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The oil and gas (O&G) industry is the engine of the global economy. Oil and gas production passes through axes related to exploration, research, extraction, transportation, and finally the final manufacturing of energy products. All these stages permeate some risks that threaten both the human factor and the material factor. The oil industry merged with the fourth technological industry 4.0, which included multiple technologies and systems, the most important of which is the cyber-physical system (CPS), which some researchers have named petroleum cyber-physical systems if it is embodied within this industry. CPSs are collaborative systems formed of autonomous and smart devices that can handle data flows and activities while maintaining integrated physical objects. Several risks confront the energy field, with the potential to interrupt critical supply lines, hurt the environment, and trigger a financial catastrophe. In the field of O&G, there are very few scientific studies that are exposed to risks in a complementary and comprehensive manner, including only those that focus on cyber-attacks and their causes. There is a lack of comprehension and in-depth studies of all types of threats in all their aspects that surround cyber-physical systems within this field. Some risk classifications are based on internal and external risks, while others are based on the influencing and causative aspects in a general way. This study deals with the classification of risks: 1) classification of risk for the global industry of O&G. 2) in terms of the fact that the cyber-physical system is the most important component in the O&G industry and that these risks are either physical, cyber, or related to permissibility and authorization in the O&G field. A security approach is also presented that leads to mitigating the impact of risks in oil and gas zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel hybrid filter-based ensemble multi-class classification model for distributed privacy-preserving applications. The conventional privacy-preserving multi-class learning models have limited capacity to enhance the true positive rate, mainly due to computational time and memory constraints, as well as the static nature of metrics for parameter optimization and multi-class perturbation processes. In this research, we develop the proposed model on large medical and market databases with the aim of enhancing multi-party data confidentiality through a security framework during the privacy-preserving process. Moreover, we also introduce a secure multi-party data perturbation process to improve computational efficiency and privacy-preserving performance. Experimental results were evaluated on different real-time privacy-preserving datasets, such as medical and market datasets, using different statistical metrics. The evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed multi-party-based multi-class privacy-preserving model performs statistically better than conventional approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) are becoming more and more capable with each passing day. Widespread usage of WSNs is helping mitigate many dangers. Protecting these networks from risks need proper security measures. This paper offered a security strategy that makes use of IEKC (Improved Elliptic Key Cryptography). Data encryption and decryption are accomplished via IKEC. A major feature of this technique is that node's source codes maintain Private Keys which protect other keys in non-volatile memories. The suggested technique prevents replay, DoS and Sybil attacks. In this node, cluster chiefs are chosen using CSO (Chicken Swarm Optimization) and nodes are organised according to network size. According to the findings of the simulation, this security mechanism effectively counters different attacks with fewer resources, and it also significantly strengthens the network's resistance to node capture. Results from experiments show that the suggested model is effective regarding PDR (packet delivery ratio), end-to-end latency, throughputs, and energy consumptions.

The following article seeks to answer the main question: What security approach has the moderate government of Hassan Rouhani put in its agenda during the first term of its presidency (2013-2016)? And more clearly; what are the dimensions, components, and reference, purpose and security strategies in this security approach? The research hypothesis is that the security approach of Hassan Rouhani's government, influenced by the requirements of social fields, had a McNamara approach; In a way, the link between security and development, and especially economic, social and political development, has been a priority. The findings show that the Eleventh Government considers national power to be the result of a broader definition of security and considers it a strategic mistake to limit this concept to military power and the use of harsh tools. It has maximized the issue of security and has tried to improve the national security situation by relying on development policies in the fields of economy, society and politics. Qualitative research method of causal explanation and conceptual and theoretical tools for subject analysis, using the security theory of Barry Buzan and Weaver is one of the leading experts of the Copenhagen school. The method of data collection is also library and also the use of scientific resources of cyberspace.

ABSTRACT We examine the roles and functions of non-state actor participation in implementing the EU Floods Directive of 2007 (FD). We draw on experiences with participation under the Water Framework Directive (WFD), because of important links between the two directives. Comparing the legal bases and the different functions for participation, we observe the paradoxical situation that while the WFD has fervently advocated public participation public interest has remained low, whereas the FD is less sanguine about participation despite citizens being potentially more affected by flood management issues - particularly given the current trend towards a 'risk management' approach under the FD. Our examination of current FD implementation in Germany reveals a considerable variety of participation approaches, as well as a general trend to 'less' rather than 'more' participation as compared with the WFD. The paper closes by discussing implications for future flood management planning and avenues for comparative research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Directive on the Assessment and Management of Flood Risks is likely to cause changes to flood policy in Germany and other member states. With its risk governance approach, it introduces a holistic and catchment-oriented flood risk management and tries to overcome shortcomings of the past, such as the event-driven construction of mainly structural measures. However, there is leeway for interpretation in implementing the directive. The present paper gives an overview on the implementation of the floods directive in Germany and is divided into two qualitative empirical case studies. Case Study I investigates the level of acceptance of the floods directive among decision-makers in the German part of the Rhine river basin. Findings show that the federal states respond differently to the impulse given by the floods directive. Whereas some decision-makers opt for a pro-forma implementation, others take it as a starting point to systematically improve their flood policy. Case Study II presents recommendations for a successful implementation of flood risk management plans that have been developed within a project for the water authority in Bavaria and might be interesting for other federal/member states. For a participation of the interested parties on the level of shared decision-making, the planning process has to work on sub-management-plan level (15-20 communities). The water resources authority has to adopt a multi-faceted role (expert, responsible or interested party depending on the discussed topics). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]