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Triglycerides are the main storage form of oil in plant seeds. Both fatty acids and triglycerides possess important functions in the process of plant growth and development. To improve the seed oil content and improve its fatty acid composition, this paper analyzed the research progress on the oil regulation and synthesis metabolism process of plant seeds and summarized the strategies for the improvement of plant seed oil: (a) To regulate carbon distribution by inhibiting the expression of genes encoding key enzymes, allocating carbon sources into the protein synthesis pathway, and enhancing the expression of key genes encoding key enzymes, leading carbon sources into the synthesis pathway of fatty acids; (b) To intervene in lipid synthesis by promoting the biosynthesis of fatty acids and improving the expression level of key genes encoding enzymes in the triacylglycerol (TAG) assembly process; (c) To improve seed oil quality by altering the plant fatty acid composition and regulating the gene expression of fatty acid desaturase, as well as introducing an exogenous synthesis pathway of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; (d) To regulate the expression of transcription factors for lipid synthesis metabolism to increase the seed oil content. In addition, this article reviews the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of plant fatty acids, the synthesis of triacylglycerol, and the regulation process. It also summarizes the regulatory roles of transcription factors such as WRI, LEC, and Dof on the key enzymes during the synthesis process. This review holds significant implications for research on the genetic engineering applications in plant seed lipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we conducted tests on the seeds from four Taiwanese native Camellia species (C. japonica, C. furfuracea, C. laufoshanensis, and C. formosensis) and three commercialized species (C. oleifera, C. brevistyla, and C. sinensis) for comparison. We examined various aspects of these species, such as seed oil content, suitability for mechanical pressing, volatile components (edible flavor), and oil stability (suitability for cooking), to assess the feasibility of using these four native Taiwanese Camellia seeds as sources of edible oil. The results from solvent extraction tests and mechanical pressing experiments confirm that the seeds from C. furfuracea, C. japonica, and C. laufoshanensis have high oil contents, and their oils are suitable for extraction via the popular mechanical pressing method, with oil yields comparable to or higher than those of the commercialized Camellia species. The volatile components of the oils were collected using MonoTrap adsorbents and analyzed with a thermal desorption system coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (ATD-GC/MS), primarily consisting of alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes. The results of oxidative stability tests reveal that the seed oils from C. japonica, C. furfuracea, and C. laufoshanensis are higher than or equally stable to those from the commercialized Camellia species. After six months of storage, the stability of these three Camellia seed oils remained relatively high, demonstrating that the seed oils from C. japonica, C. furfuracea, and C. laufoshanensis can withstand high temperatures and can be easily preserved for future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of bioenergy and bioproducts from streams of biowaste has ignited interest in fostering a circular economy worldwide. This study investigates the potential of transforming Grewia asiatica L. waste seed oil into sustainable biodiesel using green-synthesized niobium oxide nanoparticle. Niobium oxide nanocatalyst was synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Fumaria indica L. Advanced characterization techniques were employed to confirm the pure and nano-scale nature of the synthesized niobium oxide nanocatalyst. The synthesized nanocatalyst exhibited an average particle size of 31 nm, resulting in efficient catalytic activity that persited through the fifth cycle of transesterification. An optimum biodiesel yield of 90% was achieved under reaction conditions of a methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1, a reaction time of 180 min, a temperature of 60 °C and a catalyst load of 0.32 (wt. %). Results of Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of G. asiatica-derived biodiesel revealed 5, 8-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester as the primary fatty acid methyl ester, with the highest concentration. The fuel properties of G. asiatica-derived biodiesel complied with international standards. The minimal sulphur content of 0.0001% highlights the clean, environmentally benign and cost-effective nature of biodiesel synthesized from G. asiatica waste seed oil. This study contributes to the renewable alternative effort toward transitioning from a linear economy to a circular bioeconomy.

