Search

To target the lack of suitable grass species in the ecological restoration process of the Muli mining area, nine ecological grass species of Gramineae, Gentianaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Ranunculaceae were selected as experimental materials to simulate the external alkaline environment for a seed germination test, which could be used to explore the response of seed germination to the environment. At the same time, Poa pratensis L. 'Qinghai', Deschampsia cespitosa, Koeleria cristata, and Elymus tangutorum were used as test materials to carry out a variety of comparison and screening tests of suitable seeding rates. The effects of the seeding rate on plant coverage, biomass, forage nutrients, and soil properties were analyzed by a variety of comparison and seeding rate tests. The results showed the following: (1) The relative germination rate of Koeleria cristata, Elymus tangutorum, Deschampsia cespitosa, and Poa pratensis L. 'Qinghai' was more than 70%, and the coverage in the returning green period was more than 60%, which was significantly higher than that of other treatments (p < 0.05) and can better adapt to the environment of the Muli mining area compared to other grass species. Meanwhile, the adaptability of Pedicularis kansuensis, Gentiana macrophylla, and Aconitum pendulum was weak. (2) It was found that when the seeding rate was 9 g·m−2, the biomass of Poa pratensis L. 'Qinghai', Deschampsia cespitos, and Koeleria cristata was the highest, which was 296.45 g·m−2, 224.32 g·m−2, and 236.35 g·m−2, which was significantly higher than that of other treatments (p < 0.05); the aboveground biomass was 356.24 g·m−2 when the seeding rate of Elymus tangutorum was 18 g·m−2, which was significantly higher than that of other treatments (p < 0.05). The membership function showed that the comprehensive evaluation value was 0.701, 0.576, 0.610, and 0.673 when the seeding rate of Poa pratensis L. 'Qinghai', Deschampsia cespitos, and Koeleria cristata was 9 g·m−2 and the seeding rate of Elymus tangutorum was 18 g·m−2. To sum up, it is recommended that the four ecological grass species of Poa pratensis L. 'Qinghai', Deschampsia cespitosa, Koeleria cristata, and Elymus tangutorum can be used as the main grass species for ecological restoration in high-altitude and alpine areas such as the Muli mining area, which is affected by an alpine climate and fragile habitats. The optimum sowing rate of Poa pratensis L. 'Qinghai', Deschampsia cespitosa, and Koeleria cristata is 9 g·m−2, and that of Elymus tangutorum is 18 g·m−2. This cultivation method can effectively promote plant growth and development, improve the physicochemical properties of soil, and is conducive to improving the stability and sustainability of artificial grassland in alpine mining areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the diversity of native forbs in pasturelands can benefit insect pollinator populations, which have been declining widely. Establishing native forbs into existing pasturelands can be challenging, however, and information about effective planting strategies in these systems is lacking. In this study, we evaluated several planting strategies to improve native forb establishment. Two field experiments were conducted in Virginia, USA in 2021 and 2022. Experiment 1 evaluated how six herbicide treatments and tillage affected establishment success when forbs were planted in summer or fall. Experiment 2 investigated how different seeding rates from 2.2 to 56 kg/ha and pre-seeding cold stratification affected forb establishment. In experiment 1, treatments using Roundup/glyphosate and tillage resulted in the most forb establishment. Planting in summer improved establishment with Roundup/glyphosate application. In experiment 2, native forb plant establishment was positively associated with seeding rate (p < 0.001), with a rate of 56 kg/ha resulting in almost 3x more forbs compared to the lowest seeding rate. Cold stratification also increased target plant establishment (p < 0.01), but these effects were inconsistent among species. Our results suggest that effective native forb establishment can be achieved through intensive site preparation with Roundup/glyphosate or tillage to suppress vegetation and planting at rates no higher than 11 kg/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of Japanese foxtail (Alopecurus japonicus Steud.) at different densities on the photosynthetic physiology of wheat, "Yangmai 16" wheat was cultivated in a field using two sowing rates (150 kg ha−1, conventional seeding rate; 225 kg ha−1, high seeding rate) and with different densities of A. japonicus for two years. A. japonicus affected the physiological characteristics of wheat, such as its leaf photosynthetic rate, fluorescence parameters, Hill reaction activity, Rubisco activity, yield and yield components, to varying degrees. However, the physiological responses of wheat at different seeding rates varied; the effect of A. japonicus on wheat was more severe at the conventional seeding rate than at the high seeding rate. A. japonicus affected wheat leaf morphology and inhibited photosynthetic processes, leading to decreased PSII electron transport, energy metabolism and photosynthate accumulation, ultimately reducing wheat yield. An appropriate increase in the wheat seeding rate could improve specific leaf weight, maintain Rubisco activity, reduce photoinhibition, and alleviate the stress caused by A. japonicus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The best crop production technology depends on the approved scientific approaches and agricultural practices. Studying the elements of crop production technology is necessary to obtain stable and highquality yields. The result's reliability reached validity from three years of field and laboratory studies conducted under typical conditions per modern methods and state standards. For the presented research, the spring wheat cultivated as the first crop of different fallow types began during 2020-2022 at the Kursabaev Farm, North Kazakhstan. The spring rapeseed cultivars and hybrids, planted on bare fallow soil, had various seeding rates in 2019-2021 at the Yessil Yessil State Grain Feed Variety Testing site in North Kazakhstan. The study showed that for 2020-2022, the highest spring wheat grain yield resulted in the variant with chemical fallow treatment. The highest grain yield in rapeseed surfaced from the bare fallow soil with cultivar 'Maikudyk' and the hybrid 'Builder,' with a seeding rate of 2.0 million seeds per hectare. The results revealed that fallow preceding a crop contributes to a better spring wheat harvest. Thus, this work allows for determining the most effective ways to increase crop yields under climate change and variations in other environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The results of studies conducted in 2020–2023 in Astrakhan oblast on the basis of the Caspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, are presented. The purpose of these experiments is to develop the most environmentally friendly and resource-saving method of growing planting material of the leafless juzgun (Calligonum aphyllum (Pall.) Gürke) for use in phytomelioration of arid degraded pasture ecosystems and the creation of protective forest plantations in the arid zone of the Northern Caspian Sea. The objectives of this research were to study various methods of planting leafless juzgun (seedlings, cuttings, and seeds) and to identify a more effective one for light chestnut soils of Astrakhan oblast; to determine the optimal seeding rate and soil moisture (% of the lowest moisture capacity) for growing juzgun planting material; and to conduct an assessment of planting material during the growing season, including susceptibility to pests and diseases, crop condition (visual assessment), and biometric indicators according to experimental options. The studies carried out used the methodology of B.A. Dospehov (2011); Technical Specifications OST 56-98-93 (1994) were used to determine the compliance of planting material with the standard. Based on the results of our research, we found that the optimal way to plant leafless juzgun on the light chestnut soils of Astrakhan oblast is to plant seedlings. In addition, in these soil and climatic conditions, elements of the technology for growing leafless juzgun seedlings were developed, including the seeding rate of 250 kg/ha, soil moisture during the sowing–germination growing season at 60–70% of the lowest moisture capacity, and maintaining soil moisture during the growing season at 20–25% of the lowest moisture capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion of pulse crops in Canadian rotations has the potential to improve cropping system efficiencies, reduce the overall amount of applied nitrogen, provide economic opportunities for producers, and reduce the overall carbon footprint of the cropping system. Although primarily grown in western Canada, many pulse species—field pea in particular, are well suited to temperate growing conditions in the Maritime region of Canada. A study was conducted over 2 years at Harrington, Prince Edward Island, and consisted of four field pea varieties including two yellow varieties (AAC Lacombe and CDC Saffron) and two green varieties (CDC Limerick and CDC Raezer) planted at three plant population densities: 75, 100, and 125 plants m−2. The study also measured the effects of nitrogen fertilizer applied pre-plant (0 kg ha−1 vs. 15 kg ha−1) and applied plant available sulfur (0 kg ha−1 vs. 25 kg ha−1). Overall, yellow pea varieties were higher yielding than green pea varieties, and there was a linear increase in yield with increased seeding rate. There were no significant effects of pre-plant nitrogen fertilizer on yield, although it did slightly increase seed protein. Applied sulfur had a positive effect on yield and a slightly negative effect on thousand seed weight. This experiment provides a recommendation for the optimal seeding rate (100 plants m−2) and fertility recommendations to achieve profitable yields growing field pea in the Maritime region of Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adapting a crop to a cultivation environment is one of its most essential properties, characterizing its suitability to the climatic zone and its ability to respond to new elements of agrotechnology. Two field experiments were carried out in 2021 and 2022 in two different climatic zones (dry steppe and steppe) of Kazakhstan to study the adaptive traits of the spring wheat variety ‘Shortandinskaya 2012’ based on the different management practices. Each experiment included 18 treatments (three sowing dates, three seeding rates, and two fertilizer application levels). In the dry steppe zone, the variety showed adaptive properties by increasing yields up to 332–397 kg/ha or 17–21% compared to the average of 1913 kg/ha in the fertilized treatments with sowing on May 15 and May 20 dates. The seeding rate effect was insignificant. The leading components in yield formation were productive tillering, thousand kernel weight, and grain weight. A very high correlation existed between yield and grain weight per ear (r = 0.86–0.93). In the steppe zone, yield improvements of up to 539–716 kg/ha or 16–21% compared to an average for all treatments of 3391 kg/ha were observed for the fertilized treatments with sowing on May 20 and May 25 dates, and with higher seeding rates at 350 or 400 seeds/m2. With the predominance of the development of the thousand kernel weight, its correlation with yield was between 0.91 and 0.99. The yield was also highly correlated with grain weight per ear (r = 0.83–0.94) and productive tillering per plant (r = 0.86–0.97). The results indicate that implementing the adaptation methods, such as adjusting the sowing date, seeding rate, and fertilization, significantly enhanced the expression of the genetic potential in the soft wheat variety ‘Shortandinskaya 2012’ across two distinct agroclimatic zones.

