Search

When searching for a solution to a problem, having a theory—an underlying causal structure that explains outcomes as a consequence of antecedents and that allows for the prediction of potential consequences of combinations of choices not yet tried—changes the way in which people explore the solution space. Whether a theory proves useful to search, however, depends not just on its predictive precision. This essay argues that the internal structures of theories—their size, complexity, the extent of their elaboration, and the confidence that their users have in the assumptions—also influences how people search for solutions and the efficiency of their search processes. It offers several conjectures about how theory and theory structure influence search and about which types of theories prove most useful to success.

The Internet offers help-seekers an abundance of resources that can potentially support their mental health. However, people often have trouble in finding personally relevant resources. Very few specialized mental health help-seeking technologies currently address this need. Instead, help-seeking typically begins with a known website or web-search. To understand how help-seeking technologies could be better designed, we conducted a study comparing existing technologies with two novel help-seeking prototypes. These prototypes were informed by empirically grounded design recommendations, which emphasize the need for connectedness, accessible and creditable information, personalization, and immediacy. Findings show that the resources recommended by current technologies are often experienced as 'overwhelming' or 'overly-medicalized'. The prototypes successfully improved connectedness, immediacy, and personalization, but were less successful in their ability to support symptom-based help-seeking. Based on our findings we contribute recommendations for integrated help-seeking technologies, which can guide people to mental health resources appropriate to both their personal preferences and current level of need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a model of size-based market power in a frictional labour market. In the canonical search environment, competition for workers is encoded in outside options. In our granular setting, large employers remove their own job postings from their workers' outside option. Thus, size gives market power and a more concentrated market structure depresses wages because it reduces competition for workers. We calibrate the model to Austrian data and find that such size-based market power depresses wages by about 2.6% or 1,500 euros annually per worker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inequality may be a unique outcome in symmetric markets with two-sided search. This paper examines whether and under what conditions one should expect equilibrium inequality in markets where agents in each of two populations look for an optimal alternative from the other population through a costly sequential search. It shows that a unique stable equilibrium may involve inequality between ex ante identical populations, especially if search costs are low. A consequence is that a one-time intervention to correct inequality in a repeated game may not achieve a lasting equality outcome. In addition, in such markets, a search cost reduction may increase inequality by increasing expected payoffs in one population and reducing them in the other. Even worse, a search cost reduction may reduce the sum of all payoffs, that is, reduce the social welfare. Furthermore, allowing individual agents to offer monetary payments to facilitate acceptance by the counterparty may increase inequality and make the disadvantaged population even more worse off. History: Anthony Dukes served as the senior editor for this article. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2022.0236. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For organisms tracking a chemical cue to its source, the motion of their surrounding fluid provides crucial information for success. Swimming and flying animals engaged in olfaction-driven search often start by turning into the direction of an oncoming wind or water current. However, it is unclear how organisms adjust their strategies when directional cues are absent or unreliable, as is often the case in nature. Here, we use the genetic toolkit of Drosophila melanogaster to develop an optogenetic paradigm to deliver temporally precise "virtual" olfactory experiences for free-flying animals in either laminar wind or still air. We first confirm that in laminar wind flies turn upwind. Furthermore, we show that they achieve this using a rapid (∼ 100 ms) turn, implying that flies estimate the ambient wind direction prior to "surging" upwind. In still air, flies adopt a remarkably stereotyped "sink and circle" search state characterized by ∼ 60° turns at 3–4 Hz, biased in a consistent direction. Together, our results show that Drosophila melanogaster assesses the presence and direction of ambient wind prior to deploying a distinct search strategy. In both laminar wind and still air, immediately after odor onset, flies decelerate and often perform a rapid turn. Both maneuvers are consistent with predictions from recent control theoretic analyses for how insects may estimate properties of wind while in flight. We suggest that flies may use their deceleration and "anemometric" turn as active sensing maneuvers to rapidly gauge properties of their wind environment before initiating a proximal or upwind search routine. [Display omitted] • Activating Orco+ neurons in flying Drosophila elicits stereotyped plume tracking • In still air, flies use a novel search strategy: sink and circle • In wind, flies orient upwind with rapid ∼100-ms turns • We propose that flies use active sensing maneuvers to gauge wind properties Here, Stupski and van Breugel develop an optogenetic paradigm to precisely control the olfactory experiences of freely flying Drosophila melanogaster. They then investigate olfactory search in the absence of wind and describe "sink and circle." Finally, they describe an active sensing maneuver for how flies may measure the wind while flying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past two decades, there has been an exponential rise in the use of technology for commission of crimes. In certain scenarios, investigation of such crimes call for inspections of an accused's personal electronic devices. In India, there is no law regulating the field of search and seizure of electronic devices in a criminal investigation. Only recently, Virendra Khanna v State of Karnataka laid down