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The new regulations on ship energy efficiency proposed by the International Maritime Organization have had a significant impact on the shipping and shipbuilding industries. Improving the speed performance of ships was an effective approach to meet the requirements of energy conservation and emission reduction, reduce ship energy consumption and operating costs, and strengthen the market competitiveness of the ship enterprises. One method to improve ship speed performance was by mainly reducing the ship's resistance. The main aim was to optimize the principal dimensions and hull lines of ships. Taking the research and development of a ship as an example, the application of the fully parametric optimization method in the optimization of ship hull lines was described in detail. The parent ship was selected from the ship database, which has excellent speed performance. The parent ship was simply transformed to meet the requirements of the target ship. The traditional optimization method was used to optimize the hull lines to reduce the hull resistance as much as possible, and a hull line with the best resistance performance was obtained. Based on the initial hull lines that met the requirements, the fully parametric model of the hull was established, and the fully parametric optimization method was used to optimize the hull with the best resistance performance. Experiments were carried out in the towing tank, and the resistance results of the two types of ships were found. The simulation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and model test had good consistency, and it was found that the hull lines optimized by the fully parameterization method had better performance than those optimized by the traditional method. The fully parametric hull line optimization method was effective in optimizing hull lines, and it could also reduce the excessive dependence of research personnel on the parent ship and design experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project's objective was to create a circular economy in the composites sector by examining the possibility of using wind turbine blade composite materials to construct noise-absorbing barriers for roads. The possibility of constructing road noise barrier panels from components obtained from turbine blades was conceptually examined, and the geometry and construction of wind turbine blades were evaluated for their suitability as filler components for panels. The tensile strength parameters of two types of composites made from windmill blades—a solid composite and a sandwich type—were established based on material tests. The strength of the composite elements cut from a windmill propeller was analyzed, and a three-dimensional numerical model was created using the finite element method. The strength values of the composite used to construct the noise barriers were compared with the stresses resulting from loads operating on the road noise barriers, as determined in compliance with current standards. It was discovered that acoustic screens composed of composite materials derived from wind turbine blades may withstand loads associated with wind pressure and vehicle traffic with sufficient resistance. In order to evaluate the environmental benefits resulting from the use of composite material made from wind turbine blades to make noise barriers, this study presents the values of the embodied energy and embodied carbon for several types of road noise barriers using life cycle assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, summer temperatures have significantly exceeded the averages recorded in preceding decades. The increased use of air conditioning has driven up global electricity demand, primarily due to the inadequate thermal insulation of buildings. This study aims to propose a solution for retrofitting existing buildings to enhance thermal insulation, thus reducing energy consumption. To achieve this goal, a numerical program was developed to analyze heat transfer through multilayer walls made from various materials and thicknesses. The program utilized the average outdoor temperature in July as a boundary condition. Simulations were conducted for both typical building construction materials in an Algerian city and proposed insulation materials. The results indicate that current construction methods provide poor insulation, while the proposed solutions offer significant improvements in thermal insulation across all scenarios. For example, with a 15 cm wall thickness, the proposed insulation materials led to a 4°C decrease in internal temperature, while for a 30 cm wall, the decrease was 2.5°C. Additionally, it was observed that good thermal insulation could be achieved with thinner walls. These proposed solutions offer enhanced energy efficiency, resulting in reduced electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation aims to shed light on the efficiency of the irradiation-based advanced oxidation processes using controlled pulsed illumination (CPI) in a homogeneous process. A more in-depth emphasis has been applied considering the ultraviolet-light emitting diodes/persulfate (LED/S2O82−) system. Irradiation-driven processes can present unexpected behaviour under a pulsed irradiation compered to continuous irradiation. This behaviour can be explained by Parrando's paradox concept. The removal efficiency of organic dyes under a continuous illumination source was compared to the CPI system employing a pulsed UV-LED/S2O82− photoreactor to explore CPI performance. The efficiency of the pulsed UV-LED/PS method was investigated using three organic dyes as model pollutants and duty cycle and pulse period as parameters of the pulsed irradiation source. The duty cycle and pulse period have a crucial impact on the pulsed system efficiencies, which were studied in the values of 10 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, 90 %, and 99 % for pulse periods from 1 ms (ms) to a few hundred ms in the current study. For all experiments, the electrical energy consumption (EEO) values were calculated, and the CPI values were compared to the continuous illumination values. According to the results, duty cycles and pulse periods of (10 %, 800 ms), (10 %, 1 ms), and (10 %, 800 ms), with the EEO amounts of 58.29, 120.65, and 29.62 kWh per order showed the best performance for the removal of organic dyes, respect to continuous irradiation and other CPI experiments in terms of saving energy. Besides, the game theory and the collision hypothesis were scrutinized to justify the achieved results.

Abstract Buildings can generate heat from a variety of sources, including building occupants, the sun, lighting and radiance, and cooling equipment, the energy consumed by which results in heat. Egypt is experiencing rapid economic growth, improvements in urban spaces, and a reduction in green space, all of which contribute to the occurrence of environmental problems such as pollutants, increased CO2 emissions, and increased energy consumption. Furthermore, the study focuses on the cases of architectural buildings that have been combined with living green facade as an innovative facade in order to address the energy crisis and climate change. The study on live greening techniques on building facades has raised a lot of interest. The primary purpose of this research is to utilize simulation software to manage the energy consumption usage of a green facade and compare energy demand levels to the basic scenario. Living green façades can offer zone-sensitive cooling on building facades, which is especially important during summer sessions in hot areas. Green facade cooling loads have an effect on interior air quality by keeping the façade from warming up. The research investigates the cooling impact of three types of living green walls in Egypt using Design-Builder simulation software. To estimate the energy consumption rates of the base case building, the Design-Builder simulation program was used in conjunction with the Energy Plus engine. According to the findings, the indirect green façade with planter boxes of green walls has reduced the high energy consumption compared to the buildings with direct and indirect green façade, increased thermal comfort, and reduced CO2 emissions. As a result of the estimation, it was determined that the energy demand standards of the living wall were lower than the energy demand standards of buildings without the living wall of the same measurement, saving 75% of the energy.

Today, one of the most significant and widely used engineering fields is heat transfer science. Saving energy and increasing efficiency are crucial given the need for energy management. Numerous sectors, including the cooling of machinery in power plants, the car industry, electronic equipment, and heat exchangers, heavily rely on fluid heat transfer. Improved design and functionality of thermal systems are made possible by increased heat transfer rate by fluids. This study presents the production, characteristics, and potential uses of PEG/MgO/SiC-H2O nanofluids as superior heat transfer media. Results indicate that when the quantity of MgO/SiC nanoparticles increased, the melting time reduced. Additionally, when the MgO/SiC NP concentration increased from 3 to 12 weight percent after 15 minutes, the reduction in melting time reached 65.5%. Additionally, when the concentration of MgO/SiC NPs was increased from 3 weight percent to 12 weight percent at photon wavelength (λ=400 nm), the electrical conductivity of PEG/MgO/SiC-H2O nanofluids increased by about 30.6%. At the same time, the absorbance increased by about 66.4% and the transmittance decreased by 58.8%.

Abstract Background Nanomaterials have emerged as a fascinating class of materials in high demand for a variety of practical applications. They are classified based on their composition, dimensions, or morphology. For the synthesis of nanomaterials, two approaches are used: top-down approaches and bottom-up approaches. Main body of the abstract Nanoscale materials and structures have the potential to be used in the production of newly developed devices with high efficiency, low cost, and low energy demand in a variety of applications. There are several contributions in renewable energy conversion and storage in the energy sector, such as solar photovoltaic systems, fuel cells, solar thermal systems, lithium-ion batteries, and lighting. Furthermore, nanofluid-based solar collectors are a new generation of solar collectors based on the use of nanotechnology. It has the potential to increase collector efficiency by up to 30%. Short conclusion Graphene and graphene derivatives are known as more efficient energy-saving materials, with the ability to maximize heat transfer efficiency and save up to 30% of energy in water desalination. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are a powerful antibacterial material that can kill a wide variety of microorganisms. They are commonly used in water treatment and are incorporated into polyethersulfone (PES) microfiltration membranes. The use of an Ag-PES membrane improved the antibiofouling performance of PES membranes. From the industrial application of nanotechnology, applications of TiO2-based nanocoatings that can be used as dust-repellent coatings for solar panels improve their efficiency and reduce the amount of required maintenance. Furthermore, the nanoscale dimension of these particles facilitates their movement in various body parts, resulting in serious diseases such as cancer and organ damage. As a result, it is suggested to focus in our incoming research on the disposal of nanomaterial waste and their safe application.

One of most important things now is to create smart street and smart lighting system to save enormous electrical energy. Especially Iraq is suffering shortage of electrical energy generation up to 45%. Because of this, Iraq needs to save a lot of electrical energy in the entire country so as to meet the electrical demand and reduce the large amount of CO2 emission. However, this work presents a very unique and economic control lighting system (CLS) for main streets and sidewalks, which can control the lighting system to give sufficient illumination to the drivers and the pedestrians simultaneously. And at the same time, the CLS system can reduce a lot of electrical energy consumption and the CO2 emissions together. However, by using these smart systems with the exciting illumination source in the streets, the CLS can minimize the electrical energy consumed for the lighting at the main roads and the footpath by about 60% and can use the surplus energies to fill the shortage of electricity in the country. Also, this system will increase the lifetime of the lighting system which means further decrease in cost. Finally, this work presents new type of illumination source, high-intensity discharge (HID), which can reduce the electrical consumption much more by up to 90%, when using the CLS with HID.

The thermal performance of a concrete roof between the main slab (concrete slab) and secondary slab (gypsum board) has been investigated in this work with and without a ventilator. The hourly averaged climatic data (combined optical and thermal condition) of the external roof surface was used as the resource for the boundary conditions of Erbil city (Kurdistan Region, Iraq). The results of measuring the effects of using a ventilator between the concrete slabs and gypsum boards indicated that the moving air in the layer between slabs by using the ventilation process has more effect in cooling roofs and the room temperature had less than that of slabs that do not use ventilation, and so using baffle shape gypsum board as the secondary slabs for air turbulence to increase air velocity, the number of mass flow rates have more efficient in the cooling process and fast the cooling process, the surface temperature was reduced by (4.5oC and 3.6 oC) with the mass flow rates of (3.5kg/s) and (2kg/s) respectively, this is due to moving air makes roof slab cool and loss the heat that transfers through the slabs, so using this technique for an exciting roof is a good choice

Buildings can generate heat from a variety of sources, including building occupants, the sun, lighting and radiance, and cooling equipment, the energy consumed by which results in heat. Egypt is experiencing rapid economic growth, improvements in urban spaces, and a reduction in green space, all of which contribute to the occurrence of environmental problems such as pollutants, increased CO2 emissions, and increased energy consumption. Furthermore, the study focuses on the cases of architectural buildings that have been combined with living green facade as an innovative facade in order to address the energy crisis and climate change. The study on live greening techniques on building facades has raised a lot of interest. The primary purpose of this research is to utilize simulation software to manage the energy consumption usage of a green facade and compare energy demand levels to the basic scenario. Living green façades can offer zone-sensitive cooling on building facades, which is especially important during summer sessions in hot areas. Green facade cooling loads have an effect on interior air quality by keeping the façade from warming up. The research investigates the cooling impact of three types of living green walls in Egypt using Design-Builder simulation software. To estimate the energy consumption rates of the base case building, the Design-Builder simulation program was used in conjunction with the Energy Plus engine. According to the findings, the indirect green façade with planter boxes of green walls has reduced the high energy consumption compared to the buildings with direct and indirect green façade, increased thermal comfort, and reduced CO2 emissions. As a result of the estimation, it was determined that the energy demand standards of the living wall were lower than the energy demand standards of buildings without the living wall of the same measurement, saving 75% of the energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature is known to greatly affect the efficiency, security, and cycle life of lithium-ion battery (LiB) cells. LiB cells are delicate to changes in temperature by using a variety of nanofluids. This study uses a novel cooling system with a Re between 15 × 103 and 30 × 103 to lower the cells' temperature. Al2O3, CuO, SiO2, and ZnO with nanoparticles concentrations of 5% and nanoparticle diameters of 20 nm dispersed in a base liquid (water) are used to produce the effects. The findings demonstrate that as the Re rises, so does the Nusselt number. An innovative cooling system is designed and numerically tested to show how different kinds of nanofluids affect the increment in heat transmission and distribution of temperature in LiB cells. The temperature of LiB cells drops by flowing the water between the 52 batteries inside the cooling pack. For each spacing value, the Reynolds numbers are increased, which results in an increase in the average Nusselt numbers. According to the computational fluids dynamics results, the Nusselt number rises with increasing spacing. The results show that Re of 18000, 22000, 25000, 27500, and >30000 are needed for SiO2 nanofluids, Al2O3 nanofluids, ZnO nanofluids, CuO nanofluids, and pure water, respectively, to get battery pack temperature of 47, 44, 43, 42, and 42 °C for SiO2 nanofluids, Al2O3 nanofluids, ZnO nanofluids, CuO nanofluids, and pure water, respectively.

As one of the basic industries in the manufacturing industry, the modeling and evaluation of resource utilization efficiency in the machining process is the premise of energy conservation and consumption reduction in the manufacturing industry. Mechanical processing is the process of using resources to change the shape and performance of the blank to form the workpiece and generate emissions. However, the current research on the utilization of machining process resources, whether focusing on energy efficiency or emissions, cannot provide a comprehensive solution to this problem. Therefore, this paper proposes a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model with a slacks-based measure (SBM) to evaluate the resource utilization efficiency of a machining process with non-expected output. Through the relative effectiveness of DEA, the resource utilization efficiency of each processing process can be compared, which can provide a feasible and specific method for enterprises to evaluate their existing processing processes from the perspective of reducing unexpected output. In this case, the input-output model of the machining process is used to analyze the processed resource list. Then the mathematical model of each process in the processing process is established, and the dynamic resources are determined quantitatively. Finally, the accuracy of the method is verified by combining the resource utilization efficiency of each working procedure in the shaft gear machining process of an enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light is one of the most important factors that ensures an appropriate performance of functions within architectural spaces. Moreover, it is one of the means of composition and artistic expressions used to enrich and create the right atmosphere to reveal and highlight the objects clearly in human awareness. In addition, it represents a real translation of the humans psychological state. Light is characterized by a set of properties as Dispersion, refraction, interference, diffraction and diffusion, reflection, permeability, absorption and polarization.One of the most important results associated with light is color and it is one of the most powerful design elements which enables visual communication through the sensual awareness of its physical characteristics. That's an interaction of any shape through the rays of light and color in recognition and introduction of the internal design system, regarding the mass as an outer layer. The image appears through the masses, surfaces and reflections of visual scene and thus color. Without light things are visually equal. Color is connected to light, and this is illustrated by the mass of the space. The natural and industrial visual light appears with color in the fundamentals of interior design. They represent one of the means in creating a healthy framework both functionally and aesthetically.Therefore, the use of light physical characteristics and color as an artistic tool within the design elements of the mass of the space, guarantee the success of the functional side as well as the Artistic trend within the psychological and physiological comfort.

Background: Nanomaterials have emerged as a fascinating class of materials in high demand for a variety of practical applications. They are classified based on their composition, dimensions, or morphology. For the synthesis of nanomaterials, two approaches are used: top-down approaches and bottom-up approaches. Nanoscale materials and structures have the potential to be used in the production of newly developed devices with high efficiency, low cost, and low energy demand in a variety of applications. There are several contributions in renewable energy conversion and storage in the energy sector, such as solar photovoltaic systems, fuel cells, solar thermal systems, lithium-ion batteries, and lighting. Furthermore, nanofluid-based solar collectors are a new generation of solar collectors based on the use of nanotechnology. It has the potential to increase collector efficiency by up to 30%. Short conclusion: Graphene and graphene derivatives are known as more efficient energy-saving materials, with the ability to maximize heat transfer efficiency and save up to 30% of energy in water desalination. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are a powerful antibacterial material that can kill a wide variety of microorganisms. They are commonly used in water treatment and are incorporated into polyethersulfone (PES) microfiltration membranes. The use of an Ag-PES membrane improved the antibiofouling performance of PES membranes. From the industrial application of nanotechnology, applications of TiO2-based nanocoatings that can be used as dust-repellent coatings for solar panels improve their efficiency and reduce the amount of required maintenance. Furthermore, the nanoscale dimension of these particles facilitates their movement in various body parts, resulting in serious diseases such as cancer and organ damage. As a result, it is suggested to focus in our incoming research on the disposal of nanomaterial waste and their safe application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lighting has evolved over recent decades from an engineering perspective, in which ensuring safety and performance both indoors and outdoors has become a key discipline, engaged in a wide range of areas and having a profound impact on our daily lives. In this paper, a case study of a modern public library building will be addressed, with the main purpose of discussing energy efficiency related to light. Three parallel routes will be demonstrated to improve energy efficiency. The first is the integration of solar systems (PV) and the replacement of artificial lighting systems. The second is a change of building materials, internally and externally, to nanomaterials, and the third is through including an innovative anidolic lighting system, designed and applied in order to enhance the amount of daylight inside the library in a controlled manner. The inclusion of a vertical lighting system allows the optimization of solar energy resources, preserving the library’s style in a simple way. The system includes a collector light system, compounded by a truncated and double compound parabolic collector (PCPC) to capture natural light from outside over a wide angular range (180°) without a tracking system, preserving the building design and saving on costs and maintenance. These parallel routes, based on solar energy and lighting, can make a positive impact with minimum changes in the Alexandria library, providing environmental improvement and protecting buildings and human health in order to achieve a more sustainable example of architecture.

Studying the effect of adding a ventilation system consisting of two devices, impinging and personal ventilation, and knowing the extent of their impact on the presence of different thermal loads represented by humans, computers, and light inside a thermally isolated office room by using sandwich panels. In addition, examining the air distribution inside a room also found the required thermal comfort for two people who were represented in the form of the thermal manikin and inside them a heat source close to 80 watts, which is close to the heat emitted by the human being according to the global A share. The most important results that were obtained first when adding the personal ventilation system to the impinging ventilation showed a clear improvement in heat levels close to the thermal manikin at a level of 1.1 meters and above. Second, the homogeneity of temperatures within the space, where the difference between the main source of ventilation (impinging) and the heat at the level of 1.8 meters is relatively small, compared to the use of the impinging ventilation system alone. The aim of the research is to prove the efficiency of such a system within the Iraqi summer weather between march to June month, under the conditions studied during this project, energy savings can be achieved using this strategy. Providing respiratory and thermal comfort inside the air-conditioned space, especially in the people’s seating area at 1.1 meters, and achieving two goals of sustainable development (an industry with innovation and clean with affordable energy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Economic tools are definitely an effective way to encourage or enforce contractors to enforce environmentally-friendly practices. Previous studies on this subject mainly focus on the management of waste of construction and demolish (C & D) from the static point of view, which does not take into account the nature of its dynamic by taking all necessary activities in the waste chain. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explain the dynamics and relationships between the components of C&D waste management and to analyze the costs and benefits and cost of transportation and fuel consumption using the system dynamics approach. The findings show that the implementation of C&D waste management has many benefits, but the higher cost of landfill at authorized sites will result in more net profits, which will be accompanied by disadvantages such as environmental damage. In addition, the public is suffering from landfill in unauthorized locations and imposing environmental costs due to illegal evacuation. Simulation results also show that increased landfill in unauthorized locations increases fuel and energy consumption and therefore increases fuel consumption costs. This study by investigating and evaluating the researches and measures taken on the waste and waste spillway aims to clarify the use of a systematic approach using the dynamics of systems in a direction in which it is possible to use contract cost-benefit analysis to encourage contractors to disposal of Construction waste in a way that is conducive to the development of the building industry and the preservation of the environment and the resulting savings.

In this paper, a novel cooling control strategy as part of the smart energy system that can balance thermal comfort against building energy consumption by using the sensing and machine programming technology was investigated. For this goal, a general form of a building was coupled by the smart cooling system (SCS) and the consumption of energy with thermal comfort cooling of persons simulated by using the EnergyPlus software and compared with similar buildings without SCS. At the beginning of the research, using the data from a survey in a randomly selected group of hundreds and by analyzing and verifying the results of the specific relationship between the different groups of people in the statistical society, the body mass index (BMI) and their thermal comfort temperature were obtained, and the sample building was modeled using the EnergyPlus software. The result show that if an intelligent ventilation system that can calculate the thermal comfort temperature was used in accordance with the BMI of persons, it can save up to 35% of the cooling load of the building yearly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumble dryers are widely used for drying garments, but felting shrinkage can be caused to wool garments during the tumble drying process. To dry wool fabrics or garments in tumble dryers, the flat dry function has been introduced in the dryers; however, the energy efficiency is very low. The current study investigated fabric movement at different rotation speeds in the tumble dryer and their resultant performances in terms of specific moisture extraction rate, evenness of drying, fabric shrinkage, and fabric smoothness. For shrink-resist-treated wool fabrics, tumble drying at the rotation speed to keep fabric movement in projectile motion accompanied with occasional tumbling could achieve better energy efficiency, drying uniformity, and fabric smoothness. For untreated wool fabrics, introducing vertical movement to the flat dry in the tumble dryer can improve the heat exchange between the fabric and hot air, resulting in an increase in energy efficiency of approximately 30% compared with motionless flat drying. Wool fabric shrinkage can be controlled at less than 2% with the smooth appearance of fabric at grade 3.5 after drying under the recommended drying condition. This study could help tumble dryer manufacturers design optimal drying methods for wool fabrics with the potential for the reduction of energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The lining design of steel ladles has a major impact on the performance of these metallurgical vessels. For instance, their better thermal performance is mainly related to the refractory materials applied in the lining, which requires continuous quality and cost optimizations. In this study, different refractory linings were investigated in order to understand their effect on the thermal performance of the steel ladle, that is, on the control of the average steel and shell temperatures, effect on the amount of stored energy in the refractory lining and on the cycling energy consumption. The influence of distinct configurations of insulating materials (position, thickness, and types) on those parameters was investigated by heat transfer simulations using numerical tools. The results pointed out the insulating materials efficiency on reducing the shell temperatures and increasing the average steel temperature. However, the benefits of applying the insulator with thicknesses over 21 mm or applying it at the bottom are less significant. The application of the foam insulator at unusual positions showed promising results, such as between the safety and working layer and at the hot face. The former position enhanced the performance during pre‐heating whereas the latter significantly increased the steel temperature (34°C). Consequently, the study pointed out new designs for the project of steel ladle linings, improving their efficiency, targeting solutions for saving energy, and reducing the environmental impacts.

MANET-IoT networks are currently being focus developed and expected to become popular in next-generation mobile networks due to their simplicity and efficiency in solving real problems in a wide range of areas such as smart agriculture, smart health care, intelligent traffic, military, entertainment, and smart cities. Because of the nature of mobile network nodes, saving energy for MANET is always a complicated problem. In this paper, we proposed a saving energy routing protocol that uses an integrated routing metric from hops number and remaining energy metrics for decision-making to selects a fit route. Besides, we evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol on NS2 simulation software. Simulation results demonstrated the proposed protocol improves the network lifetime and network performance parameters compared to traditional protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 40% of global energy usage is attributed to buildings. The power usage to meet the ventilation requirements accounts for more than half of the building energy damned. Energy recovery seems to be efficient to tackle high energy usage. The main purpose of this study was to examine the helical tube energy recovery unit (ERU) installation efficacy on the air handling unit (AHU) energy-saving potential in heating mode. Loading ERU, the fresh air sensible and latent energy content augmented which consequently reduced the secondary heater power load as well as the steam injection in the humidifier. Moreover, five climate regions were nominated to evaluate ERU incorporation effectiveness. Although in colder regions, the amount of saving energy was higher, but in warmer ones, the saving energy potential was higher. In the warmest region (Jeddah) and the coldest one (Edmonton), the saving energy was 171.1 and 235.77 kW, respectively. However, the power usage reduction for the former and the latter one was 41 and 18.4%. From the second law perspective, through evaluating the exergy loss, the AHU behavior was also examined and it was found that in the best-case scenario (Jeddah), the irreversibility was declined by 42.5% owing to using ERU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, an electrostatic precipitators (ESP) with high electric field, which does not use corona discharge, was investigated. The ESP had a parallel plate configuration composed of a high voltage application plate electrode and grounded plate electrode with a gap of 5 mm. The electrode length was between 150 and 450 mm. The air was flowed at the gas velocity between 0.5 and 5 m/s in the ESP by a fan. A voltage up to 12.5 kV was applied to the high voltage application electrode, whereby the electric field intensity of 25 kV/cm was generated between the electrodes. The particle concentration in the air for the particle size between 0.3 and 5 μm was measured to calculate the collection efficiency. The collection efficiency in a conventional two-stage type ESP was also measured, and compared to the result in the ESP with high electric field. As a result, the collection efficiency at the electrode length of 450 mm was 77.6% at 12.5 kV, when the ratio of the input power was lower than 0.33 W/(m3/s), in the ESP with high electric field. On the other hand, the collection efficiency in the conventional ESP was 65.6% or 82.0% at the input power of 14.2 W/(m3/s) or 24.8 W/(m3/s). Therefore, it is revealed that the ESP with high electric field is effective for energy saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Electric Auxiliary Systems (EAS) accounts for a large proportion of electric bus energy consumption, in order to reduce EAS energy consumption and improve bus driving range, the working principles of EAS have been studied. The number of passengers, bus interior and exterior temperature can have great influence on EAS energy consumption, it is important to dynamically manage EAS working status according to the changes of bus driving conditions for saving energy, then an integrated control method for EAS is proposed for better meeting the real demands of EAS. The proposed method takes EAS as a whole and can manage EAS working status mainly according to the changes of bus passengers. For verifying the effectiveness of the proposed method, an electric bus model including EAS has been built and simulated by co-simulation in different platforms. Compared with common control method, the experimental simulation results shows that EAS energy consumption can be effectively reduced by dynamically managing EAS working status according to the changes of bus driving conditions, energy consumption proportion of each subsystem in EAS also has been discussed. The proposed method gives new way for saving EAS energy and has great application value for electric buses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper consists of two parts. In the second part, the management mechanisms for implementing complex projects that improve the energy-saving characteristics of products and technologies are further studied. An incentive model for saving energy in the sequence of projects within a multi-project structure is considered, and an optimal mechanism for this model is proposed. This mechanism includes a planning procedure, penalty functions for the nonfulfillment of plans, and an incentive function for project results. The functioning of the system is treated as a game of the Principal and sequentially connected agents who implement projects. The Principal's strategy is the choice of a specific mechanism. The agents' strategies are messages, in which they report to the Principal some information about their parameters, and also the choice of the project results. The information about the agents' parameters is necessary to calculate the plans based on the planning procedure. At the same time, the agents may prefer not to tell the truth, reporting unreliable (distorted) information. It is shown that the optimal mechanism proposed below stimulates the agents to provide reliable information and also to choose the project results coinciding with the plans. The first part of this paper (see [3]) was devoted to the mechanisms of project assessment and resource allocation; the results established therein are used to propose a project management system for implementing complex projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper consists of two parts. In the first part, organizational approaches to manage the development and implementation of complex projects on the creation of innovative products and technologies for energy-saving railway transport are proposed. Some methods for estimating and classifying projects by the degree of implementability and effectiveness are considered. A resource planning model and a corresponding algorithm for a set of projects are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lining design of steel ladles has a major impact on the performance of these metallurgical vessels. For instance, their better thermal performance is mainly related to the refractory materials applied in the lining, which requires continuous quality and cost optimizations. In this study, different refractory linings were investigated in order to understand their effect on the thermal performance of the steel ladle, that is, on the control of the average steel and shell temperatures, effect on the amount of stored energy in the refractory lining and on the cycling energy consumption. The influence of distinct configurations of insulating materials (position, thickness, and types) on those parameters was investigated by heat transfer simulations using numerical tools. The results pointed out the insulating materials efficiency on reducing the shell temperatures and increasing the average steel temperature. However, the benefits of applying the insulator with thicknesses over 21 mm or applying it at the bottom are less significant. The application of the foam insulator at unusual positions showed promising results, such as between the safety and working layer and at the hot face. The former position enhanced the performance during pre‐heating whereas the latter significantly increased the steel temperature (34°C). Consequently, the study pointed out new designs for the project of steel ladle linings, improving their efficiency, targeting solutions for saving energy, and reducing the environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Battery train is in development as train which can travel in non-electrified section using power supplied from onboard storage system such as lithium-ion battery. However, as characteristics of this type of train, an energy consumption of battery train depends on the state of charge of the storage system. In consideration of these characteristics, we propose a generation method of the timetable which is the most energy-saving when a single battery train travels on a route section containing multiple stations in this research. Although this optimization can be defined as a nonlinear programming problem, we ease to solve this problem using linear approximation to the energy consumption characteristic. In the end, we carried out a simulation in a simple case and achieved 4.7% reduction in energy consumption by the proposed method.

The aim of the study was to determine the association between parental attitudes and saving energy in the perception of young people with autism spectrum (13–17 years old). The character of studies was pilot. The diagnostic survey method was used, along with The Scale of Parental Attitudes by M. Plopa and an authored survey questionnaire. Deliberate random sampling was applied. Statistical analysis showed that an attitude towards autonomy manifested by mothers, as well as an attitude of acceptance in mothers and fathers, turned out to be significant in adolescents with ASD showing a positive attitude towards energy saving, and these correlations were positive, strong and statistically significant. An overly protective attitude of mothers turned out to be significant in shaping a negative attitude towards energy saving among adolescents with ASD with a significant, positive moderate correlation. Regression analysis showed that the perception of the father’s parental attitude as accepting was a statistically significant predictor of a positive attitude towards energy saving, and that the perception of the mother’s parental attitude as demanding and overly protective was a statistically significant predictor of a negative attitude to energy saving. The achieved results acquire an additional aspect, i.e., a financial dimension in the household budget.

• A new temperature control system for a domestic refrigerator is proposed. • The control system is based on fuzzy logic. • The fuzzy control system takes into consideration the status of the door. • The inference rules incorporate the frequency and duration of the door opening. The proposed method provides some energy savings when compared with common methods. This paper proposes a novel fuzzy logic control system for a domestic refrigerator taking into consideration the status of the door. The goal of this system is to keep the temperature of the fresh food compartment as close as possible to the set point while saving energy. The fuzzy logic system was set up to control the speed of the compressor. The set of inference rules in this study incorporated the frequency and duration of the door opening. These rules try reducing the compressor speed at a minimum value, and therefore, reducing the number of times the compressor is turned off when the door is open. To compare and evaluate the control systems, several tests with different configuration and rules were performed. Each test ran for seventeen hours, during this time the test included three periods when the door was opened and closed several times. It was concluded that the electric current when the compressor starts was reduced and produced an overall energy saving of 3%. Thus, it is evident that the more information is incorporated into a fuzzy logic system, the more energy savings can be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Investigated WCP incorporated AAMs using FA as replacement of GBFS. • FA content strongly influenced the mechanical and durability properties of AAMs. • Enhance AAMs durability to acid and sulphate attacks with increased FA content. • Resistance of AAMs to freezing-thawing was inversely related to FA contents. • Ability to produce sustainable AAMs by incorporating WCP, GBFS and FA. Abstract Traditional Portland cement can be effectively substituted by alkali-activated binders. Not only can alkali-activated binders save energy and reduce CO 2 emission but they can also augment the durability performance of concrete as well as aid in resolving the landfill problems. It is well-known that extensive quantities of calcined clay waste are created every year by the ceramic industry, of which a significant amount is used in landfills. It is thus more appropriate to reuse this waste efficiently. This study investigated the impacts on sustainability of waste ceramic tile powder (WCP) based alkali-activated mortars (AAMs) incorporating fly ash (FA) as a replacement of ground blast furnace slag (GBFS), which were exposed to various hostile environments. Binders were prepared by maintaining the WCP content at 50% in all alkali-activated mortars (AAMs) and FA replacing GBFS by 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Durability properties were evaluated which included elevated temperatures, sulphate and acid attack, drying shrinkage, freezing-thawing and wet-dry cycles, as well as water permeability. The findings suggested that freezing-thawing resistance increased and better durability was displayed by increasing the FA content in AAMs. Furthermore, AAMs with high FA content led to enhance the performance in terms of sulphate and acid environments and elevated temperatures. Apart from the increased durability, replacing GBFS with FA also resulted in decreased energy consumption, AAMs cost, and CO 2 emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Efficient energy usage and energy saving is one of the nowadays necessity for all scientists of IC engine. This is because of the current environmental challenges that have tremendously increased concerning air pollution, particularly pollutant emissions from vehicles. Yet, industries and governments alike have disregarded this phenomenon which has been considerably contributing to climate change. It is against this background that, the research works carried out in this present study is predominantly focusing on improving energy efficiency and reducing emission levels from diesel engines. This can be achieved with the help of atmospheric-plasma system which can offer a noble solution to the above-mentioned challenges due to its potential to improve combustion efficiency which leads to energy efficiency, while reducing emission levels from diesel engines. In this study, the performance and emissions of a diesel generator supplemented with an atmospheric-plasma system was examined. The diesel engine was used to examine the effects of fuel composition, or brake specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency and pollutant emissions at different plasma system voltages. To this end, we equally examined the effects of atmospheric-plasma system on energy efficiency improvement and emissions reduction from diesel engine as the main purpose of this study. We do so by testing the diesel-fueled engine generator under the atmospheric-plasma system. The tests were carried out at a constant state condition with the engine running at 2200 rpm with torque and power outputs of 10.4 Nm (75% of the max load) and 2.1 kW, separately, for the tested fuels and this was used to increase the output voltage of the plasma system during this study. The plasma system ionized the intake air and improved the formation of free radicals upon combustion. During this study, the output voltage of the plasma was set within the range of 0–7 kV. The experimental results have indicated that formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein account for more than 75% of total carbonyl compounds emissions. Simultaneously, it was also observed from the results that higher plasma system voltage reduces pollutants emissions levels. Hence, such reduction is predominantly evident for nitrogen oxides, particulate matters and carbon monoxide. However, the marginal improvements of engine performance and emissions reduction become insignificant when the plasma system voltage reaches 6 kV. On the other hand, increasing the amount of plasma system voltages in diesel engine continues to significantly reduce pollutant emissions. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Atmospheric plasma system saves energy and reducing emission levels. • Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein accounts for 75% of carbonyl compounds. • Higher plasma system voltage lowers pollutants emissions levels. • Improve engine performance as plasma system voltage reaches 6 kV. • PM concentration has been reduced considerably by higher plasma voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the office buildings, large energy is consumed due to poor thermal performance and low efficiencies of HVAC systems. A cooling load calculation is a basis for the design of building cooling systems. The current design methods are usually based on deterministic cooling loads, which are obtained by using design parameters. However, these parameters contain uncertainties, and they will be different from that used in the design calculation when the cooling system is put in use. The actual cooling load profile will deviate from that predicted in design. A modified bin method was used in this paper to optimize the energy efficiency ratio (EER). A design optimization method is proposed by considering uncertainties related to the cooling load calculation. Impacts caused by the uncertainties of seven factors are considered, including the outdoor weather conditions and internal heat sources. The cooling load distribution is analyzed. Comparison between the modified bin method and CLTD/SCL/CLF method is also conducted. With the distributions of their energy consumption, decision makers can select the optimal configuration based on quantified confidence. According to the economic benefits and energy efficiency ratio, using modified bin method will increase the overall energy efficiency ratio by 45.57%.

In this paper, a solar liquid desiccant air conditioning (SLDAC) system has been studied. The effect of changing evacuated tube collector area on the performance of the SLDAC system was fulfillment. This inquest was done over all a year in Borg Al-Arab city located in the Northern region of Egypt. Meteorological data, such as hourly average solar radiations and temperatures, were needed to achieve this research. The hourly cooling loads were determined by using Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) 4.7. These loads are wall, illumination, people, and equipment loads. Then, the hourly differences of different parameters such as amount of water absorbed in conditioner, amount of water desorbed in regenerator, hot water temperature and coefficient of the performance were calculated. In addition, the maximum solar thermal energy was determined to meet the regeneration demand according to the hourly average solar radiation data. For 220 m2 evacuated tube collector area, the maximum required heat energy is obtained as 38,286 kW h on December, while using solar energy, will save energy by 30.28% annual value.