SUMMARY: Diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 (DGAT1) is the major enzyme that synthesizes triacylglycerols (TAG) during Arabidopsis seed development. Mutant dgat1 seeds possess low oil content in addition to a high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition. Two genes encoding endoplasmic reticulum localized desaturase enzymes, fatty acid desaturase2 (FAD2) and fatty acid desaturase3 (FAD3), were upregulated in both dgat1‐1 and dgat1‐2 developing seeds. Crosses between both dgat1 mutant alleles and fad2‐1 failed to generate plants homozygous for both dgat1 and fad2. Reciprocal crosses with wild‐type plants demonstrated that both male and female dgat1 fad2 gametophytes were viable. Siliques from DGAT1/dgat1‐1 fad2‐1/fad2‐1 and dgat1‐1/dgat1‐1 FAD2/fad2‐1 possessed abnormal looking seeds that were arrested in the torpedo growth stage. Approximately 25% of the seeds exhibited this arrested phenotype, genetically consistent with them possessing the double homozygous dgat1 fad2 genotype. In contrast, double homozygous dgat1‐1 fad3‐2 mutant plants were viable. Seeds from these plants possessed higher levels of 18:2 while their fatty acid content was lower than dgat1 mutant controls. The results are consistent with a model where in the absence of DGAT1 activity, desaturation of fatty acids by FAD2 becomes essential to provide PUFA substrates for phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) to synthesize TAG. In a dgat1 fad2 mutant, seed development is aborted because TAG is unable to be synthesized by either DGAT1 or PDAT. Significance Statement: Arabidopsis diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 mutants, defective in their ability to synthesize triacylglycerols (TAG), upregulate fatty acid desaturase2 (FAD2) during seed development, resulting in seed oil with increased polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Double dgat1 fad2 mutants are synthetically lethal due to embryo arrest at the torpedo stage, consistent with a model where enhanced fatty acid desaturation is required to provide substrate for an alternative TAG biosynthetic enzyme, phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape seeds are rich in bioactive substances, including polyphenols, terpenoids, and phytosterols. Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) boasts a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), lignans, phytoestrogens, and soluble fibers, all contributing to its therapeutic potential. In this study, we pioneered the formulation of an oil blend (GL) combining grape seed oil (G) and golden linseed oil (GL) in equal volumes (1:1 (v/v)) and we evaluated in terms of the nutritional, physical, and chemical properties and their influence in an in vivo experimental model. We analyzed the oils by performing physical–chemical analyses, examining the oxidative stability using Rancimat; conducting thermal analyses via thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), performing optical UV–vis absorption analyses; examining the fluorescence emission–excitation matrix, total carotenoids, and color, and conducting metabolic assessments in an in vivo experimental trial. The fatty acid profile presented a higher fraction of linoleic acid (C18:2) in G and GL and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) in L. The acidity and peroxide indices were within the recommended ranges. The TG/DTG, DSC, and Rancimat analyses revealed similar behaviors, and the optical analyses revealed color variations caused by carotenoid contents in L and GL. In the in vivo trial, G (G2: 2000 mg/kg/day) promoted lower total consumption, and the blend (GL: 2000 mg/kg/day) group exhibited less weight gain per gram of consumed food. The group with G supplementation (G2: 2000 mg/kg/day) and GL had the highest levels of HDL-c. The group with L supplementation (L2: 2000 mg/kg/day) had the lowest total cholesterol level. The L2, G1 (1000 mg/kg/day), and G2 groups exhibited the lowest MCP-1 and TNF-α values. Additionally, the lowest adipocyte areas occurred in G and GL. Our results suggest that this combination is of high quality for consumption and can influence lipid profiles, markers of inflammation, and antioxidant status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the biodiesel form non-edible seed oil of Calotropis procera has been synthesized. Biodiesel is a renewable and cost effective alternate of fossil fuel commonly used. For transesterification of oil we have used Copper oxide nanoparticles as catalyst. CuO nanoparticles were created using the latex of Calotropis procera. The vernacular name of this plant is giant milkweed. This a shrub that grow in the spring season every year, having spiritual as well as medical uses, cannot be eaten. The CuO nanoparticle production was successfully verified by UV-visible spectroscopy, with noticeable peak obtained on 271 nm. Synthesised CuO nanoparticles showed a variety of functional groups, including O-H stretching vibrations, -NH2 bending vibrations, and Cu-O stretching vibrations, according to FTIR analyses. CuO nanoparticles were shown to be spherical in form by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) pictures, with average diameters of 46.87 nm, 35.41 nm, and 25.46 nm corresponding to Cu(a), Cu(b), and Cu(c) samples. TEM supported dispersion of CuO nanoparticles. The study also examined the spectral analysis using FTIR of Calotropis procera seed's oil and found discrete absorption bands that corresponded to various oil constituents, such as alcoholic groups, methylene groups, alkene groups, and aromatic groups. For ascertaining the quality of Calotropis procera oil, synthesized biodiesel and different fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) present, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used. Outcomes demonstrate that biodiesel generated using CuO nanoparticles as a catalyst complied with numerous ASTM and other international criteria for fuel characteristics. The study also analysed the catalyst's potential for reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf) is an annual fiber crop grown in warm seasons and known for its remarkable productivity; it has been cultivated worldwide for thousands of years as a fiber source. While every part of the plant can be utilized for some purpose, its primary significance lies in the diverse applications of its cellulosic fiber. Kenaf features a blend of long bast and short core fibers, rendering it suitable for various industrial uses. Initially utilized for cordage and livestock feed, kenaf's applications have expanded over the last century to encompass its utilization as paper pulp, biocomposites, textiles, biomass energy, seed oil, filtration aids, industrial absorbents, and even as a component of potting medium or as a potential source of medicine. Although traditionally a niche crop, the discovery of its diverse applications positions kenaf for rapid expansion in production in the upcoming decades. This article aims to explore the manifold applications of kenaf, highlighting those with the greatest future potential and discussing those that hold promise for commercial-level application with additional research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) can accelerate amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation in neuron cells, which further leads to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, there is an urgent need to find natural and safe antioxidants for preventing or treating such neurodegenerative diseases. The seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim and T. laceribractea Hayata have long been used for medicinal and edible purposes in China. However, the antioxidant and neuroprotective activities and underlying mechanisms of their seed oils still remain unclear. Herein, we examine the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of seed oils extracted from different germplasms, T. kirilowii (YNHH and SDJN) and T. laceribractea (ZJQT and SXHZ), on ROS levels and neuroprotective activities in C. elegans. The results demonstrated that the seed oils significantly reduced the ROS levels in C. elegans by 17.03–42.74%, with T. kirilowii (YNHH and SDJN) exhibiting significantly stronger ROS scavenging abilities than T. laceribractea (ZJQT and SXHZ). The seed oils from T. kirilowii (YNHH and SDJN) alleviated the production and aggregation of Aβ and the phosphorylation and polymerization of tau, suggesting a potential neuroprotective role. Conversely, seed oils from T. laceribractea (ZJQT and SXHZ) show minimal neuroprotective effects in C. elegans. These differential outcomes might stem from distinct mechanisms underlying antioxidant and neuroprotective effects, with the ctl-2 gene implicated as pivotal in mediating the significant neuroprotective effects of seed oils from T. kirilowii (YNHH and SDJN). Our findings have provided valuable insights into the antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of T. kirilowii seed oils, paving the way for further research aimed at elucidating the underlying mechanisms and exploring their potential therapeutic applications in combating neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products have attracted great interest in the development of tissue engineering. Recent studies have demonstrated that unsaturated fatty acids found in natural plant seed oil may exhibit positive osteogenic effects; however, few in vivo studies have focused on the use of plant seed oil for bone regeneration. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of seed oil found in Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi) on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and bone growth in artificial bone defects in vivo. In this study, Wharton-jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) were co-cultured with S. mukorossi seed oil. Cellular osteogenic capacity was assessed using Alizarin Red S staining. Real-time PCR was carried out to evaluate ALP and OCN gene expression. The potential of S. mukorossi seed oil to enhance bone growth was assessed using an animal model. Four 6 mm circular defects were prepared at the parietal bone of New Zealand white rabbits. The defects were filled with hydrogel and hydrogel-S. mukorossi seed oil, respectively. Quantitative analysis of micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and histological images was conducted to compare differences in osteogenesis between oil-treated and untreated samples. Although our results showed no significant differences in viability between WJMSCs treated with and without S. mukorossi seed oil, under osteogenic conditions, S. mukorossi seed oil facilitated an increase in mineralized nodule secretion and upregulated the expression of ALP and OCN genes in the cells (p < 0.05). In the animal study, both micro-CT and histological evaluations revealed that new bone formation in artificial bone defects treated with S. mukorossi seed oil were nearly doubled compared to control defects (p < 0.05) after 4 weeks of healing. Based on these findings, it is reasonable to suggest that S. mukorossi seed oil holds promise as a potential candidate for enhancing bone healing efficiency in bone tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fruit processing industry generates large quantities of by-products well known to be rich in bioactive compounds with numerous nutritional properties and beneficial effects for human health. We developed a strategy to valorise raspberry seeds and obtain valuable ingredients with potential application in cosmetic skincare formulas. Cold press extraction technology was applied to extract oil, and the remaining defatted raspberry seed cake was treated with three proline based deep eutectic solvents (DES) to extract polyphenols. The most potent was proline/citric acid extract, with free and total ellagic acid content (52.4 mg/L and 86.4 mg/L), total phenolic content (TPC, 550.1 mg GAE/L) and radical scavenging activity (RSA, 4742.7 mmol TE/L). After the direct mixing of the extract and after encapsulation with starch as a carrier, the skincare emulsion and microemulsion were characterised by irritation potential (Zein test), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), red blood cell (RBC), and DPPH antioxidant test. The resulting preparations were of improved quality in comparison to the control hand cream, with a low skin irritation effect, lower TEWL, and higher antioxidant potential. This work complies with circular economy principles and green technology standards, and represents the efficient model on how to reuse natural resources through waste minimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kadsura coccinea fruit is a wild fruit that may be eaten and used medicinally. Its seeds are rich in nutrients but are typically thrown away without processing.The physicochemical characterization, volatiles, fatty acids, lipids and concomitants of cold-processed seed oils from four kinds of K. coccinea were evaluated. The average kernel yield and oil yield of K. coccinea seeds were 68.21 % and 30.44 %, respectively. The seed oil contains a moderate level of total phenolics (368.99–503.99 mgGAE/100 g), total flavonoids (95.01–126.18 mg RE/100 g), and β-sitosterol (1498.8–1712.7 mg/kg) with higher iodine value, lower acid value, saponification value and shorter induction time. GC analysis reveals appreciable amounts of linoleic acid (64.91–68.05 %) and squalene in seed oil. GC–MS analysis showed that the major volatile compounds were γ-muurolene (27.25–31.7 %), β-himachalene (19.51–20.37 %) and β-curcumene (15.78–16.78 %). Moreover, 16 terpenoids, 14 phenolics were identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. These results suggest that K. coccinea seed seems an promising alternative oilseed with biological ingredients for food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

