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The use of multispectral images has great potential to assess seed quality and represents a significant technological advance in the search for fast and non-destructive analysis techniques. However, the devices currently available are expensive. Thus, this study aimed to propose a low-cost method for acquisition and processing of multispectral images of soybean seeds and to evaluate their potential for rapid determination of seed physiological potential. The study was conducted in three steps: implementation of the multispectral image acquisition system, development of an algorithm for automatic image processing, and evaluation of the relationship between the data obtained through image analysis and the results of standard tests used to evaluate seed physiological potential. A total of 43 variables were assessed, eight related to seed physiological potential (germination and vigor) and 35 obtained from the analysis of the multispectral images. Of the variables obtained from multispectral images, 21 were related to pixel values in the images in the different bands evaluated (green, red, and infrared) and 14 associated with seed morphometric characteristics. The proposed system is efficient in obtaining multispectral images and the algorithm developed was efficient to extract morphometric characteristics and pixel information from the images. The parameters obtained from the NIR spectrum region showed a good relationship with the physiological potential of soybean seeds. The use of multispectral images has great potential to assess seed quality and represents a significant technological advance in the search for fast and non-destructive analysis techniques. However, the devices currently available are expensive. Thus, this study aimed to propose a low-cost method for acquisition and processing of multispectral images of soybean seeds and to evaluate their potential for rapid determination of seed physiological potential. The study was conducted in three steps: implementation of the multispectral image acquisition system, development of an algorithm for automatic image processing, and evaluation of the relationship between the data obtained through image analysis and the results of standard tests used to evaluate seed physiological potential. A total of 43 variables were assessed, eight related to seed physiological potential (germination and vigor) and 35 obtained from the analysis of the multispectral images. Of the variables obtained from multispectral images, 21 were related to pixel values in the images in the different bands evaluated (green, red, and infrared) and 14 associated with seed morphometric characteristics. The proposed system is efficient in obtaining multispectral images and the algorithm developed was efficient to extract morphometric characteristics and pixel information from the images. The parameters obtained from the NIR spectrum region showed a good relationship with the physiological potential of soybean seeds.

Calcium and boron are important nutrients in the stages of flowering, pollen germination and in the fruiting process. As these nutrients are poorly mobile in the plant, some authors recommend foliar spraying in the production of seeds of some species. The objective was to study the influence of calcium and boron, via application directed to inflorescences, in production, quality and accumulation of nutrients in lettuce seeds. Four treatments were evaluated (only calcium: 0.72 g/L; only boron: 0.17 g/L; joint application of calcium and boron and control), in randomized blocks design with six replications. No influence was obtained between the treatments for seed production (number and weight of seeds per plant). Using boron, alone or together with calcium, the weight of a thousand seeds was lower compared to control, while only calcium did not differ from the control. No differences were obtained for germination and seed vigor. The application of calcium did not affect the accumulation of nutrients, however boron application increased the accumulation of this nutrient in the seeds. The application of calcium and boron directly in the inflorescences of lettuce did not promote an increase in the production and vigor of the seeds. RESUMO O cálcio e o boro são nutrientes importantes nos estádios de florescimento, germinação do pólen e no processo de frutificação. Por serem nutrientes pouco móveis na planta, alguns autores recomendam a pulverização foliar na produção de sementes de algumas espécies. Objetivou-se estudar as influências do cálcio e do boro, via aplicação direcionada às inflorescências, na produção, qualidade e acúmulo de nutrientes nas sementes de alface. Foram avaliados quatro tratamentos (apenas cálcio: 0,72 g/L; apenas boro: 0,17 g/L; aplicação conjunta de cálcio e boro e controle), no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com seis repetições. Não houve influência dentre os tratamentos para produção de sementes (número e massa de sementes por planta). Quando se usou boro, sozinho ou em conjunto com o cálcio, a massa de mil sementes foi menor em comparação com o controle, enquanto com apenas cálcio não diferiu do controle. Também não foram obtidas diferenças para germinação e vigor das sementes. A aplicação de cálcio não afetou o acúmulo de nutrientes, no entanto a de boro aumentou o acúmulo desse nutriente nas sementes. A aplicação de cálcio e boro diretamente nas inflorescências da alface não promoveu aumento na produção nem no vigor das sementes.

