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In this article, we question whether nanoscience has already matured into a single discipline or whether it retains the character of an interdisciplinary endeavour, involving the natural sciences as well as technology. In search for an answer, the traits of disciplines according to William Bechtel are considered. Arguments in favour of using 'nanoscience', as a singular, or 'nanosciences', as a plural, are elucidated. In terms of objects of study, nanoscience is compared with colloid science. Cognitive abilities are traced back to the parent natural sciences. Finally, in the field of social and institutional organizations, it seems that nanoscience cannot yet compete with traditional disciplines. In future the question about the disciplinary character of nanoscience has to be solved mainly on a sociological level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to thoroughly investigate, that to translation of what genre of texts, Skopos theory is applied, as, there has been a lot of criticism on the theory, for its limitations and drawbacks, that it is not suitable for translation of literary and religious texts. The paper also examines the significance, place and practicality of Skopos theory in the modern Translation Studies in depth. This article also, encompasses the role of translation commission or brief, translator and target reader in the process of translation under the tenet of Skopos theory. In addition to that, the paper illustrates what translation techniques could be deployed in accordance with Skopos theory taking into consideration linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. To know the gist of essence of this theory, examples have been taken from Russian Literary and Non-Literary Texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1900, there were around one thousand folklorists writing about folk traditions in France. While some were "pioneers" endeavoring to establish a discipline scientifically, most of them just indulged their curiosity on a part-time basis. All of them, however, contributed to an increasing interest in knowledge about "the people." This invites us to question what folklorisme says about the nature of folkloristic discourse. Although it never met a "science of tradition," folklorisme always mobilized an interpretation of the world in which tradition was considered an authority. Straddling the registers of a modernity it supported and a tradition it was forced to work with, the Republic did not, however, bank on folklorisme. There is something of a paradox here that needs to be clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to address the issue of the need to distinguish sub-disciplines in security sciences. A scientific discipline is a basic and lowest-order category within the classification system of individual fields of science. Security science in Poland has been classified as one of many disciplines in the field of social sciences. The problem was formulated as a question: based on which criteria can sub-disciplines be distinguished in the security sciences? The aim is to identify the basic sub-disciplines in security sciences and to propose a criterion for their distinction. Critical literature analysis and research design were adopted as the primary methods. There is no established criterion for the division into individual sub-disciplines in Poland. The author proposes to distinguish sub-disciplines based on the following criteria: theoretical, practical, types of institutions, and levels of organization of different security sectors. It is based on the assumption that security sciences require a clarification of the substantive scope within sub-disciplines through which the discipline’s identity can be built up, and research can be carried out as part of further scientific work.