certain guidelines in this regard. Furthermore, on multiple occasions, the Indian Courts have relied on the US jurisprudence on the matter. Due to a well-developed jurisprudence in the USA on this subject, the authors have chosen to do a comparative study between the two countries. This paper seeks to examine how these two major democracies balance the right to privacy against the need to unearth information for better investigation. While analysing the lack of a well-rounded law on the matter, this paper also analyses the provisions in the Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill 2023 and highlights the missed opportunities to frame guidelines on the issue of search and seizure of electronic device. Section II of the paper introduces the readers to the law on electronic search and seizure in the USA. Section III examines the Indian position. It discusses the law as it was pre- Virendra Khanna, then goes into the law laid down by the Karnataka High Court in Virendra Khanna and critically analyses the same. It also looks at the progress made in the field through other legislation. Section IV deals with a comparative analysis of the USA and Indian law on the subject and section V provides mechanisms and ways in which the current law can be modified to deal with some of the inadequacies of the matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to a lack of systematisation and unbiased information, finding the optimal combination of software products for health information systems is a challenging endeavour. We present a novel approach to visually explore the domain of application systems and software products for health care along the paths of the Health IT ontology (HITO). We present an algorithm and implementation in a web application that is freely available at the HITO website and licensed under the open source MIT licence. In comparison to other approaches of path-based exploration of knowledge graphs, the novelty of our approach is the use of path finding on the ontology level and combining this both with the instances of the classes along the chosen path as well as search filters to limit the search space. Our approach can be adapted to other domains where users with complex information needs interact with ontologies and knowledge graphs and can be supported by generative artificial intelligence in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal is the property of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This guide outlines general issues in searching for studies; describes the main sources of potential studies; and discusses how to plan the search process, design, and carry out search strategies, manage references found during the search process and document and report the search process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is already well known that a natural person or a non-governmental organization can submit applications to the European Court of Human Rights, pursuant to Article 34 of the European Convention on Human Rights, in the situation where they consider that his rights provided by the Convention and the additional protocols to the Convention have been violated. What is not so well known and disseminated in the legal world is the fact that the companies also have the right to introduce such requests and to invoke the violation of some rights from the Convention. One of the fundamental rights provided by the Convention, which can be invoked by the companies, is, contrary to any expectations, the right to private life, recognized by Article 8 of the Convention, which provokes discussions and presents a spectacular evolution from the perspective of the dynamic interpretation of the Convention as a „living instrument“. The essential object of Article 8 of the Convention is to protect the holder of the right against the arbitrary interferences by the national authorities. But, in such cases, limitations of the exercise of this right being allowed, in the Court's analysis regarding the necessity of the respective interferences in a democratic society, it must balance, on the one hand, the interests of the plaintiff companies, protected by Article 8 of the Convention, and, on the other hand, the interests of the states which are party to the Convention, protected by other provisions of the Convention and by the additional protocols. Observing that legislators and international jurisdictions cannot keep up with the evolution of society, in general, and with the new technologies, with the emergence of some new forms of restriction of the private or corporate life, we believe that new manifestations of private life could be identified in the future and could be subject to attention in order to be protected, this right being, obviously, a right that depends on the level of development of each individual society, from case to case being able to anticipate new updates of the sphere of protection of the right. Being a very broad topic, we will limit ourselves, in this study, only to the schematic and rational presentation, on the one hand, of the expansion of the scope of Article 8 of the Convention also regarding the companies and, on the other hand, of the findings of the Court with regard to the cases initiated by plaintiff companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective usage of information accumulated over decades of geological exploration requires a tool that allows cataloging, describing, and providing access to both paper and electronic versions of the materials. Despite gradual digitalization of all the major geological exploration processes, there still remains large volume of the materials from previous years on paper media (technical reports, projects, etc.). They continue to be systematically digitized, while new reporting materials are generated in digital form. In addition, thematic scientific articles and publications are annually published. How to combine all the materials and to ensure quick and convenient access to them? There exist various ways to achieve this goal. The Vilyuisk Geological Exploration Expedition (VGRE) of PJSC ALROSA has taken the path of developing a dedicated information system «EFB GRK» designed to store and get access to the information on geological reports, scientific works, articles, etc. Each type of the documents is provided by its own attribute information; several types of the documents are grouped into thematic sections. The system allows one to obtain information on the availability of the projecting and reporting documentation in the archive funds with ability to order and receive and to trace the movement of such documentation.