An initial study on maize lines is essential to obtain hybrids. In the selection of strains, several parameters are observed to reach the crossing and commercialization. Some authors state that adequate nitrogen fertilization is needed to increase the corn economic productivity, considering N is the most required macronutrient by the crop. This nutrient performs diverse metabolic functions in seeds, contributing to their formation and nutritional reserve. Therefore, this paper aimed to evaluate the production and quality of irrigated corn lineage seeds under nitrogen doses and moisture levels at harvest time. The experiment was carried in the experimental area of the Goiano Federal Institute, Ceres Campus, Goiás State (GO), Brazil, and in its SAL. The experimental design was in randomized block, split plots, twenty treatments with five nitrogen rates (50, 110, 170, 230, and 290 Kg ha-1), and harvest took place with four moisture degrees (15%, 25%, 35%, and 45%). A maize line the PGAG10051L. Field and laboratory tests were carried out. The studied strain tolerates low nitrogen availability and has high efficiency in its use. The strain responds positively to the nitrogen increase in relation to germination percentage with better results above 170 Kg of N ha-1. The strain has high capacity to accumulate biomass in caryopsis even with low moisture content. Seeds harvested with 25% moisture showed satisfactory results for germination and vigor. It is recommended to apply 170 Kg de N ha-1 nitrogen dose split in four times for topdressing the corn lineage studied in this paper. Para obtener híbrido es fundamental um estúdio inicial realizado em líneas de máiz. Em la selección de cepas se observan vários parâmetros para llegar al cruce y comercialización. Para aumentar la productividad del máiz, algunos autores afirman que es necessária uma adecuada fertilización com nitrógeno, siendo el N el macronutriente más requerido por el cultivo. Realiza varias funciones metabólicas em las semillas, contribuyendo a su formación y reserva nutricional. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la producción y calidad de semillas de linaje de máiz irrigadas em función de las tasas de nitrógeno y los nivelesde humedad en la cosecha. El experimento se llevó a cabo en el área experimento se llevó a cabo em el área experimental del IF Goiano – Campus Ceres y en el LAS. El diseño experimental fue em bloques al azar, com cinco dosis de nitrógeno (50, 110, 179, 230 y 290 Kg ha-1) y cosecha com cuatro grados de humedad (15, 25, 35 y 45%). Se utilizo la cepa de maíz PGAG10051L. Se realizaron pruebas de campo y de laboratório. La cepa estudiada tolera baja disponibilidad de nitrógeno, presenta alta eficiência en su uso y responde positivamente al aumento de nitrógeno em términos de porcentaje de germinación, com mejores resultados por encima de 170 Kg N ha-1. La cepa tiene uma alta capacidad para acumular biomasa en cariópside incluso con bajo contenido de humedad. Las semillas cosechadas con um 25% de humedad mostraron resultados satisfactorios en cuanto a germinación y vigor. Se recomenda aplicar la dosis de 170 Kg N ha-1 de nitrógeno dividido en cuatro veces para el topdressing del linaje de maíz estudiado. Para a obtenção de híbridos, um estudo inicial feito em linhagens de milho é primordial. Na seleção das linhagens, são observados diversos parâmetros para se chegar ao cruzamento e comercialização. Para aumentar a produtividade do milho, alguns autores afirmam ser necessária uma adubação nitrogenada adequada, sendo o N o macronutriente mais requerido pela cultura. Desempenha várias funções metabólicos nas sementes, contribuindo para sua formação e para sua reserva nutricional. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção e a qualidade de sementes de linhagem de milho irrigado em função de doses de nitrogênio e graus de umidade na colheita. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do IF Goiano - Campus Ceres e no LAS. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, sendo cinco doses de nitrogênio (50, 110, 170, 230 e 290 kg ha -1) e colheita com quatro graus de umidade (15, 25, 35 e 45%). Foi utilizada a linhagem de milho PGAG10051L. Realizaram-se testes de campo e laboratório. A linhagem estudada tolera baixa disponibilidade de nitrogênio, tendo alta eficiência no seu uso e responde positivamente ao aumento de nitrogênio quanto ao percentual de germinação, com melhores resultados acima de 170 kg N ha-1. A linhagem tem alta capacidade de acúmulo de biomassa nas cariopses mesmo com baixo teor de umidade. Sementes colhidas com 25% de umidade apresentaram resultados satisfatórios de germinação e vigor. Recomenda-se aplicar a dose 170 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio parcelada em quatro vezes para adubação em cobertura da linhagem de milho estudada.