Copyright of Social Psychology / Psihologie Socială is the property of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The entry into force of the Law of July 20, 2018: The Law on Higher Education and Science imposed an obligation on universities to assign studies in a given field of study to at least one discipline. When more than one discipline is assigned to a particular field of study, it is necessary to determine the leading discipline within which more than half of the assumed learning outcomes will be obtained by students. This article aims to analyze the legal and factual conditions of this obligation. The legal conditions were analyzed by interpreting the relevant regulations of the law in question and its accompanying implementing act, i.e. the Decree of the Minister of Education and Science of October 11, 2022 on the fields of science and scientific and artistic disciplines. The interpretative position No. 5/2020 of the Presidium of the Polish Accreditation Committee of July 2, 2020 on the assignment of fields of study to scientific or artistic disciplines was also analyzed. The factual conditions were verified on the example of studies in the field of political science using the data contained in the RAD-on ICT system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an edited version of my inaugural lecture as professor of museology at Aarhus University, Denmark, on September 22, 2023. It targeted colleagues from Danish museums and universities and students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is focused on the theoretical basis of the study of the history of education in Serbia in the period from the foundation of the first Teacher College (1871) to the end of the socialist establishment in the country (1989). By theoretical bases, we mean theoretical and methodological assumptions, including ideological patterns, which influenced the constitution of the history of education as a scientific discipline. The aim of the paper is to analyse and clarify scientific and non-scientific assumptions in the conception of the history of education in Serbia. As a teaching discipline, the history of education has always been placed within the framework of professional education of primary school teachers and education scientists. As a scientific discipline it has gone through different phases, which are presented in this paper: from Christian-oriented support for teacher training, through fitting into current developments in cultural history, to particular propaedeutics of the method of dialectical materialism for all disciplines of the educational science. The history of education in Serbia in the 20th century reached its full development through cooperation with general historians on projects from the national history of education and schooling, as part of the shift of interests from political to social historiography. This orientation of scientific discipline was not accompanied by an increase, but rather a decrease in the role of the history of education in the professional education of teachers in Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emmanuel Kabengele Mpinga,1 Ngoyi KZ Bukonda,2,3 Said Qailouli,1 Philippe Chastonay4 1Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; 2Department of Public Health Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA; 3Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Pédagogique Nationale, Kinshasa-Ngaliema, Democratic Republic of the Congo; 4Health Promotion Switzerland, Bern, SwitzerlandCorrespondence: Ngoyi KZ BukondaDepartment of Public Health sciences, College of Health Professions, Wichita State University, 1846 Fairmount Street, Wichita, KS, 67260-0043, USA, Email Ngoyi.bukonda@wichita.eduAim: Our systematic review seeks to understand the linkages and reciprocal relationships between the artificial intelligence (AI) and human rights (HRs) and to unveil the signs of emergence of a new discipline at the crossroads of these two disciplines.Background: AI and HRs have evolved in parallel as two fields, with AI technology engineers eventually interested in the consequences of their products on HRs, while more recently HRs experts have been exploring the benefits and threats of AI technologies on the protection and promotion of HRs.Methods: A broad range of databases within the fields of legal sciences, social sciences, health-care sciences and the more general sciences practitioner base “Web of Science” were explored. Articles were selected according to strict inclusion/exclusion criteria and systematically analyzed regarding their content and authorship.Results: The crossroad between AI and HRs is a dynamic field where researchers from different disciplines have been exploring issues such as autonomous lethal weapons, privacy protection, discriminatory decision-making in the insurance and finance systems, intellectual property, and legal personality of the robots. Signs of the emergence of a new discipline were identified.Conclusion: Identifying appropriate strategies to consolidate this emerging discipline seems necessary: one could be the development of academic programs at the crossroad of these two fields.Keywords: artificial intelligence, human rights, scientific discipline, systematic review, emerging disciplines

Copyright of Language & Intercultural Communication is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Theory of Mathematics Education (TEM) program, created by Hans-Georg Steiner, is discussed in its philosophical and epistemological aspects, and nine ideas and six theses that arose from the concern to systematize theories and methodologies for research in mathematics education, and its establishment as a scientific discipline. The methodological path taken was the bibliographic review of the texts written by the author. We conclude that in the last 10 years, there does not seem to have been much progress on the thinking expressed in the research outlined by Hans-Georg Steiner for the Theory of Mathematics Education Program. However, the research emphasizes that there is some discussion about the construction of the comparative chart of the views of mathematics education as a scientific discipline and how this development would be in the face of the possible cases produced by meta research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Disciplines are areas of knowledge boundaries which are formed through the connections between philosophical assumptions and fundamental theories and this forms the artificial boundaries to acquire knowledge of natural phenomena. This study endeavored to elaborate on the nature of scientific discipline by reviewing the definitions of discipline in current scientific literature, and propose a multi-layered model. Methods: In this study Carnwell and Daly's critical review strategy was employed to synthesize a theoretical model. Keyword about the topic of the study was searched in the related databases as Google Scholar, Eric and PubMed Central until 2018. The keywords are scientific discipline, knowledge domains, scientific domains, discipline boundaries Results: A multi-layered model was reached by reviewing, synthesizing, and generalizing diversified views and descriptions presented by discipline. This model consists of 13 main layers and 37 sub-layers. Each of these layers could represent one of the areas of scientific discipline. Conclusion: Understanding the components of discipline can set the scene for elaborating the process of creating scientific disciplines and provides a useful framework in order to evaluate and develop interdisciplinary aspects.

