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Background: Physical activity (PA) is an important contributor to one's physical and mental health both acutely and across the lifespan. Much research has done on the ambient environment's impact on PA; however, these studies have used absolute values of atmospheric measures such as temperature and humidity, which vary spatiotemporally and make comparisons between studies which differ in location or time of year difficult to square with one another. Methods: Here, we employ the Global Weather Type Classification, Version 2, to determine the combined impact of temperature and humidity on PA in a sample of insufficiently active young adults. We conducted secondary analyses of data from a single-group behavioral intervention trial that varied the number of digital messages sent daily. Young adults (n = 81) wore Fitbit Versa smartwatches for a 6-month period sometime between April 2019 and July 2020, and location was tracked using a custom smartphone application. Results: Mixed linear models indicated that, across 8179 person-days, PA was significantly lower on days with humid conditions and significantly higher on warm dry days, though the latter relationship was no longer significant when controlling for timing in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic declaration. Demographic factors did not affect the relationship between weather and PA. Conclusions: Results are a first step in providing additional guidance for encouraging PA in insufficiently active individuals given forecasted daily weather conditions. Future work should examine seasonal variability in the weather type–PA relationship without the influence of a world-altering event influencing results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of exercise contributes to systemic inflammation and is a major cause of chronic disease. The long-term impact of initiating and sustaining exercise in late life, as opposed to sustaining a sedentary lifestyle, on whole-body health measures such as physical performance is not well known. This is an exploratory study to compare changes in physical performance among older adults initiating exercise late in life versus inactive older adults. Data from two observational cohorts were included in this analysis, representing two activity groups. The Active group cohort comprises older adults (n = 318; age 72.5 ± 7.2 years) enrolled in a supervised exercise program, Gerofit. The inactive group comprises older adults (n = 146; age 74.5 ± 5.5 years) from the Italian study Act on Ageing (AOA) who self-reported being inactive. Participants in both groups completed physical performance battery at baseline and 1-year including: 6-min walk test, 30-s chair stand, and timed up-and-go. Two-sample t-tests measured differences between Gerofit and AOA at baseline and 1-year across all measures. Significant between-group effects were seen for all performance measures (ps = 0.001). The AOA group declined across all measures from baseline to 1 year (range -18% to -24% change). The Gerofit group experienced significant gains in function for all measures (range +10% to +31% change). Older adults who initiated routine, sustained exercise were protected from age-related declines in physical performance, while those who remained sedentary suffered cumulative deficits across strength, aerobic endurance, and mobility. Interventions to reduce sedentary behaviors and increase physical activity are both important to promote multi-system, whole-body health.

Background: Biological age, especially epigenetic age derived from the epigenetic clock, is a significant measure of aging, considering the differences in aging rates among individuals. The epigenetic clock, a machine learning-based algorithm, uses DNA methylation states to estimate biological age. Previous studies have reported inconsistent associations between physical activity (PA) and the epigenetic clock, especially second-generation clocks such as PhenoAge and GrimAge. This study aimed to clarify this relationship using cross-sectional data from Japanese participants aged 40–69. Methods: We used two datasets from the Saga J-MICC study, of which 867 samples were available for analysis. DNA methylation data from peripheral blood samples were used to calculate the epigenetic age using the epigenetic clocks PhenoAge and GrimAge. PA and sedentary time were measured using a single-axis accelerometer, while self-reported PA, sedentary time, and covariates were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. The association between PA or sedentary time and epigenetic age acceleration was assessed using multiple linear regression. Results: Pearson's correlation coefficients between accelerometer-based and self-reported PA variables ranged from 0.09 to 0.20. Multivariable regression analysis showed that accelerometer-based PA and sedentary time were associated with epigenetic age decelerations and accelerations, respectively. However, self-reported PA was not associated with the epigenetic age accelerations. Conclusions: These results indicate that reducing sedentary time and increasing PA were associated with slowing both PhenoAge and GrimAge, even in East Asian populations with different exercise habits, body shapes, and lifestyles. This study highlights the potential of objective second-generation epigenetic age acceleration as an outcome index for healthcare interventions and clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effects of physical activity (PA), sleep quality, and sedentary behavior on subthreshold depression (StD) among undergraduates. Methods: This study included 834 undergraduates and assessed the impact of PA time, sleep quality, and sedentary behavior on depression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine cut-off values for StD risk, while the isochronous substitution analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of different activities on depression regulation. Results: Gender, age, and academic grade had no significant influence on depression levels among undergraduates (p > 0.05). However, students engaging in sedentary behavior for more than 12.1 h per day or with a Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score above 3.5 were at an increased risk of subclinical depression. Additionally, the isochronous substitution of light-intensity physical activity for other activities (sleep, sedentary behavior, moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity) showed statistically significant effects (p < 0.05) in both 5-min and 10-min substitution models, demonstrating a positive effect on alleviating depression. Conclusion: The findings indicate that specific lifestyle factors, particularly high levels of sedentary behavior and poor sleep quality, are crucial determinants of subclinical depression among undergraduates, independent of demographic variables such as gender, age, and academic grade. Notably, light-intensity PA plays a key role in StD regulation, as substituting it with more intense physical activities or improving sleep quality substantially reduces depression scores. Furthermore, the benefits such substitution became more pronounced with the increase in duration of the activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPurposeMaterials and methodsResultsConclusion and implications\nIMPLICATION FOR REHABILITATIONPhysical activity is essential for maintaining overall health. Cost-effective and easily administered outcome instruments are valuable for clinical practice and large-scale population studies. The scoping review aimed to identify and map subjective instruments developed or validated to measure habitual physical activity and/or sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy aged 0–18 years across all levels of the GMFCS-E&R.This scoping review was conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and searched the databases PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, Embase and Pedro to identify articles.From 288 full-text references, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. Nine instruments measured habitual physical activity and/or sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy aged 18 months to 18 years. Six subjective instruments were tested for ambulatory children, while three instruments were tested in children and adolescents at GMFCS-E&R level I–V.Reporting of the psychometric properties were found on reliability in three instruments, while data on validity were reported in all instruments. Further studies assessing the psychometric properties of subjective instruments in the target population are needed.Subjective instruments allow for monitoring of physical activity levels in children with cerebral palsy (CP).Personal perceptions of physical activity and/or sedentary behaviour can be assessed using subjective instruments.Caution should be exercised when using subjective instruments to measure physical activity and/or sedentary behaviour, as knowledge about their validity and reliability is limited.Subjective instruments allow for monitoring of physical activity levels in children with cerebral palsy (CP).Personal perceptions of physical activity and/or sedentary behaviour can be assessed using subjective instruments.Caution should be exercised when using subjective instruments to measure physical activity and/or sedentary behaviour, as knowledge about their validity and reliability is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Knowledge of developmental trends in meeting age-specific 24-hour movement