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In order to evaluate the feasibility of vegetable residues compost used as the growth medium for Brassica chinensis L. seedings, the effects of membrane covering and superphosphate application on the performance of tomato and mushroom residues aerobic compost were investigated. In the composting process, four treatments (T1: non-cover with non-addition, T2: membrane-covered with non-addition, T3: non-cover with superphosphate addition, and T4: membrane-covered with superphosphate addition) were explored. The results showed that membrane covering could effectively promote the degradation of lignocellulose, it had about 70% higher degradation rate than non-covered compost. The effect of superphosphate application was not significant. The humification indexes in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and the fluorescence parameters were the main factors affecting the GI and chemical properties. The results manifested the membrane covering possess a higher conversion rate of humic substances, indicating better maturity. All the compost could almost meet the requirements of seedling substrate performance standards, especially the membrane-covered sample T2 had higher germination index (GI) value more than 100% and higher nutrient concentrations. Then, the four compost products were mixed with vermicompost, perlite, and vermiculite for the Brassica chinensis L. seedling raising experiment (T1B, T2B, T3B, T4B). It has been found that the compost-based substrate T2B with the best stability and maturity showed better seedling growth, and even comparable to peat substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The benefits promoted by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to forest species seedlings include higher growth rate, better nutrition, and higher survival rates. Inoculation with AMF may facilitate revegetation of degraded lands, although it depends on symbionts and environmental conditions, such as soil P availability. In this sense, the lack of information justifies the carrying out of studies of this nature. We investigated the dependence and responsiveness of two forest species native to the Atlantic Forest, Pseudobombax grandiflorum and Bauhinia forficata, to different AMF inocula (isolated AMF species, Dentiscutata heterogama, DH, Gigaspora margarita, GM, Rhizophagus clarus, RC, mixed inoculum with these former three AMF species, MI) compared to the uninoculated control (UC), combined with different P doses applied to the substrate (0, 24, 71, 213, and 650 mg kg-1), under greenhouse conditions. We evaluated root colonization, growth, and nutritional variables for Pseudobombax grandiflorum and Bauhinia forficata, 112 and 116 days after sowing with pre-germinated seeds, respectively. Native forest species exhibited different degrees of mycorrhizal dependence. The highest mycorrhizal dependence of P. grandiflorum seedlings was indicated by significant benefits, both growth and nutritional, promoted by innoculation treatments, under fertilization with the intermediate dose of P (213 mg kg-1). In fact, under this P dose, seedlings responded to a maximum increase in biomass in the GM treatment and maximum concentration of P and N in the shoots in the UC and DH treatments, respectively. The lowest mycorrhizal dependence of B. forficata seedlings was highlighted by significant growth benefits promoted by inoculation treatments under the lowest doses of P (24 or 71 mg kg-1). Under this P dose, we observed seedlings with maximum value of the root:shoot ratio in most of the types of inoculation and also higher values of biomass and height in the MI treatment. The responsiveness in terms of increase in growth and nutritional variables varied depending on the forest species, the dose of P applied to the substrate, and the AMF type of inoculum used. Root biomass and total dry biomass, mainly, should preferably be included in future studies with the same objective as the present study, as they were more relevant to point out the differences between treatments, in comparison with the variables associated with nutritional variables.

