used. The cluster analysis made it possible to divide the frequency peaks into five groupings, each of which was then associated with a seismic discontinuity, according to the geological contacts expected in the subsoil. Finally, the inversion of the data made it possible to reconstruct the geometries of these geological contact surfaces and to reconstruct a 3D model of the subsoil, which agrees well with the surface geology of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the multi-year seismic microzonation mapping project for Greater Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, is to produce seismic hazard maps inclusive of local site effects, in particular seismic hazard specific to one-dimensional site response and three-dimensional Georgia sedimentary basin amplification, as well as liquefaction and landslide hazard potential. We explore the variability in key seismic site characterization measures most often used for seismic microzonation mapping to evaluate the impact on mapping and communication of seismic microzonation of Greater Vancouver. This study focuses on the comparison of seismic microzonation maps of Greater Vancouver based on up to three seismic site term parameters and their associated classification schemes: 1) the time-averaged shear-wave velocity (Vs) of the upper 30 m (Vs30) and associated Canadian National Building Code (NBC) site class; 2) Vs30-based site classification proposed for the updated Eurocode 8; 3) site period (T0) determined from microtremor site amplification spectra; and 4) a hybrid site classification based on T0 and the average Vs and thickness of soil. 810 Vs30 and 2,200 T0 values are determined to evaluate sub-regional differences in these important seismic site parameters in Greater Vancouver. We find that the seismic microzonation of Greater Vancouver depends on the chosen seismic site parameter (Vs30, T0, or a combination of parameters) and that classification schemes with greater class divisions are beneficial to communicating the great variability in seismic site conditions in Greater Vancouver. We recommend that either one hybrid classification map or two classification maps of Vs30 and T0 together are required for effective communication of the seismic microzonation of Greater Vancouver.

This paper evaluates the amplification factors at different locations of a tuff cliff subjected to seismic loading. We present a 1D and 2D modelling of a cliff located in the Sorrento Peninsula, a major Quaternary morpho-structural unit of the western flank of Southern Apennines. The geometry of our model is represented by a tuff cliff of 30 m height, with sand deposits at its base, covered by a 7-m-thick volcanoclastic layer. The geotechnical and geophysical parameters used for the analysis have been estimated via field measurements and laboratory tests. We selected seven scaled seismic events as input motions for the analysis, and the linear equivalent assumption was used in both 1D and 2D modelling. The general trend showed that in the cliff edge area, the amplification factor reaches a maximum value of 10 with a period of 0.11 s, while in other areas, its value decreases down to 2.90 seaside and 4.0 landside. The comparison of the 1D and 2D modelling highlights the importance of the topographic effects connected with a cliff. The average amplification factors (AF) for the 1D and the 2D models, have been computed within different time ranges, consistent with the ones adopted in the Italian microzonation studies (0.1–0.5 s, 0.4–0.8 s, 0.7–1.1 s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kyrgyzstan is an earthquake-prone country at the border of the Pamir Thrust, north of the active shortening structure of the Pamir Mountains and the intra-continental mountain belt of the Tian Shan further north. The region has had several M7 + damaging earthquakes, which have killed thousands of people. In the West, the country is cut through by the 700-km-long NW–SE Talas-Fergana active strike-slip fault system, where no major earthquakes have been observed in the last 250 years even though paleoseismic studies show the potential to produce M7.0 + events. This study is the second part of a project to estimate the potential damage and losses on residential buildings as well as critical infrastructures in the case of a large earthquake in the two mining towns of Kadamjay and Aidarken in the SW of Kyrgyzstan. Microtremors were recorded on 82 sites and analyzed with the Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method. For each site, we estimate the average frequency of the clearest peak and its amplitude in the HVSR spectra to produce microzonation maps, in terms of response frequency. We further used these data for the calculation of ground shaking using a set of six seismic scenarios based on the known faults around the two towns. This approach has proved to be efficient in a country where the resources and available data are limited and when the time of investigation is short. The Kadamjay and Aidarken cities have been divided into different zones with specific predominant resonance frequency ranges, which information is useful for risk analysis, mitigation and buildings retrofit. In