The seeding rate holds the potential to enhance crop nutritional value; however, its impact on the forage quality of clover remains relatively unexplored. This study aimed to assess the impact of various cropping patterns and seeding rates on the forage yield and quality of Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) and crimson clover (T. incarnatum L.). A factorial experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with 10 treatments and three replications across two regions in Iran—Karaj and Shahrekord—over two cropping seasons (2020–2022). The experimental setup included five cropping patterns: Persian clover monoculture (PC100%), crimson clover monoculture (CC100%), and three replacement intercropping patterns: PC25%–CC75%, PC50%–CC50%, and PC75%–CC25%. Each pattern was evaluated at two seeding rates: 20 and 25 kg ha−1 (SR20 and SR25, respectively). The results indicated that the highest crude protein yield was observed in crimson clover monoculture at SR25 (1.03 Mg ha−1), followed by the PC25%–CC75% intercropping system at SR20 (1.00 Mg ha−1), both in Shahrekord during the second year. Additionally, the Persian clover monoculture at SR25 and the PC25%–CC75% intercropping system at SR20 in Karaj, as well as crimson clover monoculture at SR25 and the same intercropping system in Shahrekord, produced the highest crude protein yields. Furthermore, the PC50%–CC50% pattern at SR20 exhibited the highest forage quality for both species. Based on the findings, the PC25%–CC75% intercropping system with SR20 is recommended to farmers for enhancing forage productivity and quality in sustainable agricultural practices.

In 2023, the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation included and approved for use in the Middle Volga region a variety of monoecious drug-free cannabis sativa ʻLyudmilaʼ. In connection with the introduction into production and for the purpose of propagating seeds of a new variety in the Penza region in 2021–2023, wide-row (with row spacing of 45 and 70 cm) and ordinary (15 cm) sowing methods and seed sowing rates were studied, taking into account the main directions of crop use. With the studied methods of sowing and seeding rates, the yield of stems on average over the years of research reached 11.3–14.4 t/ha and was maximum with ordinary sowing with a seeding rate of 3.0 million pcs/ha. On the contrary, higher seed yields were obtained with wide-row sowing – 1.15 t/ha (row spacing 70 cm, seeding rate 0.9 million pcs/ha) and 1.04 t/ha (45 cm, 1.2 million pcs/ha), with ordinary sowing for all studied – 0.90-0.91 t/ha. An increase in the seeding rate from 2.0 to 3 million pcs/ha during ordinary sowing was accompanied by an increase in the yield of stems by 3.1 t/ha (27.4 %), the fiber content in stems from 30.9 to 31.8 % and its collection from 3.91 to 5.54 t/ha. By wide–row sowing with row spacing of 70 cm, the stem contained 26.5–28.7 % fiber with a total yield of 3.37–4.18 t/ha, by sowing with row spacing of 45 cm, the fiber content in the stem increased to 29.8–30.4 %, which made it possible to harvest 3.71–4.77 tons of fiber per 1 hectare. Economically effective methods of sowing and seeding rates of ʻLyudmilaʼ cannabis variety have been identified, ensuring the profitability of seed production at the level of 129–147 %.

The results of a comparative assessment of the influence of main agrotechnological factors on the harvest of spring barley cultivar ʻMoskovsky 86ʼ in natural and climatic conditions in the Leningrad Region are presented. The research was conducted between 2019 and 2021 on swardy cryptopodzol loamy sand soil. The scheme of micro field experiment included three studied factors: seeding rate (4, 5, and 6 million germinating seeds/ha), nitrogen fertilizer dose (N0 and N60) and herbicidal treatment (no treatment, Lintur, or EDG). According to the results of the research it was found that the seeding rate of 0.1 %, 28 %, and 18 % over the years of the study had a more stable influence on the yield of spring barley due to its less dependence on weather conditions. The yield of barley in the experiment (47.4 %) was more determined by the application of nitrogen fertilizer than by the seeding rate (13.9 %). These factors influenced mainly on the density of the productive stem, which increased with the raise in the seeding rate by 22.0–31.7 %. With the application of nitrogen fertilizer, it increased by 2.1 times (in 2019). Under conditions of acute moisture shortage, the effect of the herbicide on barley yields was weak (0.9–1.9 %) and not significant from the economic point of view. The impact of using the herbicide under stress was more evident in the variant without fertilizers. The formation of the highest yield of spring barley of the ʻMoskovsky 86ʼ cultivar (250 g/m2) was achieved due to the pre-sowing application of nitrogen fertilizer at a dose of 60 kg a.i./ ha, a seeding rate of 6 million germinating seeds/ha and herbicidal treatment.