AbstractErythrina stricta Roxb., an underutilized legume species native to the Indian subcontinent, is traditionally employed in various medicinal applications. This study systematically examines the nutritional quality, encompassing proximate and mineral composition of E. stricta seeds, with a focus on characterizing the seed oil. The seeds exhibit commendable proximate composition, with 26.81% protein and 18.71% fibre. Noteworthy mineral elements include 5.0 mg/g DW of calcium and 787.0, 32.7, 36.8 and 497.0 µg/g of iron, copper, boron and zinc, respectively. The seeds yield 13.43% oil, with oleic, palmitic, linoleic and stearic acids as prominent fatty acids, constituting 48.82%, 20.63%, 20.27% and 6.47%, respectively. Antinutrients such as oxalate and phytate are present in concentrations of 26.85 and 16.04 mg/g FW, respectively. In conclusion, this study underscores E. stricta seeds as a robust source of both nutrients and oil, warranting further exploration and consideration for potential applications.

Increased impetus on the application of nano-fertilizers to improve sustainable food production warrants understanding of nanophytotoxicity and its underlying mechanisms before its application could be fully realized. In this study, we evaluated the potential particle size-dependent effects of soil-applied copper oxide nanoparticles (nCuO) on crop yield and quality attributes (photosynthetic pigments, seed yield and nutrient quality, seed protein, and seed oil), including root and seed Cu bioaccumulation and a suite of oxidative stress biomarkers, in soybean (Glycine max L.) grown in field environment. We synthesized three distinct sized (25 nm = S [small], 50 nm = M [medium], and 250 nm = L [large]) nCuO with same surface charge and compared with soluble Cu2+ ions (CuCl2) and water-only controls. Results showed particle size-dependent effects of nCuO on the photosynthetic pigments (Chla and Chlb), seed yield, potassium and phosphorus accumulation in seed, and protein and oil yields, with nCuO-S showing higher inhibitory effects. Further, increased root and seed Cu bioaccumulation led to concomitant increase in oxidative stress (H2O2, MDA), and as a response, several antioxidants (SOD, CAT, POX, and APX) increased proportionally, with nCuO treatments including Cu2+ ion treatment. These results are corroborated with TEM ultrastructure analysis showing altered seed oil bodies and protein storage vacuoles with nCuO-S treatment compared to control. Taken together, we propose particle size-dependent Cu bioaccumulation-mediated oxidative stress as a mechanism of nCuO toxicity. Future research investigating the potential fate of varied size nCuO, with a focus on speciation at the soil-root interface, within the root, and edible parts such as seed, will guide health risk assessment of nCuO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is focused on the chemical and lipid composition of seed oil of the European ornamental and invasive wood plant Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae). Total lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, ash, and moisture in the seeds were determined. A high yield of glyceride oil (30.7%) was found, as well as a high content of fibers (29.6%) and proteins (18.7%). Physicochemical properties of the oil define it as semi-dry (129.4 g I2/100 g Iodine value) with oxidative stability, refractive index, saponification value, and relative density similar to widely used oils with nutritional value and health benefits. The composition of the seed oil was determined chromatographically. Unsaturated fatty acids (95.3%) predominated in the seed oil, of which linoleic acid (48.6%) and oleic acid (44.8%) were the major ones. The main lipid-soluble bioactive components were β-sitosterol (72.6%), γ-tocopherol (74.6%), phosphatidylinositol (29.5%), and phosphatidic acids (25.7%). The proven in vitro DNA-protective ability of seed oil is reported for the first time. The seed oil exhibited a weak antiproliferative effect on HT-29 and PC3 tumor cell lines and showed no cytotoxicity on the BALB/c 3T3 cell line. In brief, the present study reveals that A. altissima seed oil can be used as a healthy food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative analysis of biodiesel from kernel oils of Jatropha curcas and Azadiracta IndicaIndica (Neem) was carried out The seeds of the two plants were collected in August-October 2009 for the study. Biodiesel has attracted immense attention in recent times due to its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resources such as vegetable oil of plant origin. The crude oil contents of the two plant seeds, as well as the physicochemical properties of biodiesels extracted from them, were evaluated. results showed that Jatropha curcas seeds contain 52.70±2.91% (dry w/w) and Azadirachta indica seeds, 32.50±2.60% (dry w/w). crude oil respectively. The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel produced from these oils showed that Jatropha biodiesel has low FFA (0.21±0.02%), acid value (0.41±0.02%), specific gravity (0.8867±0.01 g/cm3), viscosity (3.73±0.21mm2/s), saponification value (45.85±0.29 mg/g), iodine value (53.33±4.62 mg/g) and peroxide value (0.32±0.04 meq/l) while Neem biodiesel has FFA (0.28±0.03 %), acid value (0.56±0.05 %), specific gravity (0.8831±0.04 g/cm3), viscosity (4.40±0.20 mm2/s), saponification value (53.54±2.95 mg/g), iodine value (47.18±1.17 mg/g) and peroxide value (0.43±0.07 meq/l). When both biodiesels were compared with ASTM and EN standard values, Jatropha biodiesel proved to be of superior quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia miltiorrhiza seeds (SMS) are the main by-product of the production processing of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. The main purposes of this work are to analyse the nutritional components in SMS, to explore the antioxidant activity of the chemical components in SMS and to evaluate the possibility of SMS as a raw material for functional foods. The contents of crude fibre, total protein, carbohydrates, total phenolics and flavonoids in SMS and the composition and relative content of fatty acids in SMS oil were determined. The results suggested that SMS has high contents of crude fibre (28.68 ± 4.66 g/100 g), total protein (26.65 ± 2.51 g/100 g), total phenolics (6.45 ± 0.55 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g) and total flavonoids (3.28 ± 0.34 mg of rutin equivalent/g), as well as a high level of α-linolenic acid (33.774 ± 4.68%) in their oil. Twenty-two secondary metabolites were identified in SMS residue, and nine compounds were isolated. The IC50 values of the total phenolic content in SMS on an ABTS radical, DPPH radical, superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical were 30.94 ± 3.68 μg/mL, 34.93 ± 4.12 μg/mL, 150.87 ± 17.64 μg/mL and 230.19 ± 24.47 μg/mL, respectively. The results indicate that SMS contain many nutrients and have high utilization value as a promising functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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22 peony cultivars were used as test material to investigate their traits such as kernel yield, seed oil yield, as well as the functional components in seed oil, seed cake and seed coat. The result showed the peony seed oil was extracted by supercritical fluid extraction instrument. Oil yield of the tested cultivars was 26. 62%-15. 96%, the average was 22. 12%. The analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that fatty acids in peony seed oil were mainly oleic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid and palmitic acid. The total unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil were more than 85%, with high nutritional value and health functions, which had the potential for exploitation. The content of total flavonoids, paeoniflorin and crude protein in the by-products of peony seed oil extraction were 7. 78 mg / g, 24. 85 mg / g and 16. 92%, respectively. The content of total flavonoids and resveratrol in the seed coat was 107. 30 and 3. 11 mg / g, respectively. In summary, seed cake and seed coat could be developed and utilized both as raw materials for functional nutritional health products, as well as used as new high nutrient feed, indicating that peony had high comprehensive utilization potential and could provide important reference for the development of related industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work gives a comprehensive chromatographic assessment of biodiesel generation from plant seed oil using ecologically friendly nano‐catalysts. Researchers all over the world are actively looking for new ways to satisfy the urgent need for clean and renewable energy sources. The resultant biodiesel was fully characterized utilizing modern techniques like scanning electron microscopy, energy diffraction X‐ray and X‐ray diffraction. The biodiesel gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis revealed four significant peaks of fatty acid methyl esters, indicating high‐quality biodiesel production. Furthermore, the biodiesel fuel qualities were discovered to be comparable with international standards such as ASTM D‐6571 and EN‐14214. This indicates that the iron‐modified clay nano‐catalyst can be used as a catalyst for large‐scale biodiesel production. This work is important because it could lead to the large‐scale production of a novel, non‐food feedstock. We may lessen our reliance on fossil fuels and contribute to a more sustainable and ecologically friendly energy future by leveraging the usage of biodiesel produced in this way. The chromatographic assessment of biodiesel production from non‐edible seed oil using environmentally benign nano‐catalysts holds significant promise in advancing sustainable and eco‐friendly biodiesel production methods, contributing to a cleaner and more environmentally responsible energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have revealed that Acer truncatum seed oil has a high nutritional value. However, the constituents of seed oil may vary depending on the extraction and separation techniques employed. Here, we aimed to explore the effect of three extraction methods on A. truncatum seed oil. After comparing the extraction rate, acid value (AV), moisture content (MC), fatty acid composition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characteristic, and antioxidation activities of three A. truncatum seed oil samples extracted by refluxed with petroleum ether (S1), petroleum ether extraction combining ultrasonic power (S2) and solvent lixiviation at room temperature (S3). The results showed that S3 had a higher extraction rate than the others, but lower unsaturated fatty acid content and DPPH scavenging rate. The DPPH scavenging rate and nervonic acid (NA) concentration of S2 sample were higher than the others, but with larger MC and lower extraction rate. As for S1, the unsaturated fatty acid content was higher than the others; but the extraction rate was lower, and the acid value was higher. Therefore, the results demonstrated that extraction methods should be selected according to the actual application target, as different methods presented different advantages and disadvantages. However, further studies on some other properties (such as antioxidant activity) of the extracted A. truncatum seed oil are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seeds of various Trichosanthes L. plants have been frequently used as snacks instead of for traditional medicinal purposes in China. However, there is still a need to identify the species based on seeds from Trichosanthes germplasm for the potential biological activities of their seed oil. In this study, 18 edible Trichosanthes germplasm from three species were identified and distinguished at a species level using a combination of seed morphological and microscopic characteristics and nrDNA-ITS sequences. Seed oil from the edible Trichosanthes germplasm significantly enhanced oxidative stress tolerance, extended lifespan, delayed aging, and improved healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans. The antioxidant activity of the seed oil exhibits a significant positive correlation with its total unsaturated fatty acid content among the 18 edible Trichosanthes germplasm, suggesting a genetic basis for this trait. The biological activities of seed oil varied among species, with T. kirilowii Maxim. and T. rosthornii Harms showing stronger effects than T. laceribractea Hayata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a versatile and multipurpose plant, hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) possesses immense potential for its application in nutraceuticals, food and nutrition, fibre, and construction material. However, its broader industrial potentials are hindered by the lack of sufficient knowledge on varietal differences, phytochemical properties, food and fibre processing techniques, bioenergy application and valorisation of whole plant, clinical evidence, and standardised quality control mechanisms. In this context, we systematically reviewed 101 reviews and 655 research papers on hemp to map what we already know and what we still need to know about hemp, across its supply chain; from cultivar selection through production to end use. We reviewed the literature based on major themes and sub-themes. Existing literature spanned 33 sub-themes of hemp, which can be classified under five broad themes: production, material, health, futures, and research and education. The ‘material’ theme (42%) was the most researched, followed by ‘production’ (27%) and ‘health’ (19%). At the sub-theme level, one-fifth of the research articles covered fibre and composite material (n = 139), followed by phytochemical analysis and potency testing (n = 45), hempcrete and construction applications (n = 43), and germination and plantation techniques (n = 41). More than half of the selected research articles on hemp were published in the last three years (2020–2022), concentrated mainly in North America, Europe, and China. Cannabidiol, fibre, and seed oil were considered as the quick wins of hemp industry (hemp champions). Based on our review, we have discussed various research gaps and research priorities across the supply chain, beginning from early detection of hemp breed to valorisation of hemp hurd and industrial residue to address opportunities and challenges for the industrial development of major hemp products.

