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In this research, the conceptual dimensions of research in the field of scientific authority were analyzed with the aim of analysis of the conceptual structure of knowledge in this field in Iran. In order to achieve this goal, the main questions is: What is the conceptual structure of “scientific authority” knowledge in Iran based on existing scientific documents? In this research, the technique of co-word analysis, information clustering and social network analysis were used. The study population of this research includes all scientific documents including Persian articles, books, theses and research projects from the beginning to January 2023. Research tools include software in the field of scientometrics such as Ravar_matrix, Ucinet, NetDraw, and VOSviewer. To collect data from databases such as Noormags Database, Magiran Database, Magiran, ISC Database and SID Database, List of National and University Libraries, GANJ Database, other specific indexes, search engines such as Google, etc. were used. To retrieve documents related to scientific authority, from all search strategies including advanced, simple and review, and sometimes semi-automatic text mining with keywords “scientific authority”, “scientific originality”, “scientific leadership”, “academic leadership”, “scientific reviewer”, and “university professors” were used to extract related scientific documents. The results related to co-lexical analysis showed that more than 241 concepts or keywords were mentioned in this field and the concepts of “scientific authority” in particular with the highest frequency, Ahl al-Bayt, Holy Qur’an, gaining or achieving authority, University of Medical Sciences, University “Leadership perspective and higher education” have had the most frequency among all concepts. Also, 30 concepts such as “indigenization of science”, “scientific dynamism”, “scientific vitality”, “scientific capital”, “scientific authority”, “civilization-building research”, “scientific authority”, “scientism”, “scientific flow”, “promotion chair”, “frontiers of knowledge”, “social innovation”, “scientific heritage”, “leaders of science” were identified as emerging concepts in the researches. The results related to clustering showed that the knowledge of this field in Iran consists of 13 main clusters. Drawing conceptual maps of the field of knowledge of scientific authority showed that the formed network of concepts has discontinuity and its concepts are less connected with each other. Considering that its density is around 0.0268, it cannot be said that its conceptual network is dense. Network density is a number that is in the range between one and zero. The closer the network density score is to one, it indicates more density and the closer to zero, it indicates the laxity and disconnection of the network. According to the density of the network, it can be concluded that the number of 20 to 30 concepts has caused cohesion in a part of the conceptual network of this field. In this regard, the density map visualized this situation well and showed where the hot spots in the field of scientific authority are concentrated in the network and in the vicinity of what concepts. The term scientific authority was first proposed by the Supreme Leader and after that it was explained many times and various researchers have defined, interpreted and explained the concept of scientific authority. This research was done on the basis of what has been written so far about the scientific authority of research and writing, not what it should be. In this study, an attempt was made to express the concepts from the point of view of information visualization technology, and by drawing conceptual maps, their relationships were depicted. Surely, readers and those interested in this field can find more conceptual relationships governing the field. This research is done for the first time with this method. Also, no research has been done with this method in the field of scientific authority so far. Therefore, matching the findings with some of the previous results of this research are not equivalent. Therefore, the findings were also different from them. Perhaps it can be claimed that these findings were the result of the activities of Iranian researchers in the field of scientific authority from the time it was raised by the Supreme Leader in 2014 until today. This research provided a conceptual macro picture of the field of scientific authority. It is hoped that officials, curators and researchers who work for the development of this field will use the results of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: The reason for the current research is to distinguish the components of scientific authority in marine science and technology of the nationMethodology:This research is mixed exploratory(quantitative and subjective) and has been done by survey methods. The statistical population in the qualitative part of the inquiry were eight members. In the quantitative part of the research, sampling of a statistical population of 180 people including professors and experts in marine sciences, Ports and Maritime Organization marine science experts and naval commanders was randomly done. The classification of the categories within the statistical test was explored, and in addition, the discoveries were analyzed with the assistance of Lisrel software.Findings: The discoveries of the investigation showed the six fundamental categories of the authority of marine science and technology, counting extraordinary approaches in marine science and technology, having a particular trustee within the field of the ocean, sea culture, a process approach within the specialist of marine science and technology, maritime civilization and maritime discretion.Originality: These 6 primary categories together with 26 other subcategories were displayed within the frame of an organized show of scientific authority in marine science and technology

