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The Cuban forestry sector is not able to respond to the demands of the domestic market, and there are reserves for increased production, greater diversification and relationships between the different actors involved in the innovation process, hampered by a variety of factors, including the lack of effective mechanisms to ensure the generalization of the scientific results obtained and the persistent disconnection between key actors in the process. In this sense, the objective of this research is to propose an innovation system for the sector. For the design of the system, a methodology organized in four stages and eight steps was used, with brainstorming, document review and group discussion as fundamental techniques. The main result obtained was: the structure of the innovation system in subsystems and components. The proposal contributes to the improvement of the innovation process in the sector, as well as to the design and implementation of policies and strategies to increase its socioeconomic contribution to the country's development with a view to 2030.

In Cuban forest sector enterprises, the application of control tools is linked to the process management approach and, in this field, sustainable forest management criteria and indicators are one of the instruments used, although their use is not systemically linked to the strategic management and management control of the sector's enterprises, which reduces the effectiveness of the decision-making process and limits the scope of management. The objective of this contribution focused on proposing a set of criteria and indicators of forest management to evaluate the level of performance of enterprises in the sector on the road to excellence. An exploratory and descriptive research was carried out using a procedure based on a qualitative methodology, which made it possible to identify the main processes of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management applied at national and international level, codify and categorize them, and formulate a set of four criteria and twenty-seven indicators of forest management for excellence and a map of cause-effect relationships among them. The proposed criteria and indicators of forest management for excellence summarize the elements to be addressed for sustainable forest management and, where appropriate, integrate issues inherent to the enterprise activity in a coordinated and balanced manner with its subsystems.

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Los negocios relacionados al sector forestal de bosques nativos de La Pampa son poco conocidos desde el punto de vista económico-comercial, especialmente los productos que se comercializan y los actores que participan. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir y analizar la estructura y funciones del complejo forestal de bosques nativos pampeanos. Con este estudio, de carácter exploratorio, por medio de entrevistas a los actores calificados participantes y conjuntamente con la triangulación de información secundaria específica, se pretendió conocer las realidades y potencialidades de la actividad. Para esto se analizaron los distintos productos obtenidos del complejo de bosques nativos, como son las leñas, los postes y similares, y los productos derivados del rollizo. Luego se definieron los actores sociales que intervienen en la estructura comercial del complejo, con sus respectivas características y funciones particulares; entre estos se encuentran consumidores, distribuidores, acopios transformadores, aserraderos, contratistas hacheros y productores agropecuarios. Se describieron los distintos canales de comercialización y los coordinadores para cada tipo producto. Se identificó la importancia de la normativa forestal y la informalidad, destacando los principales puntos críticos y de apalancamiento del complejo; información relevante para la toma de decisiones públicas y privadas. Director: Ferro Moreno, Santiago Co-director: Mariano, Roberto Carlos

This article presents a study of the discourse on the development of one of the main holdings of the Chilean forestry sector, namely, Empresas Arauco (Arauco). Through a content analysis, textual analysis based on grounded theory techniques, and critical discourse analysis, we conclude that Arauco discursively constructs a representation of development as sustainable development and social development. The documents show the holding's interest in increasing its social legitimacy to ensure its continuity. The concept of sustainable development and social development allows the discursive articulation of economic development and productive activity, with social development and environmental balance, hiding and / or redefining their tensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food of the Government of Spain pointed out that the forestry industry accentuates its great diversity of species and trees and a multifunctionality of goods and services. The contribution of the wood industry pointed to a wide range of indirect economic activity (extensive livestock farming, nature tourism, fire extinction) of the Spanish forestry sector. In order to protect these activities and the natural environment in general, the Spanish Forestry Strategy was developed, a forestry policy program for the sustainable management of private and neighborhoods forests, as almost 70 % of Spanish forests are private. Spain was among the 130 countries that agreed on National Forest Plans for the development of a comprehensive forest management policy. Therefore, the general objective of this research was to investigate the evolution of the forestry sector in Spain during the last two decades of the 21st century, based on two variables: employment and foreign trade. To this end, an inductive method was used to carry out a quantitative and descriptive analysis, based on secondary sources of information. The result required the identification of the main sectors of the national forest industry (wood, pulp, paper and/or furniture), the positive evolution of the Spanish forest sector and the significant investment in forest policies such as fire extinction.

