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Any Geiger counter can be used as an effective cosmic ray detector on its own. In fact, it is known that even in the absence of a radioactive source, the instrument detects what is known as background radiation, which consists of various types of ionizing particles present in the environment. Remarkably, it is estimated that up to 15% of this background radiation is attributable to cosmic rays, high-energy particles originating from outer space. The remaining radiation detected by the Geiger counter originates from terrestrial sources, such as natural radioactivity in the ground and in the air. The main goal of this project is to build a muon detector for scientific and educational purposes using two commercial DIY Geiger counter kits and just a few additional components. To identify cosmic radiation from terrestrial radiation and improve the accuracy of cosmic ray measurements, the use of a coincident circuit is essential. This coincident circuit was introduced in cosmic ray physics by Walther Bothe and Bruno Rossi in the early 1930s and allows for the detection of a subatomic particle passing through two or more sensors, thereby reducing false positives and enhancing the reliability of cosmic ray detection. The following idea is an alternative replica of our AMD5 detectors, instruments that we have been using for years to teach and perform scientific experiments in the cosmic ray field under the umbrella of the ADA project (2023 Particles, Arcani et al.). The resulting device, named AMD5ALI, offers a reliable and inexpensive solution for the same goal, making it a valuable tool for both educational purposes and scientific surveys. Practical applications range from cosmic ray physics to radioactivity, including the relationship between cosmic ray flux and meteorology, the zenithal effect, the Regener–Pfotzer curve in the atmosphere, and the anti-correlation of cosmic particle intensity with solar activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any Geiger counter can be used as an effective cosmic ray detector on its own. In fact, it is known that even in the absence of a radioactive source, the instrument detects what is known as background radiation, which consists of various types of ionizing particles present in the environment. Remarkably, it is estimated that up to 15% of this background radiation is attributable to cosmic rays, high-energy particles originating from outer space. The remaining radiation detected by the Geiger counter originates from terrestrial sources, such as natural radioactivity in the ground and in the air. The main goal of this project is to build a muon detector for scientific and educational purposes using two commercial DIY Geiger counter kits and just a few additional components. To identify cosmic radiation from terrestrial radiation and improve the accuracy of cosmic ray measurements, the use of a coincident circuit is essential. This coincident circuit was introduced in cosmic ray physics by Walther Bothe and Bruno Rossi in the early 1930s and allows for the detection of a subatomic particle passing through two or more sensors, thereby reducing false positives and enhancing the reliability of cosmic ray detection. The following idea is an alternative replica of our AMD5 detectors, instruments that we have been using for years to teach and perform scientific experiments in the cosmic ray field under the umbrella of the ADA project (2023 Particles, Arcani et al.). The resulting device, named AMD5ALI, offers a reliable and inexpensive solution for the same goal, making it a valuable tool for both educational purposes and scientific surveys. Practical applications range from cosmic ray physics to radioactivity, including the relationship between cosmic ray flux and meteorology, the zenithal effect, the Regener–Pfotzer curve in the atmosphere, and the anti-correlation of cosmic particle intensity with solar activity.

Copyright of Biology Teaching is the property of East China Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aerosols have consistently held a prominent position within the academic sphere, driving a substantial body of research in this field. The main goal of this study is to thoroughly examine the body of scientific literature concerning aerosols and lightning using rigorous scientific methods. To achieve this goal, we've conducted a detailed bibliometric analysis to systematically evaluate and clarify the performance metrics of the relevant scholarly publications. Our efforts have allowed us to discover and define three main areas of research: Lightning and Environment, Pollution, and Effects on Nature and Characteristics of Aerosols. Based on our analyses, we've discovered three significant gaps in current knowledge: (i) Understanding how aerosols affect cloud formation and precipitation, revealing their complex interactions. (ii) Investigating how aerosols impact lightning generation and behavior. (iii) Examining the health implications of aerosols in the atmosphere. This research delves into the interplay between aerosols and lightning, examining a vast collection of up to 1000 papers across 819 journals. It examines 100 author keywords pertaining to prominent works, along with 470 keywords associated with three major clusters within the research domain. Data collection spans from 1970 to May 2023, leveraging a comprehensive database. This analysis provides a fresh perspective by comparing the latest studies with their predecessors, enriching our scientific comprehension of this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on study of language from a global perspective raises questions about the distribution of knowledge, and controversies about indigenous American languages, this theme issue puts global tensions in their respective local contexts and vice versa. It mentions cartographer Ishikawa Ryūsen and philological exercise, the interpretation of the world map fits within Klaproth's lifelong project of studying the languages, history, and geography of Asia in interrelation.