Kadamjay, three regions dominate which are related to the history of alluvial deposition in a series of terraces. The more elevated terrace could be the place of seismic site amplification. Aidarkan is much more homogenous in terms of thickness and type of alluvial deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel probabilistic methodology for regional seismic site characterization is proposed and applied to a region with highly heterogeneous surficial geology and varying soil sediment thickness and stiffness. The method combines various sources of geological and geotechnical uncertainties to develop a three-dimensional (3D) shear-wave velocity (Vs) model and evaluate the associated uncertainties. A 3D geological model of the unconsolidated deposits was developed using geostatistical interpolation and simulation methods. Sequential indicator simulations produced a quantitative geologic model that explicitly quantified geological uncertainties based on the likelihood of specific soil types occurring. In situ measurements and multivariate statistical analysis allowed the development of empirical correlations between Vs, geotechnical parameters, depth, and soil types. The resulting 3D Vs values were estimated on the basis of Vs-depth correlations and the probability of occurrence of each soil type. In this approach, the propagated uncertainty was also quantified by considering the combined variance. Seismic microzonation mapping was then conducted by transforming the 3D Vs model into two-dimensional (2D) maps that represent the spatial distributions of the time-averaged shear-wave velocity of the top 30 m (Vs,30) and the fundamental site period (T0), along with their respective uncertainties using Monte Carlo simulations. The results indicate that microzonation maps and their uncertainties are influenced by the thickness, occurrence probability, and geotechnical properties of soils. The proposed method can be used to assess the probabilistic seismic risk at local and regional scales in areas with geologically and geotechnically complex soil properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional scale seismic hazard assessment including the effect of local seismo-stratigraphical conditions is a basic tool for seismic risk estimates. A novel physically based procedure is proposed for using geological maps to extensively estimate expected seismic amplification effects relative to spectral ordinates of main engineering interest (<0.8 s). Automatic GIS based analysis of geological maps, statistical data relative to the seismic/geotechnical properties of geological units and numerical modelling are combined to determine the probability distribution of expected amplification effects by accounting for uncertainty affecting the relevant parameters. To evaluate the feasibility of the proposed procedure, it has been applied to the Tuscany Region in Central Italy. Unbiasedness of outcomes has been tested by considering detailed microzonation studies available for the considered area. Results of the proposed approach could be easily implemented in extensive seismic risk analyses where detailed seismic microzonation studies are lacking. • A novel methodology is proposed for estimating seismic amplification effects at regional scale from geological maps. • The local seismo-stratigraphy is reconstructed by an automatic GIS-based procedure from the geological map. • Numerical simulations are considered to assess probability distribution of possible seismic amplification values. • Unbiasedness of estimates is assessed by a comparison with seismic microzonation studies in Central Italy. • Outcomes of the present approach can be used for seismic risk assessment at regional scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of pounding of adjacent structures has greatly attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. Among the observed damages due to the earthquake, one could refer to those damages induced by pounding of the adjacent structures which is a prevalent phenomenon. The reason for this issue is the lack of separation joint or its inadequacy between two adjacent buildings. When an earthquake occurs, difference in the structures' frequencies would result in difference in their reaction relative to the ground acceleration and pounding would take place. In this article the effects of site soil type, structure type, its height and distance from the fault on the separation joint for the steel and reinforced concrete moment resisting buildings with 3, 5, 8 and 12 stories are investigated. The structural models are first designed by structural design software and then are analyzed under various time histories using Seismostruct software. The obtained results show that the highest hazard risks corresponding to collision between the adjacent buildings belong to areas near the faults located on soft soil types and collision of two buildings with different types is the most severe collision. Different conditions have been discussed in this paper and based on the results, some editions to criteria of seismic design code of Iran has been proposed considering to distance to active faults, soil conditions and type of structure.