Abstract Background Orychophragmus violaceus is a potentially important industrial oilseed crop due to the two 24-carbon dihydroxy fatty acids (diOH-FA) that was newly identified from its seed oil via a ‘discontinuous elongation’ process. Although many research efforts have focused on the diOH-FA biosynthesis mechanism and identified the potential co-expressed diacylglycerol acyltranferase (DGAT) gene associated with triacylglycerol (TAG)-polyestolides biosynthesis, the dynamics of metabolic changes during seed development of O. violaceus as well as its associated regulatory network changes are poorly understood. Results In this study, by combining metabolome and transcriptome analysis, we identified that 1,003 metabolites and 22,479 genes were active across four stages of seed development, which were further divided into three main clusters based on the patterns of metabolite accumulation and/or gene expression. Among which, cluster2 was mostly related to diOH-FA biosynthesis pathway. We thus further constructed transcription factor (TF)-structural genes regulatory map for the genes associated with the flavonoids, fatty acids and diOH-FA biosynthesis pathway in this cluster. In particular, several TF families such as bHLH, B3, HD-ZIP, MYB were found to potentially regulate the metabolism associated with the diOH-FA pathway. Among which, multiple candidate TFs with promising potential for increasing the diOH-FA content were identified, and we further traced the evolutionary history of these key genes among species of Brassicaceae. Conclusion Taken together, our study provides new insight into the gene resources and potential relevant regulatory mechanisms of diOH-FA biosynthesis uniquely in seeds of O. violaceus, which will help to promote the downstream breeding efforts of this potential oilseed crop and advance the bio-lubricant industry.

In this study, we conducted tests on the seeds from four Taiwanese native Camellia species (C. japonica, C. furfuracea, C. laufoshanensis, and C. formosensis) and three commercialized species (C. oleifera, C. brevistyla, and C. sinensis) for comparison. We examined various aspects of these species, such as seed oil content, suitability for mechanical pressing, volatile components (edible flavor), and oil stability (suitability for cooking), to assess the feasibility of using these four native Taiwanese Camellia seeds as sources of edible oil. The results from solvent extraction tests and mechanical pressing experiments confirm that the seeds from C. furfuracea, C. japonica, and C. laufoshanensis have high oil contents, and their oils are suitable for extraction via the popular mechanical pressing method, with oil yields comparable to or higher than those of the commercialized Camellia species. The volatile components of the oils were collected using MonoTrap adsorbents and analyzed with a thermal desorption system coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (ATD-GC/MS), primarily consisting of alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes. The results of oxidative stability tests reveal that the seed oils from C. japonica, C. furfuracea, and C. laufoshanensis are higher than or equally stable to those from the commercialized Camellia species. After six months of storage, the stability of these three Camellia seed oils remained relatively high, demonstrating that the seed oils from C. japonica, C. furfuracea, and C. laufoshanensis can withstand high temperatures and can be easily preserved for future applications.