To determine the appropriate seeding rate for machine-transplanted hybrid rice, field experiments were conducted during 2022–2023 using the hybrid rice variety Huazhe You 210 as the material. Four seeding rate treatments were set up: 40 (T1), 60 (T2), 80 (T3) and 100 g tray-1(T4), to investigate the effects of seeding rate on the seedling quality, transplanting quality, yield formation, and economic benefits of high-quality indica hybrid rice seedlings. The results showed that with increasing seeding rate, the seedling base stem diameter and seedling plumpness of hybrid rice seedlings decreased, but the root entwining force gradually increased, leading to a deterioration in individual seedling quality but an improvement in collective characteristics. As the seeding rate increased, the missing hill rate during mechanical planting of hybrid rice significantly decreased, while the number of seedlings per hill and the damaged seedling rate showed an upward trend. The growth volume of tillers, tillering spikelet rate, and harvest index of hybrid rice in the field showed an overall downward trend with increasing seeding rate, while the accumulation of dry matter initially increased and then decreased. The yield and economic benefits of hybrid rice grains showed an initial increase followed by a decrease with increasing seeding rate, with the highest yield and economic benefits achieved with the T2 treatment. In conclusion, the appropriate seeding rate for machine-transplanted hybrid rice is T2 (60 g tray-1), which can maintain good seedling quality and improve transplanting quality, coordinate larger collective growth and appropriate harvest index, contributing to high yield and good economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study was to identify the optimized seeding rate of the spring barley variety ‘Lyuboyar’ to obtain an economically profitable yield in the conditions of the non-blackearth part of the Central region of the Russian Federation on dark gray forest soils of a mean fertility level. The trials were carried out in the conditions of the Ryazan region in the selection crop rotation when sown in “black” fallow in 2022–2023. The trial scheme included the study of 6 options: 3.0; 3.5; 4.0; 4.5; 5.0 and 5.5 million germinating seeds per 1 hectare. There has been established that the optimal option in terms of field germination and preservation of plants for harvesting is the norm of 4.0 million per 1 ha with 89.5 % and 77.5 %, respectively. The number of survived plants before harvesting, the number of productive stems, plant height, head length, number of grains per head and grain weight per head have a significant contribution to crop productivity (r = +0.727...+0.955). The maximum number of stems (924 pcs/m2) and head length (9.2 cm) was demonstrated by the variant with a seeding rate of 4.5 million, height (83 cm) with 5.0 million, productive tillering (3.1) with 5.0–5.5 million, number of grains per head (23.9 pcs.) with 4.0 million, weight of grain per head (1.2 g) with 4.0–4.5 million, 1000-grain weight (47.5 g) with 3.0 million seeds per hectare. It was found that with an increase in the seeding rate, the number of plants increases before harvesting, the number of productive stems, plant height, tillering coefficient and head length increase with r = +0.543...+0.889, but there has been a decrease in indicators such as head weight (r = -0.355) and, especially, 1000-grain weight (r = -0.752). The largest productivity of 7.05 t/ha was obtained with a seeding rate of 4.0 million seeds per hectare, in the second place there was 6.90 t/ha with a rate of 4.5 million seeds per ha. At seeding rates of 4.0–4.5 million germ. seeds per 1 ha, the highest profitability was 67.2–60.2 %.

The purpose of the current study was to establish the effect of sowing rates of spring durum wheat on its productivity. There has been established that reducing seed sowing rates from 7 to 3 million germinated seeds per 1 ha allows reducing spring durum wheat vegetation period by 6–7 days. There has been identified maximum density of productive stems of the two varieties at a seeding rate of 6 and 7 million germinated seeds per 1 ha. The highest productive tillering capacity for two spring durum wheat varieties was obtained at the variant with a norm of 5 million germinated seeds per 1 ha. Thus, according to the experimental variants, the average plant height of the variety ‘Bezenchukskaya Niva’ was 70.6 cm in the control variant and 81.8 cm at a sowing rate of 5 million germinated seeds per 1 ha. The variety ‘Bezenchukskaya Zolotistaya’ has produced the tallest plants of 79.5 cm, with a seeding rate of 4 million germinated seeds per 1 ha. There has been established that the length of a head also increases with a seeding rate decrease; for example, in the variety ‘Bezenchukskaya Niva’, the maximum indicators of the main head were formed at a seeding rate of 5 million germinated seeds per 1 ha, where the maximum length of the main head was 6.7 cm, the number of grains was 27.5 pieces with a weight of 1.47 g. For the variety ‘Bezenchukskaya Zolotistaya’, the maximum head length was 5.6 cm, and the number of grains was 24 pieces at a rate of 4 million germinated seeds per 1 ha. The fullest grain of the variety ‘Bezenchukskaya Niva’ with 53.4 g of ‘1000-grain weight’ was formed at a seeding rate of 5 million germinated seeds per 1 ha; the variety ‘Bezenchukskaya Zolotistaya’ was 50.4g with a norm of 6 million germinated seeds per 1 ha. The maximum productivity of the variety ‘Bezenchukskaya Niva’ was 3.54 t/ha with a seeding rate of 5 million germinated seeds per 1 ha. The variety ‘Bezenchukskaya Zolotistaya’ formed a yield of 3.23 t/ha with a seeding rate of 6 million germinated seeds per 1 ha.

The cultivated lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) is the most widely grown forage legume, mainly due to its high nutritive quality and yield. The objective of this study was to provide information about the optimal seeding rate and row spacing for alfalfa cultivation under rainfed conditions in the Republic of North Macedonia. Alfalfa was sown in the fall of 2020 using randomized complete block design in a split-split plot arrangement with three replications. The effects of two seeding rates (8 and 16 kg ha-1 ) and two row spaces (20 and 40 cm) were examined on the fresh forage yield (FFY) and dry matter yield (DMY) of four alfalfa cultivars. Based on the evaluation, the sowing method (row spacing) and cultivar choice have shown a significant impact on the obtained forage yield. Higher average yield of fresh (73.7 t ha-1 ) and dry (20.3 t ha-1 ) forage was achieved at a sowing distance of 20 cm. Since the seeding rate did not significantly impact the FFY and DMY, in regions with a temperate climate, it is recommended that lower seeding rates than 16 kg ha-1 should be used in order to have sufficient and cost-effective alfalfa production. The inevitable issues for increasing alfalfa production are the selection of an appropriate cultivar with good adaptability to recent climate change within compatible establishment methods.

Increasing the diversity of native forbs in pasturelands can benefit insect pollinator populations, which have been declining widely. Establishing native forbs into existing pasturelands can be challenging, however, and information about effective planting strategies in these systems is lacking. In this study, we evaluated several planting strategies to improve native forb establishment. Two field experiments were conducted in Virginia, USA in 2021 and 2022. Experiment 1 evaluated how six herbicide treatments and tillage affected establishment success when forbs were planted in summer or fall. Experiment 2 investigated how different seeding rates from 2.2 to 56 kg/ha and pre-seeding cold stratification affected forb establishment. In experiment 1, treatments using Roundup/glyphosate and tillage resulted in the most forb establishment. Planting in summer improved establishment with Roundup/glyphosate application. In experiment 2, native forb plant establishment was positively associated with seeding rate (p < 0.001), with a rate of 56 kg/ha resulting in almost 3x more forbs compared to the lowest seeding rate. Cold stratification also increased target plant establishment (p < 0.01), but these effects were inconsistent among species. Our results suggest that effective native forb establishment can be achieved through intensive site preparation with Roundup/glyphosate or tillage to suppress vegetation and planting at rates no higher than 11 kg/ha.