Language was never studied by linguists (or philologists) alone. The greater part of the languages of the world was first known in the West through the reports of missionaries, explorers, and colonial administrators, and what they documented reflected their specific interests. Missionaries wrote catechisms, primers, dictionaries, and Bible translations (especially Lord's Prayers); for explorers and administrators, language was one aspect among many to cover in their accounts of faraway regions. Peoples were identified by their language; toponyms served for geographic description; names of plants and animals were gathered together with specimens and images of plants and animals. In this context, linguistic materials were equally described as "specimens." This article investigates the various ways in which language material was used and conceived of as a specimen, and the global trajectories of these "specimens." Especially the role of naturalist explorers deserves closer attention in this regard. What they did, throughout the late 18th and 19th century, was gathering language material as one kind of specimen among others, Forster in the Pacific, Humboldt, Martius, and d'Orbigny in South America, and Peters in Mozambique. Two large‐scale expeditions from the mid‐19th century stand out as examples: the U.S. Exploring Expedition (1838–1842), whose collections later filled the Smithsonian Institution, and the Austrian‐Hungarian Novara expedition (1857–1859). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Models developed using machine learning are increasingly prevalent in scientific research. At the same time, these models are notoriously opaque. Explainable AI aims to mitigate the impact of opacity by rendering opaque models transparent. More than being just the solution to a problem, however, Explainable AI can also play an invaluable role in scientific exploration. This paper describes how post-hoc analytic techniques from Explainable AI can be used to refine target phenomena in medical science, to identify starting points for future investigations of (potentially) causal relationships, and to generate possible explanations of target phenomena in cognitive science. In this way, this paper describes how Explainable AI—over and above machine learning itself—contributes to the efficiency and scope of data-driven scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The importance of music and play in early childhood development is widely acknowledged. However, no recent studies have investigated the potential of music-inspired free play to foster scientific exploration. Aim: The purpose of this qualitative case study is to explain the rationale in utilising musical skills, knowledge and experiences during free play to foster scientific exploration, applying a constructivist approach with the learner placed at the centre of the educational process, while the teacher acts as observer and facilitator. Setting: Data were primarily collected through documents to create a concept map that informed observations of preschoolers during free play at two day-care centres in Mohadin in the North-West Province of South Africa. Methods: An explanatory case study provided the context for this study and a document analysis informed the findings. Results: Through data analysis, key themes were identified from the literature and observations to generate a conceptual model that illustrates the influence of music-inspired free play to foster scientific exploration by stimulating creativity and emphasising the necessity of free play in preschool settings. Conclusion: The conclusion of this investigation was a better understanding of the capacity of young learners to apply scientific exploration, utilising a transdisciplinary approach for teaching and learning the sciences in the early years to develop a better understanding of their world through music-inspired free play.

The impending missions to exploit natural resources of celestial bodies may at some point start interfering with the scientific interests, including those of astrobiology, in these bodies. While the legal status of celestial bodies at the highest level is clear, uncertainty has arisen as to the extent private property rights over such objects or over their resources are legally acceptable, legally impossible, or potentially legal. This also provides for a considerable amount of uncertainty regarding how the legal framework could or may need to be changed to accommodate private interests. The article analyzes the two main international treaties relevant from this perspective, as well as their backgrounds, in order to outline the current legal status of celestial bodies and the resulting legal rights and obligations pertinent to both private exploitation and exploration. Based on such an analysis, it concludes by highlighting an approach that could actually incentivize the private sector and the science community to work together in a manner conducive to their interests in exploitation and exploration respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science communication is facing a paradigm shift, based on the convergence of exploratory and explanatory visualization. In this article, we coin the term exploranation to denote the way in which visualization methods from scientific exploration can be used to communicate results and how methods in explanatory visualization can enrich exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study was done with the aim of making and testing multimedia program in Biology and Hygiene course by using scientific exploration model in Birjand. The method which is used is Quasi-experimental and the research population consists of the students of a guidance school in Birjand. This study consists of 40 individuals that have been chosen by available method and the students were considered homogeneously with average, parents, educational levels and social status. Educational attainment in high and low levels of cognitive domain was measured in pre-test and post- test. The results of analyzing research by using combined ANOVA and repeated measurement indicates that the educational progress in both levels (upper and lower) of the cognitive area in the experimental group with compare to the control group was significantly higher. On the other hand t-test analysis results showed that the teaching by multimedia method has been increased the period of memories in the students.