Key message: The contribution of this work enables efficient selection of F. sylvatica initial and reproductive material tolerant to the development of Fusarium sambucinum, providing better regeneration and seedlings production. The Fagus sylvatica damping-off caused by Fusarium sambucinum is a well-known but insufficiently studied disease, especially since it appears on other tree species in beech forests, creating a great possibility of beech infection. To understand the development processes of this fungus in natural stands and improve nursery production, we examined the influence of F. sylvatica germinants of different provenances on the development of damping-off symptoms caused by F. sambucinum. Our results indicated that the different provenances of F. sylvatica did not affect the possibility of symptoms, indicating the potential for intensive occurrence of infection with this fungal pathogen in geographically different F. sylvatica forests. Certain provenances showed statistically significant smaller dimensions of necrotic lesions and a higher degree of survival. The tolerant provenance seed had differences in width and thickness size compared to susceptible provenances. This research represents for the first time a reasonable basis for selecting initial material tolerant to damping-off caused by F. sambucinum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The production of forestry and agricultural seedlings is commonly carried out in polypropylene tubes, raw material from the petrochemical industry. Besides being derived from non-renewable resources, they are not biodegradable and have a long life cycle which may cause a significant environmental impact when disposed of in nature. Forest and agro-industrial wastes, which also apply to this use, are renewable, easily obtainable, and biodegradable materials. This work aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using cashew nut shell wastes associated with beeswax for the manufacture of biodegradable tubes. After roasting cashew nuts, the tubes were manufactured with different proportions of beeswax and nut shells. The average values observed for the bulk density of the biodegradable tubes varied between 0.83 and 1.00 g cm−3 for the different treatments evaluated. Tubes with 50% cashew nut achieved 8% and 4.5% for water absorption and swelling after 48 h, respectively. The modulus of elasticity reached a maximum of 19 MPa for 10% addition of cashew nut shell, while 50% of the waste reached a maximum of 15 MPa, which favors the rupture of the material by the developing roots. Concerning seedling indicators and compared to conventional polypropylene tubes, the alternative tubes presented a similar quality and lower deformation when exposed to mechanical stimulation. Studies of this type may serve as an incentive for improved field cultivation conditions, especially when combined with the principles of materials to be used in the not-so-distant future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nativa is the property of Revista Nativa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A better understanding of the production cycle and best methods for cultivating the seedlings of native Brazilian species are needed to further develop ecological restoration projects and close the knowledge gap on native species. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of different shading periods on the production of nursery seedlings of Cariniana estrellensis. The shade periods were based on the number of days under 50% shade (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days of experiment), using a completely randomized design, with four replicates, and 25 seedlings per parcel. We measured the height, diameter, biomass of the shoot and roots, number of leaves, and quality of seedlings, using the Dickson quality index assessment. We found a positive and linear relationship between all variables and the shading period, with a prolonged period in shade providing the best results. We concluded that Cariniana estrellensis seedlings grow more efficiently in shade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dragon fruit is an exotic species that has currently shown great relevance in the world market. Hence, the demand for materials with high genetic potential has increased. Genetic propagation allows selecting materials with high yield and climatic conditions adaptation. The substrate selection influences the seedling quality, providing adequate conditions for germination and root development. This study evaluated the seedling emergence and initial growth of dragon fruit cultivated in different substrates under nursery conditions. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with 11 treatments, four replications, and 25 seeds per replication. The treatments used were composed of the washed sand; organic compost; Tropstrato®; coconut fiber; organic compost + Tropstrato® (1:1); coconut fiber + organic compost (1:1); coconut fiber + Tropstrato® (1:1); coconut fiber + Tropstrato® + organic compost (1:1:1); washed sand + Tropstrato® (1:1); washed sand + coconut fiber (1:1); washed sand + organic compost (1:1); washed sand + organic compost + Tropstrato® (1:1:1). Data of shoot length, stem diameter, root length, shoot dry matter, and root dry matter were recorded at 88 days after emergence. The treatment of washed sand + coconut fiber and Tropstrato® provided a higher emergence percentage and emergence speed of dragon fruit seeds. The treatment of coconut fiber + Tropstrato® + organic compost allowed better means for stem diameter, shoot dry matter, and root dry matter. Conversely, the treatments of washed sand + Tropstrato® and Tropstrato® resulted in greater root system growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adding phosphorus in the composition of the substrate for the seedlings production contributes to a faster growth of seedlings, increases the resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, also improves the efficiency in the use of nutrients and water in many vegetal species. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effect of levels of simple superphosphate on the production of pine cone (Annona squamosa L.) seedlings. Six doses of single superphosphate (0.0 kg m-3; 0.75 kg m-3; 1.5 kg m-3; 2.25 kg m-3, 3.0 kg m-3 e 3.75 kg m-3 of substratum) were tested. A completely randomized design was used, with four replications and ten plants per plot. At 120 days after sowing, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot height, stem diameter, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass, ratio between shoot dry mass and root dry mass, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and Dickson's Quality Index were evaluated. More vigorous pine cone seedlings, with maximum growth, were noted with the single superphosphate application between 0.6 to 1.2 kg m-1 of substrate. The phosphate fertilizer favored the growth especially of the roots and leaf area and improved the quality of pine cone seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seed size and the substrate volume of containers can affect the quality of seedlings produced. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed size and substrate volume for seedling production on the emergence of Schizolobium parahyba seedlings (guapuruvu), initial growth, and dry mass accumulation of seedlings. Seeds were collected directly from the ground and were classified as small, medium, and large, being sown in containers with different substrate volumes (0.17 L, 0.34 L, and 0.75 L). The growth analysis and dry matter production were collected 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after sowing. The seed's water content of 4.14%. The smaller the seed size, the smaller their percentage and speed of emergence. There was no effect of substrate volume on seedling emergence, regardless of seed size. Seedlings' height, stem diameter, and dry matter increased linearly with time and substrate volume. With higher substrate volume and large seeds, S. parahyba seedlings have a higher emergence, initial growth, and dry matter production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth and development of Moringa oleifera seedlings, produced in substrates with sewer sludge and bovine manure, were studied. A randomized block design with four replications was applied. A total of 12 treatments were elaborated, plus the commercial substrate Bioplant as a control. During 22 days, the emergence speed index was determined, and before transplantation, physiological and morphological measurements were made and the Dickson quality index was calculated. The physiological measurements were made on a fully expanded leaf and a portable LI-6400 meter was used. The emergence speed index differed between treatments and showed high correlation with respect to the physical properties of the substrate. The physiological indicators were similar, with values between 5.86-9.73 (µmol m-2 s-1) of liquid photosynthesis; 0.02-0.13 (mol m-2 s-1) of stomatal conductance and 1.04-1.76 (µmol CO2 mmol H2O-1) of transpiratory rate. The morphological variables plant height and stem diameter were higher (P <0.0143 and P <0.0077) in the prepared substrates, although some of them did not differ from the control. The number of leaves/plant was lower (P <0.0001) in the commercial substrate. In this treatment, the root volume (8.25 cm3) and the Dickson index (0.56) reached the highest values. The use of sewer sludge and bovine manure in substrates for seedlings production did not affect the growth and development of M. oleifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The passionfruit has high relevance to Brazilian fruticulture, widely used in the food business. Its seedlings production, might attempt to the utilized substrate characteristics, its organic matter content, adequate nutrients concentration, good aeration, and pathogens agents' absence. Nowadays is increasing the use of renewable fertilizers in detriment to mineral ones, such as the bokashi and the organics compost in agriculture, although few studies are made to test how it affects different plants' metabolism. Due to this circumstance, more studies must test its effectiveness. The bokashi possesses several favourable characteristics as nutrients rapid release, soil structure maintenance, some pests, and disease prevention and control. This study used the bran rice bokashi and the organic compost aiming to verify its effect on passionfruit seedlings germination and initial growth in the tube at the greenhouse. The study area was in the fruticulture sector, on the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas Gerais (IFSULDEMINAS), Muzambinho Campus, Brazil. The treatments were different bran rice bokashi doses with organic compost: T1 (0%/100%, respectively bokashi/organic compost), T2 (2%/98%), T3 (4%/96%), T4 (8%/92%), T5 (16%/84%) and T6 (32%/68%). The adopted outline was the RBD, six treatments, and four repetitions, and eight tubes per portion. The obtained data submitted to statistical analysis, the treatments that stood out regarding the germination, were mainly the witness T1, T3, and T5. About the plants' growth treatments T4, T5, and T6; the T5 was the best treatment due to the high seeds germination and plant development rate on this experiment conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seed size and the substrate volume of containers can affect the quality of seedlings produced. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed size and substrate volume for seedling production on the emergence of Schizolobium parahyba seedlings (guapuruvu), initial growth, and dry mass accumulation of seedlings. Seeds were collected directly from the ground and were classified as small, medium, and large, being sown in containers with different substrate volumes (0.17 L, 0.34 L, and 0.75 L). The growth analysis and dry matter production were collected 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after sowing. The seed's water content of 4.14%. The smaller the seed size, the smaller their percentage and speed of emergence. There was no effect of substrate volume on seedling emergence, regardless of seed size. Seedlings' height, stem diameter, and dry matter increased linearly with time and substrate volume. With higher substrate volume and large seeds, S. parahyba seedlings have a higher emergence, initial growth, and dry matter production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the early development of forest species usually only analyze their nursery growth, not taking the post planting into account. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the survival and growth under nursery and field conditions of Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings produced with different container volumes and controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) doses. The treatments were composed of two containers volumes (110 and 180 cm3) with five CRF doses (0; 3; 5; 7; and 9 g L-1). At the nursery, at 150 days after sowing, the following attributes were evaluated: height (H); stem diameter (SD); shoot (SDM), root (RDM) and total dry matter (TDM); and Dickson quality index (DQI). At 360 days after the field planting, the survival, H and SD were measured. It was found interaction between factors for SD and significant effects of container volume for SDM, RDM, TDM and DQI. The maximum technical efficiency dose (MTED) of CRF in the nursery ranged from 6.50 to 9.74 g L-1. This allowed recommending the CRF dose for the fast seedling outplanting. The negative effects from base fertilization absence were identified on the seedlings field survival, yet there was no influence of the tested treatments on their growth 360 days after planting. For producing Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings, it is recommended using 110 cm3 containers with a CRF dose of 3 g L-1, which provides suitable performance on the outplanting and after it. However, doses above 7 g L-1 can reduce the seedlings nursery time in about six months after sowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biochar obtained from pyrolysis of vegetable biomass gives the plant a good nutritional supply and has a high water retention capacity, however there are still few studies evaluating its use in the production of leafy vegetable seedlings. With that, the objective of this work was to determine proportions of biochar in sand that allow better development of rocket seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid (UFERSA). The experimental design used was completely randomized with six treatments (0; 10; 20; 30; 40; 50% of biochar) and ten replications. The evaluated characteristics were: Twinning; Number of leaves per plant; Root length; Plant height; Neck diameter; Fresh and dry mass of plants and water content in the plant. The data were submitted to analysis of variance. The procedure for adjusting the response curves was performed using the R software. The 50% biochar proportion is recommended in the production of arugula seedlings as it provides better development in the plants, promoting significant improvements in all the characteristics analyzed, except germination and number of leaves per plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong is a native forest species widely used in reforestation of degraded areas, due to its rapid initial growth. In view of the above, the aim of this work was to evaluate shading in emergence and development initial of seedlings. The experiment was conducted for 60 days from august to october 2017 at the Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Campus Gurupi. The fruits were collected from three matrix trees in localities of the municipality and later benefited in the Laboratory of Forest Seeds. The overcoming of seed dormancy was performed mechanically. After overcoming dormancy, manual sowing was done by placing three seeds per tube with a capacity of 280 cm2 on commercial Bioflora® substrate. The treatments were composed of T1 = full sun, T2 = 30%, T3 = 50% and T4 = 70% shading. The experimental design was completely randomized, containing 4 treatments, 4 replicates and 30 seeds per replicate. Was perfomed the daily seedling counts for 30 days. At 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS), was evaluated at height of the seedlings and diameter of the lap, while what the number of leaves, shoot dry biomass, roots and total drought, besides the as Dickson quality index evaluated at the end of the experiment. The emergence of E. contortisiliquumwas not favored in enviroment the full sun. Sowing is recommended in environments with 30, 50 and 70% shading, in order to obtain greater emergence and initial growth of seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the production of rootstocks is an alternative to accelerate plant growth. However, their response depends on the symbionts species and environment. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of AMF species [Scutelospora heterogama, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus etunicatum, Acaulospora sp. and a control (non-inoculated)] on the vegetative development of citrus rootstocks {citrange 'Fepagro C37 Reck' [P. trifoliata (L.) Raf. x C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck.] and 'Kumquat' [Fortunella hindsii (L.) Swingle]}. The experimental design consisted of split-plot randomized blocks, with 10 plants per plot and 3 replications. Height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area and fresh and dry root and shoot mass were evaluated. The colonization of AMF in the roots was also assessed, determining the percentage of colonization and density of hyphae, arbuscules and vesicles. The rootstocks showed no difference for the plant growth parameters, in the absence of AMF. The AMF species colonized the rootstocks roots, but were only effective in accelerating the citrange 'Fepagro C37 Reck' growth, especially when inoculated with Scutelospora heterogama, Gigaspora margarita and Glomus etunicatum. The influence of AMF on vegetative development depends on the citrus rootstock species.