The grain industry in Ukraine is the most important component of the agro-industrial complex. At the same time, spring wheat grain production remains low and unstable due to insufficient efficiency of cultivation technology. The purpose of the research was to establish optimal seeding rates for soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds of the Shirocco variety. The study of the influence of the seeding rate on the productivity and quality indicators of soft spring wheat was carried out according to the scheme: 3.5 million pcs ha-1, 4.0 million pcs ha-1, 4.5 million pcs ha-1, 5.0 million pcs ha-1; 5.5 million pcs ha-1; 6.0 million pcs ha-1. As a result of the research, it was found that the highest density of standing was obtained on the variant with a seeding rate of 6.0 million pcs ha-1 - 522 pcs m2 with plant preservation during the growing season of 86.8% (453.1 pcs m2). The maximum yield was observed on the variant with a seeding rate of 6.0 million pcs ha-1 - 5.63 t ha-1. At a seeding rate of 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5 pcs m2 the yield was 4.07, 4.58, 4.76, 5.00, 5.30 t ha-1, respectively. According to the results of the research, it was studied that at a seeding rate of 6.0 million pcs ha-1, the highest yield of spring wheat grain was obtained - 5.63 t ha-1, and the maximum quality indicators of gluten and protein content at a seeding rate of 5.5 million pcs ha-1 - 25.5, 13.82%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of the productivity of the sunflower hybrid "Baiterek 17" were studied for rainfed conditions of the steppe and dry steppe zones of Kazakhstan for two fertilizer levels (without fertilizers and with the application of a nitrogen-phosphorous fertilizer), two sowing dates, and three seeding rates. The growing season duration varied among zones and was affected by sowing dates. An increase in duration (3–5 days) was observed for the early sowing date and fertilized treatments, regardless of the zone. Increasing the seeding rate for all treatments by sowing date and fertilizer application reduced the duration of the growing season by 3–6 days. The fertilizer application did not affect the formation of seedlings in the study areas. In the dry steppe zone, from 2.5 to 4.8 plants/m2 were formed before harvesting, with an increase in the number of plants at the high seeding rate (57,000 seeds/ha). In the steppe zone, the same pattern was preserved: from 3.5 to 4.9 plants/m2 at a seeding rate of 65 thousand seeds/ha. The maximum diameter and weight of the flower head were found for the early sowing date and fertilized treatments at a low seeding rate, with a strong effect on the yield for both the steppe and dry steppe zones in 2022. On average, for both years, the highest yield for the dry steppe zone was obtained for the sowing date of 15 May and at a seeding rate of 57,000 seeds/ha, while for the steppe zone, the highest yield was obtained for the 10 May planting date and at a sowing rate of 65,000 seeds/ha. Improving plant nutrition and increasing the plant density up to a seeding rate of 65,000 seeds/ha for the early sowing dates (10 May) increased the plasticity in the steppe zone. For the dry steppe zone, the plasticity of the hybrid decreased, but the highest plasticity was also obtained for an earlier sowing date (15 May) and at a seeding rate of 57,000 seeds/ha crop. The study shows that the hybrid "Baiterek 17" has a high ecological plasticity under changing environmental conditions and, with an increase in moisture availability, it requires intensive agricultural practices (fertilization, increased seeding rate, and early sowing dates) to obtain a high yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production and cultivation of new high-quality seed varieties are linked to the sowing of various crops with diverse physical and mechanical seed properties. Efficient seed-metering unit operation is critical during the technological process of fodder crop cultivation, predominantly when sowing non-free-flowing seeds. The quality of seed sowing and crop yield significantly rely on the design precision of seed-metering devices, technical maintenance and appropriate calibration. A rotary seed metering device was incorporated to ensure that non-friable seeds are uniformly sown, thus maintaining consistent seed supply and consumption at all stages of circulation. The study of the proposed device's productivity dependence on its operating parameters is justified because these variables affect crucial indicators such as the capacity to achieve and sustain the desired seeding rate over the entire operational duration. The study presents findings from an experimental investigation on sowing non-free-flowing (non-flowing) and finely dispersed seeds using a rotor seed-metering unit. The tests aimed to ascertain the precision and evenness of sowing such crops. It was observed that the speed of rotation of the seed-metering unit's vane disk is a key factor in the uniformity and supply of sown seeds. The limits of variation in rotor rotation speed and rotor seed-metering unit productivity per second were established to guarantee the desired seeding rate for various crops, including alfalfa, Agropyron, and Bromus inermis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nutritional content of wheat grains. • Spray of Herbicides. • Spray of micro-Nano-nutrients. One of the main challenges that hinder wheat cultivation is weeds through its competitiveness to obtain the essential requirements of growth as most growers claimed that no efficient method can be applied to increase the nutritional value of wheat grains. Therefore, current study aims to increase the nutritional content of wheat using different methods during the development of growth stages. A field experiment was conducted in Zulele village, Babylon province during 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 season to achieve the object above. Treatments and combinations of the experiment (manual weeds removal, herbicides, seeding rate and nano-nutrients) were arranged using randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with four replicates. Results showed that there were significant differences between treatments and combinations as Navigator + IQ combi and Weed free + IQ combi combinations with 180 kg.h−1 seeding rate were exceeded and gave the highest average of the percentage of carbohydrates, protein, gluten, total amino acids and tryptophan, also gave the lowest percentage of ash compare to control combination with 140 kg.h−1 seeding rate. The use of Navigator or Surage (Herbicides) or Weed free together with foliar nano-nutrients was improved the nutritional content of wheat grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The article deals with the soil morphological features and grain varietal characteristics as the main factors on which the dynamics of the winter wheat development from seedlings to full grain ripeness depends. Aim of the Article. The article is aimed at determining the main patterns of plant development depending on internal and external factors affecting the winter wheat yield. Materials and Methods. The winter wheat variety RS-1 “Tanyaˮ was an object of the research. Sowing was carried out in the production zones of the North Caucasus Federal District. The size of the area amounted to 70 ha; there were two experiments with different seeding rates. The reliability of the results was checked using Fisher's and Student's coefficient. There were carried out monitoring of the complete cycle of plant development - from seedlings to full grain ripeness. Results. The dynamics of changes in morphological parameters of plants germinated from seeds at seeding rates of 2.6 and 6.5 million pieces/ha was compared. The role of external and internal factors determining the dependence of wheat yield on seeding rate was analyzed. The external factors included the growth environment factors determining the health of plants and relating growth environment to the sowing density. At the same time, there were considered physico-chemical properties of soil including its fertility with capacity index (the amount of mineral substances and their fractional composition), the strength of the bond between mineral substances and the matrix soil, and the rate of transition of soil ions from the matrix soil to aqueous solution. When analyzing the soil prepared by the proposed cultivation technology, it was found that at a seeding rate of 6.5 million pieces/ha the number of productive stems was 550 pieces (0.0575 pieces/kg of stems), and at a seeding rate of 2.6 million pieces/ha their number was 575 pieces (0.183 pieces/kg of stems). Discussion and Conclusion. The influence of wheat seed sowing density on yield was evaluated using the Gardner equation and parameters of sorption properties of wheat root systems. It was shown that for wheat sowing density at seeding rates of 2.6 and 6.5 million pieces/ha the ratio between the values of diffusion coefficients D(6.5)/D(2.6), obtained taking into account the grown stems, was ~ 1.7 times. It was found that the determining factor is the soil structure, on which the parameters of water supply depend. The type of developing root system is determined by the water absorption rate and the depth to which water is extracted from the soil per plant. The factors determining the effect of seeding density on yield include osmotic parameters of seed cell membranes. Accumulation of proline as an osmotically active organic matter in the cell promotes water retention in the cell. The use of microelements and growth regulators for treating seeds germinated at sowing rates of 2.6 and 6.5 million pieces/ha leads to a greater increase in the proline concentration in the cytoplasm in the first case than in the second.

The current paper has presented the study results on the effect of sowing dates and seeding rates on productivity of wintering peas. Field trials were carried out during 2019–2021. The objects of research were the wintering pea variety ‘Fokus’, ‘Faeton’ and ‘Zimus’. The purpose of the study was to estimate the effect of sowing dates and seeding rates on productivity of wintering peas in the conditions of the southern part of the Rostov region. Sowing dates and seeding rates have influenced the elements of the yield structure and grain productivity of wintering peas. The weight of seeds per plant of the variety ‘Fokus’ ranged from 2.53 to 4.02 g; for the variety ‘Faeton’ it was 2.31–2.67 g, and 2.62–4.49 g for the variety ‘Zimus’. 1000-seed weight was in the range of 125.6–154.1 g for the variety ‘Fokus’, 130.1–157.6 g for the variety ‘Faeton’, 146.2–155.9 g for the variety ‘Zimus’. The maximum productivity of the variety ‘Fokus’ was established at a seeding rate of 1.4 million germ. seeds per ha, in the second and third terms of sowing it was 2.24 and 2.23 t/ha, respectively. In the first sowing period, the maximum productivity was established at a seeding rate of 1.8 million germ. seeds per ha. In the first sowing period the variety ‘Faeton’ demonstrated the maximum productivity (1.97 t/ha) at a seeding rate of 1.2 million germ. seeds per ha; in the second sowing period the yield was 1.93 t/haat a seeding rate of 1.4 million germ. seeds per ha; in the third sowing period the largest productivity (1.81 t/ha) was established at a seeding rate of 1.2 million germ. seeds per ha. The variety ‘Zimus’ gave the maximum productivity of 1.86 t/ha at a seeding rate of 1.4 million germ. seeds per ha in the first sowing period, 2.18 t/ha in the second sowing period, 1.96 t/ha in the third sowing period.