With the professionalization of teacher training at Swiss universities of teacher education starting in the 2000s, subject didactics have come to see themselves as scientific disciplines. Following Rudolf Stichweh’s definition of scientific discipline and community, this article discusses the extent to which those working in history education in German-speaking Switzerland have formed a scientific community. In this context, the Swiss-German Society for History Didactics (DGGD), founded in 2008, is interpreted as a framework in which a “sufficiently homogeneous communication context” (Stichweh) can unfold. Based on the minutes of the DGGD, interviews and a questionnaire survey among the members, we also examine career structures, or rather the socialization process, as well as the corpus of scientific knowledge and the self-image with regard to a specific expertise or competence.

The article “The Note on the Humanities and Education” by the german social philosopher Theodor Adorno, a representative of the critical theory of society, was published in 1962. In this philosophical-educational work Theodor Adorno continued the preliminary theme of his critical consideration of the unity of the elements of the culture of the industrial-mass society, which contribute to establishment in social life of industrial-mass ideology as completely dominant. In his philosophical-educational works Theodor Adorno also carried out a critical attack on the school and university education of post-war West Germany. According to the philosopher, this education remains traditionally unchanged, which makes it impossible for any serious anti-ideological transformation in its system. Such changes because of updated educational process could have contributed to the upbringing of a young citizen, a conscious and active participant in democratic transformations in the post-totalitarian society. However, according to Theodor Adorno, the educational process in the unreformed university remains controlled primarily of the agents of the scholarly consciousness, which in no way contributes to the anti-ideological upbringing of students. In this work Theodore Adorno noted the special significance of the humanities, which in German are translated as “sciences about the spirit”, which traditionally present in German university education. In his opinion, the humanities, as the sciences about the spirit, because of the prevalence in the educational process of the “dictates of the scientific ideal” lost the presence in itself of a factor of the individual human spirit. Theodor Adorno called of the signs of the presence of such a phenomenon in university education: the absolute priority of scientific research among humanities study, the lack of personal pedagogical work of a university teacher with a student of humanities, the tendency of struggle of the agent of the reified scientific consciousness against any different knowledge, the unity of the social and theoretical conformism of the agent of that conceptual consciousness. As in his other philosophical works, Theodore Adorno proposed to perceive of personal activity of a human, what is due to the strength of his individual spirit, the natural factor that is capable of conducting a continuous personal struggle with negative phenomena in education, which ideologically influence to the educational process at the university and in education in general.

The role of categories of knowledge, or disciplines, in science has not previously been explored in scientonomy. While disciplinary communities devoted to the production of knowledge are a modern phenomenon, the practice of dividing knowledge into categories is a universal feature of science. Although at any moment of time, many questions and theories can be part of a given discipline, not all of these are essential to the discipline. We show that two components are essential to a discipline: the discipline’s core questions as well as the discipline’s delineating theory, a second-order theory that identifies these questions as essential to the discipline. If the questions of one discipline are a proper subset of the questions of another discipline, the former discipline is a subdiscipline of the latter. Since a discipline is a complex entity consisting of questions and a theory, epistemic agents can take epistemic stances towards disciplines. A discipline is said to be accepted if its core questions and its delineating theory are all accepted. To illustrate the applicability of these new concepts, the transition from physical to biological anthropology is discussed. Suggested Modifications [Sciento-2021-0006]: Accept the following definitions of subquestion, core question, core theory, discipline, delineating theory, subdiscipline, and discipline acceptance: • Subquestion ≡ a question Q is a subquestion of another question Q', iff any direct answer to Q is also a partial answer to Q'. • Core Question ≡ a core question of a discipline is a question identified in the discipline’s delineating theory as definitive of the discipline. • Core Theory ≡ a core theory of a discipline is a theory presupposed by the discipline’s core questions. • Discipline ≡ a discipline is characterized by (1) a non-empty set of core questions Q and (2) the delineating theory stating that Q are the core questions of the discipline. • Delineating Theory ≡ a second-order theory identifying the set of core questions of a discipline. • Subdiscipline ≡ a discipline A is a subdiscipline of another discipline B, iff the set of questions of A, QA, is a proper subset of the questions of B, QB, i.e. if QA ⊂ QB. • Discipline Acceptance ≡ A discipline is said to be accepted by an epistemic agent if that agent accepts the core questions specified in the discipline’s delineating theory as well as the delineating theory itself. Also accept the following question as a legitimate topic of scientonomic inquiry: • Mechanism of Discipline Acceptance: what is the mechanism of discipline acceptance? How do disciplines become accepted? • Mechanism of Discipline Rejection: what is the mechanism of discipline rejection? How do disciplines become rejected? • Theories Shaping Core Questions: how do theories within a discipline shape and change the core questions of the disciplines?