Exploration has always centered on claims: for country, for commerce, for character. Claims for useful scientific knowledge also grew out of exploration's varied activities across space and time. The history of the Canadian Arctic Expedition of 1913-18 exposes the complicated process of claim-making. The expedition operated in and made claims on many spaces, both material and rhetorical, or, put differently, in several natural and discursive spaces. In making claims for science, the explorer-scientists navigated competing demands on their commitments and activities from their own predilections and from external forces. Incorporating Arctic spaces into the Canadian polity had become a high priority during the era when the CAE traversed the Arctic. Science through exploration-practices on the ground and especially through scientific and popular discourse-facilitated this integration. So, claiming space was something done on the ground, through professional literature, and within popular narratives-and not always for the same ends. The resulting narrative tensions reveal the messy material, political, and rhetorical spaces where humans do science. This article demonstrates how explorer-scientists claimed material and discursive spaces to establish and solidify their scientific authority. When the CAE claimed its spaces in nature, nation, and narrative, it refracted a reciprocal process whereby the demands of environment, state, and discourse also claimed the CAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En 1856, en Brasil, existió la iniciativa pionera de formar una comisión científica, compuesta sólo por científicos nacionales, con el objetivo de explorar las provincias del norte y del nordeste del país y formar un acervo de objetos naturales y artificiales brasileros. Este trabajo presenta un breve análisis de las Instrucciones de Viaje de la Sección Mineralógica de la Comisión.

The recent publication of the travel journal by Giacomo Savorgnan di Brazzà, head of a scientific mission to Western Equatorial Africa on behalf of the French government in the years 1883-1886, provides a great opportunity to increase our knowledge of a small sample of primate specimens, now preserved in the Zoological Section of the University of Florence Natural History Museum. In the present paper, some of the taxonomic aspects of the new primate species proposed on the basis of the Brazzà-Pecile's collection deposited at the Museum National de Histoire Naturelle in Paris are also discussed. Thanks to the newly available information stored in their diaries, it is now possible to restrict more precisely type localities of newly described taxa: namely Cercopithecus brazzae, Cercocebus agilis, Colobus guereza occidentalis and Piliocolobus bouvieri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to explore how preschool teachers' experience their strengthened teaching mission, specifically when working with scientific exploration. The study was based on the philosophy of the life-world, a branch of the phenomenological movement. Life-world philosophy focuses on the concrete reality humans inhabit and is responsive to its inherent ambiguity. The data consisted of written teacher responses and follow-up interviews. The findings showed a broad and multidimensional way of working with science and exploration in which embodied experiences and intertwined relationships were prominent. Teachers' notions of what constitutes scientific exploration and learning represent a combination of science as literacy and science as inquiry, emphasising democracy, aesthetics, experimentation and reflection. Being present and focusing children's relationship with the phenomena seem to be teachers' strategies of handling their strengthened teaching mission. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Isert was a doctor and a scientist of the 18th century. Although he wrote a travel report considered as a major source for the history of the populations on the Guinea coast, his contribution to the natural science remained unrecognized. He is nevertheless a pioneer of the botanical exploration in this region of Africa and he contributed to the knowledge of the West Africa flora by sending herbarium samples, which are kept in several European cities. His report contains numerous descriptions of the landscapes and references to botanical species identified according to the Linnaean classification system and represents a fundamental source to restore the landscapes of this period. In this article we shall recall the life and scientific progress of this naturalist who is representative of his time and then see how the data, which he passed on to us concerning the flora, can be analysed to reconstitute the history of the landscapes in the region in question.