Congenital malformations can be found in all organ systems of a newborn. Almost two-thirds of congenital malformations have an unknown cause. There are minor (mM) and major (MM) congenital malformations. Searching for minor malformations has its vital place in everyday neonatology practice. Minor malformations are defined as physical variants that have no medical consequences and are mostly located on the face and distal parts of the extremities and are easily noticed. Minor malformations occur in approximately 15% of newborns. Minor congenital malformations are of great importance because they can be an indicator of the existence of major congenital malformations and syndromes. In a one-year retrospective study that analyzed the occurrence of 38 minor malformations through the year 2023 at the University Clinical Hospital of Mostar, there was an incidence of 10.59% of minor malformations. The most frequently recorded minor malformation was deep a sacral dimple at 44.72%, then poorly modeled ears at 15.08%, and moderate rectal diastasis at 14.58%. Three or more minor congenital malformations indicate one or more major congenital malformations. Major congenital malformations are severe structural defects of tissues and organs that endanger life, create serious functional disturbances and hinder the development of the child. In our country, there is currently a recorded incidence of 8.04%. The search for minor malformations in the newborn period is of great importance to children and the whole family, and the search must not be neglected.

The present study investigates the effects of smart speaker usage on consumers' digital content search, purchase, and consumption behaviors. Using a unique panel data set comprising information on household patterns of digital content (e.g., video on demand [VOD]) transactions and consumption and smart speaker usage, we found that the adoption of smart speakers is positively associated with the increased purchase of digital content but negatively related to the average rate of content completion. More specifically, we found that VOD content-related expenditures increased by 21.5% following smart speaker adoption but the average consumption of VOD content purchased decreased by 3.0%. We also examined millions of data points on TV remote-control use and conducted a survey via MTurk to support the validity of the findings. Smart speaker usage can reduce search costs, which subsequently increases search incidence and conversion rates, behavioral changes that can lead to a rise in purchases. We further show that the use of smart speakers for purposes other than information seeking is positively associated with purchases. We develop insights on how to elicit economic value from voice recognition technologies and provide implications for the design and implementation of effective voice commerce strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales have garnered the greatest popular and scholarly attention despite the interdependence of works across the broad range of his artistic production. We read Andersen's fairy tales in concert with his travel writing to highlight the intertextual aspects that cross these seemingly distinct genres. We leverage recent advances in large language models (LLM) and network theory to generate representations that facilitate user exploration of these intertextual interdependencies across genres and across time. In the first part of our study, we use BERTopic and an LLM model fine‐tuned for nineteenth‐century Danish literary language to present independent and combined topic models of the two corpuses. This approach supports multi‐scalar analysis of intertextual elements within and across these corpuses, thereby implementing a method for macroscopic reading. In the second part of the study, we develop a series of networked representations of the dependencies between fairy tales, where these dependencies are generated on the basis of the shared intertextual topic space of the fairy tales and the travel writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I develop and test a theory that explains why organizations may struggle to adapt in the face of change even when their members are aware of change, are motivated to adapt, and have the resources to do so. I build on complex-systems theory, which posits that organizations face a hierarchy of interdependent problems: they must choose how to fulfill different specialized tasks and choose processes to integrate the outputs of these tasks. Because these choices are interdependent, environmental change that directly affects only a few tasks in isolation can indirectly affect the viability of major organizational processes. Recognizing these ripple effects is difficult, however: understanding complex interdependencies is challenging for decision makers, and the division of labor within organizations can create an illusion of separability between tasks. As a result, organizations may respond to such change by engaging in "modular search" for new ways to fulfill specialized tasks, but they may fail to engage in "systemic search" for new processes integrating the outputs of specialized tasks unless they can rely on information-processing structures that help decision makers better understand interdependencies among choices. I test my theory by applying sequence analysis methods to micro-level behavioral data on competitive video gaming (esports) teams. Qualitative fieldwork and an online experiment provide additional evidence of my proposed mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discovered 83 asteroids at the Baldone Astrophysical Observatory (MPC code 069) in 2017–2022. We studied one of the dynamically interesting Apollo (Near Earth object) observed at the Baldone Astronomical Observatory, namely 428694 Saule (2008 OS9) and the Centaur-type asteroid 330836 Orius (2009 HW77). We studied the evolution of the asteroid Saule’s rotation period, obliquity, and spin axis together with its non-gravitational parameter da∕dt{\rm{d}}a/{\rm{d}}t connected with the Yarkovsky effect. Additionally, we studied the orbit of the Amor-type asteroid 2017 UW42, which has the significant non-gravitational parameter A2A2.