Background: Orychophragmus violaceus is a potentially important industrial oilseed crop due to the two 24-carbon dihydroxy fatty acids (diOH-FA) that was newly identified from its seed oil via a 'discontinuous elongation' process. Although many research efforts have focused on the diOH-FA biosynthesis mechanism and identified the potential co-expressed diacylglycerol acyltranferase (DGAT) gene associated with triacylglycerol (TAG)-polyestolides biosynthesis, the dynamics of metabolic changes during seed development of O. violaceus as well as its associated regulatory network changes are poorly understood. Results: In this study, by combining metabolome and transcriptome analysis, we identified that 1,003 metabolites and 22,479 genes were active across four stages of seed development, which were further divided into three main clusters based on the patterns of metabolite accumulation and/or gene expression. Among which, cluster2 was mostly related to diOH-FA biosynthesis pathway. We thus further constructed transcription factor (TF)-structural genes regulatory map for the genes associated with the flavonoids, fatty acids and diOH-FA biosynthesis pathway in this cluster. In particular, several TF families such as bHLH, B3, HD-ZIP, MYB were found to potentially regulate the metabolism associated with the diOH-FA pathway. Among which, multiple candidate TFs with promising potential for increasing the diOH-FA content were identified, and we further traced the evolutionary history of these key genes among species of Brassicaceae. Conclusion: Taken together, our study provides new insight into the gene resources and potential relevant regulatory mechanisms of diOH-FA biosynthesis uniquely in seeds of O. violaceus, which will help to promote the downstream breeding efforts of this potential oilseed crop and advance the bio-lubricant industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of alternative raw material sources in polyurethane chemistry is necessary given the limited supply of fossil fuels, their rising prices and the concern for sustainability. The production of biopolyols from edible vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil, soybean oil or sunflower oil is often proposed. In order to avoid conflict with the global food economy, non-edible or waste oils are hoped to find application in chemical synthesis. The possibility of using oils from selected fruit seeds to obtain biopolyols is analyzed in this manuscript. Five biopolyols were obtained from watermelon, cherry, black currant, grape and pomegranate fruit seeds using the transesterification reaction of the oils with triethanolamine. Thermal insulating polyurethane foams were then obtained by replacing 75% of petrochemical polyol with the biopolyols in polyurethane systems. Based on an analysis of the foaming process, it was found that the incorporation of triethanolamine molecules into the biopolyols causes a catalytic effect. The use of such biopolyols allows eliminating the catalyst from a polyurethane foam formulation. The polyurethane biofoams obtained with the pomegranate-seed-based biopolyol were characterized by the highest content of closed cells (45 vol.%). The lowest content was found for the foams containing the currant-seed-based biopolyol (9%). The foams were characterized by thermal conductivity coefficients between 32 and 35 kW/m·K and densities of approximately 40 kg/m3. Good dimensional stability and compressive strength between 100 and 250 kPa make them suitable for use in construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis sativa L. is one well-known medicinal plant that has attracted interest recently and throughout the years. Our research aimed to highlight the antimicrobial activity of hemp seed oil, the Mara variety cultivated under the conditions of the University of Life Sciences in Timisoara, on 12 microbial strains. The results demonstrated antimicrobial efficacy dependent from one species to another, as follows: an upward trend, positively correlated with the concentration increase tested in the case of: Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium and Candida albicans with MIC between 0.2 mg/mL-8 mg/mL. As well as a downward trend, negatively correlated with concentration in the case of strains of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus cereus and Candida parapsilopsis, where MIC was present starting with the concentration of 0.2 mg/mL. In the case of certain strains (Clostridium perfringens), Cannabis sativa L. oil showed a pronounced strain-boosting effect, with significant stimulation of bacterial growth. The results support further research into the effect of Cannabis sativa L. vegetable oil as a potential antimicrobial agent for microbial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with other crops, pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) is a niche emerging oil crop. In recent years, research on pennycress has been increasingly reflected in various directions. Pennycress belongs to the Brassicaceae family and was introduced from Eurasia to North America. It has been found worldwide as a cultivated plant and weed. In this paper, we review the advantages of pennycress as a supplementary model plant of Arabidopsis thaliana, oil and protein extraction technology, seed composition analysis based on metabolomics, germplasm resource development, growth, and ecological impact research, abiotic stress, fatty acid extraction optimization strategy, and other aspects of studies over recent years. The main research directions proposed for the future are as follows: (1) assemble the genome of pennycress to complete its entire genome data, (2) optimize the extraction process of pennycress as biodiesel, (3) analyze the molecular mechanism of the fatty acid synthesis pathway in pennycress, and (4) the functions of key genes corresponding to various adversity conditions of pennycress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camelina sativa, a member of the Brassicaceae, is a low-cost, renewable oilseed crop that produces seeds up to 40% oil by weight with high potential for use in food, feed, and biofuel applications. Camelina seeds contain high levels of the fatty acids a-linolenic acid (C18:3), linoleic acid (C18:2), oleic acid (C18:1), and gondoic acid (C20:1), which have high nutritional and industrial value. The impact of climate change, especially increased frequency and amplitude of heat waves, poses a serious threat to crop productivity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of elevated temperatures post-anthesis on the developing seeds of C. sativa and performed physiological, morphological, and chemical characterizations at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-anthesis (DPA), as well as at maturity. While the seed oil accumulation peaked at 21 DPA under control conditions, reaching 406mg/g dry weight, under heat stress it was only 186mg/g. Physiologically, transpiration rate (E) and internal CO2 concentration (Ci) increased between 2 to 9 days post-stress imposition and overall net photosynthesis was impaired. Seed yield, seed weight, and oil content reduced by 84.5%, 38.5% and 54.1% respectively. We demonstrate that post-anthesis heat stress causes severe yield losses and developmental plasticity in fatty acid accumulation in oilseeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Moringa oleifera seeds are a rich source of oil. • The use of ultrasound allows for faster mass and energy transfer; faster responses and increased production, among other benefits. • The physicochemical and biological properties of dehulled MO seed oil are almost similar to those of whole MO seed oil. This study aims to improve the extraction of oil from shelled and unshelled Moringa oleifera seeds using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The extraction parameters optimized to obtain the highest yields are the ratio of 61.5 and 58.7 ml/g petroleum ether, extraction time 20–10 min, temperature 30°C - 25 °C for shelled and unshelled seeds, respectively. Under these optimum conditions, the oil yield was in the range of 43.4 % and 36.6 %, respectively, which is in line with the prediction range of the BBD's prediction range of 42.9 %, 35.2 %. The optimized oil was analyzed to determine its properties. This study shows that the physical-chemical parameters such as acidity 1mgKOH/g - 1.75 mgKOH/g, and peroxide value 1.45 meqO2/Kg - 1.15 meqO2/Kg for, refractive index 1.46, Specific extinctions coefficients (K232) were 0.177 and 0.222, (k270) were 0.165 and 0.222, each of the shelled and unshelled seed oils, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed oils readily undergo derivatization by alcoholysis to yield biodegradable polyols and Ximenia americana plant from the family of Olacaeae has oily seeds. Hence, the objective of this paper is to assess the production of polyurethane elastomers from Ximenia americana L (Wild Olive) Seed Oil with diisocyanates, namely, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and 4,4’-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) respectively using standard procedure and characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Instron Tensile Testing Machine and Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA). The tensile strength and tensile modulus for HDI-based polyurethane elastomers, 5.83±0.15 and 3.95±0.07 MPa respectively are higher than the corresponding ones for TDI- and MDI-based polymers. This is consistent with the highest crosslink density (γ) of 5.05×10-3 for HDI-based polymer with corresponding average molecular weight between crosslinks (Mc) of 197.87 gmol-1 The polyurethane elastomers are stable up to 250-265oC with order of stability: HDPU-1.50>MDPU-1.50>TDPU-1.50. The results showed that diol from Ximenia americana seed oil is effective for production of polyurethane elastomers with properties which are comparable to ones of the non-oil-based polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papaya plant (Carica papaya L.) is tree-like fruit plant cultivated throughout the tropics and subtropics. The aim of this study was to compare the physicochemical properties, fatty acid, sterols, and triterpenic alcohols composition of Carica papaya L. seed oils grown in a typical geographical location and Carica papaya L. seed oils grown in an untypical geographical location in greenhouse conditions (Saratov Region, Russia). The oils were extracted from the seeds of Carica papaya L. fruits collected in Kenya, the Dominican Republic, Angola, Ghana, and Brazil, as well as from the seeds of fruit plants grown in a similar environment (Russian Federation, Saratov). Parameters such as the oil yield, refractive index, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, and acid value of the extracted Carica papaya L. seed oils were determined. The qualitative and quantitative chemical compositions of the seed oils were determined by a combination of mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. The profiles as well as the content of fatty acids, sterols, triterpenic alcohols, and benzyl isothiocyanate were established. The saponifiable fraction of the oils is mainly represented by triglycerides (98.7–99.4%), while di-(0.4–1.1%) and monoglycerides (0.1–0.3%) are also present but in smaller amounts. The content of sterols and triterpene alcohols was (537.5–918.2) mg/100 g of oil (0.54–0.92%), and up to 75% of the fraction was represented by β-sitosterol (55.9–66.7%) and its saturated analogue-sitostanol (11.0–15.7%). The physicochemical properties and the fatty acid, sterol, and triterpenic alcohol composition of seed oils from Carica papaya L. fruits, cultivated in Russia, is in the quantitative range of other samples, which suggests that Carica papaya L. can be grown in Russia for obtaining the seed oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability and renewability are the terms that concern most researchers today. In the world of paints and adhesives, polyurethane (PU) is a popular material due to the enormous possibilities in the choice of raw materials. The scientific community today is more focused on adopting water-based and low-solvent or solvent-free technologies instead of traditional solvent-based routes in the synthesis of PUs. Adopting more ecological routes is a step towards achieving the goal of sustainable and renewable development. The use of bio-derived monomers not only contributes to the goal of sustainable development but also eliminates the uncertainty of price, availability and environmental hazards associated with traditional petroleum-derived monomers. Among the biologically derived resources, vegetable oils are the most promising and most studied raw materials in the PU industry due to their abundance, inherent biodegradability, non-toxicity and low price. Since primitive times they had traditionally been used for coatings and adhesive applications. Today, the full field use of vegetable oil-based monomers or polymers as raw material is an excellent effort for a sustainable future in the world of coatings and adhesives worldwide. The review highlights recent advances in vegetable oil-based polyols as an environmentally friendly material for PU coating and adhesive applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a holistic approach for the management of pomegranate wastes towards the recovery of value-adding components, is proposed. Regarding pomegranate peels, free phenolic components were recovered from defatted material with the aid of ultrasound-assisted extraction at the optimum conditions determined in a prior work studying the effect of the used solvent (water, ethanol, methanol, 50% aqueous ethanol, and 50% aqueous methanol) on the total phenolic content, radical scavenging activity, as well as punicalagin and ellagic acid content of the obtained extracts, using various in vitro assays and RP-HPLC-DAD, respectively. In the case of pomegranate seeds, the potential of enzymatic pretreatment to enhance the recovery yield of ultrasound-assisted oil recovery was investigated. This procedure was optimized in terms of pretreatment time (60–240 min), type of enzyme (cellulase:pectinase) (0–100% cellulase), enzyme concentration (2–4% w/w), and water/seeds ratio (2–6 mL/g). The optimum efficiency achieved (27.53 g oil/100 g seeds at 1.8 h or 97.8% oil extraction) was higher to the efficiencies achieved by other recovery techniques, including maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical extraction cold pressing, and superheated fluid extraction at comparable or longer extraction times. Findings of the present work seem promising for the holistic valorization of pomegranate industry byproducts towards the recovery of valuable compounds as well as their future application as natural additives to functional products, minimizing, at the same time, the environmental hazard.