Introduction: Scientific authority is crucial for nations shaping global knowledge and innovation. For Iran, achieving this goal aligns with Vision 1404, which aspires to position the country as a regional and global leader in science and technology. Despite advancements in fields like nanotechnology and medical sciences, challenges such as limited international collaboration and resource constraints impede progress. This study explores the educational and research ideals of Iranian medical students, who are pivotal in advancing scientific authority. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted during 1402-1403 across Iranian medical universities. A total of 180 students were invited to participate, with 135 completing the survey (response rate: 75%). A two-part questionnaire evaluated participants' access to resources and perceptions of scientific authority. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 22) with descriptive and inferential statistics. Ethical approval was granted by the National Strategic Research Center for Medical Education (Approval Code: IR.NASRME.REC.1403.033), and informed consent was obtained from participants. Results: Of the 135 respondents, 100 were master's students, 10 doctoral, and 25 undergraduates. No significant demographic associations were found with responses. Alarmingly, 90% of participants were unaware of the criteria for achieving scientific authority in Iran, and 81% did not prioritize it in their academic or professional goals. Discussion: The findings reveal a critical need for cultural shifts and strategic interventions to integrate scientific authority into Iran's academic and research frameworks. By fostering awareness, innovation, and interdisciplinary collaboration, Iran can reclaim its leadership in global science and technology, aligning educational priorities with national ambitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Since dealing with the scientific authority from a fundamental point of view is a necessity and has received little attention, this research tries to find a mechanism for the realization of scientific authority by referring to the roots of the formation of authority in science and by going through the history of the evolution of science with reference to alternative philosophical attitudes. Method: By choosing a holistic view, this research has tried to achieve comprehensiveness presentation of how authority is formed in science by applying three methods of analysis, synthesis and synthetic. Applying the method of analyzing and scrutinizing scientific-philosophical documents is the first step, synthesizing the findings from the analysis and basing them on fundamental principles based on the synthetic method is the next step in the method. Application of these three methods, which in a way shows the benefits of inductive methodology along with realism in analysis and analogical a priori in synthetics, can be a reliable method in humanities research due to the integration of methods and lack of one-sidedness, although it is often neglected .By applying the analysis method, while identifying the truth of knowledge in its apparent meaning by referring to scientific documents, it was discovered the truth in its essence and in itself by referring to philosophical documents. Two approaches, each of which has pointed to a facet of the multifaceted prism of understanding this phenomenon. By applying the blending method, it is possible to unify two opposing approaches, and in the last step, by applying the synthetic method and relying on the foundations and principles, it will be possible to achieve scientific authority by going through the four stages of scientific thinking. Results: The findings in this scientific process show that authority in humanities will not be possible unless the following requirements are fulfilled: The first requirement: going beyond experience and the scientific method based on it - although it is accepted in natural sciences - the second: relying on previous knowledge as the only valid knowledge of the universal type; Third: Going through the correct stages of scientific thinking in the human sciences in order to realize universal knowledge, knowledge whose foundation is based on the principles of necessity and certainty and accepted unconditionally; Fourth: Education and training of outstanding people in the position of neutral Spectators and philosophers. Spectators who impartially judge the performance of actors in the scientific field and measure the credibility of scientific achievements; Philosophers whose main concern is to reach the truth and point out the deviation from principles in science; Fifth, including three criteria and criteria to measure the validity of scientifically produced knowledge, including "originality", "Exemplarity" and "being useful and effective for solving the problems in the country" and sixth: changing the conventional teaching method to a method based On discussion and interaction based on critical thinking in scientific centers Conclusion: he result of this research showed that although the predominance of empiricism in the human sciences as a limited attitude towards the thousand-year period of the Dark Age caused objectivity to be authoritative and based on cause and effect relationships and governing laws, but the efforts of philosophers such as Kant in The path of attaining the truth in itself drew attention to the meta dimension and beyond the perceptible of the phenomena and made man aware of the huge reserves hidden in his existence, capacities, genius and potential talents so that if Kant would not have achieved these human truths and He did not point out the reliance on inspiration and intuition as a huge source of creating alternative works, the attitude of empiricism that governs everything is based on cause and effect relationships, and the Idea of science was never realized. Therefore, it should be accepted that the alternative approach in scientific authority in the field of human sciences is to place the basis of authority on people Creations that humans are the cause of and are not pre-existing and clear. A human being was created creatively according to his nature and existence, and this is the elixir of freedom associated with his creation, which makes possible the manifestation of enormous existential capacities and countless genius, talent and capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When studying science contexts, scholars typically position charismatic authority as an adjunct or something that provides a meaning-laden boost to rational authority. In this paper, we re-theorize these relationships. We re-center charismatic authority as an interpretive resource that allows scientists and onlookers to recast a professional conflict in terms of a public drama. In this mode, both professionals and lay enthusiasts portray involvement in the scientific process as a story of suppression and persecution, in which only a few remarkable figures can withstand scrutiny and take on challengers with dignity. Description and elaboration of these figures and the folklore surrounding them sets in motion the interpretive processes by which some actors become charismatic leaders and others charismatic followers within science, ultimately providing alternative symbolic resources for an embattled research agenda to accrue legitimacy. To illustrate, we use the case of Arthur Jensen - a deceased intelligence researcher and the intellectual father to contemporary texts like The Bell Curve - and the circles of hero worship that admirers inside and outside academia have created to praise him. Using this perspective to study Jensen and his admirers demonstrates how the perennial race and intelligence debates gain a kind of symbolic power, unrelated to their scientific merit or racist appeal, which enables such debates to thrive and persist in the public sphere. More generally, our approach identifies contemporary processes by which scientific ideas can gain public authority even when their intellectual merit has been deemed dubious.