La sociedad de Amigos de los Árboles de A Coruña nació en 1911 como iniciativa de una parte de las élites y la mesocracia burguesas para celebrar la Fiesta del Árbol. En sus primeros años fue muy activa, y proporcionaba servicios y conocimiento a los socios silvicultores. Mantuvo buenas relaciones con las autoridades y fue clave en la difusión de la Fiesta del Árbol por la provincia, si bien fue perdiendo empuje sobre todo en los años treinta. Sobrevivió a la Guerra Civil, y, pese a ser suspendida durante algunos años de la posguerra, a partir de 1950 volvió a tener actividad hasta 1981. En esta etapa su actividad casi única fue fomentar la Fiesta del Árbol en la provincia de A Coruña, para lo que contó con un apoyo de los gobernadores civiles que contrasta con el conjunto del país, en el que la festividad se había extinguido. Esta resurrección, creemos, tuvo al menos parcialmente carácter propagandístico a favor del Gobierno, y está relacionada con la reforestación por parte del Estado de los montes comunales gallegos, de interés estratégico y económico para las autoridades pero que generó oposición por parte de los habitantes del campo. [gl] A sociedade de Amigos de los Árboles de A Coruña naceu en 1911 como iniciativa dunha parte das elites e a mesocracia burguesas para celebrar a Fiesta del Árbol. Nos seus primeiros anos foi moi activa, e proporcionaba servizos e coñecemento aos socios silvicultores. Mantivo boas relacións coas autoridades e foi clave na difusión da Fiesta del Árbol pola provincia, aínda que foi perdendo empuxe sobre todo nos anos trinta. Sobreviviu á Guerra Civil, e, a pesar de ser suspendida durante algúns anos da posguerra, a partir de 1950 volveu ter actividade ata 1981. Nesta etapa a súa actividade case única foi fomentar a Fiesta del Árbol na provincia da Coruña, para o que contou cun apoio dos gobernadores civís que contrasta co conxunto do país, no que a festividade estaba extinta. Esta resurrección, cremos, tivo polo menos parcialmente carácter propagandístico en favor do Goberno e está relacionada coa reforestación por parte do Estado dos montes comunais galegos, de interese estratéxico e económico para o Goberno pero que xerou oposición por parte dos habitantes do campo.

The Cuban forestry sector is not able to respond to the demands of the domestic market, and there are reserves for increased production, greater diversification and relationships between the different actors involved in the innovation process, hampered by a variety of factors, including the lack of effective mechanisms to ensure the generalization of the scientific results obtained and the persistent disconnection between key actors in the process. In this sense, the objective of this research is to propose an innovation system for the sector. For the design of the system, a methodology organized in four stages and eight steps was used, with brainstorming, document review and group discussion as fundamental techniques. The main result obtained was: the structure of the innovation system in subsystems and components. The proposal contributes to the improvement of the innovation process in the sector, as well as to the design and implementation of policies and strategies to increase its socioeconomic contribution to the country's development with a view to 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo presenta un estudio del discurso sobre el desarrollo de los dos principales conglomerados de empresas del sector forestal chileno, la Compañía Manufacturera de Papeles y Cartones (cmpc) y Empresas Arauco (Arauco, S.A.). Nuestro objetivo es describir el discurso legitimatorio del sector forestal y sus operaciones ideológicas a partir de la estructura, significado y transformación del concepto de desarrollo. Los documentos muestran el interés de las empresas por aumentar su legitimidad social para asegurar su continuidad. El concepto desarrollo sustentable permite articular discursivamente el desarrollo económico y la actividad productiva con el desarrollo social y el equilibrio ambiental, ocultando y/o redefiniendo sus tensiones. Sobre la base del análisis crítico del contenido del discurso de las empresas, concluimos que las empresas construyen discursivamente una representación del desarrollo como desarrollo sustentable y, en menor medida, como creación de valor compartido.