The nature of scientific voyaging evolved considerably during the second half of the eighteenth century, as the focus shifted from speculative explorations aimed at geographical discovery to the more programmatic and methodical collection of data and specimens. Consequently, field work came to occupy an increasingly central place and, as this necessitated breaks in the journey, the notion of interruption became inscribed in the conception and practice of the voyage of discovery. Fresh narrative approaches were required both to reflect this change and to feed the growing public interest in natural history. This, however, posed a dilemma: how could detailed and often specialized scientific reporting be incorporated within travel accounts without interrupting the narrative flow? This essay proposes to address that question by conducting a detailed analysis of the textual records pertaining to the last of the great scientific voyages of this period: Nicolas Baudin's expedition to Australia (1800–1804). It will in particular attempt to explain why, despite the innovative approaches taken by the commander and by his leading scientist to weave the interruptions of science into a coherent narrative, this voyage ultimately failed to impose a new mode of scientific travel writing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The decade following the Glorious Revolution in England saw the publication of many accounts of voyages both to the New World and the Levant. Key figures behind these publications were botanists Hans Sloane, John Ray and Tancred Robinson, who collaborated on the publication of two texts –A Collection of Curious Voyages and Travels,which collated journeys to the Levant, andAn Account of Several Late Voyages, which featured accounts of voyages to the Arctic Circle as well as the Pacific. This article argues that the publication of voyage accounts in the late-seventeenth century was part of a broader scientific endeavour. They provided both entertainment, and raw material for scientific and religious debate. By examining the publication and reception history of key accounts of voyages and travel, this article shows how the ‘republic of letters’ became a textual empire at the end of the seventeenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peter Forsskål (1732-1763) was the naturalist on the Royal Danish Expedition to Arabia (1761-1767), a particularly rich example of the eighteenth century era of scientific exploration and a quintessential project of the Enlightenment. Forsskål is noteworthy for his early writings in philosophy and politics and for his outstanding contributions to the botanical and zoological knowledge of the Middle East, specifically Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula, principally Yemen. His biological work stands out for the large number of species identified, its attention to detail, the expansiveness of his descriptions, his knowledge and use of Arabic and his early ideas on plant geography. Forsskål's research in the marine biology of the Red Sea was also pioneering. His publications and collections represent the single greatest contribution to the knowledge of the natural history of the Middle East in the eighteenth century and are still valued by scholars today. His skill in retaining local terminology in Arabic and his respect for the contributions of local inhabitants to this work are also worth noting. When he died of malaria in 1763 in Yemen, the eighteenth-century world of natural science lost a promising and adventurous scientist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous recent studies have attempted to highlight sociocultural aspects of science and education in research and educational practice. Despite widespread awareness that sociocultural aspects should be reflected in teaching science, it is still difficult to implement appropriately in everyday school situations. This perhaps highlights the issues of putting theoretical exploration into practice, where students are expected to learn science through a sociocultural lens. In this study, the authors introduce and discuss a practical approach in teaching science, focused on a Korean sociocultural context called 'Scientific Exploration in Culture (SEC)'. This concept is similar to the practical notion of a field trip where students get to learn through interactivity with the subject matter. In this case, SEC deliberately focuses on sociocultural aspects of science, in addition to focusing on scientific inquiry enacted at places that have historical heritage. For a decade this program has been employed by Korean teachers as an alternative activity to field trips, special curriculum of school science, and informal science education program. Although there are numerous studies and feedback from practitioners on the topic of inquiry-based teaching and its effectiveness, there is relatively little academic discussion on connections to sociocultural theory. In this paper the authors provide more details of this program and discuss their work in terms of a locality-based science education with a sociocultural perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an overview of the scientific research carried out by German travelers in Spain throughout the 19th century. The author describes the scientific interests which attracted the attention of German researchers to Spain, outlines the areas which they most visited and comments on how their scientific outlook evolved during the 19th century. Various German scientists and their research visits to Spain are mentioned including philologist Wilhelm von Humboldt, botanist Johann Centurius Count of Hoffmansegg and geographer Leopold von Buch.

Wireless sensor networks have received a lot of attention recently due to their wide applications, such as target tracking, environment monitoring, and scientific exploration in dangerous environments. It is usually necessary to have a cluster of sensor nodes share a common view of a local clock time, so that all these nodes can coordinate in some important applications, such as time slotted MAC protocols, power-saving protocols with sleep/listen modes, etc. However, all the clock synchronization techniques proposed for sensor networks assume benign environments; they cannot survive malicious attacks in hostile environments. Fault-tolerant clock synchronization techniques are potential candidates to address this problem. However, existing approaches are all resource consuming and suffer from message collisions in most of cases. This paper presents a novel fault-tolerant clock synchronization scheme for clusters of nodes in sensor networks, where the nodes in each cluster can communicate through broadcast. The proposed scheme guarantees an upper bound of clock difference between any nonfaulty nodes in a cluster, provided that the malicious nodes are no more than one third of the cluster. Unlike the traditional fault-tolerant clock synchronization approaches, the proposed technique does not introduce collisions between synchronization messages, nor does it require costly digital signatures. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The National Life Science Competition for College Students has been held for five times, which has become the largest and most influential life science competition in China. The competition is designed to follow principles of "interest-driven, scientific exploration, process evaluation and ability improvement". The holding of the competition has effectively improved the training quality of life science talents in colleges and universities. This paper summarized the development, organization and management of the competition as well as the organizational characteristics of the competition. It may serve as a guidance for colleges and universities to organize students to participate in the competition, and improve the fostering of talents in the field of life sciences in colleges and universities nationwide.