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Background: Proper education and menstrual hygiene management facilities form a pathway for the overall growth and development of an adolescent girl. Poor availability of menstrual hygiene facilities in school can have a negative impact on the reproductive health of a girl as well as contribute to school absenteeism, sometimes resulting in school dropout. This study evaluates the various factors associated with school absenteeism during menstruation, and to assess knowledge of reproductive health. Objectives: 1. To assess the various factors affecting school absenteeism among adolescent girls. 2. To assess the availability and quality of sanitation facilities available in school washrooms 3. To evaluate the knowledge and practice of reproductive health in adolescent school going girls. Materials and Methods: A school based cross sectional study was conducted among 505 school girls urban and rural areas (Government and Private schools) in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. A semi-structured, pretested close and open-ended questionnaire was prepared in both Hindi and English language to obtain maximum results. Data Entry was done in MS excel and was analysed in SPSS software. Results: 51.56% girls in urban areas and 31.33% girls in rural areas remained absent from school during menstruation. Despite good level of knowledge of RTI/STIs 21, 48% girls in urban areas and 24.10% girls in rural areas said that they have had infection during or around menstruation. The sanitary facility in rural schools was less than that available in urban areas. Only 34.94% girls in rural areas reported of having soaps available in their school washrooms. Conclusion: Adolescent girls should be given appropriate knowledge regarding menstruation and reproductive health. This study is able to identify the lack of knowledge and hygiene facilities which can be improved in bringing them out of misconceptions and promote menstrual health and hygiene and increase the education among girls. Separate functioning sanitary facilities are necessities that should be in school at all girls empowerment and improvement in reproductive health is to be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. UNESCO 2019 said that Indonesia's education has ranked 54 to 120 countries. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) contain goals 4, target 4a, indicator 4.a.1. Quality education can be achieved with basic drinking water during school hours, basic sanitation facilities, and basic handwashing facilities. School sanitation is covered at targets 3, 4, and 6 of SDGs. The objective of this review is to identify school sanitation, determination of disease, and students' health status-related school sanitation. Materials and Methods. This research was based primarily on a literature review. Boolean technic was used to define the keywords. The database used for the searching within these documents were School Sanitation, Health, and Students. Data were found from search engines PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, and Google scholar. The literature review of this search was done by the publication range 2019-2022. The search data were conducted on 8 October 2022, which Acquired 7 articles that meet predefined criteria. Results and Discussions. Schools' sanitation was identified in water supply, drinking water supply, rest room, sanitary facilities, toilet/latrine, hand washing facilities, cleaning policy, clean and functional toilet, Water Sanitation and Hygiene Programs, and the knowledge of sanitation. The effect of health-related school sanitation was gastrointestinal illness, diarrhea, cholera, dehydration, cavities in teeth, undernutrition, stunting, soil-transmitted helminths, intestinal parasitic infection, toothache, decay missing, filled permanent teeth status, and health status of students. Conclusions. School sanitation affected the student health status, absenteeism at school, and students' concentration. Sanitation facilities are suggested to include laws and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thomas Denison Wood, often regarded as the "Father of Health Education," was a pioneering figure in the early 20th century whose work laid the foundation for modern health education. His contributions were instrumental in integrating health education into the public school curriculum in the United States. Wood advocated for a holistic approach to health, encompassing physical fitness, hygiene, nutrition, mental health, and preventive care. His key achievements include the development of comprehensive health education programs, leadership in professional organizations, and the establishment of the New York City School Health Program. Wood authored several influential books, such as "Health by Stunts" (1901) and "A Textbook of Hygiene" (1915), which provided practical guidance on maintaining health and were widely used in educational settings. His work emphasized the importance of lifelong health education, beginning in childhood and continuing throughout life. Through his writings, teaching, and advocacy, Wood significantly shaped the field of health education, and his legacy continues to influence health education practices today., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, M et al.)

