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Purpose: To compare dry eye findings in diabetes mellitus patients with and without diabetic foot. Methods: Diabetes mellitus patients with and without diabetic foot were included in this controlled cross-sectional study. Tear break-up time (BUT) and Schirmer test results of each participant were noted. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was administered to each participant. Results: There were 48 diabetic patients in the study; half of them had diabetic foot (n=24). The patients with and without diabetic foot were similar in age and sex distribution. The median levels of BUT (4.0 [3.0 – 6.0] seconds for the right eye, 4.5 [3.0 – 6.5] seconds for the left eye in patients with diabetic foot) (4.0 [3.8 – 6.2] seconds for the right eye, 5.0 [3.8 – 5.2] second for the left eye in patients without diabetic foot) and Schirmer’s test (7.0 [5.0 – 17.0] mm for the right eye, 11.0 [6.8 – 17.0] mm for the left eye in patients with diabetic foot) (11.0 [7.0 – 15.8] mm for the right eye, 14.5 [6.5 – 18.5] mm for the left eye in patients without diabetic foot) were similar in both groups of patients. The scores of OSDI were similar in patients with diabetic foot (22.7 [13.5 – 36.2]) and without diabetic foot (28.4 [13.6 – 41.5]) (p=0.749). Conclusion: The Schirmer test, BUT test, and OSDI score were lower in patients with diabetic foot, but they were not statistically significant. In future studies, peripheral neuropathy examination and corneal confocal microscopy may be beneficial when evaluating dry eye parameters in this group of patients.

Copyright of Sakarya Tıp Dergisi is the property of Sakarya Tip Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Ophthalmology is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Balikesir Health Sciences Journal / Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Balikesir Health Sciences Journal (BAUN Health Sci J) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Ophthalmology is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Ophthalmology is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Firat Universitesi Sağlik Bilimleri Tip Dergisi is the property of Firat Universitesiu, Saglik Bilimleri Enstitusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: The present study aims to evaluate the relationship between ocular surface disease index (OSDI) and dry eye test parameters in computer users. Material and Method: In this current study, 62 individuals between the ages of 20 and 40 years and who spent at least 6 hours of their daily life in front of a computer were included. In addition to the complete ophthalmologic examination, dry eye tests including Schirmer I test, Schirmer II test, tear breakup time (TBUT), ocular surface fluorescein and lissamine green staining were performed on each volunteer for both eyes after completion of the OSDI questionnaire. Results: Of 62 participants, 42 (67.7%) were female and 20 (32.3%) were male. The mean age of participants was 30.06±4.794 (21-39) years. The mean computer use time of the participants was 10.15 ± 3.040 (6-16) hours/day. The mean OSDI score was 31.0742 ± 15.05892 (8.3-75). There was a significant negative correlation between OSDI score and TBUT in the right eye (r=-0.718, p=0.000) and the left eye (r=-0.667, p=0.000). However, there was a slightly negative correlation between OSDI score and Schirmer I-II tests in the right eye (r = -0.273, p = 0.032; r = -0.295, p = 0.020, respectively) and the left eye (r = -0.308, p = 0.015; r = -0.296, p = 0.019, respectively). There was a significant difference between OSDI score and ocular surface staining scores in both eyes (p=0.000). There was a significant positive correlation between OSDI score and computer use time (r=0.642, p=0.000). However, there was no correlation between age, gender, smoking, wearing glasses and OSDI score (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Long-term computer use and longer duration of occupation may lead to ocular surface problems. The OSDI was found to be strongly associated with daily computer use time, TBUT, and ocular surface staining scores in computer users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nasal schirmer test which is a modified schirmer test can be used in evaluating the amount of nasal secretion. However, we do not know the normalized values of nasal shirmer test on Turkish population. The aim of the study is investigation of applicabilitiy and normal range values of nasal schirmer test on Turkish population. Methods: 200 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Standard schirmer test filter papers located adjacent to seromucinous glands of anterior septum, protruding from nostril anteriorly. Strip was removed by a forceps after 10 minutes of insertion. Moisted area on the strip was measured by milimeters. Results: Out of 200 subjectsbetween 18-45 years of age, 105 (52.5%) were