The paper illustrates the construction of abacuses for the semi-quantitative assessment of stratigraphic seismic amplification phenomena, applicable in the eastern Abruzzo region (central Italy). The abacuses provide three expected Amplification Factors (Fas): Fa0.1-0.5, Fa0.4-0.8, Fa0.7-1.1, performed as the ratio between the integral of output and input, in the mentioned time intervals, considering the acceleration response spectra. The choice derives from the fact that these parameters are better correlated to the response of the buildings, characterised by their own different periods. To prepare the abacuses, a procedure was adopted that took into consideration the geological analysis of the area, the collection of all the available geophysical and geotechnical data, the choice of the seismic inputs representative of the seismic hazard, the identification of the main seismic stratigraphic sequences and the numerical analysis aimed at evaluating the Fa. The abacus consists of a series of tables prepared in order to take account of the stratigraphic variability in the area, as a function of the basic seismic hazard level and the vibration period interval to calculate the Fa. By knowing the stratigraphic and mechanical characteristics of the site and using the abacuses, the values of the Fa are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Site characterization of metropolitan areas, especially after an earthquake, is of paramount importance for interpretation of spatial damage distribution and taking measures that assure realistic design actions to strengthen existing constructions and create new ones. Such a case is the city of Durres, Albania, that was hit by the disastrous earthquake of 26 November 2019 (M6.4). Significant differences in structural damage were observed throughout the city, despite its uniform epicentral distance (approximately 15 km); this could be either due to varying vulnerability of the affected constructions and/or to spatial variation of strong ground motion in the city, resulting from local site effects; the latter factor was investigated in this study. This was achieved by taking single station ambient noise measurements throughout the city, at approximately 80 sites. Ambient noise measurements are favorable, as acquiring ambient noise data is an easy and effective noninvasive approach within urban environments. Measurements were processed using the widely applied Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method, following the SESAME project (2004) guidelines. Their fundamental and dominant frequencies, fo and fd, respectively, were calculated and related to the iso-depth contours of the investigated area, as well as their corresponding amplitudes, Ao, and Ad. These experimental parameters and the HVSR curves were used to group all examined sites into classes with similar properties. This clustering provided a zonation map with four categories consisting of similar shapes and amplitudes, applicable to the city of Durres. This map can be utilized as a first level zonation of local site effects for the city. In addition, dynamic properties of soil profiles in selected sites were investigated and tested using 1D synthetic ambient noise data, based on the Hisada (1994, 1995) simulation method, and compared to experimental HVSRs in proximity to the selected sites. A comparison of the proposed four categories zonation map to the observed damage of the 26 November 2019, mainshock is attempted and evaluated. The four categories zonation map with similar expected local site effects proposed in this study can be used as a first level seismic microzonation of Durres. Undoubtedly, corrections for 2D/3D effects on ground shaking must be applied to sites lying in the edges of the Durres basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A seismic microzonation study was conducted to refine the seismic hazard model for the city of Saguenay, Canada. The Quaternary geology underlying Saguenay shows complex glacial and post-glacial stratigraphy with a number of buried valleys filled with fluvioglacial and glaciomarine sediments. High impedance contrast between rock formations and surficial sediments is prone to seismic amplification. To evaluate their applicability, advantages and limitations in capturing the geological specificity of the study area, four site classification methods were applied: the current National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) and Eurocode 8, both mainly based on the average shear-wave velocity for the surficial sediments (V S,avg ) and for the top 30 m (V S,30 ); a method based on the fundamental site period (T 0 ); and a hybrid method based on the combination of V S,30 , T 0 and V S,avg . The study specifically aimed to evaluate the importance of the site classification parameters on the resulting microzonation maps. V S,30 is capable to present the geological and geotechnical site conditions, however, the results may be further improved by considering V s,avg in shallow and T 0 in thick layers of soil sediments as secondary parameters. The T 0 method gives also satisfactory results with T 0 showing a better correlation to V s,30 than to V s,avg . The versatile hybrid method may be challenging to apply in certain cases with its nine different site categories and parameters.

The metropolitan community of Montreal (MMC) is located in Eastern Canada and included in the western Quebec seismic zone characterized by shallow crustal earthquakes and moderate seismicity. Most of the urbanized areas are settled close to the Saint-Lawrence River and its tributaries and within the region, delimiting the extension of the clay deposits from the Champlain Sea. The influence of these recent and soft deposits on seismic waves has been observed after the 1988 M5.8 Saguenay earthquake and has proven to be crucial in seismic hazard analysis. The shear-wave velocity Vs averaged over the 30 m of soil, abbreviated Vs30, is one of the most used parameters to characterize the site condition and its influence on seismic waves. Since 2000, a site condition model has been developed for the municipalities of Montreal and Laval, combining seismic and borehole data for risk mitigation purposes. The paper presents an extended version of the Vs30 mapping for the entire region of the MMC, which accounts for half of the population of Quebec, including additional ambient noise recordings, recently updated borehole datasets, geological vector map and unpublished seismic refraction data to derive Vs profiles. The estimated Vs30 values for thousands of sites are then interpolated on a regular grid of 0.01 degrees using the inverse distance weighted interpolation approach. Regions with the lowest estimated Vs30 values where site amplification could be expected on seismic waves are in the Northeastern part and in the Southwest of the MMC. The map expresses in terms of site classes is compared with intensity values derived from citizen observations after recent felt. In general, the highest reported intensity values are found in regions with the lowest Vs30 values on the map. Areas where this rule does not apply, should be investigated further. This site condition model can be used in seismic hazard and risk analysis.