The proteoleaginous plants demand has seen significant growth, leading to an expansion of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus, L.) and industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa, L.) cultivation area in Italy. However, by-products obtained during seed oil extraction and agricultural residues are often unused due to the absence of a receptive market and nearby processing centers. The carbon footprint (CF) methodology was used to compare the two supply chains considering the soil incorporation of all crop residues and by-products. The boundary of the supply chains analyzed includes all the agricultural processes that occur during cultivation and the subsequent oil extraction phase. Furthermore, research explored the direct and indirect environmental benefits of incorporating by-products into the soil, in terms of reducing the need for mineral fertilizers to restore soil fertility due to the nutrients contained in the buried biomass, and the potential carbon sequestration achievable. Results show that 1 kg of sunflower and hemp oil release 4.49 kg CO2-eq and 23.34 kg CO2-eq, respectively. Agriculture represents the most impacting phase and, in particular, fertilization, tillage and harvest are responsible for high emissions. The different results between the two supply chains can be attributed mainly to yield and extraction efficiency. The use of by-products as amended in the soil (avoided fertilizers) contributes to a reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by −0.53 kg CO2-eq and −7.87 kg CO2-eq per kg of sunflower and hemp oils, respectively. Additionally, the sequestration of carbon in biomass can result in a further reduction of −1.16 and −33.6 kg CO2-eq per kg of sunflower and hemp oil, respectively. In summary, sunflower oil production emits 74 % less CO2 than hemp oil. However, if all crop biomass is buried, hemp has the potential to be more sustainable. This phenomenon depends on many factors such as soil type, climate, and farming practices. The study outcomes can aid policymakers, farmers, and the agribusiness to make informed decisions on promoting and expanding sustainable sunflower and hemp cultivation in Italy.

Blue honeysuckle seeds are often overlooked by the processing industry, but they are a good source of healthy oil. The composition, volatiles, and antioxidant capacity of blue honeysuckle seeds and seed oil were investigated for the first time. The fatty acid profile of the seed oil was analysed using GC–MS. The seed oil was particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid, especially linoleic acid (71.24 ± 1.64 %). HS-SPME-GC–MS analysis temporarily detected 34 and 37 volatiles in the seeds and seed oil, respectively. Notably, aldehydes were identified as the major contributors to the aroma. The phytosterols, tocopherols, and triglycerides were identified in the seed oil. Interestingly, the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the seeds were found to be much higher than the seed oil. This study evaluates the nutritional profile and value of blue honeysuckle seed oil, and suggests that it can be used as new functional oil.