Copyright of Medical Education Journal / Āmūzish-i Pizishkī is the property of Babol University of Medical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: In the field of higher education, the scientific authority of academic disciplines plays a decisive role in shaping the academic environment, attracting talented students and improving knowledge. Recognition and evaluation of scientific reference of academic fields is also needed for people who seek to make decisions in the field of research, education and consulting. The current research is a qualitative study with the aim of identifying the indicators of scientific authority in academic fields of higher education in Allameh Tabatabai University as one of the pillars of higher education. Method: Using the purposeful snowball sampling method, in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 university faculty members in different fields. Collected data using thematic analysis research method and placement analysis software. Results: The research findings showed a set of key indicators that help create and recognize scientific authority in academic fields. These indicators include research outputs, interdisciplinary collaborations, funding and resources, faculty expertise, and international recognition. Conclusion: The present research provides valuable guidance for other universities by providing an insight into the factors that contribute as scientific help, which aims to improve their scientific position and their position in the leading universities in their respective fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies resemblances between academic postmodernism and today's popular contestations of the authority of science by means of a qualitative content analysis of 657 critical online comments on a Belgian newspaper article about the COVID-19 crisis that features a prominent Belgian virologist. The comments portray scientists as (1) prophets who pretend their knowledge to be superior to competing understandings of the world; (2) puppets who figure in hidden schemes that cannot stand the light of day; and (3) pinheads who lack the intellectual competence to give solid scientifically informed advice. While the first two critiques do at first sight resemble academic postmodernism, they are in fact informed by the markedly modern understanding that objective and neutral scientific knowledge is as feasible as it is desirable. What we find, then, are not contestations of the authority of science per se, but indeed of practices deemed deviant aberrations of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of História Unisinos is the property of Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nation states often end up adopting practices that are incongruent with their formal commitments to international efforts, such as mitigation of climate change. Although the necessity of a transfer towards carbon-neutral societies is widely understood, such decoupling is a challenge to transition. This study analyses the political discourse in the Finnish media from 2017 to 2018 around the European Union's Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Regulation. The discourse embodies a contradiction, as the Finnish government sought to justify its aim to log a record amount of forest while officially pledging to climate change mitigation. The forest industry and the government launched a major lobbying campaign to influence the regulation calculations to be adopted by the European Union. Several representatives of the scientific community rose to oppose the government's plan of action by distributing scientific knowledge on the negative climate effects caused by extensive forestry; a vigorous public debate around the correct ways to use this natural resource ensued. Our analysis identifies three prevailing narratives, each portraying and resolving the contradiction in a distinct way. We argue that narratives work as tools of epistemic governance and demonstrate how policy actors selectively weave scientific knowledge into such narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In today’s information society, science and technology are defined as the most important pillars of the development and progress of societies that are changing rapidly. Thus, governments try actively to enter the category of science and technology in their upstream policies and documents and make policies in order to make science a discourse at the level of society. The two basic concepts in the today’s science and technology discourse in our society, which require attention in documents and upstream programs, are ‘scientific authority’ and ‘eco-centric values’, which are also emphasized by the Supreme Leader. They can be seen in the upstream documents, including the comprehensive scientific map of the country. This study aims to analyze the discourse of the comprehensive scientific map of the country and present solutions to move towards the desirable situation in science and technology in the society. Method: This study was conducted using the discourse analysis method. The study population is all the contents of the comprehensive scientific map of the country, thirteen strategies of which were purposefully analyzed using Laclau and Mouffe’s method and by reading this scientific map and taking notes. Findings: The findings showed that the central signifier of this discourse is ‘innovative scientific authority’ which has found its meaning structure through the signifiers such as ‘indigenous knowledge’ and ‘knowledge-based economy’. This stabilization is supported by the ‘culture-bound/eco-centric’ hegemony, and the myth-making grounds of this document are also has been provided through slogans such as ‘establishing a new Islamic civilization’, ‘increasing technological production to more than 50% of GDP’, and ‘scientific authority of the Persian language’. Results: The extracted principles are: scientific authority, eco-centric values, negation of dependence, professional competence, scientific networking, research-based education, empowerment, demand-driven research, modern Islamic civilization.