In the municipality of Enna, 80 HVSR measurements were performed, and some of these were combined with MASW seismic measurements, which made it possible to constrain the data inversion and obtain significant shear wave velocity models. A reconstruction of the depth of the seismic bedrock was performed for the whole territory, showing different depths for the higher and lower areas, as evidenced also by the Vseq parameter map. The frequency peaks identified in the H/V curve were analyzed through a cluster analysis algorithm to evaluate similarities that allow these peaks to be divided according to their stratigraphic origin. A non-hierarchical analysis algorithm modified in such a way as to avoid any a priori choice that could influence the partition has been used. The cluster analysis made it possible to divide the frequency peaks into five groupings, each of which was then associated with a seismic discontinuity, according to the geological contacts expected in the subsoil. Finally, the inversion of the data made it possible to reconstruct the geometries of these geological contact surfaces and to reconstruct a 3D model of the subsoil, which agrees well with the surface geology of the area.

The existence of soft soil in offshore areas may lead to the amplification of vibration received from offshore facilities, especially from the existing fixed-jacket platforms, which were designed without provision to seismicity, as in Malaysian water. Therefore, this study was designed to develop a seismic microzonation map and a soil amplification factor map according to soil type; we propose horizontal response spectra and site coefficient values (Ca and Cv) for the Malay Basin. A one-dimensional nonlinear analysis of layered soil (NERA) was used in the ground response analysis for six selected seismic events under five return periods of 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 2500 years. Soil amplification factors for soil types D and E showed a decreasing trend from 100 years to 2500 years. Two designed horizontal response spectra are proposed (for soil type D and E) under average and envelope conditions; a comparison with ISO showed that the proposed spectra were higher, especially for soil type E. To summarize, the seismicity effect should be included in the development of offshore industries as findings indicated that soil amplification occurred in soil types D and E at the Malay Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geotechnical industry has widely adopted the refraction microtremor shear-wave velocity measurement technique, which is accepted by building authorities for evaluation of seismic site class around the world. Clark County and the City of Henderson, Nevada, populated their Earthquake Parcel Map with over 10,000 site measurements for building code enforcement, made over a 3-year period. 2D refraction microtremor analysis now allows engineers to image lateral shear-wave velocity variations and do passive subsurface imaging. Along with experience at a basic level, the ability to identify the "no energy area" and the "minimum-velocity envelope" on the slowness-frequency (p-f) image helps practitioners to assess the quality of their ReMi data and analysis. Guides for grading (p-f) image quality, and for estimating depth sensitivity, velocity-depth tradeoffs, and depth and velocity resolution also assist practitioners in deciding whether their refraction microtremor data will meet their investigation objectives. Commercial refraction microtremor surveys use linear arrays, and a new criterion of 2.2% minimum microtremor energy in the array direction allows users to assess the likelihood of correct results. Unfortunately, any useful and popular measurement technique can be abused. Practitioners must follow correct data collection, analysis, interpretation, and measurement procedures, or the results cannot be labeled "refraction microtremor" or "ReMi" results. We present some of the common mistakes and provide solutions with the objective of establishing a "best practices" template for getting consistent, reliable models from refraction microtremor measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bengal Basin located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the conjunction of the Eurasian, Indian, and Indo-Burma plates with two progressing deformation fronts viz. the Himalayas and the Indo-Burmese orogenic belts is one of the largest fluvio-deltaic to shallow marine sedimentary basin covered by alluvial plains of Holocene deposits extending from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal over thick younger alluvium comprising shallow layers of silt, clay, and sand that can have disastrous consequences due to site-specific ground motion amplification and liquefaction effects. The basin surrounded by Shillong and Assam plateaus in the Northeast is in the active tectonofabric of major active faults and lineaments triggering many devastating earthquakes in the past implicating the MM Intensity of VIII–XI in the near-source region causing widespread damage and destruction in the basin, thus bringing in the essence of assessing surface level seismic hazard and the risk imposed on the basin. Consideration of seismicity patterns, fault networks, and similarity in focal mechanisms yielded 49 areal seismogenic sources and additional active tectonic features in the 0–25 km, 25–70 km, and 70–180 km hypocentral depth ranges, which along with 14 ground motion prediction equations that include site-specific next generation spectral attenuation models pertaining to Northeast India, East-Central