Light-based methods are being further developed to meet the growing demands for food in the agricultural industry. Optical imaging is a rapid, non-destructive, and accurate technology that can produce consistent measurements of product quality compared to conventional techniques. In this research, a novel approach for seed quality prediction is presented. In the proposed approach two advanced optical imaging techniques based on chlorophyll fluorescence and chemometric-based multispectral imaging were employed. The chemometrics encompassed principal component analysis (PCA) and quadratic discrimination analysis (QDA). Among plants that are relevant as both crops and scientific models, tomato, and carrot were selected for the experiment. We compared the optical imaging techniques to the traditional analytical methods used for quality characterization of commercial seedlots. Results showed that chlorophyll fluorescence-based technology is feasible to discriminate cultivars and to identify seedlots with lower physiological potential. The exploratory analysis of multispectral imaging data using a non-supervised approach (two-component PCA) allowed the characterization of differences between carrot cultivars, but not for tomato cultivars. A Random Forest (RF) classifier based on Gini importance was applied to multispectral data and it revealed the most meaningful bandwidths from 19 wavelengths for seed quality characterization. In order to validate the RF model, we selected the five most important wavelengths to be applied in a QDA-based model, and the model reached high accuracy to classify lots with high-and low-vigor seeds, with a correct classification from 86 to 95% in tomato and from 88 to 97% in carrot for validation set. Further analysis showed that low quality seeds resulted in seedlings with altered photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll content. In conclusion, both chlorophyll fluorescence and chemometrics-based multispectral imaging can be applied as reliable proxies of the physiological potential in tomato and carrot seeds. From the practical point of view, such techniques/methodologies can be potentially used for screening low quality seeds in food and agricultural industries.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 bezerra-srb_me_botfca_par.pdf: 638683 bytes, checksum: da6fa58b8716bc408aa710b896a70725 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-20 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A alface tem grande importância agronômica e econômica para o Brasil e está entre as folhosas mais consumidas no país. Um dos fatores de relevância para obtenção de altas produtividades é a utilização de sementes de elevada qualidade. O cálcio e o boro são nutrientes de destaque nas etapas de florescimento, germinação de pólen e no processo de frutificação. Os dois nutrientes são pouco móveis na planta, sendo que alguns autores recomendam a pulverização foliar para melhorar a produtividade e qualidade das sementes. No entanto, não existem estudos em alface com a utilização destes nutrientes para produção de sementes. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito desses dois nutrientes pulverizados diretamente nas inflorescências, desde o início do florescimento, na produção e qualidade de sementes de alface ‘Vera’. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, sendo avaliados quatro tratamentos (apenas cálcio (Ca), 0,72 g L-1, apenas boro (B), 0,17 g L-1, aplicação conjunta de cálcio e boro e a testemunha), em seis repetições. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: produção de sementes (massa e número por planta), qualidade das sementes (massa de mil sementes, germinação, primeira contagem, germinação total, índice de velocidade de germinação após a colheita das sementes e após nove meses de armazenamento, comprimento das plântulas, massa fresca e seca, teste de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, número de folhas, massa fresca da parte aérea aos sete dias após a semeadura), teor e acúmulo de macro e micronutrientes nas sementes. Para massa de mil sementes de alface, os tratamentos cálcio + boro e apenas boro apresentaram massa inferior aos demais. Para o teor de Ca não houve diferença entre os tratamentos. No entanto, houve maior teor e acúmulo de boro nas sementes das plantas que receberam a aplicação de boro, comprovando que esse nutriente é absorvido pelas sementes de alface. Em ordem decrescente, a média de macronutrientes acumulados nas sementes foi N>K>P>Ca>Mg>S e em relação aos micronutrientes houve uma diferenciação de acordo com os tratamentos, sendo que para a testemunha e os que apresentavam Ca foi Fe>Zn>Mn>B>Cu e para os tratamentos boro e boro + cálcio foi Fe>Zn>B>Mn>Cu. Lettuce is of great agronomic and economic importance for Brazil and is among the most consumed