Copyright of Revista Visión Contable is the property of Universidad Autonoma Latinoamericana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the professionalization of teacher training at Swiss universities of teacher education starting in the 2000s, subject didactics have come to see themselves as scientific disciplines. Following Rudolf Stichweh's definition of scientific discipline and community, this article discusses the extent to which those working in history education in German-speaking Switzerland have formed a scientific community. In this context, the Swiss-German Society for History Didactics (DGGD), founded in 2008, is interpreted as a framework in which a "sufficiently homogeneous communication context" (Stichweh) can unfold. Based on the minutes of the DGGD, interviews and a questionnaire survey among the members, we also examine career structures, or rather the socialization process, as well as the corpus of scientific knowledge and the self-image with regard to a specifi c expertise or competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of didactics was differently defined in the period of its intensive development, which required that its subject matter be defined differently, as well. For this reason, the paper focuses on the development of didactic understanding from the beginnings to contemporary notions of didactics as a scientific discipline in the system of pedagogical sciences. In addition, the authors' views are presented and analysed in order to best explain these trends. The work is divided thematically into several periods and areas: the development of didactic thought and theory up to J. A. Comenius; the significance of J. A. Comenius and his work to the further development of didactics; the basic features of creativity in the field of didactic theory and practice after J. A. Comenius; and modern viewing of the concept and subject of didactics.

Despite the interest, curiosity and the enthusiasm of the large public for Astronomy as a scientific discipline, it is absent from the current Romanian curriculum. We present here the results of two surveys that involve parents and teachers and show the necessity, the relevance and the usefulness of including astronomy as a discipline in the curriculum, or at least astronomical related content. We emphasize the interdisciplinary character of Astronomy and suggest using Astronomy as a tool in motivating students towards science and in integrating the science curriculum. Astronomy is amazingly the oldest interdisciplinary approach to science and a most natural way of curriculum integration.

Aim: To present the scope of independence and complementarity of the scientific discipline called security sciences.Methods: The article uses the method of systemic and comparative analysis. In the first case, the key elements of scientific taxonomy were analysed in order to rationalise the effects of already introduced changes and forecast the effects of planned changes that may occur in a dynamically changing environment. The second one compared models of scientific taxonomy using a dynamic approach.Results: The article presents the legal aspects of the location of security sciences as a new scientific discipline in the taxonomy of Polish science. The diagrams of creating the taxonomy of scientific fields and disciplines as well as the formal foundations of their separation are discussed. In Poland, it is assumed that all scientific knowledge in terms of the complexity of the research area and the subject matter are arranged according to a certain hierarchy. The largest unit is the research area, which is a fairly underdefined platform of scientific activity. It consists of scientific fields which constitute a logical and content-focused, exact part of science. The main research activities concentrate around scientific disciplines. Their results shape the specific characteristics of identity and research goals. The article defines the origin of this discipline resulting from the increase of security threats in the global dimension. Next, the interests in the subject of security in other scientific disciplines were analysed, along with the resulting difficulties resulting in the unambiguous identification of the identity of security sciences.Conclusions: The author proposed a functional approach to security sciences, where the fundamental problem is to analyse the relationship between the state of security and threats in the context of the degree of risk. He attempted to exemplify research problems that should be in the area of interest of security sciences: the security theory, types of security, security entities and threats. Furthermore, emphasising the interdisciplinary nature of security sciences is not beneficial for the identity of this new discipline. It is more appropriate to treat the study of various aspects of security through the prism of multidisciplinarity or the share of the components of different scientific disciplines in the research process.