Himalaya, and Bengal Basin tectonic provinces yielded probabilistic peak ground acceleration (PGA) at engineering bedrock in the range of 0.08–0.58 g. Both the geophysical and geotechnical investigations at 6,000 sites provided effective shear wave velocity distribution in the range of 113–948 m/s on the geographical information system, thus classifying the basin into 11 site classes with “None” to “Severe” liquefaction hazard potential. A systematic non-linear/equivalent linear site response analysis and its spectral convolution with firm rock peak ground acceleration yielded surface-consistent hazard in the range of 0.09–1.17 g, thus opening up the issue of risk assessment and holistic seismic hazard microzonation of all the cities in the basin and their structural impact assessment using the SELENA-based capacity spectrum method on FEMA and BMTPC-regulated 11 model building types in the damage states of “none,” “slight,” “moderate,” “extensive,” and “complete” for all of those, however, in-depth studies carried out for Mymensingh and Dhanbad have been presented.

A general methodological approach is here discussed to integrate geological and geophysical information in seismic microzonation studies. In particular, the methodology aims at maximizing the exploitation of low-cost data for an extensive preliminary assessment of ground motion amplification phenomena induced by the local seismo-stratigraphical configuration. Three main steps are delineated: (a) the combination of geological/geomorphological analyses to develop an Engineering-Geological Model of the study area; (b) targeted geophysical prospecting to provide an Engineering-Geological/Geophysical Model; (c) evaluating effectiveness of Engineering-Geological/Geophysical Model by estimating expected ground motion amplification phenomena by the use of suitable computational tools. The workflow is illustrated by a case-study based on a set of villages in the Umbro-Marchean Apennine (Central Italy) damaged during the Seismic sequence that occurred in Central Italy during 2016–2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to the problem of numerical modeling of earthquake response of porous saturated soil deposits to seismic waves propagation. Site-specific earthquake response analysis is a necessary and important component of seismic hazard assessment. Accounting for the complex structure of porous saturated soils, i.e., the content in them, in addition to the solid matrix, pore water, gas mixture and ice, is especially important for the water areas in the zones of continuous or sparse permafrost, as well as the massive release of bubble gas from bottom sediments. The purpose of this study is to introduce an algorithm and its Matlab implementation for numerical modeling of the nonlinear response of porous saturated soil deposits to vertical P- and SH-waves propagation. The presented MatNERApor package consists of a set of Matlab scripts and functions. The package was tested and verified using the records of vertical seismic arrays of the Kik-net network. In addition, the records of local earthquakes obtained by ocean bottom seismographs in the Laptev Sea in 2019–2020 were used to demonstrate the effect of the water layer above the seabed sites on the reduction of vertical motions spectra. The results of the calculations showed good agreement with the data obtained from real seismic records, which justifies the correctness of the theoretical basis of the presented algorithm and its software implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility is here explored to use an 'equivalent' homogeneous configuration to simulate 1D seismic response of heterogeneous engineering-geological bodies when relatively weak seismic impedance contrasts internal to the bodies (it was assumed a shear wave velocity variation between the alternating layers equal to 150 m/s) only exist above the seismic bedrock. This equivalent configuration is obtained by considering an equivalent Vs value the harmonic average of the actual Vs values and a linear combination of G/G0 and D curves relative to the lithotechnical components present in the actual configuration. To evaluate feasibility of this approach, a wide set of numerical simulations was carried out by randomly generating subsoil layering including sequences of alternating thin layers of geotechnical units (e.g. sands and clays) each characterized by a characteristic nonlinear curve. Outcomes of these simulations are compared with those provided by considering a single homogeneous layer characterized by equivalent nonlinear curves obtained as a weighted average of the original curves. By comparing the heterogeneous and the homogeneous columns seismic response in terms of amplification factors and fundamental period, the results confirm the possibility to model a 1D column characterized by a generic lithostratigraphic succession with an equivalent one without introducing significative errors that, at least for the studied cases, do not exceed the 6%. This conclusion is substantially confirmed by extending the comparison to a real case, i.e., the 113 m-thick heterogeneous soil profile at Mirandola site (Northern Italy), presented in the last part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research introduces ways of preparing the community to play a direct role in reducing the risk of earthquake and tsunami disasters. Nagari Matobe is a village located in South Sipora. This location is in an earthquake tsunami-prone area. The regional government has prepared Matobe village to be a disaster-resilient village. A