The pata-de-vaca (Bauhinia divaricata L.) tree is a species widely distributed in Brazil, it has a high ornamental and economic value. Its leaves are used in renal inflammations, such as diuretic, hypoglycemic, being considered a medicinal plant of popular use. The research was carried out in a greenhouse belonging to the Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, at the Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), from Universidade Federal of Paraíba (UFPB). The objective was to evaluate the morphophysiological characteristics of B. divaricata plants at different water regimes. The experimental design was completely randomized with five water treatments 1 (100% control), 2 (80%), 3 (60%), 4 (40%) and 5 (20%) of the container capacity. The height, number of leaves and stem diameter were evaluated weekly. At the end of the experiment the plants had their organs separated and taken to the greenhouse to obtain the dry matter of the leaves, stem, roots and total dry matter, and also, biomass allocation in the leaves, stem and roots. Plant height did not differ statistically between the treatments. The number of leaves, diameter, leaf, stem and root allocation and root and shoot dry matter were higher under water availability (100% of container capacity). For the production of B. divaricata L. seedlings water regime should be 100% and 80% of the container capacity, but the seedlings grow satisfactorily.

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate rooting of raspberry cultivars from leafy cuttings in two seasons, autumn and winter. The cultivars Schöenmann, Willamette, Heritage, Polana, Indian Summer, Fall Gold, Golden Bliss and Bababerry were evaluated. Assessments were done 90 days after the installation for both seasons, evaluating the following traits: percentage of cuttings with callus; rooted and live cuttings; the longest root length; and dry mass of roots and sprouting. The results showed that is possible to obtain good rooting rates from leafy cuttings of raspberry cultivars in autumn, and regular in winter. The cultivars Bababerry, Schoenmann and Golden Bliss had higher rooting percentage, followed by Heritage, Polana, Willamette and Fallgold. The cultivar Indian Summer had the lower rooting percentage in autumn and winter.

The effect of microbial growth regulator Mitsefit on sowing qualities of seeds and biometric parameters of pepper seedlings has been studied. The optimal effective concentration 10 ppm for utilization was determined. This concentration has the maximum positive effect on the germination energy; germination; early seedling growth; the rate of occurrence of phenological stages; and biometric parameters of seedlings. Pre6sowing seed soaking in 10 ppm Mitsefit for 30 minutes increases the vigor of seeds of pepper for 4 – 7.5%; the germination of seeds – for 6;5– 11%; and accelerates the production of pepper seedlings for 3 days.

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The açaí (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) is abundant in riparian forest of pluvial forest from the Amazonian region and is frequently associated with degraded environments of secondary vegetation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of rehydration of açaí seeds, aiming to speed up and create uniform patterns for the seed germination. The experimental design used was random blocks with six treatments (rehydration by soaking the seeds in water for 0 (T1), 3 (T2), 6 (T3), 9 (T4), 12 (T5) or 15 (T6) days), with seven repetitions of 25 seeds each. The seeds were sown soon after the rehydration process. Germination was evaluated every 10 days by counting the germinated seeds. The averages were compared with the Scott-Knott test to the level of 5% probability. The results showed significant differences among the control (T1) and the others periods of rehydration (T4>T6>T5>T2>T3), which did not show significant differences among them. The results showed that the rehydration process favored seedlings production, as it provided a higher percentage of açaí seed germination. The pre-treatment of rehydration accelerated the germination of the seeds; and the best rehydration period was 9 days, because it presented a higher seedling emergence rate index (IVE), in addition to the shorter time required to conduct the pre-treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of pre-germination treatments on germination and initial seedling growth of Libidibia ferrea. We tested 5 treatments: control; sulfuric acid; water for 24 h; hot water and scarification. We evaluated the percentage of initial growth (%E), speed index (IVE) and mean emergence time (TME). For germination we evaluated the height and stem diameter of the seedlings, number of leaves, leaves, stem and roots dry matter and root/shoot ratio. Sulfuric acid treatment presented higher %E and IVE and lower TME, and it was the treatment that showed the better growth of the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nativa is the property of Revista Nativa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to test container of polyethylene bags and protected environments on the papaya seedlings production, from May to August of 2008, in Aquidauana state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil. Five bags of polyethylene were used: 7.5 cm x 11.5 cm, 205.9 cm³; 8.4 cm x 10.6 cm, 238.1cm³; 10.0 cm x 16.5 cm, 525.2 cm³; 12.0 cm x 12.0 cm, 550.0 cm³ and 15.0 cm x 21.5 cm, 1539.8 cm³. These containers were placed in three protected environments: greenhouse; screened nursery with Sombrite® and screened nursery with Aluminet®. Because there is no replication of growing environment, each one was considered an experiment. For each cultivation environment, it was adopted a completely randomized design with eight replications of two plants each. Initially, data were submitted to analysis of individual variance of the container (for each cultivation environment), then performing the evaluation of the residual mean squares and the combined analysis of these environments for comparison of protected environments. The greenhouse and nursery with thermal reflector screen produced the best seedlings. The bags of 15.0 x 21.5 cm produced the best papaya seedlings. The Dickson Quality Index pointed the nursery with screen of thermal reflector as the environment that produced the most vigorous seedlings, when using the best container.O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar sacos de polietileno e ambientes protegidos na produção de mudas de mamoeiro, de maio a agosto de 2008, em Aquidauana -MS. Foram utilizadas cinco dimensões de sacos de polietileno: 7,5 cm x 11,5 cm, 205,9 cm³; 8,4 cm x 10,6 cm, 238,1 cm³; 10,0 cm x 16,5 cm, 525,2 cm³; 12,0 cm x 12,0 cm, 550,0 cm³, e 15,0 cm x 21,5 cm, 1.539,8 cm³. Estes recipientes foram acomodados em três ambientes protegidos: estufa agrícola; viveiro telado com Sombrite® e viveiro telado com Aluminet®. Por não haver repetição do ambiente de cultivo, cada um foi considerado um experimento. Para cada ambiente de cultivo, foi adotado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições de duas plantas cada. Inicialmente, os dados foram submetidos às análises de variâncias individuais dos recipientes (para cada ambiente de cultivo), realizando-se em seguida a avaliação dos quadrados médios dos resíduos e a análise conjunta dos experimentos para a comparação dos ambientes protegidos. A estufa agrícola e o telado de termorrefletora produziram as melhores mudas. O recipiente de 15,0 x 21,5 cm produziu as melhores mudas do mamoeiro. O índice de qualidade de Dickson apontou o telado de termorrefletora como ambiente que produziu muda mais vigorosa quando se utilizou o melhor recipiente.