Background. Safflower belongs to the category of insurance oilseeds, it is able to grow and form a seed crop for vegetable oils in extremely arid conditions. The production of safflower seeds is associated with extreme conditions, and therefore it is necessary to clarify in the arid climate of the Volgograd region in the zone of light chestnut soils the optimal seed sowing rate and an effective method of sowing it. Purpose. To study and determine the methods of sowing safflower seeds and the optimal sowing rates in agricultural landscapes in the zone of light-chestnut soils, the dry steppe of the Nizhnevolzhsky region to obtain high-quality seeds. Materials and methods. A single-factor field experiment was laid in 2022, in the steppe zone with a hydrothermal coefficient of 0.6-0.4. On the site for obtaining seeds, safflower was sown according to its predecessor - black fallow. Since autumn, the main tillage was carried out - disking, in the spring, spring harrowing in two tracks, followed by pre-sowing cultivation. The cultivars of dyeing safflower Aleksandrit, Volgogradsky 15 were sown, the originator of which is the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The repetition in the experiment is threefold, the variants are continuous. All repetitions in the experiment are placed in one field. The area of the experimental plot is 180 m2. The weather conditions during the period of formation of the safflower crop are characterized as dry, HTC 0.6, and the reserve of productive moisture during the sowing period in the meter layer was 12.72 mm. placement of options is systematic, sequential, in blocks in one tier Results. The conducted studies made it possible to determine that the highest yield of safflower was obtained from the Alexandrite variety of 1.22 t/ha in sowing with row spacing, a width of 15 cm and a seeding rate of 30 kg/ha and a profitability of producing high-quality seeds of 238.9%. Conclusion. Under the conditions of light chestnut soils in the dry steppe of the Volgograd region, it is advisable to sow safflower between rows, the width of which is 15 cm, and the optimal seeding rate is 30 kg/ha, while the economic benefit of seed production will be up to 238.9%.

Purpose: to determine the influence of the cultivar, seeding rate and application of mineral fertilizers when cultivating spring barley on the assimilation surface area of one plant and the leaf surface index of crops according to the crop growth phases in the soil and climatic conditions of Kursk region. Materials and methods. The studies were conducted in 2022 and 2023 in the field experience at Federal Agricultural Kursk Research Center in grain-fallow crop rotation. The experimental scheme includes the study of three cultivars – Suzdalets, Prometheus, Despina. The second factor is seeding rates: 3, 4, 5, 6 million units of viable seeds per 1 ha. The third factor is the levels of mineral fertilization: control without fertilizers and N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀. Results. It was found that the assimilation surface area of one spring barley plant in the seedling stage depended to a greater extent on the cultivar (by 40 %), and it also increased under the influence of mineral fertilization (by 16 %). The leaf area index of spring barley in the seedling stage depended by 89 % on the seeding rate. During the tillering stage, the leaf area depended by 72 % on the year conditions. Research during the crop blooming stage revealed that the main factor influencing the assimilation surface area and leaf area index was the year of study (31 and 44 %, respectively), the cultivar factor provided 23 and 27 % of the indicator variation, respectively, and the mineral fertilization – 20 and 30 %, respectively. During the milk-ripe stage, due to the leaves dying off, a decrease in the photosynthetic parameters of spring barley is observed. Conclusion. It has been determined that the assimilation surface area of one plant and the leaf area index are very dynamic indicators and largely depend on the year of research, the cultivar and the mineral fertilization. During the initial period of crop growth, the leaf area index is affected by the seed application rate.

Carrot (Daucus carota var. sativus) cultivars with common root shape, appearance, and end-use are grouped and commercialized in market classes. The shape of the carrot storage root is the result of growth and development, which is highly influenced by genotype; however, the extent to which planting density affects root shape traits and its interaction with genotype remains unexplored. To observe the effects of market class and density on carrot root shape characteristics, five cultivars classified in five different market classes, including Imperator, Nantes, Danvers, Chantenay, and Ball, were each grown at five planting densities ranging from 0.5 million to 4.5 million plants/ha. A generalized complete block design with a two-way factorial treatment arrangement of the two factors, density and genotype, was used in three environments. Roots were phenotyped using a digital imaging pipeline and scored for root size (length, maximum width) and compound root shape traits including traits derived from the principal component analysis of root contour profiles like root fill and tip and shoulder curvature. The results suggest that planting density had minimal impact on the shape of carrot roots, and the expected shape for each market class was maintained regardless of planting density; however, the analysis was constrained by the presence of interactions among genotype, density, and environment, which influence the contribution of main effects to shape. For the Nantes, Danvers, Chantenay, and Imperator market classes, planting density influenced the size of the carrot root, with size decreasing by up to 50% in length and width at high planting densities. We found high estimates of broad-sense heritability for traits that determine the shape of the carrot root, such as root fill and length-to-width ratio, which capture size-independent variation of the storage root. Although environmental signals play a role, our results suggested that the shape of the carrot root is primarily determined by genotype, and that planting density generally does not have a significant effect on its shape.

The problem of improving the sustainability and efficiency of grain production, increasing its gross quantity and improving quality is a key one for farmers in the Stavropol region. Due to the lack of financial resources for most agricultural producers, the problem is largely solved by selecting the most effective cultivation technology elements, including new highly productive varieties due to the agrotechnology. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of forecrops, the level of mineral nutrition, sowing dates and seeding rates on productivity, grain quality and economic efficiency of cultivating new winter wheat varieties developed by the FSBSI “North-Caucasus Federal Research Agricultural Center”. As a result of study carried out on winter wheat crops of various varieties developed by the FSBSI “North-Caucasus FRAC”, productivity of the varieties sown in weedfree fallow was 5.71 t/ha, which was 3.41 t/ha more than after cropped fallow. The application of mineral fertilizers contributed to productivity improvement of the varieties sown in weedfree fallow on 1.27 t/ha, and on 1.8 t/ha when sown after winter wheat on average during 2018–2021. The maximum grain yield was identified at the optimal sowing time in September 30 – October 5 (an average of 6.8 % more than at early and late time). Different seeding rates did not have a significant effect on productivity. Based on the estimation of the effect of winter wheat cultivation technologies on productivity, grain quality and economic efficiency of cultivation, there have been given agrotechnological characteristics of the new winter wheat varieties developed by the North-Caucasus FRAC.

The winter and spring varieties of peas (Pisum sativum) require careful study of the entire range of technological measures, including seeding rates, as the basis for optimal sowing density and the formation of phytocenose crops. This issue has not been resolved to date, not only in the context of agrobiological justification but also in everyday practice in Ukraine. This research was carried out in a field experiment in a three-way factorial experiment: factor “A” was the type of development – winter and spring; factor “B” was the variety – spring peas (Svit and Darunok Stepu) and winter peas (Moroz, Enduro and Baltrapp); and factor “C” was the seeding rate. According to the field studies, differences in the physiological and biochemical parameters of the P. sativum test culture characterised the photosynthetic activity of the plants, considering the type of development and variety. The winter varieties of P. sativum were characterised by a higher chlorophyll content (by 35–40%) compared to the spring varieties, which had an economic effect with an increase in the yield of dry biomass of the experimental crop and a decrease in seeding rates, with the formation and increase in grain yield by 14–18%. The intensity of chlorophyll in the process was not a determining factor in the accumulation of organic biomass. The extensive nature of the integration complex was noted (the amount of chlorophyll – the amount of biomass). At the optimal seeding rate, a certain specificity was observed in different types of P. sativum: for spring varieties, the sufficient rate was 0.9 million seeds/ha, and for winter varieties, it was 0.7 million seeds/ha. For varieties with a low productivity level (spring – Svit and winter – Moroz), the optimum sowing rate was around 0.7 million seeds/ha. The increase in the seeding rate was accompanied by a decrease in the content of various chlorophyll fractions from 10–12% to 20–26%.