This article has a methodical orientation. There are discussed the features of the use of silt mineralogical methods in the search for native and placer deposits of diamonds. The key points of the theory of the forming sedimentary reservoirs, which contain the scattering aureoles of satellite minerals and the placers of diamonds, are considered. In connection with the cyclicity of sedimentogenesis, during the formation of aureoles in diamond-bearing regions redeposition of kimberlite mineral associations occurs (often repeated). That is why they are not so common in the primary deposit. An indication of re-deposition is a discrepancy between the typomorphic features of minerals and the nature of the deposits that contain them. The main feature that makes it possible to distinguish redeposited associations is the discrepancy between the degree of the indicator minerals wearing and the facies appearance of the deposits. The alternation of the sedimentogenesis cycles and repeated deposition of minerals from earlier reservoirs into newly formed deposits leads to the accumulation of material from different eras of kimberlite erosion in aureoles and placers. The ratio and absolute contents of different generations of minerals in aureoles can be completely different. These parameters determine the degree of contrast of a particular aureole, which means the level of search efficiency. There are also considered the prospecting situations in various diamond-bearing provinces – Angola, Brazil, Sakha-Yakutia, Ukraine. The features of the heavy concentrate mineralogical analysis in these regions are discussed also. There are given the general principles of using mineralogical methods in different landscape and geological conditions of the territories; the recommendations for carrying out a complex of works that must be performed to prepare the mineralogical and paleogeological basis for the forecast map. It is necessary for this to carry out a complex of studies, which includes the study of the typomorphism of indicator minerals, lithologic-facies and material features of the terrigenous deposits that contain them, and conducting paleogeological and paleogeographical reconstructions. The probability of the forecast and the effectiveness of searches using mineralogical methods depends on the consideration degree of the search conditions specifics in the structural-facies zones, the landscape-geological search conditions and the quality of paleoreconstructions.

When a circuit exhibits abnormal behaviour, a diagnosis of the circuit is a set of gates whose failure explains the abnormality. The cardinality of a diagnosis is the number of gates assumed to be failing. A diagnosis is of minimum cardinality if no other diagnosis of the circuit exists that has a smaller cardinality. In general, the number of diagnoses can be exponentially large, and often only a preferred set of minimum-cardinality diagnoses is computed. In propositional satisfiability (SAT), given a propositional circuit, the task is to check whether all gates of the circuit can be assigned values in a consistent manner. In SAT-based diagnosis approach, the given circuit is injected with additional circuitry modelling the health of gates as well as the cardinality constraint. Under an abnormal observation the SAT solver repeatedly computes consistent assignments to all gates in the augmented circuit where each such assignment corresponds to a minimum-cardinality diagnosis. However, diagnosis of large size circuits as well as diagnostic cases with large minimum cardinalities pose a challenge for SAT solvers. To scale diagnosis to larger and harder cases, we propose a novel encoding that captures the hierarchical structure of the circuit in terms of single-output self-contained sub-circuits called cones. Cones have been exploited in diagnostic reasoning in the past; however, our encoding is the first of its kind in a SAT-based approach. Previously, cones were used to take the abstraction of a circuit and simplify it, while we exploit cones to improve the speed and efficiency of the SAT solver. Experiments on 1800 diagnostic cases of ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits show that the new encoding allows faster and more scalable diagnosis solving $$1700$$ 1700 cases which is $$163$$ 163 more than the number of cases solved by the baseline approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two main ways to retrieve files: hierarchical navigation and query-based search. File retrieval studies have consistently found navigation preference, with search used only as a last resort when users forget in which folder they stored the target file. However, a minority of people, referred to as hyper-searchers, perform far more searches than others. This study aimed to discover why hyper-searchers conduct searches far more than the rest of the population. To do so, a group of hyper-searchers (n = 50) and a control group (n = 50) were assigned using a double-check allocation method which included both self-estimation and a retrieval task. On average, the search percentage in the retrieval task for the hyper-searchers (67%) was over 13 times higher than for the control group (5%). The study gives ample evidence