Objective: To compare the effects of different oil preparation processes on the active ingredients and oxidation activity of Akebia trifoliate seed oil. Methods: Akebia trifoliata seed oil was prepared from Akebia trifoliata seed by four oil extraction processes: cold pressing, hot pressing, supercritical CO2 extraction and extraction. The fatty acid composition, active ingredients （carotenoids, tocopherols, polyphenols, flavonoids） and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of Akebia trifoliata seed oil were analyzed. Results: The fatty acid composition of Akebia trifoliata seed oil prepared by the four processes was similar. The content of palmitic acid was 20.62%~21.42%, the content of stearic acid was 2.68%~3.08%, the content of oleic acid was 47.03%~47.37%, the content of linoleic acid was 27.75%~28.07%, and the content of other fatty acids did not exceed 0.5%; In terms of the content of active components, the content of total tocopherol, flavonoids and polyphenols in Akebia trifoliata seed oil prepared by cold pressing was the highest, reaching 349.05, 103.37 and 51.78 mg/kg respectively, while the content of total tocopherol, flavonoids and polyphenols in Akebia trifoliata seed oil prepared by extraction was significantly lower than that of the other three extraction methods, only 220.24, 57.73 and 23.45 mg/kg; In terms of DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, cold pressing Akebia trifoliate seed oil has the best scavenging effect, and the extraction method is the worst. Conclusion: Akebia trifoliate seed oil is rich in oleic acid and linoleic acid, and has the ability of scavenging DPPH free radicals. It can be used as food ingredients, cosmetics and pharmaceutical base oils.

IntroductionWater deficit is as one of the most ominous abiotic factors that limits the growth and yield of crops and reduced photosynthesis content (Askary et al., 2017). The common symptoms determined in plants after encountering water deficit include a hindrance to growth, a reduction in the rate of photosynthesis, an acceleration oxidative stress (Aalipour et al., 2020). A balanced nutrient concentration in the soil is known as another essential element for plant growth regulation (Taghizadeh et al. 2019). This can be supplied by the application of chemical fertilizers (nano iron chelate). Nano iron chelate fertilizer can also protect plants against water deficit stresses and improves photosynthesis and assimilates transportation to sinks and eventually amends grain yield and oil content (Moradbeygi et al., 2020). The aim of this study was to investigate the response of Dragon head (Lalelemantia iberica) and Lady's mantle (Lalelemantia royleana) to the application of nano-chelate fertilizer in different irrigation regimes.Materials and methodsThe field trial was conducted at the Research Farm of the Agricultural Faculty of Shahed University, Tehran, during the cropping season of 2018 and 2019. A split-factorial experiment was employed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plot consisted of three-level of irrigation regime (30% (I30; without stress), 60% (I60; mild stress), and 90% (I90; sever stress) depletion of available water resource). The sub plots were factorial combination nano-iron chelate (without fertilizer and nano-iron chelate) and plant species of Lallemantia (L.iberica and L. royleana).Results and discussionBy increasing water deficit reduced, chlorophyll a and b, CAT and APXs enzyme activity, plant height, root length, seed yield, content of mucilage and oil. The reduction of plant growth parameters and seed yield of both species Lallemantia may be due to extended irrigation intervals which caused decline in Chl concentration, stomata closure, and decreased CO2 uptake for photosynthesis (Paravar et al., 2021). Our results showed that the highest chlorophyll a and b, CAT and APXs enzyme activity, plant height, root length, seed yield, content of mucilage and oil was obtained at 60% available water soil of depletion (moderate drought stress). The application nano-iron chelate in all cases mitigated the negative effects of water deficit stress on chlorophyll a and b, CAT and APXs enzyme activity, plant height, root length, seed yield, content of mucilage and oil. Increasing in growth parameters and seed yield under drought stress of Lallemantia species under application of nano-iron chelate condition in drought stress may be due to the role of iron the chlorophyll structure and plant photosynthesis system (Moradbeygi et al., 2020). Indeed application of nano-iron chelate by photosynthesis improvement and material production in the plant causes the increasing growth and yield. (Iqbal and Umar, 2019). In addition, in this study observed nano-iron chalet application played the important role on the increasing of CAT and APXs enzyme activity under drought stress. It has been reported that micronutrients such as iron has a structural role in some enzyme such as CAT and APXs (Moradbeygi et al., 2020). Higher seed yield and seed oil L.iberica than L.royleana under application nano-iron chelate and different levels of irrigation regimes may be due to the increasing chlorophyll a and b (Paravar et al., 2022). Compared with L.iberica, the greater CAT and APXs enzyme activity in L.royleana is probably due to the mucilage around roots of L.royleana that has caused the reduction of oxidative stress (Paravar et al., 2021).ConclusionTherefore, in general in this research, it can be concluded that under water deficit stress conditions, we can reduce damages from water deficit stress in both species of Lallemantia with careful irrigation management (using an irrigation regime of 60% available water soil of depletion) and application nano-iro chelate.AcknowledgmentsWe kindly acknowledge the Shahed University of Tehran for their support of this research.

Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) can accelerate amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation in neuron cells, which further leads to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therefore, there is an urgent need to find natural and safe antioxidants for preventing or treating such neurodegenerative diseases. The seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim and T. laceribractea Hayata have long been used for medicinal and edible purposes in China. However, the antioxidant and neuroprotective activities and underlying mechanisms of their seed oils still remain unclear. Herein, we examine the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of seed oils extracted from different germplasms, T. kirilowii (YNHH and SDJN) and T. laceribractea (ZJQT and SXHZ), on ROS levels and neuroprotective activities in C. elegans. The results demonstrated that the seed oils significantly reduced the ROS levels in C. elegans by 17.03–42.74%, with T. kirilowii (YNHH and SDJN) exhibiting significantly stronger ROS scavenging abilities than T. laceribractea (ZJQT and SXHZ). The seed oils from T. kirilowii (YNHH and SDJN) alleviated the production and aggregation of Aβ and the phosphorylation and polymerization of tau, suggesting a potential neuroprotective role. Conversely, seed oils from T. laceribractea (ZJQT and SXHZ) show minimal neuroprotective effects in C. elegans. These differential outcomes might stem from distinct mechanisms underlying antioxidant and neuroprotective effects, with the ctl-2 gene implicated as pivotal in mediating the significant neuroprotective effects of seed oils from T. kirilowii (YNHH and SDJN). Our findings have provided valuable insights into the antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of T. kirilowii seed oils, paving the way for further research aimed at elucidating the underlying mechanisms and exploring their potential therapeutic applications in combating neurodegenerative diseases.

Grape seeds are rich in bioactive substances, including polyphenols, terpenoids, and phytosterols. Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) boasts a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), lignans, phytoestrogens, and soluble fibers, all contributing to its therapeutic potential. In this study, we pioneered the formulation of an oil blend (GL) combining grape seed oil (G) and golden linseed oil (GL) in equal volumes (1:1 (v/v)) and we evaluated in terms of the nutritional, physical, and chemical properties and their influence in an in vivo experimental model. We analyzed the oils by performing physical–chemical analyses, examining the oxidative stability using Rancimat; conducting thermal analyses via thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), performing optical UV–vis absorption analyses; examining the fluorescence emission–excitation matrix, total carotenoids, and color, and conducting metabolic assessments in an in vivo experimental trial. The fatty acid profile presented a higher fraction of linoleic acid (C18:2) in G and GL and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) in L. The acidity and peroxide indices were within the recommended ranges. The TG/DTG, DSC, and Rancimat analyses revealed similar behaviors, and the optical analyses revealed color variations caused by carotenoid contents in L and GL. In the in vivo trial, G (G2: 2000 mg/kg/day) promoted lower total consumption, and the blend (GL: 2000 mg/kg/day) group exhibited less weight gain per gram of consumed food. The group with G supplementation (G2: 2000 mg/kg/day) and GL had the highest levels of HDL-c. The group with L supplementation (L2: 2000 mg/kg/day) had the lowest total cholesterol level. The L2, G1 (1000 mg/kg/day), and G2 groups exhibited the lowest MCP-1 and TNF-α values. Additionally, the lowest adipocyte areas occurred in G and GL. Our results suggest that this combination is of high quality for consumption and can influence lipid profiles, markers of inflammation, and antioxidant status.