Purpose/Thesis: The aim of this paper is to determine whether information architecture (IA) is a scientific discipline and what distinguishes IA from information science. Approach/Methods: The study employed a literature review and the comparative method. IA's status as a scientific discipline was examined with reference to three criterions: field of research, theory, and methodology. Results and conclusions: IA science (IAS) applies paradigms and theories from other disciplines, i.e.: architecture, information science, media, and communication studies. The goals of IAS are: studying the phenomena affecting the information search process and the efficiency of information management, examining the new tools, methods, and inspirations. Researchers investigate whether the form of information expresses its function. It is difficult find an original IA research method. Originality/Value: IAS differs from IS in that IS focuses on the nature of information, analysing its features and attributes, considering the entire information process, whereas IAS is more concerned with information seeking, efficiency of information management, and identifying the factors that affect the understanding of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Godišnjak Pravnog Fakulteta u Sarajevu is the property of Godisnjak Pravnog Fakulteta u Sarajevu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article considers the role of trans- and interdisciplinary methodology in the interpretation of modern knowledge and understanding of the subject of municipal law of Ukraine. The author's definition of trans- and interdisciplinary approaches to the explanation of the components of the concept and subject of municipal law is given. The article aims to substantiate objective approaches to the integration of sciences, which can be defined on the basis of analysis of the process of autonomy of scientific knowledge by all humanities and other sciences, understanding the features and patterns of disciplinary development of the science of local self-government, analysis of the processes of allocation in the frame of legal science of municipal law as a branch of law. Trans- and interdisciplinary approaches that ensure the integration of scientific knowledge of local government at the design stage of scientific and legal research are scrutinized as achieving mutual exchange of scientific results and, finally, the interconnected development of certain branches of scientific knowledge and new science field, which is formed in the process of mutual exchange of information on local self-government. The concept of "interdisciplinarity" in the article is used in different meanings and contexts, mainly as a tool in relation to the subject of research - local government. The author defines the ontological and epistemological bases of integration of scientific knowledge about local self-government, which is the basis of the subject of municipal law. Municipal law combines two internally opposite components of the subject (public and private) and method (subordination and coordination), which creates a special regime of municipal regulation. Along with traditional methods, relatively independent methods are developed, namely value orientations and the principle of proportionality or the doctrine of balance, which determine the uniqueness of modern municipal influence and help protect the right of local self-government in the constitutional process. Trans- and interdisciplinary theory of civilized determination of law allows us to study current trends in the current system of local self-government in Ukraine. Systematic understanding of municipal law is focused on the perception of the system of local selfgovernment, i. e. the legal system, which is purposefully established set of rules and consists of purposeful components - municipal legal institutions - and which are part of a more purposeful legal system of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the oldest questions of spatial planning is about the profession itself. Because of the direct fields of application on the urban or regional scale, or on sectorial fields like transport or environmental planning, scholars in planning sciences always quarreled with themselves whether their approaches can be seen as discipline itself. Regardless of the different answers and outcomes of this question, it becomes clear that the debate triggers more than just the acceptance as a discipline. One might think that the scientific nature of spatial planning and thus the raison d'être of planning sciences are under general suspicion. This requires a deeper discussion about the definition of sciences and the demarcation problem as discussed in classical (Popper, Kuhn) and more contemporary approaches (Hoyningen-Huene, Park) in the philosophy of science, and what this means for the discussion about spatial planning as a science as well as a discipline. Therefore, various conclusions to regard planning sciences not as one discipline but as multiple disciplines are possible. In this sense, let us dig deep toward the bottom line of the debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined whether the publication characteristics of various scientific disciplines exhibit age-related trends. Our analysis was based on two large data sets comprising all major scientific disciplines. Citation data for European Research Council grant holders (ERC, n = 756) were obtained from Google Scholar. Publication data for Hungarian researchers (HUN, n = 2469) were obtained from the Hungarian Scientific Work Archive. The evaluated performance parameters include the number of citations received and the number of high quality first/last author papers published in the last five years. We designated the time between maximum growth and the achieved maximal annual value of total citations as the Golden Age of a researcher. Regarding citation growth, the mean age at the highest growth was 41.75 and 41.53 years for ERC grantees and Hungarian researchers, respectively. Each discipline had different values, with mathematics (38.5 years, ERC) and biology (34.7 years, HUN) having the youngest mean age of highest citation growth and agriculture (45.2 years, ERC) and language sciences (49.9 years, HUN) having the oldest mean age. The maximal growth of publications occurred at 44.5 years, with physics starting first (40.5 years, HUN) and language sciences as last (51.4 years, HUN). Most academic careers require decades to reach their peak and the length of the period of maximum performance varies across disciplines. The most creative time period is rising and is currently in the second half of the forties. Identifying the Golden Age in diverse research careers may be of substantial help in the distribution of grants and tenure positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper starts from the assumption that in modern conditions 'the law on audit of the public sector' can be conceived, established and developed as a special scientific discipline. The research was carried out in the function of creating this new scientific discipline. The study of individual legal institutes and the whole system should provide the academic and professional auditorium with basic explanations relating to law of audit of the public sector. The aim of the paper is that the author, on the one hand, demonstrates his commitment to establish the law on audit of public sector as a special scientific discipline, and on the other, to point to the existence of arguments for its special content, and its place in the legal system of a state, and its relationship with other legal branches. The purpose of this work is to enrich the domestic legal literature in this field, as well as to encourage researchers in the legal profession to deal more often with more legal institutes or have systematic approach in researching the law on audit of the public sector.