The production and cultivation of new high-quality seed varieties are linked to the sowing of various crops with diverse physical and mechanical seed properties. Efficient seed-metering unit operation is critical during the technological process of fodder crop cultivation, predominantly when sowing non-free-flowing seeds. The quality of seed sowing and crop yield significantly rely on the design precision of seed-metering devices, technical maintenance and appropriate calibration. A rotary seed metering device was incorporated to ensure that non-friable seeds are uniformly sown, thus maintaining consistent seed supply and consumption at all stages of circulation. The study of the proposed device's productivity dependence on its operating parameters is justified because these variables affect crucial indicators such as the capacity to achieve and sustain the desired seeding rate over the entire operational duration. The study presents findings from an experimental investigation on sowing non-free-flowing (non-flowing) and finely dispersed seeds using a rotor seed-metering unit. The tests aimed to ascertain the precision and evenness of sowing such crops. It was observed that the speed of rotation of the seed-metering unit's vane disk is a key factor in the uniformity and supply of sown seeds. The limits of variation in rotor rotation speed and rotor seed-metering unit productivity per second were established to guarantee the desired seeding rate for various crops, including alfalfa, Agropyron, and Bromus inermis.

The right planting density and the optimal number of seeds introduced during sowing play a crucial role in ensuring the efficient production of lentils. This factor significantly affects the process of culture rooting, the ability of plants to absorb solar radiation, the development of vegetation cover, as well as the level of infection with harmful insects, pests, and diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of seeding rates on the formation of plant biomass and yield at different sowing dates. The object of the study was an early-ripening variety of lentils, i.e., Shyraily. One-Way ANOVA was used to study the impact of sowing dates (May 10, May 20, May 30) and seeding rates (1.0 million, 1.3 million, 1.6 million germinating seeds per ha) of lentils on plant biomass and yield. According to the results of two-year studies, the maximum yield of lentil grain was formed when sowing on May 30 and at a seeding rate of 1.3 million germinating seeds per ha - 11.5 c/ha. It was found that the greater the density of the plants, the higher the yield of lentil grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we developed a monitoring system to accurately track the seeding rate and to identify the locations where the mechanical pot-seeding machine failed to sow seeds correctly. The monitoring system employs diverse image processing techniques, including the Hough transform, hue–saturation–value color space conversion, image morphology techniques, and Gaussian blur, to accurately pinpoint the seeding rate and the locations where seeds are missing. To determine the optimal operating conditions for the seeding rate monitoring system, a factorial experiment was conducted by varying the brightness and saturation values of the image data. When the derived optimal operating conditions were applied, the system consistently achieved a 100% seed recognition rate across various seeding conditions. The monitoring system developed in this study has the potential to significantly reduce the labor required for supplementary planting by enabling the real-time identification of locations where seeds were not sown during pot-seeding operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to climate change in recent years, there has been an increasing water deficit during the winter wheat growing period due to reduce rivers water and low precipitation. Consequently, there is increasing thoughts to grow crops depending on well water under desert conditions were crops management completely different. Field experiment was conducted in winter session of 2021-2022. The aim was to evaluate the production of wheat cultivars grown under desert condition at Alahais south of Basrah, Iraq (30°46'89.07"N 46°99'36.77"E). Moreover, two seeding rate and two levels of ethephon have been applied. The experiment include three factors, eleven wheat cultivars, two rate of seeding (140 and 200 kg ha-1 ) and two concentration of ethephon (0 and 2.25 ml l-1 ). Factorial experiment was applied (11x2x2) according to randomized complete block design with three replicates. The area of experimental unit was 4x3 m2 . The results revealed that, wheat varieties differed significantly in all most traits measured. Alrasheed variety produced higher grain yield, higher grains spike-1 and 1000 grain weight by 4.077 t ha-1, 56.18 grains spikes-1, and 43.17 g respectively. Moreover, increased seeding rate from 100 to 200 kg ha-1 lead to increase spike m-2 and grain yield by 12.53% and 11.59% respectively. In addition foliar application of ethephon lead to enhance spike m-2, grains spike-1 and grain yield by 5.31%, 6.81% and 11.15% respectively. For the interaction effect, the results revealed that, the increased of seeding rate improved grain yield for all wheat varieties. Moreover, the application of ethephon improved grain yield for all wheat varieties. Alrasheed variety under 140 and 200 kg ha-1 seeding rate with foliar application of 2.25 ml l -1 ethephon gave highest grain yield by 4.321 and 4.235 t ha-1 respectively. In addition Alrasheed under seeding rate of 200 kg ha-1 and ethephon foliar application produced highest biological yield by 14.261 t ha-1 . The results showed that foliar application of ethephon compensate the increase of seeding rate from 140 to 200 kg ha-1 for grain yield of some wheat varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper has presented the study results of the elements of cultivation technology (sowing time, seeding rate) of wintering peas in the southern part of the Rostov region. Field trials were carried out during two agricultural years in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. The objects of research were the varieties of wintering peas ‘Fokus’, ‘Faeton’, ‘Zimus’. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of sowing time and seeding rates on field germination and harvesting preservation of wintering peas in the conditions of the southern part of the Rostov region. The soil of the experimental plot was ordinary calcareous heavy loamy chernozem on loess-like loams. The content of humus in the arable layer was 3.36%, pH was 7.0, P2O5 was 24.4; K2O was 360 mg/kg of soil. The sowing time had an impact on field germination. On average, over the years of research, field germination in the 1st period ranged from 27.0 to 93.5 %, in the second from 33.6 to 91.0 %, in the third from 31.5 to 94.5 %. The share of the effect of the sowing time on field germination ranged from 9.4% for the variety ‘Faeton’ to 22.5 % for the variety ‘Fokus’. The harvesting preservation of wintering peas ranged from 93.8 % (‘Zimus’) to 94.8 % (‘Faeton’) in the first sowing period, in the second sowing period it ranged from 95.0 % (‘Faeton’) to 95.5 % (‘Fokus’), in the third, the harvesting preservation ranged from 94.7 % for the variety ‘Fokus’ to 95.6 % for the variety ‘Zimus’. The share of the effect of the sowing time on harvesting preservation ranged from 5.4 % for the variety ‘Zimus’ to 23.4 % for the variety ‘Fokus’. On average, over the years of study, the maximum field germination was observed for the variety ‘Faeton’ (93.5 %) at a seeding rate of 1.0 million germin. seeds/ha. The best preservation was identified for the variety ‘Faeton’ (96.5 %) at a seeding rate of 1.0 million germin. seeds/ha in the second sowing period.

In the agricultural technology of sunflower cultivation, plant density in crops is one of the main conditions that determine its further productivity [5]. The optimal sowing density of sunflower can vary widely and depend on various factors, such as the varietal characteristics of plant, the soil-climatic zone of its cultivation, specific weather conditions and, above all, the moisture supply of plants, especially in the critical phases of sunflower development (flowering and grain filling) [ 8]. It has been proved that the optimal plant density in sunflower crops is such that not only normal growth processes and development of each plant are ensured, but the maximum possible productivity per unit of sown area is also formed. In this regard, in 2018–2020, in the flat zone on the leached chernozems of LLC «Zarya» of the Shovgenovsky district of the Republic of Adygea, studies were carried out (according to B.A. Dospekhov «Methodology of field experience») in order to study the reaction of new promising sunflower hybrids (Gorstar, Natali, Iren, selection of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «FSC «VNIIMK named after V.S. Pustovoit», Krasnodar) to change the number of plants per hectare. As a result of the research, the degree of influence of the studied factor on the formation of productive qualities of the studied sunflower hybrids has been established– the diameter of the anthode, the number of oil seeds in it, the mass of achenes from one anthode, the weight of 1000 achenes, the fulfillment of achenes, seed yield, total collection of oil from one hectare area). The studies have shown that the maximum seed yield has been achieved in the hybrids Gorstar and Iren, formed on the second variant (50 thousand pieces/ha). In the Natalie hybrid, the maximum yield was recorded in the variant with a plant density of 60 thousand pieces/ha. From this, it should be noted that with the option of 50 thousand pieces/ha, the Natali hybrid turned out to be 0.62–0.61 t/ha less productive than the Gorstar hybrid and 0.52–0.56 t/ha than the Irene hybrid.The studies were carried out on the equipment of the «Expert» Common Use Center of FSBEI HE «MSTU».

Nitrogen (N) and seeding rates are important factors affecting grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE) in direct-seeded rice. However, these factors have not been adequately investigated on direct-seeded and double-season rice (DDR) in Central China. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various N and seeding rates on the grain yield and NUE of an ultrashort-duration variety grown under DDR. Field experiments were conducted in 2018 in Wuxue County and 2019 in Qichun County, Hubei Province, China with four N rates and three seeding rates. The results showed that the grain yield of the ultrashort-duration variety ranged from 6.32 to 8.23 t ha–1 with a total growth duration of 85 to 97 days across all treatments with N application. Grain yield was increased significantly by N application in most cases, but seeding rate had an inconsistent effect on grain yield. Furthermore, the response of grain yield to the N rates was much higher than the response to seeding rates. The moderate N rates of 100–150 and 70–120 kg N ha–1 in the early and late seasons, respectively, could fully express the yield potential of the ultrashort-duration variety grown under DDR. Remarkably higher N responses and agronomic NUE levels were achieved in the early-season rice compared with the late-season rice due to the difference in indigenous soil N supply capacity (INS) between the two seasons. Seasonal differences in INS and N response should be considered when crop management practices are optimized for achieving high grain yield and NUE in ultrashort-duration variety grown under DDR.

Carrot (Daucus carota var. sativus) cultivars with common root shape, appearance, and end-use are grouped and commercialized in market classes. The shape of the carrot storage root is the result of growth and development, which is highly influenced by genotype; however, the extent to which planting density affects root shape traits and its interaction with genotype remains unexplored. To observe the effects of market class and density on carrot root shape characteristics, five cultivars classified in five different market classes, including Imperator, Nantes, Danvers, Chantenay, and Ball, were each grown at five planting densities ranging from 0.5 million to 4.5 million plants/ha. A generalized complete block design with a two-way factorial treatment arrangement of the two factors, density and genotype, was used in three environments. Roots were phenotyped using a digital imaging pipeline and scored for root size (length, maximum width) and compound root shape traits including traits derived from the principal component analysis of root contour profiles like root fill and tip and shoulder curvature. The results suggest that planting density had minimal impact on the shape of carrot roots, and the expected shape for each market class was maintained regardless of planting density; however, the analysis was constrained by the presence of interactions among genotype, density, and environment, which influence the contribution of main effects to shape. For the Nantes, Danvers, Chantenay, and Imperator market classes, planting density influenced the size of the carrot root, with size decreasing by up to 50% in length and width at high planting densities. We found high estimates of broad-sense heritability for traits that determine the shape of the carrot root, such as root fill and length-to-width ratio, which capture size-independent variation of the storage root. Although environmental signals play a role, our results suggested that the shape of the carrot root is primarily determined by genotype, and that planting density generally does not have a significant effect on its shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legumes are one of the most important sources of protein in the diet of many people in developing countries. The protein content of legumes is about twice that of grains, and plant based production of legumes has numerous advantages over animal protein supply in terms of cost and consumer health; the best plant based protein belongs to the common bean, which contains all essential amino acids for the human body. The experiment laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications, a field experiment was conducted at the agriculture faculty of Kunduz University farm during the cropping season of 2023, the study aimed to investigate the effect of different seeding rates on the growth and yield of common bean viz. 125 kg/ha, 150 kg/ha, 175 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha and 225 kg/ha. The result showed that the best seeding rate was 200 kg/ha, which resulted in significantly higher plant height (39.87cm), leaf area (335.88cm2), branches/plant (9.89), dry Matter (6.43 gr/plant), pods/plant (13.27), seeds/pod (5.26), 100 seed weight (30.80gr), grain yield (2210.99 kg/ha), Stover yield (4500.00 kg/ha), gross return (265319 AFN/ha), net return (229233 AFN/ha) and B: Cost Ratio (6.33) followed by seeding of 175 kg/ha, the minimum growth and yield were in seeding rate of 125 kg/ha. It can be concluded that selecting the appropriate seeding rate is crucial for optimizing the growth and yield of common bean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the problems of irrational nitrogen fertilizer application and difficult to determine the optimal seeding rate in the production of direct seeding rice under the current condition of full straw returning to the field, the method of field split plot test was adopted, and four nitrogen application levels were set with nitrogen application rate as the main factor; without nitrogen fertilizer (N0), 136.5 kg/hm² (N1), 195.0 kg/hm² (N2), 253.5 kg/hm² (N3), three different seeding rates were set with the seeding rate as the side factor: 75.0 kg/hm²(S1). 112.5 kg/hm² (S2), 150.0 kg/hm² (S3). The effects of different nitrogen fertilizer rates and seeding rate combinations on the growth, nitrogen fertilizer utilization and economic benefits of direct seeding rice were discussed. The results showed that nitrogen application could increase rice yield by 46.3%, and the rice yield was the highest at the N, level; under the condition of low nitrogen application rate (N0, N1, N2), the rice yield of S3 seeding rate was the highest. Under the condition of high nitrogen application rate (N1), the rice yield of S3 seeding rate was the highest, and the rice yield of N2S3, combination was the highest, reaching 8 832.41 kg/hm². The nitrogen uptake of rice increased with the in- crease of nitrogen application and seeding rate; with the increase of nitrogen application rate, the nitrogen use efficiency of direct seeding rice showed a downward trend. The highest treatments of REN, AEN and PFPN were N2S3, N1S2 and N1S3, respectively, reaching 42.45%,20.71 and 62.18 kg/kg.N2S2 combination rice had the highest economic benefit, 12 451.7 yuan/hm. By comprehensively analyzing the factors of yield, economic benefit and resource utilization, this study showed that applying 195.0 kg/hm of nitrogen and 112.5 kg/hm of seeding (N2S2) was a better combination to achieve high yield and high efficiency of direct seeding rice. Key words Nitrogen application rate; Seeding amount; Direct seeding rice; Production; Nitrogen efficiency; Economic benefit [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of studying the reaction of the early maturing medium-fiber cotton variety Pidozerskyi 4 to the sowing rate and row width under different conditions of moisture supply in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. The scheme of the experiment included soil moisture conditions: natural moisture and watering at 70% of the lowest moisture content (LM); row width 30, 60, 90 cm; sowing rate of 250, 300 and 350 thousand pieces/ha. Studies have shown that the formation of the number of pods on a plant that opened before harvesting was significantly influenced by the rate of seed sowing, with an increase in which the indicators of the number of pods decreased on average by 43.9% in the experiment, and regardless of the conditions of soil moisture and width row spacing. The variability of the effective signs of the mass formation of the boll of pre-freeze raw cotton depended by 25.0% on the humidification conditions, by 15.0% - on the width of the rows, and by 16.0% - on the seeding rate; yield of domestic raw cotton - by 66.0% from the conditions of wet supply, by 3.0% - from the width of the rows and by 9.0% - from the sowing rate. The significant influence of irrigation on the yield formation of frozen raw cotton was determined. The increase in yield on irrigated plots at the seeding rate of 300,000 units/ha was: for row widths of 30 cm - 17%, for 60 cm - 18%, for 90 cm - 22%, compared to non-irrigated options. Raw cotton production is highly effective, the profitability level is 63-69%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is conducted to separate the effective and influential management factors in the production of clover forage in Iran and to identify its limiting factors. In this study, the data obtained from 68 research projects conducted by the Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO) throughout the country during the 2009-2020 years have been analyzed, using the meta-analysis method. The results show that planting date -3.31%, planting method -22.82%, species +40.14%, seeding rate (planting density) +1.53%, drought stress -16.16 %, and phenological stage of forage harvesting - 15.42% justify the amount of forage clover variation. Thus, fall planting in the middle of September, basin planting method, choosing the Berseem clover species (Trifolium alexandrinum var. Karaj), the seeding rate of 15-20 kg ha-1 (for forage production), and forage harvesting at the phenological stage of 10-25% flowering, are the most important management and agronomic factors in increasing clover forage production in cold and temperate regions, and not complying with one or a set of these factors will reduce the clover production and will cause yield gap. Overall, the species, planting method, and drought stress are respectively recognized as the most important factors affecting clover forage yield in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to establish the growth and development of Triticum monococcum L. in organic farming conditions. The main factors of the study were: year (2018-2019; 2019-2020 and 2020-2021) and seeding rate (500, 700 and 900 germinated seeds/m² ). A three-year field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural University - Plovdiv, using the block method, with a plot of 15 m², in 4 repetitions. Phenological development was analysed. Vegetation takes place for 230-233 days. With increasing seeding rate, the number of sprouted plants/m² has been proven to increase, reaching up to 506 plants/m² at 900 germinated seeds (g.s.)/m² . The plants develop a height of up to 102.4 cm at a seeding rate of 700 g.s./m² . With an increase in the seeding rate from 500 to 900 g. s./m², the productive tillering decreases from 4.1 to 3.9 number of tillers/plant. The number of productive stems/m² varies from 902 (at 500 g.s./m² ) to 968 numbers/m² (at 700 g.s./m² ). The year affects all tested factors, as proven - with worse conditions for developing Triticum monococcum L., 2018-2019 stands out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three soybean field trials were conducted in Indiana to evaluate the integration of seed treatment, cultivar selection, and seeding rate on sudden death syndrome (SDS) root rot, pathogen load in the root, foliar symptoms, yield, and net return. Two soybean cultivars, one moderately resistant and one susceptible to SDS, were planted at three seeding rates (272,277 seeds/ha, 346,535 seeds/ha, and 420,792 seeds/ha). Fluopyram and pydiflumetofen seed treatments were applied to both cultivars, and the cultivars were then compared with a control. Low foliar SDS disease pressure was observed in our study. Seed treatment with either fluopyram or pydiflumetofen and the use of a moderately resistant cultivar decreased Fusarium virguliforme DNA concentration in the root relative to the control and the use of a susceptible cultivar. Fluopyram significantly reduced visual root rot severity by 8.8% and increased yield by 105 kg/ha relative to the control but was not different from pydiflumetofen. However, pydiflumetofen performed the same as the control with respect to root rot severity and yield. Findings from this study support the use of a seed treatment to protect roots from infection and the use of a moderately resistant cultivar planted at a seeding rate of 346,535 seeds/ha to protect yield and maximize net returns when a field has low foliar SDS pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the search for new technological methods of growing soybeans. Therefore, the specifics of the formation of productivity of different varieties of soybeans were investigated depending on a number of factors, such as: dates, methods of sowing and the rate of sowing. The purpose of the research was theoretical substantiation and practical advises of sowing dates and methods, sowing rates of different varieties of soybeans. Indicators of the influence of light intensity, fertilizer application, changes in seed sowing rates and different variants of soybean sowing distance on biological nitrogen fixation of soybeans were analyzed. As a result, regularities were established and a scientific substantiation of provisions was carried out, recommendations for production and scientifically based methods of soybean cultivation technology were developed, which ensure an increase in crop productivity by 15-25%. The developed practical recommendations for increasing soybean production are used in the farms of the region and beyond to solve an important problem − increasing the production of fodder and food protein and vegetable oil. Changing the sowing rate from 0.5 to 0.8 M seeds/ha for row sowing contributed to an increase in the attachment height of the lower beans, which, in turn, contributes to a reduction in crop losses during crop harvesting. Sowing rate had a greater influence on soybean yield than the sowing method. The best conditions were obtained when sowing 0.7 M seeds/ha of similar seeds. During the research, the Romantyka variety showed the highest yield of 3.07 t/ha under the row method of sowing, the sowing rate of 0.8 M seeds/ha and the second sowing period