In an attempt to respond effectively to the COVID-19 pandemic, policy makers and scientific experts who advise them have aspired to present a unified front. Leveraging the authority of science, they have at times portrayed politically favored COVID interventions, such as lockdowns, as strongly grounded in scientific evidence—even to the point of claiming that enacting such interventions is simply a matter of "following the science." Strictly speaking, all such claims are false, since facts alone never yield moral-political conclusions. More importantly, attempts to present a unified front have led to a number of other actions and statements by scientists and policy makers that erode the authority of science. These include actions and statements that: (1) mislead the public about epidemiological matters such as mortality rates, cause of death determinations, and computerized modeling, or fail to correct mainstream media sources that interpret such concepts in misleading ways; (2) incorporate moral-political opinions into ostensible statements of fact; and (3) misrepresent or misuse scientific expertise. The fundamental thesis of the paper is not primarily that such actions and statements have proliferated during the COVID-19 epidemic (though I think they have), but rather that they are unscientific and that presenting them as science undermines the authority of science. In the moral-political realm, the great power of science and the source of its authority derives from its agnosticism about fundamental moral-political claims. Science, for instance, has no built-in presumption that we should respect life, promote freedom, or practice toleration; nor does it tell us which of these values to prioritize when values conflict. Because of this agnosticism, science is recognized across a broad diversity perspectives as morally and politically impartial, and authoritative within its proper sphere. When it is infused with partisan bias, it loses that authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely recognized that the public benefits from well-placed trust in science. While expert advice may be wrong at times, nonexperts, on balance, benefit from following scientific experts rather than ignoring them. In short, the public needs science. Numerous professional codes such as the 2017 European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity, scientific reports (e.g., American Association of Arts and Science. 2014. Public Trust in Vaccines: Defining a Research Agenda. https://www.amacad.org/sites/ default/files/publication/downloads/publicTrustVaccines.pdf) and academic scholarship emphasize the importance of public trust in science and recommend a variety of ways to promote it.1 Less attention, however, is given to the converse relation between science and the public, namely how much science needs the public. This article examines this two-way relationship by considering the role of trust in science, both within scientific communities and between science and the public, where and how public mistrust arises, and what can be done to improve public trust in science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizations far beyond traditional academic institutions have become prolific science producers, with many now providing evidence‐based advice for national governments and policy‐makers. Neo‐institutional sociology explains organizations' growing investment in research activities and research‐based policy advice by the all‐embracing scientization and the expansion of the educated population, phenomena observable throughout the world. There is, however, considerably less knowledge about how the organizations' increased knowledge production and the supply of science‐based policy advice are reflected in national policy‐making, including the legislative work of parliaments, and to what extent distinct organizations are deemed authoritative in different countries. In this paper, we examine how different organizations are used as scientific authorities in parliamentary debates over new legislation. Drawing on analyses of 576 parliamentary debates from Australia, Finland, Kenya, and the United Kingdom, we study what organizations are acknowledged as scientific authorities and the relative weight of different organization types in the context of political debates over new legislation. The results reveal that while organizations in general are frequently evoked as scientific authorities in all four countries, there is remarkable variation in the types of organizations considered authoritative in different national contexts. We elaborate these findings by analysing ways in which politicians evaluate organizations as sources of scientific authority. While the same set of evaluative schemas are used in all four countries, each is typically applied to certain types of organization. The results suggest that both the supply of scientific policy advice and political culture shape legislators' rhetorical practices when drawing on organizations' scientific authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）旨在确保濒危野生动植物的生存免受国际贸易的威 胁, 是保护野生动植物资源最有力的国际公约之一。作为缔约方履约机构的重要组成部分, 科学机构肩负着 确保国际野生动植物贸易满足公约可持续性、合法性及可追溯性要求的责任。科学机构的工作范围广、涉及 领域多, 包括：组织开展动植物种科学研究, 掌握物种基础科学信息, 了解公约贸易政策, 为野生动植物进 出口贸易提供科学咨询, 熟悉公约谈判规则, 参与国家履约谈判, 开展履约科普宣传, 提高全社会的野生动 植物保护意识等。中华人民共和国濒危物种科学委员会（简称"国家濒科委"）作为我国的 CITES 科学机 构, 自成立以来, 依托中国科学院, 依靠广大科学家, 与相关部门密切合作, 取得了一系列重要成绩, 得到 国内外的高度评价。目前, 面对履约新形势, 国家濒科委也面临着一系列挑战, 需要在物种科学研究、促进 领域协作、深化履约合作、专家智库建设、信息平台建设等方面得到进一步提升, 以期为全球濒危野生动植 物保护作出更大贡献。. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) aims to ensure the survival of endangered wildlife species from the threat of international trade, and is one of the powerful international conventions in the field of wildlife conservation. As an important part of the party's compliance body, scientific authority (SA) is responsible for ensuring the international wildlife trade to meet the requirements of sustainability, legality and traceability. The mandate of SA is involved into many aspects, like starting up the scientific research program for obtaining the basic information on wildlife species, providing the scientific advice for import and export trade of wild animal and plant species, attending the CITES Conference of Parties on behalf of China, and promoting the popularization of science for enhancing the public awareness of wildlife conservation. As China's CITES SA, since its establishment, the Endangered Species Scientific Commission (ESSC) has made a series of important achievements, which have been highly praised at home and abroad, based on the research capability of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the hard work of scientists and the close cooperation with relevant departments and institutions. Nevertheless, for fulfilling the obligation of CITES scientifically, ESSC needs to overcome a series of challenges by strengthening the research capacity building, promoting the multidisciplinary teamwork, developing the international cooperation, building expert think tanks, and constructing the wildlife information platform, so as to make greater contributions to the global wildlife conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite growing interest in community-level science literacy, most studies focus on communities of interest who come together through particular science, environmental or health-related goals. We examine a pre-existing community—ultra-Orthodox Jews in Israel—with a particular history and politics vis-à-vis science, technology, and medicine. First, we show how Haredi cosmologies and culture come together to critique science as an epistemology while engaging with science as a technology. Then, we demonstrate how community-based medical experts serve as both science-related knowledge mediators and gatekeepers. Whereas Haredi Jews are constantly critiqued for their low levels of individual secular and science education, these community-based webs of knowledge seemingly position Haredi individuals with knowledge that surpasses the average "secular" Israeli. This case study develops unique analytical tools in the growing field of community-level science literacy, while pushing forward conversations about self-ascribed experts, knowledge gatekeeping, and the socio-political contexts of group critiques of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how the divine verses affect the anthropological foundations of political science based on the approach of the scientific authority of the Holy Quran. The research is based on the hypothesis that the Holy Qur'an, by establishing the anthropology of the Qur'an-based, introduces transcendent and special anthropology that affects all sciences, including political science. In this research, quadratic studies and the philosophy of science have been used analytically and critically. The results showed that human characteristics in the Qur'an, such as the divine caliphate of man, human dignity, attention to both material and spiritual needs, free will and choice, the purpose of creation, and attention to the layers of human existence, introduce politics as the arena of the divine caliphate. Moreover, he is always concerned about human dignity in political studies, and with a comprehensive approach of political science to this world and the hereafter, the human will and how to make the right and wrong choices, and the right to consult within limits determined by the consent of God and His Messenger. Covers human existence (heart, intellect, appearance, and behavior).

The present research investigated how scientific authority increases the lethal use of animals in biomedical experimentation. In two behavioral studies (N = 151 and 150), participants were required to incrementally administer 12 doses of a toxic chemical to a 53-cm fish (in reality, a biomimetic robot) for research on animal learning. Consistent with the Engaged Followership Theory on obedience, participants placed in a pro-scientific mindset more severely harmed the laboratory animal. In a cross-sectional study (N = 351), participants in medical fields endorsed a more pro-scientific attitude than those in paramedical fields, which mediated their support for animal experimentation. Drawing on a representative European sample (N = 31,238), we also confirmed the specificity of this link by controlling for potential demographic and ideological confounds. In a final study (N = 1,598), instrumental harm was shown as mediating the link between a pro-scientific attitude and support for animal experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is modeling the acquisition of scientific authority in medical education with responsive education approach. The research design is also qualitative with Grounded Theory method. Using sampling method of "samples containing enriched data", an in-depth interviews were conducted with 25 university experts at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and other medical universities (in the cities of Tehran, Babol, etc.). The results indicated that modeling of the acquisition of scientific authority in medical education with responsive education approach has five dimensions: 1. Culture and value creation, 2. Ontology and capacity building of knowledge, 3. Commercialization and market orientation, 4. Structure of scientific centers of treatment and 5. Planning and policy making and 16 components as: 1. New discourses, 2. Self-esteem culture, 3. Innovation culture, 4. Futuristic culture, 5. Requirement setting, 6. Education priorities, 7 Human resource management, 8. Thinking and planning, 9. Commercialization of scientific products, 10. Monitoring of commercialization programs, 11. Scientific freedom, 12. Enabling structures, 13. Application of technologies, 14. Implementation of the comprehensive plan document,15. General Health System Policies and 16. The evolution and innovation of medical science education.