previous survey from 2019-2020 showed that the community of Matobe village lacked knowledge of earthquakes, tsunamis, and disaster mitigation systems. This research aimed to improve preparation for earthquake and tsunami disasters by making the people of Matobe village resilient to disasters. The steps taken to improve community preparedness were: 1. An initial survey on community conditions, buildings, soil characteristics, and the community's preparedness to face earthquakes and tsunamis; 2. The creation of a topographic map; 3. Education and training for elementary school students, with simulations, on the mechanism of earthquakes and tsunamis, on how to evacuate and prepare for evacuation, through stories using Doraemon, Nobita, and Dorami, comic characters from Japan; 4.Providing education and training on building materials under the 2002 Indonesian building planning standards and plans for earthquake-safe buildings following the 2016 earthquake-safe building structure standards; 5. Education and training to strengthen existing buildings; and 6. A proposal for a tsunami evacuation map and the location of evacuation signs. The community in Nagari Matobe was very cooperative and took an active role during the implementation of this research. The evaluation questionnaire distributed to elementary school students showed that the students were delighted and, on average, thought that the education and training in preparedness were beneficial. This education and training became an important reference for the community and government in developing Matobe village to become a disaster-resilient village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A seismic microzonation study was conducted to refine the seismic hazard model for the city of Saguenay, Canada. The Quaternary geology underlying Saguenay shows complex glacial and post-glacial stratigraphy with a number of buried valleys filled with fluvioglacial and glaciomarine sediments. High impedance contrast between rock formations and surficial sediments is prone to seismic amplification. To evaluate their applicability, advantages and limitations in capturing the geological specificity of the study area, four site classification methods were applied: the current National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) and Eurocode 8, both mainly based on the average shear-wave velocity for the surficial sediments (VS,avg) and for the top 30 m (VS,30); a method based on the fundamental site period (T0); and a hybrid method based on the combination of VS,30, T0 and VS,avg. The study specifically aimed to evaluate the importance of the site classification parameters on the resulting microzonation maps. VS,30 is capable to present the geological and geotechnical site conditions, however, the results may be further improved by considering Vs,avg in shallow and T0 in thick layers of soil sediments as secondary parameters. The T0 method gives also satisfactory results with T0 showing a better correlation to Vs,30 than to Vs,avg. The versatile hybrid method may be challenging to apply in certain cases with its nine different site categories and parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Site characterization of metropolitan areas, especially after an earthquake, is of paramount importance for interpretation of spatial damage distribution and taking measures that assure realistic design actions to strengthen existing constructions and create new ones. Such a case is the city of Durres, Albania, that was hit by the disastrous earthquake of 26 November 2019 (M6.4). Significant differences in structural damage were observed throughout the city, despite its uniform epicentral distance (approximately 15 km); this could be either due to varying vulnerability of the affected constructions and/or to spatial variation of strong ground motion in the city, resulting from local site effects; the latter factor was investigated in this study. This was achieved by taking single station ambient noise measurements throughout the city, at approximately 80 sites. Ambient noise measurements are favorable, as acquiring ambient noise data is an easy and effective noninvasive approach within urban environments. Measurements were processed using the widely applied Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method, following the SESAME project (2004) guidelines. Their fundamental and dominant frequencies, fo and fd, respectively, were calculated and related to the iso-depth contours of the investigated area, as well as their corresponding amplitudes, Ao, and Ad. These experimental parameters and the HVSR curves were used to group all examined sites into classes with similar properties. This clustering provided a zonation map with four categories consisting of similar shapes and amplitudes, applicable to the city of Durres. This map can be utilized as a first level zonation of local site effects for the city. In addition, dynamic properties of soil profiles in selected sites were investigated and tested using 1D synthetic ambient noise data, based on the Hisada (1994, 1995) simulation method, and compared to experimental HVSRs in proximity to the selected sites. A comparison of the proposed four categories zonation map to the observed damage of the 26 November 2019, mainshock is attempted and evaluated. The four categories zonation map with similar expected local site effects proposed in this study can be used as a first level seismic microzonation of Durres. Undoubtedly, corrections for 2D/3D effects on ground shaking must be applied to sites lying in the edges of the Durres basin.

