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Homomorphic encryption (HE) has emerged as a pivotal technology for secure neural network inference (SNNI), offering privacy-preserving computations on encrypted data. Despite active developments in this field, HE-based SNNI frameworks are impeded by three inherent limitations. Firstly, they cannot evaluate non-linear functions such as ReLU , the most widely adopted activation function in neural networks. Secondly, the permitted number of homomorphic operations on ciphertexts is bounded, consequently limiting the depth of neural networks that can be evaluated. Thirdly, the computational overhead associated with HE is prohibitively high, particularly for deep neural networks. In this paper, we introduce a novel paradigm designed to address the three limitations of HE-based SNNI. Our approach is an interactive approach that is solely based on HE, called iLHE. Utilizing the idea of iLHE, we present two protocols: ReLU , which facilitates the direct evaluation of the ReLU function on encrypted data, tackling the first limitation, and HeRefresh , which extends the feasible depth of neural network computations and mitigates the computational overhead, thereby addressing the second and third limitations. Based on HeReLU and HeRefresh protocols, we build a new framework for SNNI, named HeFUN. We prove that our protocols and the HeFUN framework are secure in the semi-honest security model. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that HeFUN surpasses current HE-based SNNI frameworks in multiple aspects, including security, accuracy, the number of communication rounds, and inference latency. Specifically, for a convolutional neural network with four layers on the MNIST dataset, HeFUN achieves 99.16 % accuracy with an inference latency of 1.501 s, surpassing the popular HE-based framework CryptoNets proposed by Gilad-Bachrach, which achieves 98.52 % accuracy with an inference latency of 3.479 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homomorphic encryption (HE) has emerged as a pivotal technology for secure neural network inference (SNNI), offering privacy-preserving computations on encrypted data. Despite active developments in this field, HE-based SNNI frameworks are impeded by three inherent limitations. Firstly, they cannot evaluate non-linear functions such as ReLU, the most widely adopted activation function in neural networks. Secondly, the permitted number of homomorphic operations on ciphertexts is bounded, consequently limiting the depth of neural networks that can be evaluated. Thirdly, the computational overhead associated with HE is prohibitively high, particularly for deep neural networks. In this paper, we introduce a novel paradigm designed to address the three limitations of HE-based SNNI. Our approach is an interactive approach that is solely based on HE, called iLHE. Utilizing the idea of iLHE, we present two protocols: ReLU, which facilitates the direct evaluation of the ReLU function on encrypted data, tackling the first limitation, and HeRefresh, which extends the feasible depth of neural network computations and mitigates the computational overhead, thereby addressing the second and third limitations. Based on HeReLU and HeRefresh protocols, we build a new framework for SNNI, named HeFUN. We prove that our protocols and the HeFUN framework are secure in the semi-honest security model. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that HeFUN surpasses current HE-based SNNI frameworks in multiple aspects, including security, accuracy, the number of communication rounds, and inference latency. Specifically, for a convolutional neural network with four layers on the MNIST dataset, HeFUN achieves 99.16% accuracy with an inference latency of 1.501 s, surpassing the popular HE-based framework CryptoNets proposed by Gilad-Bachrach, which achieves 98.52% accuracy with an inference latency of 3.479 s.