Visando a estudar a propagação por estaquia e mergulhia do 'Boysenberry' (híbrido entre 'Marionberry' e framboesa), o objetivo do presente trabalho foi quantificar o potencial rizogênico de estacas caulinares armazenadas a frio-úmido e tratadas com ácido indolbutírico e da mergulhia desse híbrido. No primeiro experimento, estacas caulinares de 15cm foram tratadas com diferentes concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (AIB): 1000, 2000, 3000 e 4000mg L-1 por 10seg., além do controle composto somente por água. No segundo experimento, as estacas foram armazenadas a frio-úmido por 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 dias, além do controle sem armazenamento. Em ambos os experimentos, as estacas caulinares foram enterradas 2/3 de seu comprimento na posição vertical, utilizando a vermiculita de grânulos finos como substrato, em telado com sombreamento de 50%. Após 60 dias, foram analisadas as porcentagens de enraizamento, brotação e o número médio de raízes. No terceiro experimento, as mergulhias de ponta foram realizadas na porção apical dos ramos, aplicando-se, na extremidade do ramo, diferentes concentrações de AIB (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 e 4000mg L-1). Os ramos foram enterrados em caixas de plástico contendo o substrato casca de pinus umedecido. Passados 45 dias, foram removidos para a mensuração. Concluiu-se que as estacas caulinares devem ser armazenadas a frio-úmido por 20 dias e não serem tratadas com AIB; a mergulhia de ponta promoveu maior emissão de raízes quando tratadas com 4000mg L-1.In order to study the propagation by cutting and layering by 'Boysenberry' (hybrid between 'Marionberry'e framboesa), the objective of the present study was to quantify the rizogenic potential of stems cuttings storage at cold temperature and treated with indolbutyric acid and the point layering of this hybrid. In the first experiment, the stems cuttings of 15cm of length were treated with different concentrations of indolbutyric acid (IBA): 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000mg L-1 for 10 seconds, and control only for water. In the second experiment, the stems cuttings of 'Boysenberry' were cold storage by 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days, and control without storage. In both experiments, the stems cuttings were buried 2/3 of its length in the vertical position, using the vermiculita as substrate, in greenhouse with 50% of light. After 60 days, the rooting and sprouting percentage and the number of roots were evaluated. In the third experiment, the point layering were accomplished in the apical portion of the branches, being applied different concentrations of IBA (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000mg L-1) and soon after, they were buried in plastic boxes containing humidified pinus substrate. After 45 days they were removed for evaluation. It can be concluded that the stems cuttings should be stored at cold for 20 days and without IBA; the point layering promoted larger emission of roots when they were treated with 4000mg L-1.

Visando estudar técnicas de propagação vegetativa da framboeseira negra (Rubus niveus) por estaquia e mergulhia, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar o potencial rizogênico de estacas caulinares, radiculares, mergulhia de ponta e alporquia dessa espécie. No primeiro experimento, estacas radiculares e caulinares de 10 cm foram tratadas com diferentes concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (AIB): 1000, 2000, 3000 e 4000mg L-1 por 10 segundos, além do controle composto somente por água. No segundo experimento, as estacas foram armazenadas a frio por 10, 20 e 30 dias, além do controle sem armazenamento. Em ambos os experimentos, as estacas caulinares foram enterradas 2/3 de seu comprimento na posição vertical e as estacas radiculares foram totalmente imersas na posição horizontal, utilizando a vermiculita de grânulos finos como substrato, em telado com sombreamento de 50% e, após 60 dias, foram avaliadas. No terceiro experimento, a mergulhia de ponta e alporquia foram realizadas na porção mediana dos ramos, aplicando-se no local diferentes concentrações de AIB (0, 1000, 2000 e 3000mg L-1) e, em seguida, foram envolvidos pelo substrato casca de pinus umedecido. Passados 45 dias, foram removidos para a mensuração. Concluiu-se que as estacas caulinares apresentam resultados superiores em comparação com as estacas radiculares, não necessitando armazenar a frio e não tratar com AIB; a mergulhia de ponta promoveu maior emissão de raízes em comparação com a alporquia.Aiming to develop a propagation protocol through black raspberry (Rubus niveus) cutting and layering, the objective of the present research was to quantify the rizogenic potential of stems and roots cuttings, point and air layering of this specie. In the first experiment, the stems and roots cuttings of 10 cm of length were treated with different concentrations of indolbutyric acid (IBA): 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000mg L-1 for 10 seconds. In the second experiment, the stems and roots cuttings of black raspberry were cold storage by 10, 20 and 30 days, and control without storage. In both experiments, the stems cuttings were buried 2/3 length in the vertical position and the roots cuttings were totally immerged in the horizontal position, using the vermiculita as substrate, in greenhouse with 50% of light. After 60 days, they were evaluated. In the third experiment, the point and air layering were accomplished in the medium portion of the branches, being applied in the place different concentrations of IBA (0, 1000, 2000 and 3000mg L-1) and soon after, they were involved by the following humidified pinus substrate. After 45 days they were removed for the evaluation. It can be concluded that the stems cuttings presents better results in comparison by roots cuttings, owing cold storage and without IBA; the point layering promoted larger emission of roots in comparison to air layering.

Pecan is one of the most important horticultural nut crops in the world. It is a deciduous species native to the temperate zones of North America, introduced into the subtropical regions of Brazil during the 1870s. High quality seedlings are essential to establishing healthy and productive orchards, and selection of seeds is an important factor in this issue. In this study we evaluated the correlation between seed mass, emergence rate and morphometric traits of seedlings in the pecan cultivar Importada. A significant positive correlation (r > 0.81) between seed mass and plantlet height, stem diameter, emergence rate and number of leaves was observed. Our results suggest that seed mass can be used as a direct method for seed selection towards production of vigorous pecan seedlings. However, since an increase in seed mass is usually associated with a decrease in the number of seeds that a plant can produce per unit canopy, long-duration studies are recommended in order to evaluate the influence of seed selection on a plantation’s production.

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a emergência de plântulas de nogueira-macadâmia, por meio do uso de incisão nas sementes e imersão em ácido giberélico. Sementes do cultivar IAC-Campinas B, extraídas de frutos maduros foram padronizadas quanto ao tamanho e sanidade. Foram imergidas em recipiente preenchido por água. Em 80 sementes, realizou-se incisão de 0,5 cm na casca, no sentido longitudinal ao embrião, deixando as amêndoas expostas. Outras 80 sementes foram mantidas intactas. Em seguida, todas as sementes foram submersas em diferentes concentrações de ácido giberélico: 0, 150, 300 e 450 mg L-1, por 90 horas, com sistema de oxigenação. Após esse período, as sementes foram colocadas em bandejas plásticas, entre camadas de areia grossa autoclavada, preservadas em laboratório com temperatura controlada (em torno de 25ºC). As bandejas foram umedecidas diariamente, com auxílio de regador manual. Após 180 dias, mensurou-se a porcentagem de emergência, os comprimentos médios das raízes, das partes aéreas e a massas secas médias totais das plântulas. Concluiu-se que a incisão e imersão de nogueira-macadâmia em ácido giberélico foram prejudiciais à emergência e desenvolvimento das plântulas.The objective of the present work was to evaluate the emergency of macadamia nut seedlings through incision and immersion of the seeds in the gibberellic acid. Seeds of IAC-Campinas B cultivar, extracted from mature fruits, were standardized according to size and health. They were immerged in recipient filled with water. In 80 seeds a 0.5 cm incision was done in the peel, longitudinally in relation the embryo, leaving the almonds exposed. The other 80 seeds were kept intact. Soon after, the seeds were submerged in different concentrations of gibberellic acid: 0, 150, 300 and 450 mg L-1, for 90 hours, with oxygen system. After that period, the seeds were placed in plastic trays, among layers of autoclaved sand, and preserved in laboratory with controlled temperature (around 25ºC). The trays were humidified daily. After 180 days, the emergency percentage, average length of the roots, average length of the aerial part and average total dry mass of the seedlings were evaluated. It was concluded that the incision and immersion of the seeds of macadamia nut gibberellic acid were harmful to the emergence and development of the seedlings.