that hyper-searchers’ files were less organized than the control group. As a result, their average navigation failure percentage (23%) was almost 4 times higher than the control group (6%), and hyper-searchers needed to resort to search. Our results suggest that hyper-searchers’ files were less well-organized because they scored less on the conscientiousness trait of the Big Five personality questionnaire; and in turn, having less organized files forced them to search more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North American Product Classification System (NAPCS) was first introduced in the 2017 Economic Census and provides greater detail on the range of products and services offered by businesses than what was previously available with just an industry code. In the 2022 Economic Census, NAPCS consisted of 7,234 codes and respondents often found that they were unable to identify correct NAPCS codes for their business, leaving instead written descriptions of their products and services. Over one million of these needed to be reviewed by Census analysts in the 2017 Economic Census. The Smart Instrument NAPCS Classification Tool (SINCT) offers respondents a low latency search engine to find appropriate NAPCS codes based on a written description of their products and services. SINCT uses a neural network document embedding model (doc2vec) to embed respondent searches in a numerical space and then identifies NAPCS codes that are close to the search text. This paper shows one way in which machine learning can improve the survey respondent experience and reduce the amount of expensive manual processing that is necessary after data collection. We also show how relatively simple tools can achieve an estimated 72% top-ten accuracy with thousands of possible classes, limited training data, and strict latency requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Erciyes University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the peculiarities of the emergence and formation of methods of forensic investigation, which over time, in the 19th century, took shape in the science of forensics. To solve the problems, the authors used several methods, both general scientific and special. Among them: formallegal, comparative-legal, historical-legal, dialectical, historical, systemic, hermeneutic, etc. The authors identified the main, in their opinion, stages of the development of criminology in Ukraine, starting with the formation of the Old Russian state. The first steps of the creation and implementation of forensic methods during the investigation of crimes, which were enshrined in the most famous monuments of law – «Laws of King Hammurabi», «Laws of the XII Tables», Byzantine legal collections, «Ruska Pravda», «Lithuanian Statutes», «The rights by which the Little Russian people are judged.» The article proves that the formation of individual manifestations of forensic research in Ukrainian lands during the Middle Ages and the first centuries of modern history was based on world experience in this area, as well as on the idea of justice, the need to restore law and order. It is emphasized that the formation of ideas about the methods of forensic research that appeared in Ukraine is connected with the genesis of the Ukrainian legal system and turned, over time, into one of its institutions. The authors suggest that, in contrast to the application of punishment, which had a class character, the organization of forensic investigations established the truth and therefore did not depend on the class affiliation of the participants in legal relations. The opinion that both in ancient times and at the beginning of the Middle Ages, forensic methods were closely intertwined with the elements of the investigative process, within which they were actually applied, is substantiated. It was established that the crippling forms of punishment, which were applied by court decision, were also intended to «emphasize» the identity of the criminal, to single him out in order to facilitate the search in case of repeated offenses. The authors concluded that the legal regulation of forensic research methods became a guarantee of their development, distribution and transformation, over time, into an independent science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara Haci Bayram Veli Universitesi Hukuk Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We study consumer choices of perishable items and their effects on retail waste using a data set that tracks expiration date–level consumer choices and on-shelf inventory. We study how consumers choose among perishable items with different expiration dates and the effects of these choices on retail food waste. We use a novel data set that tracks choices at the expiration-date level. Our data include a field experiment with dynamic discounts for oldest-vintage items and retailer-driven shelf rotations. We develop a theoretical framework with consumers who may be uninformed due to choice frictions (costly search) or mental gaps (ignoring expiration dates), and we derive testable predictions related to consumer information, dynamic pricing, and shelf organization. Our empirical analyses lead to four main findings. First, consumers