Objective: In today's information society, science and technology are defined as the most important pillars of the development and progress of societies that are changing rapidly. Thus, governments try actively to enter the category of science and technology in their upstream policies and documents and make policies in order to make science a discourse at the level of society. The two basic concepts in today's science and technology discourse in our society, which require attention in documents and upstream programs, are 'scientific authority' and 'eco-centric values', which are also emphasized by the Supreme Leader. They can be seen in the upstream documents, including the comprehensive scientific map of the country. This study aims to analyze the discourse of the comprehensive scientific map of the country and present solutions to move towards the desirable situation in science and technology in the society. Method: This study was conducted using the discourse analysis method. The study population is all the contents of the comprehensive scientific map of the country, thirteen strategies of which were purposefully analyzed using Laclau and Mouffe's method and by reading this scientific map and taking notes. Findings: The findings showed that the central signifier of this discourse is 'innovative scientific authority' which has found its meaning structure through the signifiers such as 'indigenousknowledge' and 'knowledge-based economy'. This stabilization is supported by the 'culture -bound/eco-centric' hegemony, and the myth-making grounds of this document have also been provided through slogans such as 'establishing a new Islamic civilization', 'increasing technological production to more than 50% of GDP', and 'scientific authority of the Persian language'. Results: The extracted principles are: scientific authority, eco-centric values, negation of dependence, professional competence, scientific networking, research-based education, empowerment, demand-driven research, modern Islamic civilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay traces the connected histories of Portuguese and French anthropology in the late nineteenth century. By looking at a Portuguese scientific institution, the Carlos Ribeiro Society, it considers how French race science, known as anthropologie, was adopted and adapted across the European Latin world as a type of "stranger-science." That is: as an authoritative outsider scientific formation, installed into national terrain in accordance with insider strategies for turning foreign elements into native forms of scientific sovereignty and modernity. French anthropology's international diffusion becomes meaningful in the light of the Portuguese incorporating what was foreign and modern as a means to generate vitality, and authority endogenously in their own national context. Hence, addressing the circulation of stranger-sciences can pave the way for an original conceptualizing of the transnational life of race science across and even beyond the Latin world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tries to extract and prioritize strategies for achieving scientific leadership in Iran based on the country's upstream documents. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Common strategies and measures to achieve the leadership extract using the method of document mining analyzed the content of documents related to science and technology and examine their interaction and communication with a questionnaire from experts in this field and to analyze the findings, used the approach of “interpretive structural modeling”. According to findings, some strategies are strongly influenced by the advancement of other measures, so that the output and consequences of attention to other strategies will lead to the following achievements, these strategies including: “Improving educational programs and methods and improving the quality and quantity of research centers and activities.” And “Development and strengthening of national and transnational communication networks between universities, scientific centers, scientists and researchers, and technology development and innovation firms.” Accurate focus on some strategies such as “promoting the desired level of science production” and “improving the productivity of human resources of scientific and research institutes” will pave the way for achieving the desired position in the field of science and technology on an international scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What sounds like a laborious set up for a shallow joke actually hits the core of the problem this issue covers: What do the leading archaeologist of the former German Democratic Republic in re‐unifying Germany, Bulgarian scientists in the late 1960s and some recent discussions about representations of Polish ancient history have in common? They all operate along fractures in the crust of scientific authority, they mark moments in time when classical figures of knowledge reach or breach authoritative status. They serve to study how authoritative speech bridged and manifested these relations and help identify areas where scientific authority is contested. This volume transcends this topological rhetoric with a praxeological take on scientific authority. Concentrating on authority figures, it brings specific margins and contestations into sight. The papers in this volume study cases from former socialist countries of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe, and thus examples that present us with the complexity of agonal relations within state socialism and post‐socialist transformations that complicate matters of scientific authority in many ways, yet also offer illustrative examples of shifting constellations of (scientific) authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation and transformation process of the GDR research system in the wake of German reunification 1989/90 was immediately accompanied not only by debates within the scientific community, but also by an extensive discussion about the value and future perspectives of East German scholarship and its protagonists in the nationally circulated press. In 1990, the focus turned temporarily to the prominent East German prehistorian Joachim Herrmann after his election to the board of an international historical association. The article uses the example of Herrmann and the public discussion about him as a case study to examine the status of, and changes in, the authority of scholarship and the scholar in the context of the evaluation and restructuring of the East German research landscape in the early 1990s. A selection of press articles from nationwide German newspapers and newsmagazines, as well as archival letters exchanged between different participants in the debate serve as prisms carving out the central arguments and subjacent structures of the discussion. Therefore, Herrmann's case exposes generic characteristics of (different concepts of) scientific authority and the close connection between its negotiation and the search for identity in the newly reunited German academic sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to uncovered the facts behind the scientific authority that was showed by Gus Izza Sadewa (the son of KH. Imron Jamil Jombang), who was only 15 years old and was able to present a scientific identity and sufism practices that was very beneficial. The author focuses on YouTube's new media as a shaping of scientific authority in the cyberculture world. The author analyzes the content analysis of some YouTube videos about Gus Izza. The content provided is manifested in aspects of contextual sufism. According to Heidi A. Campbell, there are 4 things that influence a religion or a text ideology, namely hierarchy (value), structure, ideology, and text. The results obtained from several segments of the hierarchy or values formed in the self of Gus Izza, he has Sufism and mature scientific authority, which can be proven by giving explanations about monotheism, the most important in looking for mursyhd-teachers, faith, actualizing worship that applied in daily life. All of those have the main orientation in the virtue ethics (akhlaq al-karimah).