hardwoods in the country. One of the relevant factors for obtaining high productivity is the use of high quality seeds. Calcium and boron are prominent nutrients in the stages of flowering, pollen germination and in the fruiting process. Both nutrients are not very mobile in the plant, and some authors recommend foliar spraying to improve seed productivity and quality. However, there are no studies on lettuce using these nutrients for seed production. The objective was to evaluate the effect of these two nutrients sprayed directly on the inflorescences, since the beginning of flowering, on the production and quality of 'Vera' lettuce seeds. It was used randomized block design used was in randomized blocks, being evaluated four treatments (only calcium (Ca), 0.72 g L-1, only boron (B), 0.17 g L-1, joint application of calcium and boron and the control group ), in six replications. The following characteristics were evaluated: seed production (mass and number per plant), seed quality (mass of thousand seed, germination, first counting, total germination, germination speed index after seed harvest and after nine months of storage, seedling length, fresh and dry mass, emergency test, emergency speed index, number of leaves, fresh shoot weight at seven days after sowing), content and accumulation of macro and micronutrients in the seeds. For a mass of a thousand lettuce seeds, the calcium + boron and only boron treatments showed a lower mass than the others. For the Ca content, there was no difference between treatments. However, there was a higher content and accumulation of boron in the seeds of the plants that received the application of boron, proving that this nutrient is absorbed by the lettuce seeds. In decreasing order, the average of macronutrients accumulated in the seeds was N>K>P>Ca>Mg>S and in relation to micronutrients there was a differention according to the treatments, for the control and for those with Ca was Fe>Zn>Mn>B>Cu and for the boron and boron + calcium treatments it was Fe>Zn>B>Mn>Cu. Código de financiamento- 001

The digital image analysis of seedlings has become largely employed in seed quality-control programs due to its feasibility, objectivity and fast results. Despite these advantages, no studies have yet demonstrated the efficiency of this technique for analyzing coffee seed vigor. The present study aimed at evaluating the efficiency of the Seed Vigor Imaging System (SVIS®) in determining the vigor of coffee seeds (Coffea arabica L.) from digital images of seedlings. Also, the results of these analyses were contrasted with conventional vigor tests. Six seed lots from each cultivar, Bourbon and Catucaí 20/15, were used. The research was conducted in two experimental times, and the seed vigor was determined by the tests of first germination count, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, primary root protrusion speed, as well as by the analysis of scanned images of seedlings, made possible by the SVIS® software. For the Bourbon and Catucaí 20/15 cultivars, the SVIS® analysis was able to discriminate lots of both high and low vigor (vigor indexes of 317 to 752, and 181 to 703, respectively). A similar outcome was obtained from the conventional tests appraised in this research. Eventually, it was possible to conclude that the digital analysis of 20-day-old seedlings by SVIS® is an efficient method to evaluate coffee seed vigor. Resumo: A análise de imagens digitalizadas de plântulas é cada vez mais utilizada em programas de controle de qualidade de sementes devido à sua praticidade, objetividade e rapidez na obtenção dos resultados. Apesar dessas vantagens, ainda não existem pesquisas comprovando a eficiência dessa técnica para a análise do vigor de sementes de café. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência da análise de imagens digitalizadas de plântulas pelo Seed Vigor Imaging System (SVIS®) na determinação do vigor de sementes de café (Coffea arabica L.), e compará-la com os testes convencionalmente empregados. Foram utilizadas sementes das cultivares Bourbon e Catucaí 20/15, cada cultivar representada por seis lotes. A pesquisa foi conduzida em duas épocas de avaliação e o vigor determinado por meio das avaliações de primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, velocidade de protrusão da raiz primária e análise de imagens digitalizadas de plântulas com o SVIS®. Tanto para a cultivar Bourbon como para a cultivar Catucaí 20/15, a análise SVIS® permitiu discriminar lotes com vigor mais baixo e mais alto (índices de vigor de 317 a 752, e 181 a 703, respectivamente), de maneira semelhante aos testes convencionais utilizados nesta pesquisa. Concluiu-se que a análise de imagens digitalizadas de plântulas com 20 dias de idade após a semeadura pelo SVIS® é eficiente na avaliação do vigor de lotes de sementes de café.