Natural products have attracted great interest in the development of tissue engineering. Recent studies have demonstrated that unsaturated fatty acids found in natural plant seed oil may exhibit positive osteogenic effects; however, few in vivo studies have focused on the use of plant seed oil for bone regeneration. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of seed oil found in Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi) on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and bone growth in artificial bone defects in vivo. In this study, Wharton-jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) were co-cultured with S. mukorossi seed oil. Cellular osteogenic capacity was assessed using Alizarin Red S staining. Real-time PCR was carried out to evaluate ALP and OCN gene expression. The potential of S. mukorossi seed oil to enhance bone growth was assessed using an animal model. Four 6 mm circular defects were prepared at the parietal bone of New Zealand white rabbits. The defects were filled with hydrogel and hydrogel-S. mukorossi seed oil, respectively. Quantitative analysis of micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and histological images was conducted to compare differences in osteogenesis between oil-treated and untreated samples. Although our results showed no significant differences in viability between WJMSCs treated with and without S. mukorossi seed oil, under osteogenic conditions, S. mukorossi seed oil facilitated an increase in mineralized nodule secretion and upregulated the expression of ALP and OCN genes in the cells (p < 0.05). In the animal study, both micro-CT and histological evaluations revealed that new bone formation in artificial bone defects treated with S. mukorossi seed oil were nearly doubled compared to control defects (p < 0.05) after 4 weeks of healing. Based on these findings, it is reasonable to suggest that S. mukorossi seed oil holds promise as a potential candidate for enhancing bone healing efficiency in bone tissue engineering.

Seed oils readily undergo derivatization by alcoholysis to yield biodegradable polyols and Ximenia americana plant from the family of Olacaeae has oily seeds. Hence, the objective of this paper is to assess the production of polyurethane elastomers from Ximenia americana L (Wild Olive) Seed Oil with diisocyanates, namely, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and 4,4’-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) respectively using standard procedure and characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Instron Tensile Testing Machine and Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA). The tensile strength and tensile modulus for HDI-based polyurethane elastomers, 5.83±0.15 and 3.95±0.07 MPa respectively are higher than the corresponding ones for TDI- and MDI-based polymers. This is consistent with the highest crosslink density (γ) of 5.05×10-3 for HDI-based polymer with corresponding average molecular weight between crosslinks (Mc) of 197.87 gmol-1 The polyurethane elastomers are stable up to 250-265oC with order of stability: HDPU-1.50>MDPU-1.50>TDPU-1.50. The results showed that diol from Ximenia americana seed oil is effective for production of polyurethane elastomers with properties which are comparable to ones of the non-oil-based polymers.

Camelina sativa, a member of the Brassicaceae, is a low-cost, renewable oilseed crop that produces seeds up to 40% oil by weight with high potential for use in food, feed, and biofuel applications. Camelina seeds contain high levels of the fatty acids α-linolenic acid (C18:3), linoleic acid (C18:2), oleic acid (C18:1), and gondoic acid (C20:1), which have high nutritional and industrial value. The impact of climate change, especially increased frequency and amplitude of heat waves, poses a serious threat to crop productivity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of elevated temperatures post-anthesis on the developing seeds of C. sativa and performed physiological, morphological, and chemical characterizations at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-anthesis (DPA), as well as at maturity. While the seed oil accumulation peaked at 21 DPA under control conditions, reaching 406mg/g dry weight, under heat stress it was only 186mg/g. Physiologically, transpiration rate (E) and internal CO2 concentration (Ci) increased between 2 to 9 days post-stress imposition and overall net photosynthesis was impaired. Seed yield, seed weight, and oil content reduced by 84.5%, 38.5% and 54.1% respectively. We demonstrate that post-anthesis heat stress causes severe yield losses and developmental plasticity in fatty acid accumulation in oilseeds.

Introduction: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a common chronic metabolic disease that seriously threatens human health. The pharmacological activity of unsaturated fatty acid-rich vegetable oil interventions in the treatment of MAFLD has been demonstrated. This study evaluated the pharmacological activity of Polygala tenuifolia Willd, which contains high levels of 2-acetyl-1,3-diacyl-sn-glycerols (sn-2-acTAGs). Methods: In this study, a mouse model was established by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD, 31% lard oil diet), and the treatment group was fed a P. tenuifolia seed oil (PWSO) treatment diet (17% lard oil and 14% PWSO diet). The pharmacological activity and mechanism of PWSO were investigated by total cho-lesterol (TC) measurement, triglyceride (TG) measurement and histopathological observation, and the sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP1), SREBP2 and NF-κB signaling pathways were evaluated by immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses. Results: PWSO attenuated the increases in plasma TC and TG levels. Furthermore, PWSO reduced the hepatic levels of TC and TG, ameliorating hepatic lipid accumulation. PWSO treatment effectively improves the level of hepatitic inflammation, such as reducing IL-6 levels and TNF-α level. Discussion: PWSO treatment inactivated SREBP1 and SREBP2, which are involved in lipogenesis, to attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation and mitigate the inflammatory response induced via the NF-κB signaling pathway. This study demonstrated that PWSO can be used as a relatively potent dietary supplement to inhibit the occurrence and development of MAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of low-quality irrigation water on plant development has garnered significant attention from researchers. In light of this, two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance, yield, oil production and composition, as well as active constituents of Rocket (Eruca sativa Mill) cultivated in calcareous soil under saline water irrigation. Foliar sprays containing condensed molasses soluble (CMS), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) alone or in combination were used for irrigation. The data obtained from measuring various parameters of Rocket following foliar spraying with CMS, Zn, B or their combinations demonstrated that most treatments resulted in a significant increase in these parameters. The highest values for most measurements were observed when foliar application included all three components (CMS + Zn + B), resulting in a seed yield of 184.6 g/m² and an oil content of 675.3 kg/ha. Compared to the control group, the macronutrient content of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca increased by 34.4%, 56%, 42%, 45%, and 39% respectively in the seeds treated with these components. Furthermore, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolics flavonoids, and antioxidants showed increases of 24%, 34%, 21%, 43%, and 28% respectively compared to the control group. Gas-liquid chromatography analysis identified ten components present in the seed oil characterized by higher unsaturated fatty acids ranging from 81.28% to 92.28% and lower saturated fatty acids ranging from 6.72% to 8.21%. Therefore, foliar spray application including CMS, zinc, and boron can help alleviate salinity effects on Rocket plants grown under saline water irrigation conditions while improving growth, yield, oil production, and nutritional content such as total carbohydrates, proteins, and macronutrients levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]