Visando a aumentar o aproveitamento do material propagativo, ampliar o período de oferta das mudas de marmeleiro e dinamizar o uso da mão-de-obra no viveiro, faz-se necessário o armazenamento dos ramos porta-borbulhas. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivos estudar a viabilidade da manutenção dos ramos porta-borbulhas de diferentes cultivares de marmeleiro, por meio do armazenamento a frio, e diagnosticar o método de enxertia para promover melhor desenvolvimento do enxerto. Ramos dos marmeleiros 'Japonês' (Chaenomeles sinensis), 'Smyrna', 'Portugal', 'Mendoza Inta-37' e 'Provence' (Cydonia oblonga) foram coletados em julho de 2008. Uma parte dos ramos foi utilizada para a realização da enxertia (métodos de borbulhia e garfagem) em mudas de seis meses de idade do porta-enxerto 'Japonês', e a outra parte foi armazenada sob baixa temperatura (estacas envoltas em papel umedecido, embrulhadas em sacos de polietileno colocadas em câmara fria a 4°C), por 30 e 60 dias. Passados 60 dias, foi mensurada a porcentagem de brotação dos enxertos e, ao final de 120 dias da realização das enxertias, foram mensurados o comprimento, o diâmetro e a massa seca média dos enxertos. Concluiu-se que, apesar de as cultivares apresentarem diferença, recomenda-se que os ramos sejam armazenados por até 30 dias, sendo utilizada a enxertia pelo método de garfagem.In order to increase the use of propagation material, enlarge the offer period of the quince seedlings production and dynamic use of the labor in the nursery, it becomes necessary to store the of budsticks. Thus, the present research aimed to study the feasibility of the maintaining budstick of different quince cultivars, through cold storage and to verify the grafting method to promote better development of the graft. Branches of the 'Japonês' (Chaenomeles sinensis), 'Smyrna', 'Portugal', 'Mendoza Inta-37' and 'Provence' (Cydonia oblonga) quince cultivars were collected in July, 2008. One of the branches was used for grafting (methods budding and cleft grafting methods) in 'Japonês' rootstock seedlings of six months of age and other part was stored at e low temperature (wrapped up cutting in humidified paper and wrapped up in polyethylene sacks, placed in cold chamber for 4°C) for 30 and 60 days. After 60 days, the percentage of sprouting was measured and 120 days after grafting, the length, diameter and mass dries average of the grafts were measured. It was concluded that, despite the cultivars presented anydifference, it is recommended that the branches need to be stored for up to 30 days, if the cleft grafting is used.

A utilização de técnicas de cultura de tecidos com o objetivo de melhorar a rentabilidade das culturas tem-se apresentado como um instrumento importante que pode ser explorado pelos pesquisadores, produzindo plantas com elevada qualidade sanitária. Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o meio de cultura e a concentração de zeatina adequadas no estabelecimento in vitro de oliveira "Arbequina". Foram utilizados segmentos nodais (1cm), obtidos de plantas mantidas em casa de vegetação. Em laboratório, o material foi desinfestado com álcool 70% (um minuto) e solução de hipoclorito de sódio (2,5%), por 15 minutos, e inoculado em meio MO, MS ou WPM, adicionados de diferentes concentrações de zeatina (0, 2 e 4mg L-1). O material foi mantido em sala de crescimento a 25±2°C, no escuro, por uma semana. Depois, foi transferido para luz, fotoperíodo de 16 horas e densidade de fluxo de fótons de 27µmol m-2 s-1. Aos sete, 14 e 21 dias o material foi avaliado quanto à percentagem de contaminação bacteriana, percentagem de contaminação fúngica e percentagem de explantes oxidados. Aos 45 dias de cultivo, o material foi avaliado quanto à percentagem de sobrevivência, à percentagem de estabelecimento, ao número de brotações, ao comprimento de brotações e ao número de folhas. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o material mantido em meio WPM apresentou melhores resultados, seguidos do meio MO.The use of tissues culture techniques aiming to improve the profitability of the cultures has been presented as an important tool that may be explored by researchers to produce plants with high sanitary quality. This research aimed to determine both the suitable culture medium and zeatin concentration for in vitro establishment of olive tree cultivar 'Arbequina'. The 1cm nodal segments were obtained from plants grown in the greenhouse. In the laboratory, the material was disinfested with 70% alcohol (1 minute) and in a 2.5% hypochlorite solution for 15 minutes. Then they were inoculated onto MO, MS or WPM medium enriched of different zeatin concentrations (0, 2 and 4mg L-1). The material was kept in growth room at 25±2°C under dark conditions for a week. After darkness, they were transferred to light, 16-hour photoperiod and photon flux density of 27mmol m-2 s-1. On the 7th, 14th and 21st day, the fungal and bacterial contamination and explants oxidation percentage were evaluated. On the 45th day of cultivation the material was assessed regarding to the survival rate, establishment of explants, shoots number and length, and leaves number. The present research concluded that the WPM medium showed the better performances, followed by MO medium.

O presente trabalho foi conduzido em Ponta Grossa (PR), com o objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade do sistema de produção de mudas em bandejas, comparativamente ao sistema convencional, em canteiros, em três cultivares de cebola. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados segundo esquema fatorial 3 x 3, sendo três tipos de mudas (de bandeja com 200 e com 288 células e da sementeira) e três cultivares (Mercedes, Bola Precoce e Crioula). A produção de mudas em bandejas foi conduzida sob cultivo protegido e da sementeira em ambiente natural. A semeadura ocorreu no dia 15/05/2004, nas bandejas e na sementeira. Aos 57 dias, as mudas foram avaliadas e transplantadas em parcelas com quatro fileiras de plantas arranjadas no espaçamento de 0,40 x 0,08m, perfazendo um estande de 312.500 plantas.ha-1. A colheita foi realizada de acordo com a maturação das plantas. Após a cura, avaliou-se a produtividade de bulbos e foram calculados os custos de produção dos diferentes tipos de mudas e a sua viabilidade. Observou-se que as mudas provenientes de bandejas apresentaram superioridade quando comparadas às da sementeira, obtendo destaque as obtidas em 200 células. A qualidade superior dessa muda refletiu-se no desempenho posterior, obtendo-se maior rendimento de bulbos com mudas de bandejas de 200 células. O desempenho foi intermediário, quando proveniente de bandejas de 288 células e inferior, quando a muda usada foi de sementeira. Destaca-se que o aproveitamento de mudas da sementeira durante a seleção foi baixo (50%), e o custo para sua produção é alto quando se utiliza semente de híbrido, comparável ao custo de cultivar de polinização aberta em bandejas de 288 células. As cultivares mais produtivas foram Crioula e Mercedes. A produção de mudas em bandejas, principalmente na de 200 células, é viável e representa uma alternativa para aumento da produtividade no cultivo da cebola em um mercado cada vez mais competitivo.The present trial was realized in Ponta Grossa (PR) and aimed to evaluate the viability of onion seedling production in polyestyrene trays, compared to conventional system on seedbed, using three cultivars The experimental design used was a randomized block with three replications. The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme 3x3, being three seedlings type (from trays with 200 and 288 cells and from seedbed), and three cultivars (Mercedes, Bola Precoce and Crioula). Seedlings production on trays were realized under protected cultivation and seedlings from seedbeds produced in the field. Seeds were sowed in May,15th. At 57 days the seedlings were evaluated and then transplanted in plots with four rows and plants arranged in 0,40x0,08m, with 312.500 plants.ha-1. The harvest was realized according to the plant maturation stage. Bulbs were dried and then yield were evaluated. The production cost and seedlings viability were calculated. It was observed the seedlings from trays were superior when compared to seedlings from seedbed, mainly those from 200 cells.This higher seedling quality reflected on later performance obtaining the highest yield from trays of 200 cells. It was intermediary with 288 trays and lower from seedbed seedling. It was observed low seedling useful from seedbed during the selection process (50%). In the case of hybrid the cost of seedling production in seedbed was high, almost comparable to seedling production of open pollinated cultivars on trays of 288 cells. The best cultivars were Crioula and Mercedes. Seedlings production on trays mainly on 200 cells showed viability and represents an important alternative to increase onion yield in a competitive market.