In Cuban forest sector enterprises, the application of control tools is linked to the process management approach and, in this field, sustainable forest management criteria and indicators are one of the instruments used, although their use is not systemically linked to the strategic management and management control of the sector's enterprises, which reduces the effectiveness of the decision-making process and limits the scope of management. The objective of this contribution focused on proposing a set of criteria and indicators of forest management to evaluate the level of performance of enterprises in the sector on the road to excellence. An exploratory and descriptive research was carried out using a procedure based on a qualitative methodology, which made it possible to identify the main processes of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management applied at national and international level, codify and categorize them, and formulate a set of four criteria and twenty-seven indicators of forest management for excellence and a map of cause-effect relationships among them. The proposed criteria and indicators of forest management for excellence summarize the elements to be addressed for sustainable forest management and, where appropriate, integrate issues inherent to the enterprise activity in a coordinated and balanced manner with its subsystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food of the Government of Spain pointed out that the forestry industry accentuates its great diversity of species and trees and a multifunctionality of goods and services. The contribution of the wood industry pointed to a wide range of indirect economic activity (extensive livestock farming, nature tourism, fire extinction) of the Spanish forestry sector. In order to protect these activities and the natural environment in general, the Spanish Forestry Strategy was developed, a forestry policy program for the sustainable management of private and neighborhoods forests, as almost 70% of Spanish forests are private. Spain was among the 130 countries that agreed on National Forest Plans for the development of a comprehensive forest management policy. Therefore, the general objective of this research was to investigate the evolution of the forestry sector in Spain during the last two decades of the 21st century, based on two variables: employment and foreign trade. To this end, an inductive method was used to carry out a quantitative and descriptive analysis, based on secondary sources of information. The result required the identification of the main sectors of the national forest industry (wood, pulp, paper and/or furniture), the positive evolution of the Spanish forest sector and the significant investment in forest policies such as fire extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation activities at any level of the economy must be systemically articulated and integrated, so that they generate the necessary synergies between the different actors, to promote development and achieve higher levels of income, benefit and diversification of productions. Thus, the Cuban forestry sector is of vital importance for the socioeconomic development of the country, both for the social and environmental contribution made by forests and for their contribution to satisfying the demands of strategic sectors in terms of products and services; however, the inadequate functioning of the innovation process, among other causes, does not allow it to meet these demands. This paper aims to propose the components of the system for innovation management in the forestry sector in Cuba. Theoretical and empirical methods were used, such as analysis and synthesis, inductivedeductive, content analysis, interview, survey and analysis of the network of actors, supported by the UNICET and NETDRAW 6,645 software. This allowed identifying the main strengths and weaknesses of the innovation process in the sector and proposing the components that should structure its innovation system. All the above contributes to the improvement of the sector's innovation process and serves as a benchmark for the design and implementation of policies and strategies, regarding its innovative performance and its contribution to the country's socioeconomic development with a view to the year 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El rezago es una condición vinculada al fenómeno del desarrollo, siendo una nueva nomenclatura bajo la cual se presenta la distinción entre desarrollo y subdesarrollo. En este caso, se analiza el Programa de Gestión Territorial para Zonas Rezagadas (2014-2018) impulsado por el Gobierno de Chile. Los resultados de la investigación constatan la existencia de una trampa territorial que constriñe el desarrollo de la Provincia de Arauco, la que se encuentra constituida por factores como la condición periférica de la Provincia, el centralismo, las características de la expansión forestal, la implementación de políticas públicas poco eficientes y la escasa diseminación del valor generado por la gran empresa forestal. Se concluye que, tanto el predominio de la actividad forestal como las cualidades de la política pública para enfrentar el rezago son factores influyentes en la permanencia de la provincia de Arauco en una condición desfavorable con respecto a la realidad regional y nacional.

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Research with a sectoral view, focused on problems associated with the generation of knowledge as an essential element within the systems of innovation and technological diffusion, are of strategic importance for the socioeconomic development of the country. The research aim to a critical analysis of the generation of knowledge in the Cuban forestry sector. Theoretical and empirical methods, such as analysis and synthesis, inductive-deductive, documentary analysis, interviews and the analysis of social networks through the UNICET and NETDRAW 6.0 software, has been used. The core results were a diagnosis of the knowledge generation process, as well as the main interrelationships between the actors, which serve as an essential reference for the design and implementation of policies and strategies, regarding the innovative performance of the sector and its contribution to socioeconomic development of the country with a view to 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de esta investigación es caracterizar la productividad de los talleres de transformación secundaria de madera de la ciudad de Quibdó, Chocó. El tipo de investigación utilizado en el estudio es descriptivo y el método es observacional, como muestra se selecciona - ron 50 talleres de ebanisterías del sector de fabricación de muebles de madera. Los instrumentos empleados para recabar la información fueron: encuesta semiestructurada, visitas observacionales y conversaciones informales con propietarios y trabajadores del gremio. La productividad de las ebanisterías se analizó desde los procesos operacionales, recurso humano e indicadores económicos y financieros. En términos económicos y financieros, la productividad de los talleres se caracterizó por ser rentable, siendo la relación beneficio/costo superior a uno (1); los indicadores evaluados demuestran que los procesos operacionales se realizan conforme con los planes de cada taller y el recurso humano tiene las habilidades y destrezas para realizar los trabajos, además de cumplir con sus funciones. La investigación permite concluir que el sector de fabricación de muebles tiene potencial de desarrollo y factores que están a su favor para mejorar los niveles de productividad obtenidos, y de este modo puedan ser competitivos en los mercados regional y nacional.

Hoy día, uno de los temas de mayor interés para la comunidad internacional es el cambio climático, resultado de la actividad humana, específicamente por la intensidad con la que se utilizan combustibles fósiles, así como por la destrucción de grandes áreas de selvas y bosques. El CO2 es el principal responsable del aumento del efecto invernadero, ya que provoca incremento en la temperatura; de tal manera que en los últimos 150 años su concentración se ha elevado más de 30 %, mientras que la temperatura global anual registra un aumento de 0.74 °C en 100 años, el cual ha sido constante en aproximadamente 0.13 °C por década desde 1956, de acuerdo a estimaciones del Panel intergubernamental de cambio climático (IPCC, por sus siglas en ingles). Por lo tanto, se prevé que este aumento en la temperatura induzca alteraciones a nivel global que se traduzcan en cambios, positivos o negativos, en el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas terrestres en el mediano y largo plazo.