Abstract Background Access to usable water, sanitation and hygiene provision in schools is included within indicators in the Sustainable Development Goals. Progress towards these indicators is dependent on developing an understanding of which intervention components are most effective to operate and maintain usable services. This study aimed to determine the impact of a school toilet operation and management intervention in the Philippines on toilet usability and student and teacher satisfaction, adjusted for clustering at school level. Methods In a non-blinded cluster randomised controlled trial, we compared improvements in usability and cleanliness of school toilets among those schools receiving a low-cost, replicable intervention. Toilet usability was measured based on Sustainable Development Goal indicators related to school sanitation defined by the UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Intervention schools received consumables, support kits, and structured tools designed to facilitate operation and maintenance of sanitation facilities. The primary outcome, toilet usability and cleanliness, was compared through a difference-in-difference analysis of toilet usability. Secondary outcomes of student and teacher satisfaction were measured through a survey at endline. All outcomes were adjusted for clustering at school level. Results 20 eligible schools in the Batangas region of the Philippines were randomly selected and allocated to either control or intervention group. We found that non-classroom toilets were 48% more likely to meet quality benchmarks in intervention schools, but this was not statistically significant. When including in-classroom toilets in the analysis, there were no significant differences in toilet usability - defined as accessible, functional, private and of high quality – between intervention and control schools. When stratified by toilet location, children in the intervention group clusters expressed a minor, but statistically significant increase in overall satisfaction with sanitation facilities (p = 0.035). Conclusion Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions in schools focusing on operation and maintenance showed potential to improve toilet usability, but universal achievement of SDG targets may require additional efforts addressing toilet infrastructure. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03204175, June 2017 prior to participant enrolment.

Introduction: The menstrual related problems are one of the most common problems among adolescent girls and might have an adverse effect on their performance in academic and other activities of daily life which may lead to school absenteeism during menstrual days. School absenteeism due to menstrual problems has been reported previously among adolescent. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study was conducted in rural field practice area of RHTC (Rural Heath Training Centre) under Department of Community Medicine of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Pilkhuwa, Hapur, Uttar Pradesh. The study population included all adolescent girls in age group of 10-19 year studying in senior secondary school, Pilkhuwa. A verbal consent of the adolescent girls was taken before administering the questionnaires and assured of confidentiality. Result: In present study as many as 229 (41.86 %) out of 547 girls who attained menarche used to remain absent from school during menstruation. 191 (83.4 %) of girls normally absent for just one day. However, a considerable proportion 20 (8.72%) of girls absent for 2 days while 18(7.86 %) remain absent for three days. Conclusion: There is a need to improve the conditions with respect to basic facilities at school to cut down the absenteeism.

Background: Access to usable water, sanitation and hygiene provision in schools is included within indicators in the Sustainable Development Goals. Progress towards these indicators is dependent on developing an understanding of which intervention components are most effective to operate and maintain usable services. This study aimed to determine the impact of a school toilet operation and management intervention in the Philippines on toilet usability and student and teacher satisfaction, adjusted for clustering at school level.Methods: In a non-blinded cluster randomised controlled trial, we compared improvements in usability and cleanliness of school toilets among those schools receiving a low-cost, replicable intervention. Toilet usability was measured based on Sustainable Development Goal indicators related to school sanitation defined by the UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Intervention schools received consumables, support kits, and structured tools designed to facilitate operation and maintenance of sanitation facilities. The primary outcome, toilet usability and cleanliness, was compared through a difference-in-difference analysis of toilet usability. Secondary outcomes of student and teacher satisfaction were measured through a survey at endline. All outcomes were adjusted for clustering at school level.Results: 20 eligible schools in the Batangas region of the Philippines were randomly selected and allocated to either control or intervention group. We found that non-classroom toilets were 48% more likely to meet quality benchmarks in intervention schools, but this was not statistically significant. When including in-classroom toilets in the analysis, there were no significant differences in toilet usability - defined as accessible, functional, private and of high quality - between intervention and control schools. When stratified by toilet location, children in the intervention group clusters expressed a minor, but statistically significant increase in overall satisfaction with sanitation facilities (p = 0.035).Conclusion: Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions in schools focusing on operation and maintenance showed potential to improve toilet usability, but universal achievement of SDG targets may require additional efforts addressing toilet infrastructure.