female, 95 (47.5%) were male and mean age was 32.0±7.2. No voluntary complaints of irritation among all subjects. Mean schirmer value of all voluntary was 19±7. Mean schirmer value of females was 19.1±6.6 whereas it was 20.3±7.2 for males. No significance was detected in terms of gender. Conclusions: Nasal dryness and runny nose, which are commonly seen symptoms of many diseases, could be investigated by Schirmer test and the average value for the Turkish population is 19±7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the carbomer-based lipid-containing (CBLC) gel on tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer's score, and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) through a one-masked clinical trial in patients with dry eye syndrome. Material and Methods: A 4-week and retrospective study was conducted. A total of 60 eyes of 30 patients with mild to moderate dry eye syndrome were included and treated with the CBLC gel two times a day within twelve hours interval. The primary end point was global assessment of study treatment by the patients before treatment and at the end of a 4-week treatment. All patients met the diagnostic criteria of impaired tear function and ocular surface abnormalities. Outcomes measured at baseline and at the end of the 4-week treatment included Schirmer's test, TBUT, and OSDI values. Results: The mean age of 30 patients was 53.79±12.73 years. At baseline, the mean for TBUT was 5.03±1.04 second and 9.81±4.95 mm for Schirmer's test. The TBUT score increased to a mean of 8.12±1.61 second and the Schirmer's test score increased to a mean of 13.15±5.08 mm after the 4-week treatment. Subjective patient assessment was better after the treatment, the mean for the OSDI score was 50.59%±13.29% at baseline and 36.86% ±11.93% after the 4-week treatment. These changes for TBUT, Schirmer's test, and OSDI scores were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: CBLC gel is an effective treatment option for the patients who have suffered from mild to moderate dry eye syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the dry eye symptoms based on objective test and subjective findings in children with chronic renal failure (CRF) and to compare the results with those in healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four children with CRF and 89 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were included in this prospective study. Tear break-up time (TBUT) and Schirmer test, subjective symptoms (burning, foreign-body sensation, hyperemia, itching, tearing), calcification of the conjunctiva, and corneal staining were evaluated. In the study group, relation between TBUT and Schirmer test results and duration of disease, duration of dialysis, serum calcium, phosphorus, urea, creatinine, and total protein levels were recorded. For statistical analysis, t-test, chi-square test, and Pearson's correlation test were used. Results: In the study group, burning sensation was statistically higher than in the control group. Except this, according to the other subjective tests and corneal staining, there were no significant differences between the two groups (p>0.05). Conjunctival calcification was seen in 3 patients in the study group. The mean Schirmer test result was 21.1 ±8.0 and 23.7 ±8.0 mm in the study and control groups, respectively (p = 0.101). The mean TBUT was 12.5 ± 5.2 seconds (s) in the study and 16.0±5.5 s in the control groups (p = 0.002). None of the disease-related variables (the mean duration of disease and dialysis, serum calcium, phosphorus, urea, creatinine, and total protein levels) were associated with dry eye syndrome (p>0.05). Conclusion: TBUT was statistically significantly lower, but Schirmet test result was not significantly different between children with CRF and age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. The disease-related variables have no effect in the development of dry eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To compare Ocular Surface Disease Index [OSDI, Allergan Inc., (Irvine, Calif)] survey, Schirmer test and tear break-up time (TBUT) results in eyes with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and without. Methods: Thirty two eyes of 16 patients with MGD (Group A) and 32 eyes of 16 healthy subjects (Group B) were evaluated. After performing visual acuity and detailed ophthalmic examination, OSDI survey was performed in all patients. Schirmer test without anesthesia and TBUT measurement were applied to all patients. Results: The mean age of Group A was 26.9±4.9 years (10 female, 6 male) and Group B was 27.3±5.1 years (9 female, 7 male). There was no statistical difference in age and sex between the two groups (p=0,65; p=0,78). Monocular best-corrected visual acuity with Snellen chart was 10/10 in all patients. The mean OSDI survey scoring was 45.5±15 in Group A and 9.4±37 in Group B, and there was a statistically significant