Scientific training often begins with learning content knowledge and techniques. As a student progresses, they are required to communicate the results of their experiments with their instructors in a manner that other scientists would understand. This style of communication is stressed throughout their entire training. But what happens when the need arises to communicate with interested nonscientific audiences? Scientific discourse has typically been considered what philosopher of language Mikhail Bakhtin termed an "authoritative discourse,"—a discourse that "binds us, quite independent of any power it might have to persuade us internally," whose hegemony is traditionally a priori, unquestioned. However, within the public realm, that authority is in crisis. There is an unsettling rise of anti-scientific counter-discourses such as the anti-vaccine movement, the growing Flat Earth movement, climate change denialism, and a host of other "movements" grounded in either pseudo-science or an outright dismissal of scientific authority. In response to this crisis, scientists and educators have called for more attention to improving scientific literacy among the general public. By examining the generic conventions of scientific discourse using the theories of Mikhail Bakhtin, we hope to point out some of the barriers causing the current crisis in scientific authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural history museums legitimate and motivate social and political actions through their representations of science-society relations. The Carnegie Natural History Museum has brought narratives of the Anthropocene into its museum spaces, offering novel representations and understandings of human-nature and science-society relations. As a contested concept, the Anthropocene entails at least two tensions in how it might be represented, encouraging different kinds of social and political projects: the Anthropocene may encourage new political formations and opportunities as well as new, better relations between science and society. Motivated to engage with the Anthropocene out of commitments to affirm a strong and pronounced social role of the scientific community, museum actors defend scientific authority through appeals to reflexive scientific processes and science's necessary relations with other modes of thought. Reflexive scientific processes allow scientists and scientific institutions to manage their social and political values, while science's relations with artistic and ethical thinking legitimizes the use of science in responses to explicitly political and social problems. The Carnegie Museum enacts these bases for authority through its Anthropocene narratives, re-drawing the boundaries of scientific authority to include political questions while simultaneously making the boundaries between legitimate, scientific knowledge and other modes of thought less salient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the scientific biography of the talented contemporary scholar, academician Gennady Matishov. The authors pays attention to the profound contributions G. Matishov has made to the major field of his scientific interest in polar oceanography, marine ecology, geomorphology, paleogeography of the ocean, as well as the creation of prediction models of the evolution of Arctic ecosystems and comprehensive study of the fishery resources in the Southern Federal District. Particular attention is given to his socio-political studies of the situation in the South of Russia, aimed at the prevention of conflicts, his works on the history of the Great Patriotic War as well as some projects on military issues, implemented under his leadership. Speaking about Matishov himself, we can note his devotion to science, talent as a science organizer and his role in creating and developing the southern scientific center of the Russian Academy of Sciences during the period of radical changes in the country.