The article highlights the process of formation of scientific disciplines. Referring to the broad historical material, the author shows that this process is a manifestation of self-organization of the scientific community. The success of the emergence of a new discipline is associated with the advancement of a collector program (program systematization of knowledge), not research program. The collector program provides the cognitive institutionalization of a particular area of research practice. The training courses are based on the collector programs, they have been being developed with the purpose to broadcast cognitive experience, including the «tacit knowledge», without which any professional scientific activities is impossible.

In present study, I proposed the science discipline, network criminology. Network criminology roots in criminology and network science, which focuses on network analysis of criminal networks. It uses the theory and methodology of network science to analyze, predict and control criminal patterns and behavior. The criminal network refers to a criminal group, a terrorism network, etc. Network criminology aims to understand topological structure, organization, function, identification, and control, etc., of criminal networks. Meanwhile, I defined the aims, scope, theory and methodology of network criminology.

Introduction: The complexity of patients' needs in today's health care calls for a revision and extension of nursing professions to ensure optimal health care outcomes. The aim of the research was to assess the understanding of the four categories of the nursing care continuum and, accordingly, four categories of nursing care providers. Methods: A descriptive, quantitative research design was employed. Participants included 365 nursing educators and nurses working in the clinical setting. The structured questionnaire used was based on the four categories of the nursing care continuum. Results: Secondary school teachers expressed significantly lower agreement with the terming of health care assistant (p < 0.001), and with the general (p < 0.001) and specific (p < 0.001) competencies of this profession, contrary to management workers (p < 0.001) and those trained in research (p = 0.030) and evidence-based care (p = 0.004) who expressed higher agreement with the competencies of health care assistants. Discussion and conclusion: The research draws attention to the issue of understanding and applying the competencies of health care assistants. In order to implement the workforce matrix of competences, the European Directive on regulated professions should be supplemented with minimum requirements for specialist knowledge and advanced practice in nursing. In addition, the competencies and minimum educational requirements for health care assistants should be defined.