O tratamento de sementes com paclobutrazol deve ser aprimorado e tecnologias de recobrimento, como a peliculização, podem ser promissoras para aplicar uniformemente fixar este regulador no tegumento das sementes sem permitir um contato prejudicial ao embrião. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu em avaliar a viabilidade técnica da peliculização de sementes de tomate associada ao paclobutrazol sob o comportamento fisiológico de sementes e as implicações no crescimento de mudas. A pesquisa foi conduzida no Laboratório do Setor de Horticultura e em casa de vegetação do Setor de Manejo Integrado de Pragas da Escola de Agronomia e Engenharia de Alimentos, de março a outubro de 2012. Foram conduzidos três experimentos. Primeiramente, os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, sendo duas cultivares (Santa Clara e Kada Gigante) e quatro concentrações do polímero Disco AG Red L-203® (0, 50, 100 e 150 mL kg-1 de semente) para definição da melhor dose de polímero de revestimento. No segundo, com a dose de polímero estabelecida, o potencial adesivo da peliculização para o tratamento de sementes com paclobutrazol foi determinado por meio de um arranjo fatorial 2 x 4, sendo presença ou ausência do polímero de revestimento Disco AG Red L-203® (0 e 150 mL kg-1 semente) e quatro concentrações de paclobutrazol - PBZ (0, 35, 70 e 105 mg L-1). No terceiro, o condicionamento de sementes de tomate com PBZ (50 mg L-1) e polímero de revestimento Disco AG Red L-203® (150 mL kg-1 de semente) foram avaliados. A peliculização prejudicou a germinação de sementes da cultivar Santa Clara. A cultivar Kada Gigante obteve um desempenho superior a Santa Clara quanto à emergência de plântulas. O uso de polímero hidrofílico (150 mL kg-1 de semente) aumentou 4% a emergência de plântulas, em relação ao controle. O PBZ propiciou reduções de 27% na germinação, 8% na emergência de plântulas, 19% na altura de parte aérea, 20% na área foliar e aumento de 24% na detecção de clorofila, em relação ao controle. A embebição de sementes com PBZ, mesmo com a presença do polímero de revestimento, prejudicou a velocidade de germinação e a emergência de plântulas. Conclui-se que o efeito da peliculização na germinação de sementes de tomate depende da cultivar utilizada. O potencial fisiológico pode ser incrementado pelo uso de polímeros de revestimento, sendo que isto não ocorre para a produção de mudas. O PBZ é eficiente no condicionamento da altura de mudas, mas prejudica a germinação e o vigor de sementes. A peliculização como veículo para fixação do PBZ não é indicada devido à manutenção da redução da emergência de plântulas. Seed treatment with paclobutrazol should be enhanced and coating technologies, such as film coating can be applied uniformly and promising to fix this regulator in the seed coat without allowing a contact damaging the embryo. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of the film coating tomato seeds with paclobutrazol on seed physiological potential and the implications on the growth of seedlings. The research was carried out in the Laboratory of the “Setor de Horticultura” and at nursery seedling of “Setor de Manejo Integrado de Pragas” of “Escola de Agronomia e Engenharia de Alimentos” from March to October 2012. Three experiments were conducted. First, to define the best dosage of polymer coating, the treatments were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial, with two cultivars (Santa Clara and Kada Gigante) and four concentrations of polymer Disc AG Red L-203® (0, 50, 100 and 150 mL kg-1 seed). In the second, with the polymer concentration established, the potential adhesive film coating for seed treatment with paclobutrazol was determined through a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement, presence or absence of the coating polymer Disc AG Red L-203® (0 and 150 ml kg-1 seed) and four paclobutrazol concentration PBZ (0, 35, 70 and 105 mg L-1). In the third, the tomato seed conditioning with PBZ (50 mg L-1) and coating polymer Disc AG Red L-203® (150 mL kg-1 seed) were evaluated. The film coating promotes negative effects on germination of cultivar Santa Clara. The cultivate Kada Gigante obtained a superior performance to Santa Clara as the emergence of seedlings. The use of hydrophilic polymer (150 ml kg-1 seed) increased 4% seedling emergence compared to control. The PBZ resulted in reductions in 27% germination, 8% seedling emergence, 19% seedling height, 20% leaf area and in increase in the detection of chlorophyll of 24%, compared to control. Imbibition of seeds with PBZ, even with the presence of the polymer coating, harmed the speed of germination and seedling emergence. In conclusion, the effect of film coating on the germination of tomato seeds depends on the cultivar. The seed physiological potential can increased by the use of polymer coating, although it does not occur for the production of seedlings. PBZ is effective in seedling growth control, but affect the germination and seed vigor. The film coating as a vehicle for fixation of paclobutrazol is not indicated due to maintenance of reduced seedling emergence. Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq