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Does the Philippines have a grand strategy? The question is biased in favor of a negative answer. Odds are stacked against detecting a grand strategy in non‐great‐power states. Operationalizing grand strategy as a consistent pattern of behavior reduces bias, but odds are also stacked against observing policy continuities in the Philippines. Increasing the level of analysis, emphasizing outcomes over intentions, and enlarging the time scale can help. Applying these analytical techniques, I argue that a Philippine grand strategy is evident in continuities in the country's foreign and security policies on the South China Sea from 1995 to 2022 under the successive administrations of Ramos, Estrada, Arroyo, Aquino III, and Duterte. The grand strategy has five component policies: (1) bilateral diplomacy with China, (2) multilateral diplomacy through the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), (3) grounding in the law of the sea, (4) maintaining the alliance with the US, and (5) modernizing the military. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El 18 de octubre de 2019, Chile experimentó uno de los eventos más significativos de su historia reciente, uno que marcó un punto de inflexión en su estabilidad social y política: una revuelta popular violenta que sacudió a Santiago y se extendió rápidamente por todo el país. Este artículo analiza los eventos de violencia ocurridos durante y desde entonces a fin de establecer si el país estuvo o no en guerra, como lo afirmó el expresidente Sebastián Piñera, o no lo estuvo, como lo sostuvo el General Javier Iturriaga. Así, plantea la hipótesis de que, por sus características, dicha violencia y desestabilización constituyen un conflicto o guerra de tipo híbrido, evalúa la plausibilidad de dicha hipótesis y examina sus implicaciones para la seguridad nacional.

Resumen Este documento discute el proceso de criminalización de la migración en tránsito vivido en México desde que el país reconoció esta categoría de migrante en los 1990s. Según Stumpf (2020), la crimigración se basa en instituciones y sistemas existentes y en funcionamiento continuo, así como en una infraestructura establecida para aumentar o reducir las detenciones y deportaciones de personas migrantes. Se presenta como la profundización lógica del paradigma de Seguridad Nacional y la externalización de fronteras implementado después de 9/11 (Koulish, van der Woude, 2020). En la estrategia de gestión migratoria mexicana conviven este paradigma con el de Seguridad Humana cuyas principales acciones chocaron con el discurso antiinmigrante de Estados Unidos, sobre todo durante el gobierno de Donald Trump. De ahí cabe la pregunta ¿cómo el Estado mexicano ha adaptado la gestión de fronteras y migrantes en su territorio, al ser parte del perímetro de seguridad norteamericano? La idea que guiará este trabajo es que sin que México haya establecido un discurso que los criminalice, en la práctica el migrante en tránsito ha sido ilegalizado y criminalizado durante el proceso de construcción de esta categoría como parte de la gestión migratoria nacional.

This article demonstrates the importance, roles, and responsibilities of the United States Space Force. It focuses on the need for its creation and its role as the fundamental lynchpin to American national security and prosperity now and in the future. The road ahead can only be successful while working with America's allies and ensuring that there are norms and rules of civilized behavior in, from, and to space. The authors propose 11 enduring principles for the Space Force that interconnect and enhance American grand strategy while dealing with potential adversaries and the need to bond this mission to the American public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The military now views cyberspace as a new warfare domain, with constant cyber operations potentially causing significant consequences. Internationally, countries are heavily involved in cyberspace, but international law lags behind this evolution, raising questions about its application and retaliation measures. This article investigates international law in cyberspace and cyber operations in warfare and terrorism, exploring recent calls for increased legislation. The impact of cyberspace nonregulation on international security is examined from both positive and negative perspectives. It argues that solving anonymity and attribution issues requires state collaboration, with an initial step of cooperation against cyber‐terrorism. The conclusion emphasizes the necessity of cyberspace regulation and legislation for international and national security, offering a starting point for discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Global Security & Intelligence Studies is the property of Policy Studies Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Global Security & Intelligence Studies is the property of Policy Studies Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Russia's national security strategies of 2009, 2015 and 2021 are influenced by changes in the balance in the distribution of international power towards multipolarism and by the resistance of the United States to abandon its hegemonic position and its determination to win advantages in the field of nuclear weapons and to strengthen the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the border regions with Russia. Russian strategies are also influenced by its strategic culture forged by its historical experiences and characterized by a perception of the so-called Western powers as its greatest threat, which inclines her to prefer a security environment in which neutral or allied States surround her. The combination of these factors led to the current war between Russia and Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the strategic importance of hydro-politics today based on the competition between big powers in the most significative strategic maritime zones, with the aim of understanding the special geographical position of Colombia, its challenges, and opportunities, as an intermediate point of connection between North and South America and with access to the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. To take advantage of its geostrategic potential, it is suggested that the country reconnects its coastline and develops a bi-oceanic connection in Choco, as a priority hydro political imperative, to stablish a strategic maritime zone which plans and develops its geostrategic power in the current international system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article undertakes a comparative analysis of two cases, Hong Kong and South Korea, each characterized by distinct levels of political and civil liberties to elucidate how the institutionalization of national security operates in shaping the repertoires of popular political actions and the repressive conduct of state actors. In both cases, the legal frameworks serve to curtail popular political action, both online and offline, often through discretionary applications of national security norms, resulting in ambiguity. They bestow legitimacy upon state agencies to engage in protest policing, surveillance, and the suppression of individuals or organizations in the name of upholding national security. In contrast, the national security laws in Hong Kong and South Korea, influenced by varying interpretations and applications of perceived threats to national security, result in differences in the extent and degree of contentious political actions and state repression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/purpose: Destabilization of critical resources (CRs) or critical infrastructure (CI) important for the stability of the state can be dangerous for society, economy, and especially national security. Disruption of one CI object or one of its parts often affects and causes disruption of other dependent CI, because the modern society has become a "networked society". The paper proposes a model for quantifying and defining the interdependence between different CIs and their priorities, based on statements of experts. Methods 9 : The proposed methods that combine the Laboratory for Testing and Evaluation of Decision Making (DEMATEL) and the Analytical Network Process (ANP) have been successfully modified by fuzzy logic theory in this work. Results: Integrating multiple methods into a unique input data analysis model significantly affects the change in ranking. Conclusion: The work contributes to military science in making strategic decisions related to national security management through increasing the resilience of CRs and the societies that rely on them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Divergencia is the property of Taller de Historia Politica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En los países en desarrollo, la ciberseguridad es un tema cada vez más relevante debido al aumento del uso de la tecnología y la conectividad a Internet. Sin embargo, estos países suelen enfrentar desafíos en términos de infraestructura, recursos y capacitación para abordar eficazmente este tema. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los elementos de ciberseguridad en los países en desarrollo y su impacto en la seguridad nacional. En este sentido, se realiza una encuesta a especialistas ecuatorianos en ciberseguridad forense y derecho informático, sobre el marco jurídico de ciberseguridad en Ecuador. Los resultados indican que las formas particulares de exposición a ciberataques pueden contribuir a respaldar diversos tipos de legislación sobre ciberseguridad y contribuir a su legitimidad pública. Además, los hallazgos cualitativos sugieren que incorporar el conocimiento y la comprensión de la ciberseguridad dentro de los consejos de administración empresarial, es un fuerte impulsor del cambio de comportamiento.

Este artículo analiza la importancia estratégica de la hidropolítica en la actualidad a partir de la competencia entre grandes potencias en las zonas marítimas estratégicas más significativas, con el fin de comprender la posición geográfica especial que ocupa Colombia, sus desafíos y oportunidades, como punto intermedio deconexión entre el norte y el sur de América y con acceso a los océanos Atlántico y Pacífico. Para aprovechar su potencial geoestratégico, se plantea que el país debe reconectar sus litorales y desarrollar una conexión biocéanica en el Chocó, como un imperativo hidropolítico prioritario, para establecer una Zona Marítima Estratégica que proyecte y desarrolle su poder geoestratégico en el sistema internacional actual.

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Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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La creciente importancia que el aire y el espacio tienen para la sociedad y para la ejecución de actividades cotidianas, además de la propia defensa de la soberanía e integridad territorial, obligan a disponer de una moderna Fuerza aeroespacial, en el caso español, el Ejército del Aire y del Espacio, con los medios adecuados y personal entrenado para poder garantizar la Seguridad Nacional, en particular, la Seguridad Aeroespacial Nacional. Así mismo, el actual contexto estratégico y los escenarios operativos conforman un espacio de batalla complejo, ambiguo y muy demandante al que es necesario reaccionar evolucionando en el modo de operar. El presente artículo tiene por objeto analizar la relevancia del poder aeroespacial como instrumento del Estado y componente esencial del poder militar frente a los riesgos y amenazas que afectan a la seguridad de España, tanto en el ámbito de las operaciones militares, como en la contribución a las actividades, en general, relacionadas con la seguridad.

El sabotaje de los gasoductos Nord Stream en octubre de 2022 ha magnificado la vulnerabilidad y la importancia crítica de la infraestructura submarina. También ha puesto de manifiesto la falta de comprensión sobre cómo funcionan las redes submarinas, cómo se regulan, quién las controla y cómo se protegen. El conflicto en Ucrania ha amplificado las tensiones en este contexto en términos de la creciente amenaza de actividad de guerra híbrida/zona gris. Este artículo analizará el contexto y los organismos que intervienen en la gobernanza de los cables submarinos e identificará las lagunas de esta protección, incidiendo en la actuación de actores cable como la Unión Europea y otras iniciativas en el marco de la Ruta de la Seda China.

Studies surrounding transnational repression have taken an interest in the relationships between targeted citizens and their countries of origin, such as strategies used against individuals, and the legitimacy of exercising such extraterritorial powers. However, the role of the host state in facilitating this transnational repressive control is yet another area that requires greater academic attention. This article argues that a host state's policy silence and legal loopholes regarding the protection of political exiles against transnational repression practices can allow the country of origin to aggressively exercise control over the diaspora population beyond borders, causing spatial encroachment symbolically and materially in the host state. We use Thailand as a case study by examining certain areas of policy spaces that have potential impacts on the growth of transnational repression practices. The study concludes that the host state's reactions to such practices have strong implications for the expansion of repressive transnational powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) policy, a representative biodefense policy, was legislated in the United States in 2001 based on lessons learned from Amerithrax, whereas Korea's EUA policy was based on lessons learned from the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in 2015. Due to these divergent origins, the U.S. EUA's homeland security objectives were specialized to deal with highly pathogenic biological agents that could be exploited for bioterrorism, whereas the Korean EUA pursues disease containment purposes to strengthen mass-testing practices. During the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. EUA revealed limitations in its integration with public health surveillance, laboratory partnerships, and insurance systems, which hampered the rapid expansion of testing capacities. Thereafter, once the limitations of the EUA were circumvented, the testing capacity of the United States began to catch up with that of South Korea, and later skyrocketed after solving these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As the reliance on Global Positioning System (GPS) technology grows, so does the vulnerability to intentional disruption. This article delves into the fundamentals of GPS, exploring its functionality and significance in modern warfare. Drawing upon this understanding, it proposes a set of Navigation Warfare tenets--Safeguard, Intercept, and Preserve--to address the emerging threats to GPS. The article also emphasizes the increasing concern within the Department of Defense (DOD) regarding Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and GPS jamming. It argues that safeguarding GPS is of paramount importance to maintain operational advantage and protect military assets. By analyzing the potential consequences of a degraded or denied GPS environment, the article highlights the urgent need for proactive measures. To address these challenges, the article outlines a range of techniques, tactics, and procedures (TTPs) that senior military leaders can employ. Four key TTPs are proposed: Anticipation, Consistent Observation, Encryption, and Reporting. These measures aim to equip military forces with the necessary tools and strategies to effectively navigate and prevail in a degraded or denied GPS environment. Through this comprehensive examination, the article seeks to contribute to the discourse on the protection of GPS technology and provide practical guidance for military leaders in enhancing operational resilience. By adopting the proposed Navigation Warfare tenets and implementing the outlined TTPs, military forces can better prepare themselves to confront and overcome the challenges posed by EMI and GPS jamming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Dixi is the property of Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Introduction: In the pedagogical treatment of interdisciplinarity in Cuba, important actions are carried out as part of the continuous transformation process of the educational system. In the present investigation, the knowledge systems of the subjects with the greatest contribution to process safety are identified. Objective: To analyze the interdisciplinary methodological activity in the Chemical Engineering career in terms of process safety for its articulation with national security and defense. Materials and Methods: The analysis is carried out based on Study Plan E, Preparation for Defense discipline program, disciplines programs of the Chemical Engineering career and documents issued by the Ministries of Higher Education and the Revolutionary Armed Forces. A case study is presented. Results and Discussion: Hazards identification, vulnerability and disaster risks; potential damage and actions to eliminate and/or reduce the effects of events are essential components for identifying knowledge systems related to process safety and links to national security and defense. Conclusions: Methodological activity has led to define that the disciplines Process Engineering, Chemical and Biological Fundamentals, Fundamentals of Automation and Unit Operations and Processes are made up of subjects that articulate process safety with the subject of security and national defense of the discipline Preparation for Defense. The procedure and the general systematic approach for safe design contribute to consolidate the interdisciplinary link in the Plant Design subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introducción: En el tratamiento pedagógico de la interdisciplinariedad en Cuba, se realizan importantes acciones como parte del continuo proceso de transformaciones del sistema educativo. En la presente investigación se identifican los sistemas de conocimientos de las asignaturas con mayor aporte a la seguridad de procesos. Objetivo: Analizar la actividad metodológica interdisciplinaria en la carrera de Ingeniería Química en cuanto a seguridad de procesos para su articulación con la seguridad y defensa nacional. Materiales y Métodos: El análisis se realiza sustentado en el Plan de Estudio E, el programa de la disciplina Preparación para la Defensa, los programas de las disciplinas de la carrera Ingeniería Química y documentos emitidos por los Ministerios de Educación Superior y de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias. Se presenta un caso de estudio. Resultados y Discusión: La identificación de los peligros, la vulnerabilidad y riesgos de desastres; los daños potenciales y las acciones para la eliminación y/o reducción de efectos de los eventos son componentes esenciales para la identificación de los sistemas de conocimientos afines a la seguridad de procesos y vínculos con la seguridad y defensa nacional. Conclusiones: La actividad metodológica ha propiciado definir que las disciplinas Ingeniería de Procesos, Fundamentos Químicos y Biológicos, Fundamentos de Automatización y Operaciones y Procesos Unitarios la componen asignaturas que articulan la seguridad de procesos con la asignatura Seguridad y Defensa nacional de la disciplina Preparación para la Defensa. El procedimiento y el enfoque sistemático general para el diseño seguro consolidan el vínculo interdisciplinario en la asignatura Diseño de Plantas.

In Mexico, the phenomenon of irregular migration has gained strength in recent years, reinforcing in the public discourse a position of defense of the human rights of people in the context of mobility and at the same time, implementing a policy of containment justified in the idea of national security. Given this scenario, it is worth asking: what are the consequences of defining migration as a matter of national security and what implications does it generate for the migrants? These are some of the questions that I will address in this text, in which we start from the premise that defining migration as a matter of national security entails violations of the rights of migrants. The general objective of the work is to analyze the consequences of defining migration as a matter of national security from a poststructuralist epistemological perspective and an analysissynthesis methodology with an analytical and descriptive approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Penales y Criminológicos is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La actual pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido impactos económicos, políticos y sociales en el mundo. Sin embargo, la actual crisis sanitaria ha traído consigo otra pandemia: una ola creciente de autoritarismo y extremismo en muchas sociedades. Factores como crisis económicas, humanitarias o sociopolíticas han detonado polarización y malestar social, mientras que movimientos políticos han aprovechado estas crisis para llegar al poder o avanzar en sus agendas políticas. La crisis sanitaria no hizo más que agravar la deriva autoritaria ya existente mientras que los grupos extremistas han aprovechado la actividad y conectividad en línea de las personas confinadas para atraer a más seguidores y tomar acciones violentas a través de las redes sociales. Si crece la ampliación del poder y la autonomía de los Estados-nación durante la pandemia de COVID-19, junto con pocos contrapesos al interior, existen riesgos de efectos duraderos para la privacidad, la seguridad y la democracia de todos los países.

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Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)