Copyright of Revista Telos is the property of Revista Telos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose/Thesis: Many countries increasingly use bibliographic databases while devising new scientific policies to analyze and diagnose the state of a scientific discipline. Previous studies on the suitability of data from Web of Science and Scopus databases for this purpose gave ambiguous results. Their authors did not always account for an important issue -- the quality of data from these databases. The aim of the article is to analyze the quality of data downloaded in an automated manner from the resources of the mentioned databases. Approach/Methods: The author used a qualitative method of data verification which consisted of automatic acquisition of data about journals from the Web of Science and Scopus databases, and then in their qualitative analysis. The analysis consisted of a comparison of data on journals representing of library and information science (LIS) retrieved from both databases and of the comparison between the qualitative data taken from the studied databases and the data from other, domain focused bibliographic databases; of comparing the acquired data with the information available on the websites of indexed journals and of the comparison of the method used by the producers of the abovementioned databases used to classify the journals as related of LIS, with the thematic scope of the discipline, as agreed upon by scholars. Results and conclusions: It was found that in the case of the examined discipline, automated data acquiring poses a risk of obtaining a low credibility set of data. Most problems are caused by the incompleteness of data and errors in disciplinary classifying journals, articles and authors. Originality/Value: It was shown that, contrary to the claims of the decision-makers of Polish science, in its present form, the studied bibliographic databases have only negligible usefulness for monitoring the state and development tendencies of LIS. Methodological problems created by both databases, presented in this article, may also have an impact on generating a reliable and objective picture of other scientific disciplines. The changes in the sphere of the functioning of WoS and Scopus, apparent for several years, have not dealt with the already existing problems and inconveniences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia procesu instytucjonalizacji rachunkowości w Polsce i określenia etapu jej rozwoju. Autor zwraca uwagę na związek między instytucjonalizacją rachunkowości a jej tożsamością jako nauki; wyższy poziom instytucjonalizacji decyduje o silniejszej tożsamości. W pracy posłużono się koncepcją instytucjonalizacji nauki Terry’ego N. Clarka. Autor zestawił zjawiska wyrażające proces instytucjonalizacji rachunkowości w Polsce i podjął próbę ich przypisania do następujących etapów tego procesu: samotny uczony, nauka amatorska, początek nauki akademickiej, dojrzała nauka i wielka nauka W pracy opisano poszczególne zjawiska wyrażające instytucjonalizację. Autor ustalił, że rachunkowość osiągnęła etap wielkiej nauki. Artykuł jest zaproszeniem do dyskusji w zakresie rozwoju instytucjonalnego rachunkowości w Polsce. Autor ma świadomość, że niektóre jego stwierdzenia mają charakter polemiczny i subiektywny. Dlatego też udział w tej dyskusji osób o innych poglądach będzie cennym wkładem w rozwój rachunkowości jako dyscypliny naukowej.

The article is dedicated to the domestic library science formation and development. It reviews and analyzes the concept proposed by A. N. Vaneev, according to which librarianship has emerged as a branch of science. This concept is based on the following facts: first, on the etymology of the term «bibliotekovedenie» meaning the knowledge on library; secondly, on the opinion of a participant of the discussion that took place in print in 1865, that library science and its works were not possible; that in 1910-1920s it was dominated the view on the library science as a branch of knowledge, and in 1930s the library science was declared a bourgeois science. Therefore, only in 1960s, the library science began to take shape of a scientific discipline, resulting in the duality, to overcome which it was proposed to replace the term «bibliotekovedenie (studying library)» with the term «library science» by A. Vaneev. The concept analysis showed that it was not confirmed neither etymologically nor pictographically. The author's concept is proposed, according to which the library science was formed as a scientific discipline during the XIX century. First, it is based on the thesis that the concept «branch of knowledge» is a library classification notion, whereas the concept «scientific discipline» is a scientific term, therefore they cannot be opposed to each other; second, on the view of science as systematic and focused research activities of a particular subject area. Therefore, it arises when there is the identification of this subject area. Such are the aspects of library activities to ensure public interests in the sphere of science, education and enlightenment. In practice, this was manifested in the «governmentalization» of librarianship and subordinating it to the Ministry of education. Understanding the subject area of library science by scholars was in the mid XIX century. The systematic character of scientific knowledge was achieved by institutionalization, through vesting the leading libraries of the country functions of scientific institutions, creating the library communities, professional printing, etc. All this took place during the whole XIX century. Thus, according to the author's proposed concept the formation of national library science as a scientific discipline ended in the late XIX - early XX century finally.

The essence of cultural studies The article presents Polish cultural studies as a scientific discipline and as a field of study. The most important issues used to characterise the essence of cultural studies are as follows: its relation to political science and politics as such; interdisciplinarity, digitisation and globalisation, humanities, humanism and anti-humanism. Polish cultural studies, which is dynamically developing, is variously defined. Therefore, it is difficult to clarify the essence of a field and area which is so hybrid and fluid. However, in the present world, it is worth remembering the principle importance of the humanities and their mission. Cultural studies is one of the key areas where the mission of the humanities is realised.

What is cultural studies as a scientific discipline defined by polish law? The author of the article concentrates on the long and difficult process of the Faculty of International and Political Studies (at the Jagiellonian University, Krakow) in obtaining the right to educate students in the field of cultural studies. Problematic issues are described on the basis of Polish law which codifies individual disciplines and fields of science. Paying attention to the fundamental differences between Polish, British, French, German or Russian cultural studies was the starting point for taking a deeper reflection on the essence of what cultural studies is and what it should be, with a diverse and thereby rich structure.