Leadership of large organizations such as medical universities require general, specialized knowledge for optimal organizational management. Knowledge-based organizational leadership is a necessity for organizational leadership and the importance of knowledge-based leadership in organizational development and Brexit scientific authority is not hidden. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of knowledge-based leadership and scientific authority in medical universities. The present study is a review that has been done by searching the databases of Google Scholar, ProQuest, Elsevier, Pubmed, Iran Medex, Scopus in the range of 2003 to 2020. Searching for articles based on review keywords, Leadership, knowledge-based, authority. The results show that knowledge-based leadership is a leadership style in the organization that is the connecting point of the organization. Knowledge-based leadership (with general and specialized capabilities and optimal organizational management) is a valuable organizational asset that can implement the goals of leadership in a desirable way and the highest efficiency in the organization. Therefore, with proper leadership, organizational resources can be used with a scientific authority approach. The results of this study suggest to the officials of medical universities to use knowledge-based and effective leaders in the organization in order to promote scientific authority and organizational orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the investigation of medical marvels—principally reported cases of human bodies that could spontaneously produce rocks, needles, animals or other objects—in Enlightenment France. It argues that published accounts of these investigations served both a pedagogical and propagandistic purpose as they highlighted the benevolence, extensive knowledge, and sceptical approach of the ideal medical practitioner. At a time when medical knowledge was often challenged and the medical community remained insecure about its ability to cure diseases, these accounts provided crucial evidence that medicine was a useful and reliable science. This article examines a critical moment in the professionalisation of medicine when elite physicians in Paris were able to exploit a growing antipathy for the marvellous in order to prove the utility and reliability of medical knowledge, while inextricably linking medical practice with rationalism, scientific reasoning and the Enlightenment campaign against superstition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Memoria em Rede is the property of Revista Memoria em Rede and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Max Weber´s sober inventory of academic life and his prophetic vision of its 'Americanization' highlight the impact of societies on scientific knowledge production and academic careers. Likewise, Weber was concerned with the impact of science on societies. Being aware of the growing epistemic authority of science Weber warned of its potential abuse by scientists. However, he never explored the possible implications of these connections: How are changing academic career paths, e.g. the increasing 'professionalization,' affecting self-image and strategies of scientists? How are changing social expectations shaping the role of scientists in societies? This contribution reengages with Weber´s text to analyze this interplay focusing on the potential trade-off between the professionalization of scientists and the epistemic authority of science: Weber´s understanding of science as a social venture is particularly informative in modern knowledge societies in which scientific knowledge plays an ever more important role. Focusing on the interplay between increasingly professionalized academic careers and the unresolved issue of drawing the boundaries of scientific authority will thus contribute to a better understanding of the contradictions of modern societies, in which scholars themselves decry 'intellectual monocultures' while at the same time scientists are denigrated as opportunists and 'rent seekers.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the case study of Real Vegan Cheese (RVC), a synthetic biology project housed in a community lab or “biohackerspace,” I argue that biohacking performs an “artistic critique” of the bioeconomy. Following Boltanski and Chiapello’s use of the term, the “artistic critique” pits values of autonomy and creativity against a view of capitalist production as standardized and alienating, represented (in the case of biotechnology) by Monsanto’s monoculture GMOs. In this way, biohacking is depicted as liberating biotechnology from the constraints of corporate and academic institutions. Through the use of design fiction and a playful aesthetic, projects such as RVC demonstrate a more legitimate––with respect to the values of the artistic critique––mode of production for a new generation of biotechnology products, one that is portrayed as driven primarily by ethical and aesthetic values rather than the profit motive. This analysis highlights the role that aesthetic and affective strategies play in advancing particular sociotechnical visions, and the way that biohacking projects operate in symbiosis with incumbent institutions even as they define themselves in opposition to them. Finally, it suggests that biohacking has certain limitations when considered as a form of public engagement with science.

Using interviews with residents of Idaho (a rural northwest US state) who identify as skeptical of climate change, we examine how skeptics rationalize their doubts about climate science. Skeptics tend to question the reality and human causes of climate change by (1) raising concerns about incentive structures in science that could bias climatology, (2) doubting the accuracy of data and models used by climate scientists, and (3) perceiving some practices of climate science and scientists as exclusionary. Despite these concerns, skeptics exhibit deference to scientific authority when using scientific assessments to make policy decisions, including environmental policy. Understanding skeptics' concerns about climate science and areas where they support science-based policy, will lead to better dialogue between scientists, interest groups, policy makers, and the skeptical public, potentially clarifying avenues to communicate climate information and enact climate policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Advancement in science and technology is one of the axioms of the general policies stated by the S upreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Along with the Development and Innovation Program in Medical Education, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, as one of the country's higher education institutes in healthcare, has identified its peculiar potentials for the position of scientific authority in the 9th macro-region. Methods: This descriptive study was bas ed on the scientific hegemony model to collect data. The scientific activity of the faculty members was determined based on the number of published articles, citations, and the faculties' H-index. Subs equently, the faculty members of Birjand University of Medical Sciences with an H-index of 10 or higher in their respective specialty were compared with their counterparts on both national and macro-regional scales in terms of the H-index. The source of data extraction was the Ministry of Health scientometrics system available on the website isid.research.ac.ir. Results: At the macro regional level, Birjand University of Medical Sciences has attained the highest H-index in the five specialties of clinical toxicology, infectious diseases, molecular medicine, epidemiology, and parasitology. On the national scale, the university is ranked among the 8 to 9-percent top universities in the fields of clinical toxicology and poisoning, infectious diseases, and molecular medicine. Conclusion: In Birjand University of Medical Sciences, there is potential to assume scientific authority in c linical toxicology and poisoning, infectious diseases, and molecular medicine at the person level. The potential avails at the institutional level in case of support from officials. Given less than ten years of tenure of the faculties and the currently desirable recruitment policies, the university is capable of turning into a scientific pole in one or more of these specialties in case that the scientific staff are empowered further and organized into teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]