Research with a sectoral focus, centered on problems associated with the generation of scientific-technical knowledge as an essential element within the systems of innovation and technological diffusion, are of strategic importance for the country's socioeconomic development, where the contribution of the forestry sector plays a relevant role. This paper aimed to analyze the impact of the innovation process on the performance of the Cuban forestry sector and its contribution to the National Economy through the analysis of macroeconomic indicators employment, value added as a contribution to GDP and trade. Theoretical and empirical methods, such as analysis and synthesis, inductive deductive, documentary analysis, interviews and analysis of social networks; through the UNICET and NETDRAW 6.0 software were used. The core results were the study of the contribution of the sector to the national economy in the period 2000-2016 and the diagnosis of the process of innovation in it, to perform a critical analysis of the main characteristics identified as the interrelations between the actors and the high degree of concentration in the production of low added value, an issue that affects the structural deformation of its trade external market characterized by low diversification of products and business partners. Those results serves as an essential reference for the design and implementation of policies and strategies, regarding the innovative performance of the sector and its contribution to the socioeconomic development of the country with a view to the year 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim is to analysis of the process of introduction and generalization of scientific results in the Cuban forestry sector, as the basis for the closure of the R & D & I cycle. In this research have been used, theoretical methods as the analysis and synthesis, inductive-deductive and the historical-logical and within the empirical the documentary analysis, the interview and the analysis of the network of actors, through the use of the Software UNICET and NETDRAW 6.0. The research has resulted in the map of the network of actors, as well as a set of regularities in the process of introduction and generalization of scientific results, among others, that serve as an essential reference for the design and implementation of policies and strategies that contribute to improve the sector's innovative performance. It is concluded that the process under study is characterized mainly by the weak systemic interconnection between actors and the lack of a science, technology and innovation sector policy, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to share the national research priorities in agriculture and forestry areas with the scientific community, based on the lines of research identified by the Agricultural Science and Technology Program for the 2010-2019 Strategic Plans by Colciencias. The Strategic Agriculture Plan has determined that the research priorities are Colombia to manage the supply chain, nutrition, rural poverty, quality and innocuousness, as well as the slow production transformation: cost of opportunity and insufficient, decontextualized research. Each of the aforementioned problems is briefly described in the document. As far as the National Plan of Forestry Research is concerned, the following three main topics were suggested: to strengthen a national genetic improvement of tree species that contribute to productivity and the increase of environmental services; to identify and characterize areas, species and potential products for reforestation programs; and to identify species, arrangements and densities that optimize the goods that may be obtained from a forest plantation and its environmental services for the top priority social and agro-ecological conditions of the country. The information regarding the two National Strategic Plans is expected to be disclosed during the first semester of 2011, so that the Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation (Colciencias) can support the research projects that meet the expectations of the identified priorities.

The objective of this work was to identify and analyze forestry-industrial chains that compose the wood productive complex in the province of Cordoba and to discuss the variables that affect its competitiveness. Semi-structured interviews with key informants and bibliographical review were used to collect the data. Three chains were identified and analysed: the wood furniture, products for construction and packaging and pallets. From the analysis of the behaviour of the actors, it emerges that the profitability of companies in the industrial link is achieved by transferring the inefficiency of the complex to forestations and to a lesser extent, to native forests, maximizing individual gain. It is held as a conclusion that without the intervention of different State levels, the possibility of obtaining a certain short-term profitability and a strong individualist culture are not incentives to cooperate and generate sustainable integration processes. The cooperation between the various actors would provide greater integration between the chains, the incorporation of value, efficiency increment and the systematic competitiveness of the complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Se hace un análisis del proceso de ruptura entre la naturaleza y el ser humano. El cual ocurre en el trayecto histórico del desarrollo social que va de la agricultura a la industria y de la industria a la urbanización y terciarización de las actividades productivas. Este alejamiento y enajenación, dio lugar a la alteración de los ciclos naturales, al deterioro de los recursos naturales y a los severos cambios de clima que hoy azotan a la humanidad. Para restaurar el acervo de recursos naturales y establecer una relación armónica, se propone un nuevo planteamiento teórico metodológico, es decir, una nueva forma de abordar los análisis desde la economía ecológica, donde se revela la estrecha vinculación con conceptos eje utilizados en ambas disciplinas. Para demostrarlo se elabora un mapa conceptual, en la perspectiva interdisciplinaria, tomando como ejemplo el ecosistema forestal del estado de Chiapas.

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