A utilização de tubetes para produzir mudas de cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.) tornou-se uma realidade. Objetivando avaliar o uso de substratos adubados ou não com fertilizante de liberação gradual e seus efeitos na nutrição, na formação, na cercosporiose e nos custos de produção de mudas de cafeeiro em tubetes, conduziu-se um experimento em viveiro, em esquema fatorial (4x2) com quatro substratos combinados com duas adubações, tendo quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por 16 tubetes de 120 mL, considerando-se como plantas úteis as seis centrais. Os tratamentos consistiram dos substratos S1= Substrato comercial I, S2 = Substrato comercial II, S3 = Substrato de eucalipto e S4 = 80% esterco de curral + 20% terra de subsolo, todos com e sem adubação com fertilizante de liberação gradual. No geral, os melhores substratos para formação de mudas de cafeeiro em tubetes foram os substratos não comerciais ou orgânicos, independentemente de receberem ou não adubação suplementar. Observou-se redução da cercosporiose com a nutrição mineral, principalmente com o cálcio. Com a utilização de todos os substratos houve ganho econômico em relação ao custo por milheiro de mudas. A maior economia foi obtida com o substrato S4, seguida do substrato S3, com melhor relação custo/benefício.The utilization of stiff plastic containers for producing coffee seedlings (Coffea arabica L.) is a reality. Aiming to evaluate the effects of substrate type enriched or not with slow-release fertilizer on vegetative growth, mineral nutrition, production cost and, brown eye spot of coffee seedlings, an experiment was conducted in the plant nursery. The experimental design was a factorial scheme with four substrates in the presence and absence of supplementary fertilization, with four replicates. The plots were made of 16 containers of 120 ml, using six central plants for evaluation. The treatments consisted of S1 = Commercial Substrate I, S2 = Commercial Substrate II, S3 = Eucalyptus Substrate and S4 = 80% bovine manure + 20% subsoil material with and without fertilization. In general, the best substrates for formation of coffee seedlings were not commercial substrates or organic, regardless of fertilization. The brown eye spot was reduced with balanced nutrition, mainly with calcium. All substrates provide economic return. The largest economy was found in substrate S4, followed by S3, showing the highest coast/benefit rate.

A chicória (Cichorium endivia L.) tem apresentado aumento crescente de cultivo no Brasil, constituindo-se atualmente numa hortaliça folhosa importante, consumida principalmente como salada. No entanto, ainda são escassas as informações existentes sobre a cultura. O objetivo desse experimento foi avaliar os efeitos de tipos de bandejas e idade de transplante de mudas na produtividade de chicória. As mudas foram produzidas sob ambiente protegido, com a cultivar AF-254 (SAKATA). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, sendo quatro idades de transplante de mudas (25, 30, 35 e 42 dias após a semeadura) e três tipos de bandejas, com 128, 200 e 288 células. O substrato usado foi o Plantmax®. As semeaduras foram realizadas entre os dias 11/04/05 a 28/04/05, com intervalo de sete dias da primeira semeadura e de cinco dias na segunda, terceira e quarta semeadura. O transplante foi efetuado no dia 23/05/04, em parcelas compostas de três fileiras de plantas arranjadas no espaçamento 0,30 x 0,30 m. A colheita foi realizada de acordo com a maturidade da planta. Mudas obtidas da bandeja de 128 células foram superiores independentemente da idade. As maiores diferenças encontradas foram entre as bandejas de 128 com as de 288 células. O ponto de máximo desenvolvimento das mudas nas características avaliadas foi entre 30 e 40 dias, nos três tipos de bandejas. A maior produtividade da chicória foi proveniente de mudas obtidas da bandeja de 128 células e as idades de 30 e de 35 dias. A alta produtividade obtida com a muda da bandeja de 128 células compensa o maior investimento na produção de mudas.Endive (Cichorium endivia L.) production has increased in Brazil, where it is currently considered an important vegetable, being consumed mainly as salad. However, the studies about this crop are scarce. This work aimed to avaluate the effects of tray types and age of seedlings at transplanting on endive yield. Seedlings were produced under protected cultivation, with the cultivar AF-254 (SAKATA). The experimental design used was a randomized blocks, with four replications, and the treatments arranged in a factorial scheme 4x3, being four seedlings age at transplanting (25, 30, 35 and 42 days after sowing) and three tray types (with 128, 200 and 288 cells). The substrate used was Plantmax®. Seeds were sowed between the period of March, 11th to March, 28th, in 2005, with the intervals of seven days from the first to second sowing, and five days from each other. The seedlings were tranplanted in May, 23th, in plots with three rows and plants arranged in 0,30x0,30m. Plants were harvested as they reached maturation. Seedlings produced on tray of 128 cells were superior, independent of the age. The highest difference was observed when trays with 128 and 288 cells were compared. The highest point of seedlings development was observed between 30 and 40 days on the three tray types. The best option for endive production was obtained from seedlings produced on tray of 128 cells and with ages of 30 and 35 days. The high yield obtained with the seedlings from 128 trays repay the cost on seedlings production.

With the objective of knowing the effect of Fitomas E on some indicators of the growth and quality in coffee seedlings of the variety Red Caturra, the following work was carried out during the campaigns of plants nursery 2013-2014 and 2014-2015, in an area of “Los Horneros", and in another area known as “Palma del Perro", all in the municipality Guisa, province Granma, in Pardo Sialítico soil (without carbonates). The studied doses were T1. Water. (control); T2. 125 mL·L-1m2 FitoMas E; T3. 250 mL·L-1m2 and T4. 375 mL·L-1m2 distributed in a design totally randomized with 4 treatments and 4 repetitions in parcels of 1.40 m2, taking 20 plants for treatments. The foliate applications were carried out starting from the first couple of true leaves, and asvariables were evaluated, for each treatment, height of the shaft, diameter of the shaft, long of the pivoting root, birth to of leaves, dry total mass and slenderness. In all the cases the experimental results were subjected to the statistical analysis, variance of simple classification and the multiple comparison of mean Tukey p≤ 5% of error probability, through the statistical package Statistica, version 7.0 for Windows 2000. Durante the two campaigns were observed the positive effect of the application of Fitomas E to the coffee seedlings compared to the witness treatment. The best results were obtained with the treatments 3 and 4, being T3 (250 L/m2) the best due to the using of smaller quantity of product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different dosages of phosphate fertilizer to determine the optimal volume of containers through the Dickson Quality Index of four native species seedlings, in nursery. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. The measured parameters were: height, stem diameter, dry weight of aerial and dry weight of root, 75 days after emergence to determine the Dickson Quality Index. The data was represented by mean and standard deviation. The Welch test and ANOVA were used to compare unpaired means. The significance level was 5% and the software used was SPSS for Windows version 17. Different P2O5 concentrations indicated that the optimal production container for the evaluated species is the dibble-tube of 120 cm³, promoting the highest Dickson Quality Indexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shading influences the development of seedlings in the nursery because of the crucial role that light exercise in the stages of plant development. The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth of young plants of Tabebuia aurea under shade in Brazilian northeast semiarid region. The experiment was conduced in random complete blocks, in a split-plot design with four repetitions. In the plots were the shadow levels (0, 30, 50 and 70%), and for the subplots were the evaluation times (0, 21, 42, 63, 84, 105, 126 and 147 days after transplanting - DAT). Every 21 days it was analysed the plant height (CPA), the stem diameter (DC), the stem dry mass (MSC), leaves dry mass (MSF), above ground dry mass (MSPA), leaf area (AF), and it was calculated the leaf area ratio (RAF), the specific leaf rate (AFE), absolut growth rate (TCA), relative growth rate (TCR), and net assimilation rate (TAL). It was observed that T. aurea plants do adaptate to the various shade levels, and at 147 DAT, only CPA, AF and AFE were significantly different, what indicates that this species presents physiological plasticity under the shade levels studied, with similar growth under shade or sun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persimmon tree is propagated by grafting and the rootstocks are produced from seeds. Grafting is done in July, which coincides with the time when the persimmon trees are pruned. But, at this time, many rootstocks are not yet eligible to receive the grafts. In this case budsticks/cleft storage is an option. Thus, this study aimed to verify the feasibility of cold storage of budsticks/cleft and verify the grafting method to promote better graft development. Rootstock was sown in August 2012 and the branches were collected in July 2013. Part of the branches was used for grafting (budding and cleft graft methods) in one-year old rootstocks and the other part was stored at low temperature (cuttings wrapped in moistened paper and then wrapped in polyethylene bags placed in cold storage at 4°C), during the months of August to December. Every 30 days, a number of branches was removed from the cold storage to perform grafting by budding and cleft and to quantify total sugars and starch in the budsticks/cleft stored. One hundred and twenty days after the grafting was performed, the length and diameter of the bud, number of leaves, sprouting percentage, dry weight of aerial part and root from the grafts were measured. It was concluded that there is no difference in the budding graft for different periods, but in seedlings grafted by the cleft grafting method there is greater growth when the clefts have been in cold storage for 60 to 120 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No Brasil, o consumo da chicória como salada tem aumentado, contribuindo na alimentação principalmente como fonte de vitaminas e sais minerais. Embora com expressivo aumento também em importância econômica, são poucas as informações existentes sobre a cultura. Dessa forma, o experimento foi conduzido em Ponta Grossa (PR), e teve como objetivo avaliar efeitos do tipo de bandejas e de cultivares na produção de plântulas e no rendimento da chicória. Foram realizados dois cultivos, sendo o primeiro com semeadura em 20/07/04 e11/09/04 para o segundo cultivo. As plântulas foram produzidas sob ambiente protegido, com o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos arranjados conforme fatorial 2 x 3, sendo duas cultivares, a chicória Crespa e a Lisa (ISLA) e três tipos de bandejas de poliestireno expandido, com 128 células (40 cm³), 200 células (16 cm³) e 288 células (12 cm³). O substrato usado foi o Plantmax®. As plântulas foram avaliadas aos 36 e 34 dias, nas seguintes características, no primeiro e segundo cultivo: altura da parte aérea, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, comprimento da raiz, massa fresca e seca da raiz. Os experimentos de campo foram conduzidos nos dois cultivos com o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, constando seis tratamentos: 1) cultivar Crespa com plântula proveniente da bandeja de 128 células; 2) cultivar Crespa com plântula proveniente da bandeja de 200 células; 3) cultivar Crespa com plântula proveniente da bandeja de 288 células; 4) cultivar Lisa com plântula proveniente da bandeja de 128 células; 5) cultivar Lisa com plântula proveniente da bandeja de 200 células; 6) cultivar Lisa com plântula proveniente da bandeja de 288 células. O transplante foi realizado aos 36 e 34 dias da semeadura no primeiro e segundo cultivo, respectivamente, em parcelas com três fileiras de plantas arranjadas no espaçamento 0,30 x 0,30 m. Na colheita da chicória, realizada aos 50 dias do transplante para o primeiro cultivo e aos 49 dias para o segundo, as características de diâmetro da cabeça, altura da parte aérea, número de folhas, massa fresca e seca da cabeça foram avaliadas. Dos resultados obtidos nos dois cultivos pode-se concluir que, entre os tipos de bandejas, a de 128 células propiciou maior rapidez no desenvolvimento, tanto da parte aérea como da raiz, conferindo em menor tempo plântulas com melhor qualidade. As plântulas produzidas em bandejas propiciaram no campo estande de 100% após o transplante e alta uniformidade no desenvolvimento das plantas. Plântulas provenientes da bandeja de 128 células demonstraram não só melhor qualidade no estádio inicial, mas as características positivas refletiram no desempenho da planta e no seu rendimento, obtendo-se cabeças de chicória com maior massa fresca. Quanto às cultivares testadas, tanto a Crespa como a Lisa apresentaram comportamentos bastante similares no estádio de plântulas e no cultivo da planta nos dois experimentos.In Brazil endive have shown increasing consumption as salad and contributes primarily with vitamins and minerals to the human diet. Although the increasing economic value there are a few studies about the crop. The experiments were realized in Ponta Grossa Paraná State, Brazil to avaluate the endive seedlings production from two cultivars in differents trays and the performance in field. Two planting dates were avaluated, being the first one sown in July, 20th and the second in September, 9th. Seedlings were obtained under protected cultivation, using an experimental design of randomized block with four replications being the treatments arranged in a factorial scheme 2x3, with the two endive cultivars, and three types of styrofoam trays (128 cells of 40 cm³ per cell, 200 cells of 16 cm³ and 288 cells of 12 cm³). The substrate used was Plantmax®. Seedlings were avaluated on the following characteristics at 36 and 34 days, in the first and second crop: height of aerial part, fresh and dry weight of roots and aerial part and root lenght. In the field experiments the design was of randomized blocks with four replications and six treatments:1) cultivar Crespa with seedlings obtained from trays of 128 cells; 2) cultivar Crespa with seedlings obtained from trays of 200 cells; 3) cultivar Crespa with seedlings obtained from trays of 288 cells; 4) cultivar Lisa with seedlings obtained from trays of 128 cells; 5) cultivar Lisa with seedlings obtained from trays of 200 cells; 6) cultivar Lisa with seedlings obtained from trays of 288 cells. The seedlings were transplanted at 36 and 34 days in the first and second crop, respectively, in plots with eight plants in each row arranged in 0,30x0,30 m. Harvesting was realized after 50 days of the transplanting date on the first crop and at 49 days on the second crop, it was avaluated the head diameter, height of aerial part, leaves number, fresh and dried weight of aerial part and roots. Considering the results obtained from two crops it was concluded that among trays types, the 128 cells was faster on upper part and root development, obtaining a seedling earlier and with quality. Seedlings from trays showed on field experiments stand of 100% and high uniformity on plant development. Seedlings from tray of 128 cells had the highest quality on the seedlings stage and its quality reflected on plant performance and the yield, obtaining a endive head with higher fresh weight. The both cultivars Crespa and Lisa showed similar behaviour on both experiment at the seedling stage and on the crop development.