Tagetes minuta L. is known as an industrial crop in the world as it possesses an essential oil that is extensively used in the perfumery and flavor industries. The crop performance is influenced by the planting/sowing method (SM) and seeding rate (SR); however, the effects of these variables on biomass yield and quality of the essential oil of T. minuta remain unclear. As a comparatively new crop, the responses of T. minuta to different SMs and SRs have not been studied in the mild temperate eco-region. Thus, the biomass and essential oil yield response of T. minuta (variety 'Himgold') to SM (line sowing and broadcasting) and SR (at 2,3,4, 5, and 6 kg ha-1) were investigated. The overall fresh biomass of T. minuta ranged from 16.86 to 28.13 Mg ha-1, while the essential oil concentration in fresh biomass varied from 0.23% to 0.33%. Irrespective of the SR, the broadcasting method produced significantly (p < 0.05) higher fresh biomass yield by approximately 15.8% and 7.6% compared with line sowing during 2016 and 2017, respectively. An increase in biomass yield was noted as the SR increased up to 4 kg ha-1. The SR at 4 kg ha-1 registered approximately 41.9%-56.1% and 3.3%-10.3% higher biomass yield than the SR at 2 and 6 kg ha-1, respectively. No significant (p ≥ 0.05) differences in essential oil concentration in fresh biomass were observed due to the different SMs and SRs. Thus, T. minuta may be sown by the broadcasting method in the mild temperate eco-region with an SR of 4 kg ha-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The winter and spring varieties of peas (Pisum sativum) require careful study of the entire range of technological measures, including seeding rates, as the basis for optimal sowing density and the formation of phytocenose crops. This issue has not been resolved to date, not only in the context of agrobiological justification but also in everyday practice in Ukraine. This research was carried out in a field experiment in a three-way factorial experiment: factor "A" was the type of development - winter and spring; factor "B" was the variety - spring peas (Svit and Darunok Stepu) and winter peas (Moroz, Enduro and Baltrapp); and factor "C" was the seeding rate. According to the field studies, differences in the physiological and biochemical parameters of the P. sativum test culture characterised the photosynthetic activity of the plants, considering the type of development and variety. The winter varieties of P. sativum were characterised by a higher chlorophyll content (by 35-40%) compared to the spring varieties, which had an economic effect with an increase in the yield of dry biomass of the experimental crop and a decrease in seeding rates, with the formation and increase in grain yield by 14-18%. The intensity of chlorophyll in the process was not a determining factor in the accumulation of organic biomass. The extensive nature of the integration complex was noted (the amount of chlorophyll - the amount of biomass). At the optimal seeding rate, a certain specificity was observed in different types of P. sativum: for spring varieties, the sufficient rate was 0.9 million seeds/ha, and for winter varieties, it was 0.7 million seeds/ha. For varieties with a low productivity level (spring - Svit and winter - Moroz), the optimum sowing rate was around 0.7 million seeds/ha. The increase in the seeding rate was accompanied by a decrease in the content of various chlorophyll fractions from 10-12% to 20-26%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]