make uninformed choices: In almost half of purchases, consumers choose an older item when an equally priced, fresher one is available, and simply rotating the oldest vintage forward increases its choice share by 24 percentage points. Second, both mental gaps and choice frictions cause consumers to make uninformed choices. Third, dynamic discounts encourage consumers to purchase the oldest vintage by discouraging search for fresher items. By discouraging search, discounts have an unexpected spillover effect of keeping the shelf organized after shelf rotations, which affects future consumers' choices. Fourth, we quantify the waste implications of this spillover using counterfactual simulations. Dynamic pricing and shelf rotation alone reduce waste by 6% and 15%, respectively, but combined, these policies reduce waste 30%—much more than the sum of their individual effects. Our findings suggest that relatively simple changes in pricing and display strategies can substantially reduce waste in perishables. History: Catherine Tucker served as the senior editor for this article. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2021.0264. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper theoretically and empirically studies the interaction of search and application approval in credit markets. Risky borrowers internalize the probability that their application is rejected and behave as if they had high search costs. Thus, "overpayment" may be a poor proxy for consumer sophistication since it partly represents rational search in response to rejections. Contrary to standard search models, our model implies (1) endogenous adverse selection through the search and application approval process, (2) a possibly non‐monotone or non‐decreasing relationship between search and realized interest, default, and application approval rates, and (3) search costs estimated from transaction prices alone are biased. We find support for the model's predictions using a unique data set detailing search behavior of mortgage borrowers. Estimating the model, we find that screening is informative and search is costly. Counterfactual analyses reveal that tightening lending standards and discrimination through application rejection both increase equilibrium interest rates. This increase in realized interest rates is in part due to strategic complementarity in bank rate setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article has a methodical orientation. There are discussed the features of the use of silt mineralogical methods in the search for native and placer deposits of diamonds. The key points of the theory of the forming sedimentary reservoirs, which contain the scattering aureoles of satellite minerals and the placers of diamonds, are considered. In connection with the cyclicity of sedimentogenesis, during the formation of aureoles in diamond-bearing regions redeposition of kimberlite mineral associations occurs (often repeated). That is why they are not so common in the primary deposit. An indication of re-deposition is a discrepancy between the typomorphic features of minerals and the nature of the deposits that contain them. The main feature that makes it possible to distinguish redeposited associations is the discrepancy between the degree of the indicator minerals wearing and the facies appearance of the deposits. The alternation of the sedimentogenesis cycles and repeated deposition of minerals from earlier reservoirs into newly formed deposits leads to the accumulation of material from different eras of kimberlite erosion in aureoles and placers. The ratio and absolute contents of different generations of minerals in aureoles can be completely different. These parameters determine the degree of contrast of a particular aureole, which means the level of search efficiency. There are also considered the prospecting situations in various diamond-bearing provinces -- Angola, Brazil, Sakha-Yakutia, Ukraine. The features of the heavy concentrate mineralogical analysis in these regions are discussed also. There are given the general principles of using mineralogical methods in different landscape and geological conditions of the territories; the recommendations for carrying out a complex of works that must be performed to prepare the mineralogical and paleogeological basis for the forecast map. It is necessary for this to carry out a complex of studies, which includes the study of the typomorphism of indicator minerals, lithologic-facies and material features of the terrigenous deposits that contain them, and conducting paleogeological and paleogeographical reconstructions. The probability of the forecast and the effectiveness of searches using mineralogical methods depends on the consideration degree of the search conditions specifics in the structural-facies zones, the landscape-geological search conditions and the quality of paleoreconstructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This guide outlines general issues in searching for studies; describes the main sources of potential studies; and discusses how to plan the search process, design, and carry out search strategies, manage references found during the search process and document and report the search process.