O experimento foi conduzido em Ponta Grossa (PR) com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da densidade de mudas por célula em diferentes bandejas na produção de mudas e no cultivo da rúcula. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições; os tratamentos foram distribuídos conforme esquema fatorial 4 x 2, sendo densidades de mudas por célula (uma, duas, três e quatro), e dois tipos de bandejas de poliestireno expandido (200 e 288 células). A semeadura foi realizada em 28/03/2003, com sementes da cultivar Cultivada, em células preenchidas com o substrato Plantmax, sob cultivo protegido. Antes do transplante, avaliaram-se as características de número de folhas definitivas, comprimento da parte aérea e da raiz, matéria fresca e seca da parte aérea e da raiz. O transplante foi realizado aos 17 dias da semeadura, em parcelas com 40 plantas dispostas no espaçamento 0,20 x 0,10 m. Na colheita, aos 20 dias do transplante, foram avaliadas as características de comprimento da parte aérea, número de folhas, matéria fresca e seca por planta. No estádio de mudas, observou-se efeito significativo de interação para algumas características avaliadas. O volume da célula foi um fator importante na produção de mudas e dependente da densidade. A melhor qualidade de muda foi proveniente de bandejas com 200 células (16 cm3), quando comparada com as de 288 células (12 cm3). À medida que houve aumento da densidade de mudas por célula, observou-se maior efeito de competição, principalmente nas bandejas com 288 células. No entanto, o comportamento diferenciado das mudas provenientes das bandejas de 200 e 288 células não se manifestou durante o cultivo. Na época de colheita, somente a característica de comprimento da parte aérea diferiu estatisticamente, sendo superior nas plantas provenientes da bandeja com 200 células. Por outro lado, a densidade de mudas promoveu respostas diferentes na produção da rúcula. Houve diminuição no comprimento da parte aérea, número de folhas, peso da matéria fresca e seca produzida por planta, em resposta à pressão de competição promovida pelo aumento da densidade. Considerando o rendimento de matéria fresca, a densidade contribuiu diretamente para o incremento dessa característica. Observou-se a média de 1,4 kg m-2, quando se usou a densidade de uma muda e de 6,4 kg m-2 com quatro mudas. Para os dois tipos de bandejas, à medida que houve aumento da densidade de mudas, houve resposta linear crescente na matéria fresca por área. Como a forma de comercialização predominante para a rúcula é em maços, o rendimento promovido pela densidade de quatro mudas, tanto na bandeja de 200 como na de 288 células, apresentou-se como a alternativa mais adequada.The experiment was realized in Ponta Grossa (PR) aiming at avaluating seedlings density/cells using different trays and its effects on seedlings production and yield of rocket press. The experimental design was a randomised blocks with four replications; the treatments followed a factorial arrangement 4 x 2, being 1, 2 , 3 and 4 seedlings/cell on trays with 200 and 288 cells. Seeds were sowed on 28/03/2003, with the cultivar Cultivada on trays with commercial substrate Plantmax under protected cultivation. Before seedlings transplanting it was avaluated the characteristics of leaves number, lenght of upper part and root, fresh and dry weight of up ground material and root. The seedlings transplanting was carried out through with seventeen days in plots containing 40 plants in 0,20 x 0,10 m arrangement. At harvesting, 20 days of the seedlings transplanting, it was avaluated the following characteristics: lenght of upper part, leaves number, fresh and dry weight of up ground material. On the seedlings stage it was observed a significative effect of the interaction. The cell size was an important factor on seedlings production and it depended also on seedlings densities/cell. The best seedlings quality was obtained using trays with 200 cells, compared to 288 cells. Increasing the seedlings density/cell it was observed higher effect of seedlings competition, mainly on trays of 288 cells on the characteristics of leaves number, fresh weight of up ground material and lenght of upper part and root. However these differences were diluted during plants development on the field, being at the harvesting only the characteristic of leaves number still superior on trays of 200 cells (volume of 16 cm3) compared to 288 cells (12 cm3). On the other hand the seedlings density/cell promoted yield response on rocket press. It was observed linear response on yield. It was observed decreasing on lenght of upper part, leaves number, fresh and dry weight of up ground material, in response of competition pressure among plants promoted by density increasing. However it was observed linear increment on yield/area with the increasing of the seedlings/density. The increment on fresh weight was significative considering yield average of 1,4 kg m-2 on density of single seedling and 6,4 kg m-2 when it was used four seedlings/cell. It was observed that when density was increased, higher was the yield on fresh weight to both trays. Considering the commercialization of rocket press mainly on bunch, it seems more interesting a higher density with four seedlings, on trays with 200 or 288 cells.

With the need of a large-scale seedling production, the application of purple nutsedge extract may represent a promising alternative, contributing to the fruit species propagation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nutsedge extract on the survival rate, rooting and biomass of acerola's mini-cuttings. The experimental design was a completely randomized block, with a 5×2 factorial arrangement (five aqueous purple nutsedge extracts of nutsedge (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and two types of mini-cuttings, a pair of entire leaves and a pair of half leaves) resulting in 10 treatments with 5 repetitions and 8 mini-cuttings per repetition. The evaluations were performed at 75 days after planting, when destructive analysis were carried out for morphological characteristics. The evaluates variables were mini-cuttings survival percentage, percentage of minicuttings with sprouts, percentage of mini-cuttings with callus, percentage of minicuttings with roots, root system length, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, total dry biomass and the ratio between shoot and root dry mass. For the experiment conditions, the nutsedge extract positively influenced the survival percentage and percentage of sprouting of acerola's mini-cuttings, however the extract application did not influence the mini-cuttings biomass of, being the results observed with or without the cut on mini-cuttings leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Evaluation of the arnica plant rescue as an alternative to conservation and restoration of campo rupestre ecosystems. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of rescued plant size and levels of reduction in leaf survival, growth, and insertion of leaves in seedlings of Arnica obtained via salvage in a remnant of Campo Rupestre. We rescued 240 individuals and these were divided into two classes' height (Class I - 2.5 to 20 cm and Class II - 25 - 55 cm) and subjected to three levels of reduction leaf (0%, 50% and 100%). The measurements of height and diameter and new leaves emission were collected at nine times (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120), and evaluation of survival at 120 days. The average survival rate was 49.2%, higher in Class I and had no significant difference regarding the three types of leaf reduction. The emission sheet was higher in subjects experiencing a leaf reduction observing a decrease over time, unlike the seedling with 0% reduction, which increased linearly. Therefore, it is advisable a size between 2.5 and 20 cm for the rescue of arnica seedling plant, without leaf reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Devido à escassez de trabalhos com o enraizamento de estacas de marmeleiro, realizou-se o presente trabalho com o objetivo de verificar o potencial de enraizamento de estacas de cultivares de marmeleiro. Utilizaram-se estacas lenhosas e lisas coletadas de plantas de marmeleiro 'Radiolo', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Much Prolife', 'Pineapple', 'Smyrna', 'De Patras', 'Provencia', 'Van Deman', 'Provance', 'Meliforme', 'Portugal' (Cydonia oblonga) e 'Japonês' (Chaenomelis sinensis L.), sendo estas padronizadas com 20 cm de comprimento. As estacas foram enterradas até a metade do comprimento em canteiro de terra e coberto por tela sombrite 50%, sendo umedecidas diariamente através de regas manuais. Após 75 dias, coletaram-se os seguintes dados biométricos: porcentagem de estacas enraizadas e brotadas, número de folhas e brotos, comprimento da maior raiz, comprimento médio das brotações e número de raízes emitidas por estaca. As cultivares Pineapple, De Patras, Provencia e Mendoza Inta-37 apresentaram maior potencialidade de propagação via estaquia.Due to the shortage of works with the quince cutting, the present work was developed with the objective to verify the rooting potential of quince cultivars cutting. Hardwoody cuttings of quince were collected from 'Radiolo', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Much Prolife', 'Pineapple', 'Smyrna', 'De Patras', 'Provencia', 'Van Deman', 'Provance', 'Meliforme', 'Portugal' (Cydonia oblonga) and 'Japonês' (Chaenomelis sinensis L.), being these samples standardized with 20 cm of length. Soon after, half of the length of the cutting was put in a substrate constituted by soil and covered by sombrite 50%, being daily humidified by water. After 75 days, were evaluated the percentage of rooting and sprouting, number of leaves and sprouts, length of the largest root and sprouting and number of roots emitted by cutting. The cultivars Pineapple, De Patras, Provencia and Mendoza Inta-37 presented larger potentiality of propagation of cutting.

The soil degradation in semiarid occurs also by the deforestation of Caatinga and the removal of topsoil, whose fate is the industry of ceramic or pottery. This study aimed to evaluate the growth of mamoneira in degraded soils. Treatments consisted of degraded soils: 1-degraded subsoil, subsoil-2 degraded and deforested area, four doses of phosphorus (0, 100, 200, 300 mg kg-1 P), with three replications. Absolute witnesses, without phosphorus corresponded to salinized soil uncorrected, non-degraded soil-1, 2-non-degraded soil and soil of the caatinga not deforested. The degraded soil by salts, subsoil-2, received correction with gypsum, was incubated and washed. The results showed that the analysis of degraded subsoil revealed high salinity and low phosphorus concentration and organic matter, degraded subsoil saline demands correction with gypsum to make the cultivation of mamona in deforested and degraded caatinga subsoils possible. The phosphorus levels did not promote significant development in seedlings of mamona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Biociências is the property of Revista Biociencias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Biociências is the property of Revista Biociencias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)