difference between two groups (p<0.001). Schirmer test results were in normal ranges in both groups (Group A: 19.1±5.7 mm; Group B: 17.8±4.4 mm) and there was no statistical difference between two groups (p=0.72). The mean TBUT was 4.5±1.1 seconds in Group A and 14.3±2.2 seconds in Group B, and there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: In patients with MGD, dry eye syndrome can occur due to increased evaporation. Accordingly, OSDI survey score is high and TBUT is lower, while Schirmer test results are within normal limits. For this reason, in patients with MGD, TBUT and OSDI surveys must be performed to diagnose dry eye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We have targeted primarily to show the variations of tear osmolarity during the daytime period in subjects with dry eyes and non-dry eyes and, secondarily, to evaluate the relationship of these variations with Schirmer's test and break-up time (BUT). Material and Method: Twenty newly diagnosed dry eye patients and 20 healthy voluntary subjects with similar age and gender were included in this prospective study. In addition to the full ophthalmic examination, Schirmer's test and BUT test were applied to all participants. Tear osmolarity measurements were done after pre-examination but in different day. The measurements were registered with TearLab Osmolarity System (TearLab Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA) every 3 hours within 8:00 AM and 5:00 PM. The results were evaluated statistically. Results: No statistically significant difference was found between the mean age and gender of dry eye syndrome (DES) and control groups (p>0.05). The mean measurements of Schirmer's test and BUT in the DES group were statistically significantly lower than those in the control group (p=0.0001). The mean measurements of tear osmolarity at 8:00 AM, 11:00 AM, 2:00 PM, and 5:00 PM in the DES group were statistically significantly higher than those in the control group (p=0.001, p=0.0001). No statistically significant difference in tear osmolarity at 8:00 AM, 11: 00 AM, 2:00 PM, and 5:00 PM was found between the groups, and within DES and control groups (p>0.05). Discussion: We did not determine significant change in daytime variations of the tear osmolarity in dry eye patients and healthy subjects. As a secondary result, we can conclude that there is no difference among tear osmolarity, Shirmer's and BUT tests in the diagnosis of DES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Our aim in this study was to assess the ocular surface and tear film changes in acne vulgaris patients receiving systemic isotretinoin. Material and Method: Twenty-two eyes of 22 patients who received oral isotretinoin (roaccutane®, 0.7 mg/kg/day) for nodular acne vulgaris were enrolled in this prospective study. Tear film break-up time (BUT), Schirmer 1 test scores with anesthesia, ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scores and conjunctival impression cytology scores were recorded before treatment and at 3- and 6-month visits following the beginning of treatment. Results: BUT values decreased and OSDI scores significantly increased at 3 months after treatment (p = 0.007 and p = 0.018, paired samples test). Schirmer scores did not significantly change by isotretinoin treatment. Of 9 eyes with impression cytology specimens, 4 revealed normal conjunctival findings before treatment. At the 3rd month, there was an increase in the scores characterized by decrease of Goblet cells, and at 6 months of treatment, normal conjunctival findings did not exist in any of the patients (p=0.004, Friedman test). Discussion: Systemic isotretinoin treatment can cause alterations in the tear film and cause dry eye symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the correlation with Schirmer Test and Break up Time (BUT) of tear osmolarity measurement in dry eyes syndrome (DES) patients. Material and Methods: New diagnosed 30 dry eye patients and 30 healthy voluntary persons of similar age and gender included prospectively in this study. In addition to the full ophthalmic examination, Schirmer Test and BUT test were performed to all participants. Tear osmolarity measurements have been done after pre-examination but in different day, with TearLab Osmolarity System (TearLab Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA). The results have been evaluated statistically. Results: No statistically significant difference was found between mean age, gender of DES and control groups (p<0.05). The mean measurement of Schirmer Test and BUT of DES group were statistically significantly lower than control group (p=0.0001). The mean measurement of tear osmolarity were statistically significantly higher than control group (p=0.0001). When the results were evaluated in DES group, Schirmer test value were found positively correlated with BUT value (r=0.626, p=0.0001). Between Schirmer test value and the measurement of tear osmolarity, there was a negative correlation (r=-0.414 p=0.008). Negative correlation was also observed between BUT and the measurement of tear osmolarity (r=-0.378 p=0.015). Conclusion: It has been concluded that there is no difference among tear osmolarity, Shirmer and BUT tests in diagnosis of DES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the level and severity of dry eye between conventional hydrogel and silicone hydrogel contact lens users by using dry eye questionnaires and clinical tests. Material and Method: Forty-two contact lens users who attended the Cornea and Contact Lens Unit, Department of Ophthalmology at Dokuz Eylül University, were included in this study. The first group consisted of subjects who have used conventional hydrogel (CHL) contact lens for minimum one year and maximum five years. The second group consisted of subjects who have used silicone hydrogel (SHL) contact lens for minimum one year and maximum 5 years. Twenty healthy individuals with no history of contact lens use were included in the control group. OSDI (Ocular Surface Disease Index) questionnaire was performed to all patients. The tear function was determined by Schirmer's test and tear break-up time in all three groups. Results: There was no statistically significant OSDI score differences between CHL and SHL users. Nevertheless, it was noted that OSDI score in both groups was statistically higher than in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in tear break-up time between CHL and SHL users. On the other hand, tear break-up time was significantly lower in both groups when compared to the control group. There was no significant difference among the groups for Schirmer scoring. Discussion: The use of conventional hydrogel and silicone hydrogel lenses causes a decline in tear break-up time leading to dry eye symptoms. However, no differences were determined between CHL and SHL users with regard to the severity of dry eye symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the ocular surface changes related to computer use. Material and Method: 40 volunteered subjects working in secretarial duties who spend at least 6 hours a day using computers in Selcuk University Meram Faculty of Medicine (Group 1) and 50 healthy control subjects who spend less than 6 hours a day using computers (Group 2) were evaluated. Following routine ophthalmological examination, tear break up time (BUT), Schirmer's test (with topical anesthesia and without topical anesthesia) and OSDI (Ocular surface disease index) were recorded for all subjects. All computer users were visited at their working environment to evaluate the computers' monitor properties, monitor positions, and the existence of air conditioner and to count the eye blinks per minute during computer use. Statistical analyses were made by using SPSS software package. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used in the comparison of right and left eyes, whereas Mann-Whitney U test was used in the comparison of Group 1 with Group 2; p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There were 18 males (45%) and 22 females (55%) with a mean age of 27.73±4.8 years in Group 1. There were 27 males (54%) and 23 females (46%) with an average age of 25.96±4.2 years in Group 2. Time spent on computer use was 9.00±1.8 hours/day in Group 1 and 1.92±1.1 hours/day in Group 2 (p<0.001). Eye blinks per minute, BUT, and Schirmer's test with/without anesthesia were significantly lower in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (p<0.001), whereas OSDI scores were significantly higher in Group 1(p<0.001). There were no differences in tear parameters between subjects with and without air conditioning in Group 1 (p>0.05). BUT, Schirmer's test with anesthesia and OSDI scores showed no differences according to monitor position and properties (p>0.05). Discussion: Long-term computer use leads to a decrease in eye blink rate, deterioration in tear function tests and dry eye symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The ophthalmologists accept the dry eye as a bilateral disease, but there is no information about the laterality of the dry eye in the commonly used definitions. In this study the laterality of dry eye disease was investigated with Schirmer test without anesthesia and the importance of bilateral testing was emphasized. Material and Methods: In this study 300 patients having dry eye symptoms were evaluated. Those patients having lid abnormalities were not included. The measurements were performed in five minutes using 5x37 mm Whatman No. 41 test strips. The results were analysed using t test for independent samples. Results: Of the cases, 233 were female and 67 were male. The mean age was 57.66 years (range 12-90 years, standard deviation 14.84). The analyses were performed in four ways. First analysis was performed in the whole group, the second on the subjects having Schirmer