BackgroundSchools are high-risk settings for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, but necessary for children's educational and social-emotional wellbeing. Previous research suggests that wastewater monitoring can detect SARS-CoV-2 infections in controlled residential settings with high levels of accuracy. However, its effective accuracy, cost, and feasibility in non-residential community settings is unknown.MethodsThe objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness and accuracy of community-based passive wastewater and surface (environmental) surveillance to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection in neighborhood schools compared to weekly diagnostic (PCR) testing. We implemented an environmental surveillance system in nine elementary schools with 1700 regularly present staff and students in southern California. The system was validated from November 2020 to March 2021.FindingsIn 447 data collection days across the nine sites 89 individuals tested positive for COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 374 surface samples and 133 wastewater samples. Ninety-three percent of identified cases were associated with an environmental sample (95% CI: 88%-98%); 67% were associated with a positive wastewater sample (95% CI: 57%-77%), and 40% were associated with a positive surface sample (95% CI: 29%-52%). The techniques we utilized allowed for near-complete genomic sequencing of wastewater and surface samples.InterpretationPassive environmental surveillance can detect the presence of COVID-19 cases in non-residential community school settings with a high degree of accuracy.FundingCounty of San Diego, Health and Human Services Agency, National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, Centers for Disease Control.

Abstract Manned and unmanned systems are prevalent in a wide range of aerial searching applications. For aircraft whose trajectory is not or cannot be planned on-the-fly, optimal deterministic search pattern generation is a critical area of research. Lissajous curves have recently caught attention as excellent candidates for all kinds of aerial search applications, but little fundamental research has been done to understand how best to design Lissajous pattern (LP)s for this use. This paper examines the optimization of these search patterns from analytical, numerical, and data-driven perspectives to establish the state of the field in Lissajous curves for aerial search. From an analytical perspective, it was found that the average expected distance between a Lissajous searcher and a random target on a unit square approaches 0.586 as search time increases. Furthermore, an analytical approximation for the average searcher speed was found to guarantee error of no more than 22.1%. Important outcomes from the numerical optimization of Lissajous search patterns include the development of an intuitive evaluation criterion and the conclusion that irrational frequency ratios near 0.8 typically yield highest performance. Finally, while a robust predictive model for fast pattern optimization is yet out of reach, initial results indicate that such an approach shows promise.

This article considers the theoretical grounds for advancing the existing aquatic research techniques, including a complex of thermometry and resistivimetry methods. The transient processes that influence the temperature change in the “water–air” system were explored. The need to take into account the thermal characteristics of all elements involved was highlighted. Using the theory of heat exchange and the idea that the water source can be distinguished from the general temperature field, a formula for measuring the general temperature field was derived. It was found that the areas of subaqueous discharge of near-surface water can be localized by the temperature difference between the watercourses and the water source. The multivariate analysis based on the absolute value and sign of the difference temperature parameter was used to determine the salinity value and the changes of the salinity type with depth. The criteria obtained during the theoretical studies were successfully tested and verified on a watercourse located within the industrial agglomeration of the Perm region, which indicates their high potential for solving practical hydrogeological problems.

Design artifacts in online innovation communities are increasingly becoming a primary source of innovation for organizations. A distinguishing feature of such communities is that they are organized around design artifacts, not around people. The search for novel innovations thus equates to a search for novel designs. This is not a trivial problem since the novelty of a design is a function of its relationship to other designs, and this relationship changes as each design is added. These relations between artifacts affect both consumption and production. Moreover, these relations form a landscape whose structure affects the emergence of novelty. We find evidence for our theorizing using an analysis of over 35,000 Thingiverse design artifacts. This work identifies the differential effects of different forms of novelty, visual and verbal, on subsequent innovation, and identifies the differential effects of different degrees of structure in the landscape on novelty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article outlines the tactical principles of conducting such investigative (search) actions: inspection (last known whereabouts of the victim, her place of residence, probable place of the incident, vehicle owned or used by the person, things and documents); interrogation (of witnesses); search On the basis of studied criminal proceedings, taking into account the specifics of committing illegal acts related to the enforced disappearance of a person, such investigative (search) actions are divided according to the territorial principle, in particular, when: a person disappeared on the territory controlled by Ukraine; the person disappeared in the territory not controlled by Ukraine. The peculiarities of the tactics of conducting investigative (search) actions - examination, questioning of the applicant and other eyewitnesses about the sources of the reported information and the known circumstances of the person’s disappearance are highlighted. It has been established that the purpose of conducting an inspection of the scene of the incident during the investigation of the enforced disappearance of a person is to: identify and record material evidence, traces, objects that are important for criminal proceedings; verification of testimony of witnesses about the circumstances of a criminal offense; clarification of the situation and circumstances of the criminal offense under investigation. Also, an important investigative (search) action during the investigation of crimes based on the fact of the enforced disappearance of a person is the questioning of a witness. First of all, we are talking about the questioning as a witness of the applicant who reported the disappearance of the person. During the interrogation of the witnesses, it is necessary to find out all the circumstances of the event known to them: time, place of the crime; circumstances preceding the commission of the crime; identity of the victim and possible kidnappers; if these persons are unknown to them - signs of their appearance, etc. The exact time the person left the last place of stay, the possible direction and route of movement, mobile phone number and IMEI of the subscriber, data on registration in social networks and e-mail inbox are subject to establishment. The specifics of the relationship between the applicant and the victim are clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between the duration of a vacancy and the starting wage of a new job, using linked data on vacancies, the posting establishments, and the workers eventually filling the vacancies. The unique combination of large-scale, administrative worker, establishment, and vacancy data is critical for separating establishment- and job-level determinants of vacancy duration from worker-level heterogeneity. Conditional on observables, we find that vacancy duration is negatively correlated with the starting wage and its establishment component, with precisely estimated elasticities of − 0.07 and − 0.21 ⁠ , respectively. While the negative relationship is qualitatively consistent with search-theoretic models where firms use the wage as a recruiting device, these elasticities are small, suggesting that firms' wage policies can account only for a small fraction of the variation in vacancy filling across establishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reflection seeks to offer alternative thoughts on a "search for the soul of Black preaching." Casual allusion is made to experience, music, Scripture, literature, scholarship, context, and jurisprudence, for clues as to how and where the soul of Black preaching might be found. A central suggestion is that "Black preaching" is not simply a contemporary racial or ethnic construct, but a timeless provisional and contextual divine warrant from the beginning of creation to proclaim liberation from chaos, profess divine truth to power, and offer enduring hope in light of historical injustices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of the Internet led to significant changes in the global business sector. There was an increase in the adoption of e-commerce as a business model, which generated increasing economic benefits for those who used it. At the time, this topic was the subject of several studies due to its relevance. The visibility of the web portals of organizations, institutions and companies on the Internet was closely linked to the consistency of several factors, which were focused on achieving a better position and appearing among the best search results, according to user requests. With the objective in mind, those interested in obtaining a prominent online presence understood the importance of implementing an SEO (Search Engine Optimization) strategy. This strategy sought to make the portal appear organically and naturally in the first search results. By achieving this, it contributed to greater access to the information contained in these sites, which in turn increased their recognition. This article addressed issues related to the positioning of web portals. As a result, a set of best practices were proposed that addressed the identified shortcomings. These recommendations could be used by developers and web masters as a reference guide in their work, providing visibility to the portals they developed or managed. The simple randomized method was used to develop surveys and test their feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stealth address is a known technique to ensure the privacy (anonymity) of a recipient participating in a certain transaction in a distributed blockchain scenario. However, most existing stealth address schemes require linear judge time and search time |$\mathcal{O}(n)$|⁠ , where |$n$| is the number of transactions of a certain block, so the only way to claim transactions for a recipient is to traverse the transaction list to find out whether an ever-arrived transaction belongs to him. To overcome this drawback, we proposed the notion of Fast Stealth Address (FSA), a novel approach that simultaneously preserves privacy and improves search efficiency of recipients. We give a generic construction of FSA scheme under subgroup membership assumption related to factoring and instantiate concrete schemes based on specific number-theoretic assumptions. Our framework mainly improves on two aspects: (i) allowing constant recognize time |$\mathcal{O}(1)$| to judge whether a certain block contains recipient's transactions and (ii) allowing logarithmic search time |$\mathcal{O}(\log{n})$| to find out the precise transactions intended for a recipient. We formalize the security model of an FSA scheme and provide provable security analysis to ensure the security of our constructions. Besides, we implement our schemes to measure their real-world performance on several metrics and give comparison results to stealth address scheme utilized by Monero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]