behaviour guidelines is lacking. This study describes developmental trends in device-measured physical activity and sedentary time over a three-year period among Western Australian children aged two to seven years, including differences between boys and girls. The proportion of children meeting age-specific physical activity guidelines before and after they transition to full-time school was also examined. Methods: Data from waves 1 and 2 of the Play Spaces and Environments for Children's Physical Activity (PLAYCE) cohort study were used (analysis n = 1217). Physical activity and sedentary time were measured by accelerometry at ages two to five (preschool, wave 1) and ages five to seven (commenced full-time school, wave 2). Accelerometer data were processed using a validated machine-learning physical activity classification model. Daily time spent in sedentary behaviour, energetic play (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)), total physical activity, and meeting physical activity guidelines were analysed using linear and generalised linear mixed-effects models with age by sex interaction terms. Results: All movement behaviours changed significantly with increasing age, and trends were similar in boys and girls. Total daily physical activity increased from age two to five then declined to age seven. Mean daily total physical activity exceeded 180 min/day from ages two to five. Daily energetic play increased significantly from age two to seven, however, was below 60 min/day at all ages except for seven-year-old boys. Daily sedentary time decreased to age five then increased to age seven but remained lower than at age two. All two-year-olds met their age-specific physical activity guideline, decreasing to 5% of girls and 6% of boys at age four. At age seven, 46% of boys and 35% of girls met their age-specific physical activity guideline. Conclusions: Young children's energetic play and total physical activity increased with age, but few children aged three to seven met the energetic play (MVPA) guideline. Interventions should focus on increasing children's energetic play in early childhood. Clearer guidance and strategies are needed to support young children as they change developmentally and as they transition from one age-specific movement guideline to the next. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-intensity circuit training (HICT) has become increasingly popular for enhancing health and fitness. However, limited research exists on the effects of high-intensity circuit training using body weight (HICTBW) on body composition in sedentary young adults. This study aimed to explore the impact of a 4-week HICTBW program on body composition in sedentary collegiate females. A randomized controlled trial design was employed. Twenty sedentary collegiate females were randomly assigned to either a training group (n=10), which participated in a 4-week HICTBW program, or a control group (n=10), which did not engage in any training. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (r = 0.642 to 0.78), measuring body fat percentage, fat mass, muscle mass, waist-to-hip ratio, and body mass index (BMI). Repeated measure ANOVA was used to compare between and within groups. Although no significant differences in body composition variables were observed between pre- and post-training (p>0.05), slight positive changes were noted in all measured parameters. The lack of significant findings may be attributed to the short duration and frequency of the intervention. Future studies with extended training periods are recommended to better understand the potential impact of HICTBW on body composition in sedentary collegiate females. This research highlights the need for more comprehensive studies to validate the effectiveness of HICTBW in improving body composition among this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often lead sedentary lives, contributing to cardiovascular disease and muscular atrophy, requiring innovative therapeutic exercise approaches. Whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise training offers a unique option for those with limited motor control. This six-week pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of WBV training in individuals with ASD. Methods: Six participants (age: 22.17 ± 2.14 years) underwent twice-weekly WBV sessions (10–24 min, 5–25 Hz). Cardiovascular biomarkers, including body composition, leg strength, blood pressure, waist/hip ratio, and body mass index (BMI), were measured. Qualitative outcomes on exercise tolerance, protocol completion, and perceived exertion were collected at each session. Data analyses, including measures of central tendencies and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, evaluated the intervention's effectiveness. Results: WBV training was safe and well-tolerated in adults with ASD. Despite no statistically significant improvements in cardiovascular and muscular strength indices, participants showed good adherence and tolerance to the protocol. Conclusion: Although WBV training had no significant impact on measured outcomes, it emerged as a feasible and well-tolerated exercise for individuals with ASD. It shows promise for addressing cardiovascular risk factors and reducing sedentary behaviors, suggesting the need for longer interventions to fully uncover its therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometrial cancer (EC) is associated with significant risk factors such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and sedentary behavior. In our study, we aim to employ machine learning algorithms to investigate the potential molecular processes that underlie their interaction and explore their respective roles in the diagnosis and immunotherapy of EC. The GEO database provides access to microarray data, which was utilized in this study to identify gene expression modules associated with PCOS and sedentary behavior, using weighted gene expression network analysis (WGCNA). Cluego software was then employed to investigate the energy enrichment of shared pathways in both PCOS and sedentary individuals, and differential gene analysis was used to confirm another two databases. The miRNAs–mRNAs controlled network was constructed to verify the pathway. The immune-related factors of the shared pathway in EC were then analyzed. Finally, to validate our findings, we conducted cell experiments using EC cell lines (AN3CA, KLE, Ishikawa, RL95-2, and HEC-1A). We found that increased intracellular aromatic compound anabolism is a common feature of both PCOS and sedentary individuals. We then developed a disease pathway model that was based on the common genetic characteristics of PCOS and sedentary behavior. We utilized pathway typing in EC samples and found a significant survival difference between the two subgroups, with the upregulated expression type exhibiting an immune-hot phenotype. Finally, the experimental results confirmed the expression of the hub gene (NAA15) in EC. The findings of our study suggest that genes related to the intracellular aromatic compound metabolic pathway can be used for immunotherapy of EC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aims to explore the relationship between modifiable lifestyle factors (physical activity, sedentary time, body composition, muscle strength) and mental health, and predict future changes in mental health. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 133 men (age: 29.03 ± 6.605 years, BMI: 23.58 ± 2.688 kg/m²) to assess baseline body composition, muscle strength, sedentary time, and mental health, with follow-up at 3 months. F-tests were employed to compare the differences in mental health on sedentary time and body composition variables. Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine correlations between variables. Results: Spearman's correlation analysis showed that sedentary time, muscle strength and mental health of the subjects were significantly correlated. BMI, BFM, BFMI, PBF were higher in subjects with ≥ 4 h of sedentary time than in the other two shorter sedentary time groups. Subjects with higher PBF (p = 0.047, η2 = 0.030) and BFM (p = 0.032, η2 = 0.035) had severer depression. Subjects who sat for ≥ 4 h at a time were more severely depressed than those who sat for 2–4 h (p = 0.020). Change in depression was significantly negatively correlated with BMI, BFM, BFMI and PBF. Subjects with higher PBF (p = 0.023, η2 = 0.050) and BFM (p = 0.005, η2 = 0.075) at the baseline had less change in depression. Conclusion: A Significant correlation was found between sedentary time, body composition and mental health, and baseline body composition predicted changes in mood three months later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Med mikrohistorisk metode og transnasjonal tilnærming tar vi i artikkelen for oss historien til bofaste og delvis bofaste samer på 1800-tallet i den sørlige delen av Saepmie. I artikkelen tar vi utgangspunkt i to ektepar og bruker ulike kilder og litteratur for å belyse historien til sørsamer som ikke levde som reindriftsnomader, men som heller ikke levde adskilt fra reindrifta. I artikkelen forsøker vi å unngå begreper som bygdesame og viser heller hvordan disse to ekteparene og familiene representerte typiske levemåter for samer kategorisert som sockenlapper og bygdesamer. De var mobile og levde av tjenesteyting, småbruk, dyrehold, handel og håndverk. I artikkelen presenterer vi ny kunnskap ved å legge fram hvordan områder fra Smøla til Sundvall inngikk i disse og andre samiske familiers slektsnettverk og levebrød.

Abstract Background Knowledge of developmental trends in meeting age-specific 24-hour movement behaviour guidelines is lacking. This study describes developmental trends in device-measured physical activity and sedentary time over a three-year period among Western Australian children aged two to seven years, including differences between boys and girls. The proportion of children meeting age-specific physical activity guidelines before and after they transition to full-time school was also examined. Methods Data from waves 1 and 2 of the Play Spaces and Environments for Children’s Physical Activity (PLAYCE) cohort study were used (analysis n = 1217). Physical activity and sedentary time were measured by accelerometry at ages two to five (preschool, wave 1) and ages five to seven (commenced full-time school, wave 2). Accelerometer data were processed using a validated machine-learning physical activity classification model. Daily time spent in sedentary behaviour, energetic play (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)), total physical activity, and meeting physical activity guidelines were analysed using linear and generalised linear mixed-effects models with age by sex interaction terms. Results All movement behaviours changed significantly with increasing age, and trends were similar in boys and girls. Total daily physical activity increased from age two to five then declined to age seven. Mean daily total physical activity exceeded 180 min/day from ages two to five. Daily energetic play increased significantly from age two to seven, however, was below 60 min/day at all ages except for seven-year-old boys. Daily sedentary time decreased to age five then increased to age seven but remained lower than at age two. All two-year-olds met their age-specific physical activity guideline, decreasing to 5% of girls and 6% of boys at age four. At age seven, 46% of boys and 35% of girls met their age-specific physical activity guideline. Conclusions Young children’s energetic play and total physical activity increased with age, but few children aged three to seven met the energetic play (MVPA) guideline. Interventions should focus on increasing children’s energetic play in early childhood. Clearer guidance and strategies are needed to support young children as they change developmentally and as they transition from one age-specific movement guideline to the next.

Background: Long-haul truck drivers (LHTD) experience disproportionately greater chronic disease risk, which may be influenced by both occupational and lifestyle factors. This study aimed to explore the multilevel factors associated with LHTD's diet and physical activity (PA). Methods: Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted with LHTD in the Southern California border region. Interview questions captured occupational and lifestyle factors relating to PA and diet at multiple levels and were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Emergent themes relating to both diet and PA included time constraints, attitudes and perceived beliefs, and accessibility of environments to engage in PA and healthy eating. Themes specific to PA were weather conditions and flatbed job duties. Themes specific to diet included access to refrigerators/microwaves and social interactions. Conclusion: Findings from this study can inform the development of tailored, multi-level interventions to encourage PA and healthy dietary behaviors among LHTD.

Abstract Endometrial cancer (EC) is associated with significant risk factors such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and sedentary behavior. In our study, we aim to employ machine learning algorithms to investigate the potential molecular processes that underlie their interaction and explore their respective roles in the diagnosis and immunotherapy of EC. The GEO database provides access to microarray data, which was utilized in this study to identify gene expression modules associated with PCOS and sedentary behavior, using weighted gene expression network analysis (WGCNA). Cluego software was then employed to investigate the energy enrichment of shared pathways in both PCOS and sedentary individuals, and differential gene analysis was used to confirm another two databases. The miRNAs–mRNAs controlled network was constructed to verify the pathway. The immune-related factors of the shared pathway in EC were then analyzed. Finally, to validate our findings, we conducted cell experiments using EC cell lines (AN3CA, KLE, Ishikawa, RL95-2, and HEC-1A). We found that increased intracellular aromatic compound anabolism is a common feature of both PCOS and sedentary individuals. We then developed a disease pathway model that was based on the common genetic characteristics of PCOS and sedentary behavior. We utilized pathway typing in EC samples and found a significant survival difference between the two subgroups, with the upregulated expression type exhibiting an immune-hot phenotype. Finally, the experimental results confirmed the expression of the hub gene (NAA15) in EC. The findings of our study suggest that genes related to the intracellular aromatic compound metabolic pathway can be used for immunotherapy of EC.

Abstract Objective The study aims to explore the relationship between modifiable lifestyle factors (physical activity, sedentary time, body composition, muscle strength) and mental health, and predict future changes in mental health. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 133 men (age: 29.03 ± 6.605 years, BMI: 23.58 ± 2.688 kg/m²) to assess baseline body composition, muscle strength, sedentary time, and mental health, with follow-up at 3 months. F-tests were employed to compare the differences in mental health on sedentary time and body composition variables. Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine correlations between variables. Results Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that sedentary time, muscle strength and mental health of the subjects were significantly correlated. BMI, BFM, BFMI, PBF were higher in subjects with ≥ 4 h of sedentary time than in the other two shorter sedentary time groups. Subjects with higher PBF (p = 0.047, η 2 = 0.030) and BFM (p = 0.032, η 2 = 0.035) had severer depression. Subjects who sat for ≥ 4 h at a time were more severely depressed than those who sat for 2–4 h (p = 0.020). Change in depression was significantly negatively correlated with BMI, BFM, BFMI and PBF. Subjects with higher PBF (p = 0.023, η 2 = 0.050) and BFM (p = 0.005, η 2 = 0.075) at the baseline had less change in depression. Conclusion A Significant correlation was found between sedentary time, body composition and mental health, and baseline body composition predicted changes in mood three months later.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact on health-related fitness resulting from COVID-19 lockdowns on male high school students in Melbourne, Australia. Method: A total of 146 students completed fitness testing in February and retesting in November following 7 months of remote learning. Fitness tests conducted were 20-m shuttle run (Beep Test), flexed arm hang, body mass index, push-ups, sit-ups, and sit and reach. Results: The mean fitness levels of this cohort decreased across the health-related fitness components. Decreases were varying in magnitude, body composition (d = 0.3), flexibility (d = 0.56), muscular strength (d = 0.64), muscular endurance (d = 0.39 and d = 0.26), and cardiovascular endurance (d = 0.96). Discussion:The impact on students' fitness levels was noteworthy, and the long-term impacts of this decrease are yet to be seen. This research brings focus to what can be done to maintain adolescent fitness when their usual exercise opportunities are not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical activity (PA) plays a crucial role in the overall well-being of children in the long term. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between PA, sedentary behavior (SB), and body composition (BC) among primary school children.Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted in Ali-Abad-Katoul, Iran in 2023. A sample size of 322 boys was selected using convenience sampling method. ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer and Body Composition X-Scan Plus II were used for measuring PA pattern and BC. Pearson correlation and Independent t tests were used to analyze the data.Results: The accelerometer data revealed that participants spent 67.55% of the total time in SB. Moreover, on average, daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was 49.71±22.37 minutes. Accordingly, the daily energy expenditure was 558.39±250.17 kcal. SB was directly and significantly associated with Body Mass Index (BMI) (r=0.628, P

Background: Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often lead sedentary lives, contributing to cardiovascular disease and muscular atrophy, requiring innovative therapeutic exercise approaches. Whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise training offers a unique option for those with limited motor control. This six-week pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of WBV training in individuals with ASD. Methods: Six participants (age: 22.17 ± 2.14 years) underwent twice-weekly WBV sessions (10–24 min, 5–25 Hz). Cardiovascular biomarkers, including body composition, leg strength, blood pressure, waist/hip ratio, and body mass index (BMI), were measured. Qualitative outcomes on exercise tolerance, protocol completion, and perceived exertion were collected at each session. Data analyses, including measures of central tendencies and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, evaluated the intervention’s effectiveness. Results: WBV training was safe and well-tolerated in adults with ASD. Despite no statistically significant improvements in cardiovascular and muscular strength indices, participants showed good adherence and tolerance to the protocol. Conclusion: Although WBV training had no significant impact on measured outcomes, it emerged as a feasible and well-tolerated exercise for individuals with ASD. It shows promise for addressing cardiovascular risk factors and reducing sedentary behaviors, suggesting the need for longer interventions to fully uncover its therapeutic potential.

Background and Objective Sleep disorders are a significant concern among older adults. Study Objective: This research aims to explore the relationship between physical activity and sleep quality among elderly residents of nursing homes. Methods The study involved 119 individuals aged 65 years and above, residing in nursing homes in Tehran. Demographic information was collected and recorded, followed by measurements of body composition, blood pressure, and anthropometric indices including weight, body mass index, height, waist circumferences, and hip circumferences. Digital scales from OMRON, an OMRON M2 blood pressure monitor, and a measuring tape were used for these measurements. Physical activity and sleep quality were assessed using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, respectively. Results Pearson correlation analysis revealed an inverse relationship between age and sleep quality (p = 0.003) as well as its components: subjective (p = 0.017), latency (p = 0.001), disturbance (p = 0.020), and dysfunction (p = 0.026). Conversely, a direct and significant correlation was observed between physical activity levels and sleep quality (p = 0.003), along with its components: subjective (p = 0.001), latency (p = 0.001), and disturbance (p = 0.003). Moreover, a positive and significant connection was found between diastolic blood pressure and subjective sleep quality (p = 0.024). Conclusions The study’s results underscore that physical activity serves as a non-pharmacological and cost-effective approach for enhancing sleep quality and averting related complications in elderly individuals.

Abstract Background The Covid-19 pandemic initiated an enduring shift in working patterns, with many employees now working at home (w@h). This shift has exacerbated existing high levels of occupational sedentary behaviour (SB) in office workers, which is a recognised risk to health and well-being. This study aimed to use the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model to better understand both employees’ SB, and line managers behaviour to assist employees to reduce SB when w@h, and identify how employees can best be supported to reduce SB. Methods Three online focus groups with employees aged 18–40 working in desk-based roles (e.g. administrative / sales / customer services) (n = 21), and three with line managers (n = 21) were conducted. The focus groups facilitated discussion regarding participants’ current behaviour, what impacts it, and what could be done to reduce employee SB when w@h. The focus group data were thematically analysed guided by the COM-B framework to understand influences on behaviour, and to identify promising intervention strategies. Results Most participants recognised that w@h had elevated employee occupational SB, and line managers reported the importance of supporting employees to manage their workload, and encouraging and modelling taking breaks. There were multiple influences on both employee and line manager behaviour with capability, opportunity and motivation all perceived as influential, although not equally. For example, a major theme related to the reduced physical opportunities for employees to reduce their SB when w@h, including blurred work-life boundaries. Changes in physical opportunities also made supporting employees challenging for line managers. Additionally, the w@h environment included unique social opportunities that negatively impacted the behaviour of both groups, including an expectation to always be present online, and social norms. A range of strategies for reducing SB when w@h at both individual and organisational level were suggested. Conclusions It was evident that SB when w@h is influenced by a range of factors, and therefore multi-component intervention strategies are likely to be most effective in reducing SB. Future intervention research is a priority to evaluate and refine strategies, and inform w@h guidance to protect both the short-term and long-term health consequences of elevated SB for those who continue to w@h.

Abstract Background Previous research has suggested that engaging in regular physical activity (PA) can help to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety in university students. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the impact of reducing sedentary behavior (SB) and increasing light-intensity PA (LPA) on these symptoms. This study aims to address this gap by using isotemporal substitution (IS) models to explore how substituting SB with LPA or moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) affects depression and anxiety symptoms among university students. Methods The study recruited 318 university students with a mean age of 21.13 years. Accelerometers were used to objectively measure the time spent on SB, LPA, and MVPA, while depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). IS models using multivariable linear regression were employed to estimate the associations between different behaviors and depression and anxiety symptoms when 30 min of one behavior was substituted with another. Results In the single-activity model, less SB (β = 0.321, 95% CI: 0.089, 1.297) and more MVPA (β = −0.142, 95% CI: −1.496, − 0.071) were found to be significantly and negatively associated with depression scores, while less SB (β = 0.343, 95% CI: 0.057, 1.014), LPA (β = 0.132, 95% CI: 0.049, 1.023), and more MVPA (β = −0.077, 95% CI: −1.446, − 0.052) were significantly and negatively correlated with anxiety scores. The IS analysis revealed that substituting 30 min of SB with LPA (β = −0.202, 95% CI: −1.371, − 0.146) or MVPA (β = −0.308, 95% CI: −0.970, − 0.073) was associated with improvements in depressive symptoms. Substituting 30 min of SB with MVPA (β = −0.147, 95% CI: −1.863, − 0.034) was associated with reduced anxiety symptoms. Conclusion Replacing 30 min of SB with MVPA may alleviate depression and anxiety symptoms in university students. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of PA interventions on the mental health disorders of this population.

Background: The relationship between fecal incontinence (FI) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been well recognized, but a comprehensive understanding of this relationship is lacking, taking into account demographic factors and lifestyle variables. Methods: Using a cross-sectional approach, 13,510 adults aged 20 years and older were identified from the 2005–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (ORs), and further subgroup analyses and propensity score analysis were performed to ensure stable results. Results: Among 13,510 adults, 11.2% had T2D, and 8.8% had FI. We found a strong T2D-FI link (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.09–1.54, P < 0.001), even after adjusting for covariates. Age > 45 was a critical factor, with a stronger T2D-FI association. Sedentary behavior (OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.15–1.73) in T2D patients were associated with FI. Conclusions: Our study highlights the significant T2D-FI link in US adults, especially in older T2D patients. Lifestyle changes may reduce FI risk. More research is needed for causality and mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Inactivity and sedentary are of the most important health problems that can affect serum proteins. The present research was conducted with aim to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) along with the consumption of thyme suplementation on the serum levels of adropin and Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-a) in sedentary young girls. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study conducted in 2023, 48 sedentary young girls with mean age of 20.00±1.61 years were randomly divided into four groups: HIIT, thyme, HIIT+thyme and control. Venous blood was taken in the pre-test and post-test stages. Serum levels of adropin and TNF-a were analyzed using specific ELISA kits. The data was analyzed by SPSS statistical software (version 22) using ANOVA and paired t tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was no significant difference between the studied groups in the serum level of adropin before the test (P=0.501) and after the test (P=0.732), and the changes in adropin were not significant in the studied groups (P>0.05). A significant decrease in TNF-a values was observed in the thyme (P=0.001) and HIIT thyme groups (P=0.014) after the interventions, while a significant increase in TNF-a values was observed in the HIIT group (P=0.007). Conclusion: Performing HIIT exercises increases TNF-a levels and consuming thyme supplements decreases it and in cases where they are used at the same time, the effect of thyme is still stronger. Adropin levels were not affected by exercise or thyme supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical activity (PA) plays a crucial role in the overall well-being of children in the long term. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between PA, sedentary behavior (SB), and body composition (BC) among primary school children. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted in Ali-Abad-Katoul, Iran in 2023. A sample size of 322 boys was selected using convenience sampling method. ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer and Body Composition X-Scan Plus II were used for measuring PA pattern and BC. Pearson correlation and Independent t tests were used to analyze the data. Results: The accelerometer data revealed that participants spent 67.55% of the total time in SB. Moreover, on average, daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was 49.71±22.37 minutes. Accordingly, the daily energy expenditure was 558.39±250.17 kcal. SB was directly and significantly associated with Body Mass Index (BMI) (r=0.628, P<0.001) and Mass of Body Fat (MBF) (r=0.347, P<0.001). In addition, our results revealed an inverse and significant correlation between MVPA with BMI (r=-0.849, P<0.001) and MBF (r=-0.716, P<0.001). Finally, the children who did meet the MVPA guideline had significantly lower BMI (t=-3.781, P<0.001) and MBF (t=4.892, P<0.001) and higher Skeletal Muscle Mass (SMM) (t=4.209, P<0.001) than those who did not meet the MVPA guideline. Conclusions: These findings suggested that vigorous PA and SB play a role in controlling children's adiposity, highlighting the importance of engaging children in high-intensity PA and reducing SB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) is a chronic pain disorder that is ranked as one of the four most common rheumatological diseases in the world. This study aims to investigate the effects of an eight-week mat Pilates and electro-muscle stimulation (EMS) with combined mat Pilates exercises on pain, depression, anxiety, and strength in sedentary women. Methods: This study is a single-blind randomized controlled trial. A total of 30 sedentary female patients (Pilates (n = 15), EMS (n = 15)) diagnosed with FM were included in the study. The patients were subjected to Beck Depression (BDIs) and Anxiety Inventories (BAIs); a Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ); five different Single-Leg Hop Tests (SLHTs); modified push-up (MPU), Handgrip Strength (HGS), Deep Squat (DSQ), V-Sit Flexor, bent-arm hang (BA), sit-up and Biering-Sørensen tests; and anthropometric tests before and after the 8-week exercise program. Results: The eight weeks of mat Pilates exercises combined with mat Pilates and EMS revealed significant results (p < 0.05) in anthropometric data (abdomen, lower abdomen, hips) (p < 0.05) except for the results of chest circumference measurements (p > 0.05). In addition, there were statistically significant positive results in BDIs, BAIs, FIQs, lower extremity (all SLHTs and DSQ), upper extremity (MPU, HGS, BA), and core (V-SIT, sit-up, Biering-Sørensen test) strength test findings (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Combining the mat Pilates exercises with EMS is an effective and reliable method to improve the pain, anxiety, depression, and strength of female patients diagnosed with FM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Following hospital discharge, older adults with dementia spend little time in physical activity • Participants' amount of time spent in physical activity one month post hospital discharge was not statistically significantly associated with mortality within the first-year post hospital discharge. However, we did observe a strong trend. • Given the small sample of participants, this trend is salient and should be examined in a larger sample. This study aimed to examine the association between physical activity one month post discharge and mortality over the first-year post discharge among recently hospitalized older adults with dementia. For this descriptive sub-study, among 42 participants, we obtained physical activity data via accelerometry at one month post discharge and death status via phone call at 6 months and 1 year post discharge. We performed logistic regression. We found that participants' amount of time spent in physical activity one month post hospital discharge was not statistically significantly associated with mortality within the first-year post hospital discharge (OR=.996, CI=.992,1.000; p=.053). However, we did observe a strong trend. Given the small sample of participants, this trend is salient and should be examined in a larger sample. The results highlight a specific patient profile, recently hospitalized older adults with dementia, that would greatly benefit from physical activity interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Childhood overweight and obesity is a global concern and has increased in Spain over the last decades. Combinations of lifestyle behaviors (i.e., diet, sleep, and sedentarism) are highly related to weight status. Therefore, this study aimed to identify lifestyle patterns among children from Madrid City, and analyze associations with the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity, considering socio-economic factors. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 4545 children from the ENPIMAD study with data on diet, sleep, anthropometric, and socio-economic variables. K-means cluster analysis was used to identify lifestyle clusters, and logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between socio-economic indicators and cluster membership, and between clusters and weight status. Results: Findings show three lifestyle clusters (healthy, mixed, and unhealthy), with boys and older children more represented in the unhealthy cluster. Food insecurity and low socio-economic status were associated with unhealthier clusters in boys and girls. Children in unhealthier clusters were more likely to have obesity and abdominal obesity. However, these associations disappeared in girls after controlling for food insecurity. Conclusion: These results provide insight into the combination of behaviors and socioeconomic factors associated with childhood obesity that may aid in the design of future interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The sedentary aspects of work have been associated with increased health risks. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and increased steps on anthropometric, body mass, and body composition changes over a 12-week period. Methods: 12 sedentary, obese, body mass index (BMI) = 32.98 ± 3.21 kg/m2, adult (46.10 ± 9.56 years), females volunteered for the study and were randomly assigned into one of the two groups, the HIIT group and the STEP group. During the 12-week study, all participants' movements were monitored during their workday, via an accelerometer, a Movband™, 5 days/week. Findings: The HIIT group (n = 5) engaged in structured exercise (~15.0 ± 3.5 minutes), defined as total body moves which consisted of eight different routines: upper and lower extremity, two cardio segments, two total body, yoga, and abdominal exercises. The STEP group (n = 7) averaged ~7,000 steps/day throughout 12 weeks. Pre- and post-program measurements included: five anthropometric measurements (biceps, waist, abdomen, hips, and thigh), along with body mass and body composition measures: relative (%) body fat via dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan, fat mass, fat-free mass, and lean mass. Conclusions: Statistical significance was determined among participants for biceps, hips, and thigh measurements along with body mass and body composition changes for improved health. Application to Practice: This work is suggestive that a physical activity intervention integrated into the workplace via work processes and/or structured exercise is supportive in reducing anthropometric and body composition measurements, while changing body mass, to increase health and reduce obesity-related chronic disease risks in sedentary women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During pregnancy, structural and functional changes usually occur in the body, which has various consequences, including lower back pain (LBP) and hypothyroidism. One of the risk factors for these problems is physical inactivity. This study aimed to investigate the association of back pain and physical inactivity, weight gain, and hypothyroidism in pregnant women. In this cohort study, 420 pregnant women (26.333 ± 5.820 years old) were included. At first, participants answered this question: “Do you have any plans for pregnancy in the next month?” If the answer was yes, further evaluations were performed. The physical activity and pain intensity were measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-S) and Visual Analogue Scale. Serum TSH was measured by automated chemiluminescence and commercial kits. Measurements were conducted before, the first, second, and third trimester of pregnancy. Women reporting LBP were less engaged in physical activities and weight gained in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy was significantly higher than pregnant women without LBP (p< 0.05). TSH level and weight gained in pregnant women with low physical activity level was significantly higher than pregnant women with moderate and high physical activity (p< 0.05) (without significant difference in TSH and BMI). The physical inactivity (before: OR: 1.11 95% CI: 0.89 to 1.22; first trimester: OR: 1.09 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.59; second trimester: OR: 0.92 95% CI: 0.87 to 1.31; third trimester: OR: 1.12 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.39), TSH (OR: 0.85 95% CI: 0.57 to 1.29), and weight gain (second trimester: OR: 0.87 95% CI: 0.92 to 1.59; third trimester: OR: 1.44 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.98; p< 0.05) did predict increased pain intensity. Using health-oriented approaches to increase physical activity and normalize thyroid function and weight gain during pregnancy can have beneficial effects on LBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Covid-19 pandemic initiated an enduring shift in working patterns, with many employees now working at home (w@h). This shift has exacerbated existing high levels of occupational sedentary behaviour (SB) in office workers, which is a recognised risk to health and well-being. This study aimed to use the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model to better understand both employees' SB, and line managers behaviour to assist employees to reduce SB when w@h, and identify how employees can best be supported to reduce SB. Methods: Three online focus groups with employees aged 18–40 working in desk-based roles (e.g. administrative / sales / customer services) (n = 21), and three with line managers (n = 21) were conducted. The focus groups facilitated discussion regarding participants' current behaviour, what impacts it, and what could be done to reduce employee SB when w@h. The focus group data were thematically analysed guided by the COM-B framework to understand influences on behaviour, and to identify promising intervention strategies. Results: Most participants recognised that w@h had elevated employee occupational SB, and line managers reported the importance of supporting employees to manage their workload, and encouraging and modelling taking breaks. There were multiple influences on both employee and line manager behaviour with capability, opportunity and motivation all perceived as influential, although not equally. For example, a major theme related to the reduced physical opportunities for employees to reduce their SB when w@h, including blurred work-life boundaries. Changes in physical opportunities also made supporting employees challenging for line managers. Additionally, the w@h environment included unique social opportunities that negatively impacted the behaviour of both groups, including an expectation to always be present online, and social norms. A range of strategies for reducing SB when w@h at both individual and organisational level were suggested. Conclusions: It was evident that SB when w@h is influenced by a range of factors, and therefore multi-component intervention strategies are likely to be most effective in reducing SB. Future intervention research is a priority to evaluate and refine strategies, and inform w@h guidance to protect both the short-term and long-term health consequences of elevated SB for those who continue to w@h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Inactivity can reduce the serum level of some markers such as nesfatin-1 and irisin, which have positive effects on reducing inflammation and insulin resistance. Thyme is a plant whose extract has various properties, including anti- inflammatory effects. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) along with thyme supplementation on the serum levels of irisin and nesfatin-1 in sedentary young girls Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 48 young girls were randomly divided into four groups of HIIT, thyme, HIIT+thyme, and control group. Thyme supplement was taken in the form of 20 mg soft capsules, half an hour before each meal. Serum levels of nesfatin-1 and irisin were analyzed using specific ELISA kits. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and paired t statistical tests with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The serum level of irisin before the test (p=0.685) and after the test (p=0.556) was not significantly different among the studied groups. The post-test values of nesfatin-1 were significantly different among the groups (p<0.001). Intra-group evaluation showed that the changes of nesfatin-1 in the control and thyme groups were not significant (p>0.05). However, a significant increase in nesfatin-1 was observed in HIIT (p<0.001) and HIIT + thyme groups (p=0.001) after the interventions. Conclusion: The increase of nesfatin-1 was one of the favorable effects of HIIT exercises with or without thyme consumption. Irisin levels were not affected by exercise or thyme supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parent–child patterns in objectively measured movement behaviours were the highlight of this study. A total of 381 families (337 mothers, 256 fathers, 190 daughters, and 191 sons) from 36 randomly selected schools and kindergartens provided valid accelerometer data. Sedentary behaviour and physical activity (PA) were assessed using ActiGraph accelerometers. Spearman's rho was used to evaluate parent–child associations, while logistic regression analysis (the backward LR method) was used to recognize factors related to children's achievement of PA recommendations. Results indicated that girls engaged more in light PA, while boys showed higher levels of moderate and vigorous PA. Mothers spent less time sitting and more time in light PA compared to fathers, resulting in higher total PA levels. Father–son pairs showed a stronger association in total PA than mother–son pairs. Children aged 6–10 years and those with mothers who engaged in more vigorous PA were more likely to meet PA recommendations compared to younger children and those with less active mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous research has suggested that engaging in regular physical activity (PA) can help to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety in university students. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the impact of reducing sedentary behavior (SB) and increasing light-intensity PA (LPA) on these symptoms. This study aims to address this gap by using isotemporal substitution (IS) models to explore how substituting SB with LPA or moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) affects depression and anxiety symptoms among university students. Methods: The study recruited 318 university students with a mean age of 21.13 years. Accelerometers were used to objectively measure the time spent on SB, LPA, and MVPA, while depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). IS models using multivariable linear regression were employed to estimate the associations between different behaviors and depression and anxiety symptoms when 30 min of one behavior was substituted with another. Results: In the single-activity model, less SB (β = 0.321, 95% CI: 0.089, 1.297) and more MVPA (β = −0.142, 95% CI: −1.496, − 0.071) were found to be significantly and negatively associated with depression scores, while less SB (β = 0.343, 95% CI: 0.057, 1.014), LPA (β = 0.132, 95% CI: 0.049, 1.023), and more MVPA (β = −0.077, 95% CI: −1.446, − 0.052) were significantly and negatively correlated with anxiety scores. The IS analysis revealed that substituting 30 min of SB with LPA (β = −0.202, 95% CI: −1.371, − 0.146) or MVPA (β = −0.308, 95% CI: −0.970, − 0.073) was associated with improvements in depressive symptoms. Substituting 30 min of SB with MVPA (β = −0.147, 95% CI: −1.863, − 0.034) was associated with reduced anxiety symptoms. Conclusion: Replacing 30 min of SB with MVPA may alleviate depression and anxiety symptoms in university students. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of PA interventions on the mental health disorders of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sedentary behaviour is associated with pain, fatigue, and a more severe impact of the disease in fibromyalgia, independently of physical activity levels. Despite this knowledge, little attention has been attributed to estimate sedentary behaviour in this population. The aims of this meta-analysis were to: (a) establish the pooled mean time spent sedentary, (b) investigate moderators of sedentary levels, and (c) explore differences with age- and gender-matched general population controls in people with fibromyalgia (PwF). Two independent authors searched major databases until 1 December 2022. A random effects meta-analysis was performed. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed with the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-sectional Studies. Across 7 cross-sectional studies of fair methodological quality, there were 1500 patients with fibromyalgia (age range = 43–53 years). PwF spent 545.6 min/day (95% CI = 523.7–567.5, p < 0.001, N = 3) engaging in sedentary behaviour. Self-reported questionnaires overestimate sedentary levels with 314.3 min/day (95% CI = 302.0–326.6, p = 0.001, N = 2). PwF spent 36.14 min/day (95% CI = 16.3–55.9, p < 0.001) more in sedentary behaviour than general population controls. PwF are more sedentary than the general population. The limited available data should however be considered with caution due to substantial heterogeneity. Rehabilitation for fibromyalgia should emphasize reducing sedentary behaviour. Health professionals should measure sedentary levels objectively in fibromyalgia since self-report underestimates the actual levels severely. More research on risk factors for sedentary behaviour in fibromyalgia is needed before detailed recommendations can be formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Little is known about physical activity behaviors among people with SUD. This study aimed to (a) describe self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary (SED) behaviors of adults with SUD initiating treatment (b), determine the potential contributions of drug of choice (DOC) on these behaviors, and (c) determine the potential contributions of level of care and demographic variables on these behaviors. Methods: Secondary data that was collected via surveys including demographic information, psychological health, drug of choice, MVPA (categorized as inactive, insufficiently active, meets guidelines, exceeds guidelines) and SED (<4 h/day, 4-<6 h/day, 6-8 h/day, >8 h/day) were analyzed from 1,293 patients in inpatient/outpatient treatment facilities across the United States. Results: On average, over half (51%) of patients entering treatment reported not meeting guidelines, but sitting time was generally low (median= 360 min/day). MVPA levels differed based on level of care (p<0.001) with 48% of patients in detox facilities reporting inactivity compared to 37% in residential and 29% in outpatient programs. MVPA and SED levels differed by sex with women less likely to report sitting <4 h/day (27.9% vs. 38.2%, p<0.001) and more likely to report sitting for >8 h/day (31.5% vs. 21.8%, p<0.001) compared to men. SED differed by race (p=0.01), with 54% of Black patients reporting <4 h/day compared to 33% of White patients. Discussion: Understanding activity behavior patterns among individuals entering SUD treatment provides opportunities for identifying the extent of lifestyle behavior needs and opportunities to develop personalized treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolonged sitting is associated with sedentary behavior and lumbar repositioning error (LRPE), a factor linked to low back pain (LBP). The measurement of LRPE is commonly used to assess the effectiveness of interventions in preventing LBP. However, the impact of time of day and day-to-day variability on LRPE measurements during a sitting condition remains unclear. The primary aim of the current study is to investigate whether the variability of LRPE in the sitting condition is influenced by the time of day and 2 consecutive days among asymptomatic participants. Fifty asymptomatic participants were enrolled, and LRPE measurements were taken before and after a 30-minute sitting condition conducted in the morning and afternoon over 2 consecutive days. The findings revealed no significant difference in LRPE magnitude between morning and afternoon sessions. However, a slight increase in variability was observed in the afternoon (initial sitting: 1.21 cm, post-sitting: 1.27 cm) compared to the morning (initial sitting: 1.10 cm, post-sitting: 1.16 cm). These findings suggest that future LRPE investigations can be conducted either in the morning or afternoon. However, it is crucial to control for measurement times due to the influence of variability on LRPE outcomes. The study also demonstrated specific levels of natural variation in LRPE measures across different days and times of the day. Any changes beyond the reported results can potentially be attributed to the effects of the intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cross‐border livestock mobility through transhumance is mainly practiced in West African countries for seasonal access to resources and market. Cross‐border herds are involved in the dynamic of transboundary animal diseases among them brucellosis taken as model. Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease causing abortion. Objectives: This study explores the seroprevalence of brucellosis according to mobility and infection spread between Mali and Côte d'Ivoire in the context of seasonal cross‐border transhumance. Methods: From February to April 2021, a transversal serological survey of brucellosis was conducted on 521 cattle from 111 transhumant herds and 283 cattle from 59 sedentary herds, all from Mali. Results: The global individual seroprevalence for Brucella spp. in transhumant and sedentary cattle from Mali was 8.2% (95% CI = 6.0–10.5). At herd level, seroprevalence was 21.2% with a significant variation between transhumant (11.7%) and sedentary (39.0%) herds. For herds in transhumance, cattle seropositivity was associated with a previous infection suspected by herdsmen odds ratio (OR = 4.4; 95% CI = 1.1–18.1) and unknown abortion aetiology (OR = 4.3; 95% CI = 1.0–17.3). The departure region (coming from Sikasso) and previous brucellosis infection or unexplained abortion could be used to predict Brucella infection in transhumant herds with a probability of around 60%. The risk of brucellosis introduction in host regions was high despite the individual animal seroprevalence of 3.6% and a low sale rate in transhumant cattle. Conclusions: The findings suggest that testing transhumant during border control and survey of cattle markets and sales could improve risk control of the spread of disease at regional scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene flow, the movement of genes between populations, profoundly influences genetic and phenotypic homogeneity among populations. This study investigates gene flow patterns in two migratory hummingbird species, Selasphorus platycercus and Calothorax lucifer, shedding light on the intricate interplay between migration, resource availability, and genetic diversity. Using previously published information on microsatellites, we examine the genetic makeup and the movement of genes within populations. Selasphorus platycercus displays distinct genetic groups which can be associated with its migratory behaviour. Gene flow analysis suggests a higher level of connectivity among populations sharing winter ranges. In contrast, Calothorax lucifer populations exhibit genetic divergence despite overlapping winter ranges, possibly due to environmental niche adaptation and limited reproductive opportunities for dispersing individuals. While geographical distance does not explain genetic differentiation in these species, environmental niche similarities appear to facilitate gene flow. This study underscores the significance of migratory routes, resource availability, and niche adaptation in shaping gene flow dynamics in hummingbirds. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for the conservation and management of these unique avian populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of individualised versus standardised combined endurance and resistance training on the fitness–fatness index in physically inactive adults. Randomised controlled trial. Fifty-four participants aged 21–55 years were randomised into three groups; 1) non-exercise control (n = 18), 2) standardised moderate-intensity continuous training (n = 18), or 3) individualised moderate-intensity continuous training + high-intensity interval training (n = 18). The fitness–fatness index was calculated by dividing cardiorespiratory fitness (expressed as metabolic equivalents) by the waist-to-height ratio. Participants were classified as likely responders to the intervention if a change of ≥ 1 fitness–fatness index unit was achieved. The individualised group showed the greatest fitness–fatness index improvement (between group difference p < 0.001), with 100 % of this group classified as likely responders, compared to the standardised (68 %) and non-exercise control (0 %) groups. An individualised, threshold-based exercise programme may produce more favourable changes in the fitness–fatness index than a standardised exercise programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic associated governmental restrictions on physical activity and sedentary behavior of school-going adolescents in India and its effect on nutrition and health status. Methods: This was a before-after natural experiment study that recorded paired data of 449 (206 boys) school-going adolescents. COVID-19 related governmental measures (March 24, 2020 till February 2021) were taken as the natural experiment. The change in proportion of adolescents who met the recommended amount of physical activity guidelines and change in sedentary and dietary behaviors and body mass index (BMI) were compared. Results: The proportion of adolescents performing adequate physical activity decreased from 33.9% to 30.7% (OR 1.2,95% CI 0.9,1.6) during the pandemic. Fruit intake increased by 8.1% during the pandemic while junk food intake decreased by 17% during the pandemic. Mean (SD) BMI z-scores increased from −0.7)1.4) to −0.5)1.3) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: While there was a small decrease in the proportion of physically active adolescents during the pandemic, a shift towards healthier dietary habits was seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) include several domains, whether the association of PA and SB with perceived stress is domain-specific is not clear. This study aims to identify associations of physical activity (exercise and housework) and leisure-time sedentary behavior (LTSB) with perceived stress among Chinese adults. Methods: The data were collected from the 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Respondents completed multiple questionnaires developed by the CHNS team, from which we extracted and sorted PA and LTSB data. Perceived stress was measured using the 14-item Perceived Stress Scale. PA was measured using a questionnaire covering 7 types of commonly practiced exercises and 4 types of housework activities among Chinese individuals. Consecutive questions were used to inquire about the time spent on each type of PA. The measurement of LTSB was conducted in the same manner. Data analysis involved Chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: 11,471 adults were included, with an average age of 52.3 years, and 48.3 % were male. 69.9 % (8,019) of respondents reported high perceived stress. Following adjustment for age, gender and other factors, perceived stress was lower for adults reporting medium exercise time (1–2 h) compared with excessively (≥2 h) (OR=1.314 [95 %CI 1.071, 1.612], P