test values over nine mm bilaterally, the third on the cases having Schirmer test values lower than or equal to nine mm bilaterally and the last one on the cases having Schirmer test values over nine mm in one eye and the values lower than or equal to nine mm in the other eye. The differences in all of the comparisons were statistically significant (p<0.01). Conclusions: Schirmer test without anesthesia gives statistically significant asymmetrical results in lower and higher values. In spite of high false rates of Schirmer test this result creates a suspicion about the bilaterality of the dry eye disease. So it is very important to test both eyes in suspicious cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the tear functions in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PES). Methods: Tear film break-up time (BUT) and Schirmer's tests were performed under topical anesthesia on 74 eyes of 48 patients with PES and 72 eyes of 36 control subjects. Results were statistically analyzed. Results: Both Schirmer's test and BUT scores were significantly lower in the pseudoexfoliative patients (average values 10.14±5.28 mm and 7.80±3.16 sec, respectively) compared to the control group (average values 12.51±4.76 mm and 9.46±3.13 sec, respectively) (p=0.005 and p=0.002, respectively). Conclusion: PES increases the risk of deterioration of tear film stability and dry eye. Tear film parameters should be seen in pseudoexfoliative eyes and treated if necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of topical cyclosporine A (CsA) 0.05% (Restasis, Allergan Pharmaceuticals) in patients with posterior blepharitis. Methods: The study included 15 patients with posterior blepharitis. Topical CsA 0.05% (Restasis, Allergan Pharmaceuticals) was applied twice a daily for 2 months. They were evaluated at baseline and after treatment for subjective symptoms and objective signs including tear breakup time (BUT), Schirmer scores, conjunctival hyperemia, tarsal telangiectasis and Meibomian gland inclusions. Results: Fifteen patients completed the study. At the 2-month visit, the patients showed improvement in ocular symptom including burning, itching, conjunctival hyperemia (p<0.05; p<0.001; p<0.001, respectively).Topical administration of CsA provided improvement in Schirmer scores (p<0.001) Conclusion: Topical CsA was inducing an improvement in the ocular symptoms. Topical CsA 0.05% may be helpful in the treatment of posterior blepharitis. These findings should be further evaluated in large-scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaç: Romatoloji polikliniğine başvuran haşalara aııamnezde sorulan sorulardan biri de göz kumluğu yakınmasıdır. Göz kumluğu tarifleyen hastalara da, lakrimal bezin sekresyonunu ölçen Schimıer testi yapılmakadır. Schimıer testinde kalibre edilmiş filtre kağıt şerider, alt göz kapağının dış 1/3'üne gelecek şekilde yerleştirilerek, kağıdın S dakika içinde kaç mm ıslandığı ölçülür. Biz de romatolojik hastalık tanısı olmayan, ancak eklem yakınması olup birlikte göz kumluğu semptomları olan hastalara Schimıer testi yaparak sonuçları değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. Yöntem: Çalışmaya retrospektif olarak Aralık 2017 ile Haziran 2018 tarihleri arasında Ankara Keçiören Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi romatoloji polikliniğine eklem yakınması ile başvuran ve göz kumluğu tarifleyen 98 hasta alındı. Hastalar birlikte olan ağız kumluğu ve laboratuvar bulgulan ile değerlendirildi. Schir-mer test sonuçlan grup-1 (0-4 mm), grup-2 (5-9 mm), grup-3 (10-14mm) ve grup-4 (>15 mm) olarak 4'e aynldı. Bulgular: Ilastalann 86'sı (%87.8) bayan, 12'si (% 12.2) erkekti. Yaş ortalaması 52.4±14.7 (18-77) idi. Hastalann 42'sinde (%42.9) ağız kumluğu yakınması da vardı. Tablo 1 PS-115'de Schimıer test sonuçları, Tablo 2 PS-115'de ANA ve RF ve/veya SSA ve/veya SSB pozitifliği olan hasta sayılan görülmektedir. Hastaların 24'ünde (%24.5) RF pozitifti. 84 hastaya ANA, SSA ve SSB bakılmıştı ve sırayla 19 (%22.3), 6 (%7.1) ve 3 (%3.5) hastada pozitif saptandı. 10 (% 10.2) hastaya Sjögrcn tanısı koyuldu. Hastalardan 7'si grup-1, 2'si grup-2 ve 1 tanesi de gmp -3'te idi ve hastaların hepsi bayandı. Sjögrcn tamlı hastalarda Schimıer pozitifliğiyle birlikte ağız kumluğu yakınması da mevcuttu. Sonuç: Çalışmaya kanlan hastaların göz kunıhığu semptomları olmasına rağmen Schirmer testi 16 hastada <5 mm ve 23 hastada 5-9 mm idi. 61 (%60.2) hastada ise >10 mm saptandı. Şehirnıer testi >9 mm olan 1 hastaya, >9 mm altında olan 9 hastaya Sjögren tanısı koyuldu. Schirmer testi >9 mm olan ve seroloji pozitifliği olmayan hastalarda Sjögren tanısı koyma oram düşmekteydi. Bu nedenle romatoloji polikliniğine başvuran ve göz kumluğu tarifleyen hastalar özellikle Schirmer testi <10mm ise Sjögren sendromu açısından ileri tetkik edilmeli ve gereğinde tükrük bezi biyopsisi ile değerlendirilmelidir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]