The 22 March 2020 Zagreb ML 5.5 earthquake ground shaking resulted in damage to buildings and infrastructure. The most affected buildings were older and cultural heritage buildings (built before 1963) in the old city centre with significant damage extent in the epicentral zone (southeastern foothills of Medvednica Mt.). This study presents site response analysis on the realistic site profiles from the epicentre towards the accelerometric stations QUHS and QARH and comparison with strong motion data recorded during the Zagreb 2020 earthquake. Semi-empirical estimation of the ground motion amplification (i.e., peak ground acceleration at surface) showed that modelled and recorded values are comparable. Moreover, we present 2D model of peak ground acceleration at surface (PGAsurf) variation for the superimposed site profile from the epicentre towards two accelerometric stations. Ground motion amplification for the Zagreb ML 5.5 earthquake scenario showed that PGAsurf is larger by a factor of 2 than the bedrock value (approx. 0.35 g in the epicentre and 0.20 g on the 12 km distant accelerometric station). This study is a contribution to better understanding of the Zagreb ML 5.5 earthquake effects and significance of local site effects in the damage extent, something that combined with older and heritage buildings resulted in high economic consequences. Therefore, it is important that site-specific ground motion simulation and seismic microzonation of the Zagreb continues with installation of an accelerometric array. This is very important for earthquake retrofitting and resilience of the low, mid- and high-rise buildings with particular care of cultural and historical buildings as well for the further urban planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of soft soil in offshore areas may lead to the amplification of vibration received from offshore facilities, especially from the existing fixed-jacket platforms, which were designed without provision to seismicity, as in Malaysian water. Therefore, this study was designed to develop a seismic microzonation map and a soil amplification factor map according to soil type; we propose horizontal response spectra and site coefficient values (Ca and Cv) for the Malay Basin. A one-dimensional nonlinear analysis of layered soil (NERA) was used in the ground response analysis for six selected seismic events under five return periods of 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 2500 years. Soil amplification factors for soil types D and E showed a decreasing trend from 100 years to 2500 years. Two designed horizontal response spectra are proposed (for soil type D and E) under average and envelope conditions; a comparison with ISO showed that the proposed spectra were higher, especially for soil type E. To summarize, the seismicity effect should be included in the development of offshore industries as findings indicated that soil amplification occurred in soil types D and E at the Malay Basin.

The paper is devoted to the problem of numerical modeling of earthquake response of porous saturated soil deposits to seismic waves propagation. Site-specific earthquake response analysis is a necessary and important component of seismic hazard assessment. Accounting for the complex structure of porous saturated soils, i.e., the content in them, in addition to the solid matrix, pore water, gas mixture and ice, is especially important for the water areas in the zones of continuous or sparse permafrost, as well as the massive release of bubble gas from bottom sediments. The purpose of this study is to introduce an algorithm and its Matlab implementation for numerical modeling of the nonlinear response of porous saturated soil deposits to vertical P- and SH-waves propagation. The presented MatNERApor package consists of a set of Matlab scripts and functions. The package was tested and verified using the records of vertical seismic arrays of the Kik-net network. In addition, the records of local earthquakes obtained by ocean bottom seismographs in the Laptev Sea in 2019–2020 were used to demonstrate the effect of the water layer above the seabed sites on the reduction of vertical motions spectra. The results of the calculations showed good agreement with the data obtained from real seismic records, which justifies the correctness of the theoretical basis of the presented algorithm and its software implementation.