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03204175, June 2017 prior to participant enrolment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About 400 million school-age children are infected with roundworm, whipworm and hookworm worldwide. This study aims to assess prevalence of parasitic infections among rural primary school pupils at Minia Governorate, Egypt, and to identify relevant predisposing factors of the school and pupils to intestinal parasitic infections. A total of 264 pupils out of 1053, aged 6-12 years, were randomly selected for parasitological investigation and the school was inspected on site for sanitary facilities and conditions of hygiene, as well as the conditions of hygiene of the pupils. The pupils were examined for ova, cysts and/or larvae of intestinal parasites using direct wet mount and formal-ether concentration techniques. Inspection of sanitary facilities and the conditions of hygiene of the school, as well pupil's conditions of hygiene, were carried out through observation checklists. Findings revealed the following intestinal parasites: Entamoeba coli (in 19.3% of pupils), Ascaris lumbricoides (3.8%), Hymenolepiasis nana (12.5%), Enterobious vermicularis (5.7%) and Giardia lamblia (12.5%), with varying percentages between male and female pupils, and a highly statistical association between pupil sex and type of parasites (P

Background Continued management of sanitation and hygiene services, post-intervention, is a global challenge, particularly in the school-setting. This situation threatens anticipated impacts of school sanitation and hygiene investments. To improve programming and policies, and increase the effectiveness of limited development resources, we seek to understand how and why some schools have well-managed sanitation post-intervention, while others do not. Methods Based on in-depth qualitative data from 16 case schools in Meherpur, Bangladesh, we employ fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to identify the necessary and sufficient conditions, or combinations of conditions (referred to as pathways), that lead to either well-managed or poorly managed school sanitation. We include posited sustainability determinants from the literature and factors that emerged from the cases themselves in the analysis. Results We identified three distinct pathways sufficient to support well-managed services, providing multiple options for how well-managed school sanitation could be encouraged. Two of these are applicable to both government and non-government schools: (1) quality construction, financial community support and a champion; and (2) quality construction, financial government support, a maintenance plan and school management committee involvement. On-going financial support for operations and maintenance was identified as a necessary condition for continued service management, which was absent from many schools with poorly managed services. However, financial support was insufficient alone and other conditions are needed in conjunction, including quality construction and incentivizing conditions, such as school management committee involvement in sanitation specifically, a sanitation champion, and/or one teacher clearly responsible for toilet maintenance. Surprisingly, the number of students per toilet (ranging from 18-95 students) and toilet age (ranging from 8-32 months) had no significant effect on sanitation conditions. Conclusions Findings corroborate those from a similar study in Belize, and comparison suggests the need for financial community support and the possibly tenuous reliance on local champions in the absence of adequate government support for operations and maintenance. Sub-determinants to the necessary conditions are also discussed which have implications for school sanitation in Bangladesh and may have broader relevance for other low-income countries though further research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To assess the effectiveness of a 20-week, broad intervention to prevent reinfection by Ascaris lumbricoides (AL) and Giardia lamblia (GL) among indigenous school-children in northern Mexico. Methods. A prospective, comparative, ecological study. Two isolated boarding schools, each hosting 100-120 children, 4-15 years of age, were selected based on physical infrastructure: intervention school (IS), modern; control school (CS), deprived. After initial diagnosis, children with positive stool samples received supervised treatment with oral nitazoxanide. Diagnoses were made with at least one positive microscopic result from two serial samples using the Faust technique, as reported by the independent observations of two trained, laboratory technicians. Post-treatment samples were taken, and only those with negative results were followed-up. The intervention included infrastructure improvements/maintenance and an educational preventive program for children, parents, and school personnel; no activities were undertaken in the CS. Results. Baseline prevalence for AL was 37.5% at the IS versus 16.6% at the CS (P < 0.01); and for GL, 51.7% versus 37.8%, respectively. At the IS, 35.7% did not speak Spanish, compared to 6.7% in the CS (P < 0.01). Cure rates were similar in both schools for AL (~ 98%) and GL (~ 80%). Final prevalence and reinfection rates for GL were 10.4% versus 10.8%, and 17.2% versus 21% at the IS and CS, respectively. No children were infected/reinfected with AL in either school. Follow-up rates were 80%-83% at the CS and 90%-95% at the IS. Conclusions. Infection/reinfection rates were similar at the schools after 20 weeks. Supervised treatment alone every semester could effectively control AL/GL infections in this indigenous setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]