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Recently, there has been a surge of interest in sauna bathing and its role in health aspects. However, there are few studies focusing on the association between regular sauntering and the risk of dementia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Considerably better understood are the effects on the cardiovascular system. This study delves into contemporary scientific research on Finnish saunas, exploring their potential correlation with Alzheimer's disease prevention, their impact on vascular health in adults with cardiovascular disorders, and their association with reducing the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Scientific studies published in PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were analyzed, including terms related to Finnish sauna, dementia, COPD and cardiovascular disease. The methodological quality and results of each study were evaluated. Sauna bathing in addition to being a relaxing lifestyle habit, remains a potential additional strategy which can be used in improving cardiovascular function in adults with well-controlled cardiovascular disorders. A limited amount of research has been identified on the correlation between sauna bathing and reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease and COPD. The accumulating evidence suggests that frequent sauna bathing may reduce the risk or severity of several vascular and nonvascular conditions including COPD and also moderate to high frequency of sauna bathing was associated with lowered risks of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Further research is required, especially large-scale cohort studies with repeated measurement on sauna to establish the potential mechanisms linking sauna bathing and either memory diseases or COPD and better understand the relationship between sauntering and cardiovascular health. Upcoming studies may become very promising for the development of sauna bathing as a new nonpharmacological treatment or prevention of various diseases and improvement in the quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objective Sauna bathing, a practice with deep cultural roots, particularly in Finnish society, has garnered global interest for its potential health benefits. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge on the physiological and health-related effects of regular sauna use, exploring the breadth of benefits and identifying potential risks and safety considerations. Review Methods This study synthesizes findings from a broad range of scientific papers, focusing on the impact of traditional sauna use. Publications were selected based on their relevance to health outcomes associated with sauna bathing, including cardiovascular health, mental well-being, and overall mortality. Studies not directly assessing the impact of traditional sauna practices or lacking in methodological rigor were excluded. The literature search encompassed databases such as PubMed and Scopus, with an emphasis on systematic reviews and longitudinal studies to ensure the inclusion of high-quality evidence. Results In this section of the study, we focus on the impact of sauna bathing on cardiovascular health, synthesizing evidence from multiple studies to understand the relationship between regular sauna use and various cardiovascular outcomes. The physiological responses induced by sauna exposure, including elevated heart rate, increased blood flow, and sweating, mimic moderate physical exercise, which has known benefits for cardiovascular health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Frequent sauna bathing and higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels may play a role in reducing the risk of mental disorders such as psychosis, however, data on their joint contributions is scanty. We aimed to investigate the interplay between sauna bathing, CRF and psychosis risk using a population-based prospective study. Self-reported frequency of sauna bathing (FSB) and CRF measured by respiratory gas analyses were assessed at baseline in 2221 men aged 42–61 years who had no history of psychosis. Frequency of sauna bathing was categorized as low and high (≤2 and 3–7 sessions/week, respectively) and CRF as tertiles (low, medium and high). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs were estimated. During a median follow-up of 25.2 years, 215 psychotic disorders were recorded. Comparing high vs low FSB, the multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for psychosis was 0.49 (0.32–0.74), which persisted on further adjustment for CRF 0.50 (0.33–0.75). Compared to low CRF, the multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for medium and high CRF levels were 0.65 (0.46–0.90) and 0.75 (0.52–1.07) respectively. Compared to low FSB & low CRF, the HRs (95% CIs) for low FSB & medium-high CRF, high FSB & low CRF, and high FSB & medium-high CRF were 0.62 (0.45–0.84), 0.26 (0.11–0.60), and 0.41 (0.25–0.68) respectively. Frequent sauna baths and medium-high CRF levels appear to each independently decrease psychosis risk. However, frequent sauna bathing may be related to a reduced risk of psychosis irrespective of fitness levels and might be a stronger risk indicator for psychosis than CRF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the potential benefits of electromagnetic and heating therapies for promoting longevity and overall well-being. It reviews the scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of these therapies and discusses their potential mechanisms of action. The article also highlights the importance of integrating these therapies into a holistic approach to health and wellness. It has been taken into account that aging begins immediately after birth, and before that, it is in the developmental stage without aging [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequent sauna bathing has been associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and proposed as a mediator for improved health. Therefore, the aim was to describe and compare sauna bathers with non-sauna bathers in northern Sweden based on their demographics, health and life attitudes, and to describe sauna bathers’ sauna habits. Questions on sauna bathing habits were included in the questionnaire for the participants in the Northern Sweden MONICA (multinational monitoring of trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease) study, conducted during spring of 2022, inviting adults 25–74 years living in the two northernmost counties of Sweden (Norr- and Västerbotten), randomly selected from the population register. Of the 1180 participants in MONICA 2022, 971 (82%) answered the question about sauna bathing. Of these, 641 (66%) were defined as sauna bathers. Sauna bathers reported less hypertension diagnosis and self-reported pain. They also reported higher levels of happiness and energy, more satisfying sleep patterns, as well as better general and mental health. Sauna bathers were younger, more often men and found to have a healthier life-profile compared to non-sauna bathers. Additionally, the results suggest that the positive effects associated with sauna bathing plateaued from 1–4 times per month.

Passive heat therapy is characterized by exposure to a high environmental temperature for a brief period. There are several types of passive heat therapy which include hot tubs, Waon therapy, hydrotherapy, sanarium, steam baths, infrared saunas and Finnish saunas. The most commonly used and widely studied till date are the Finnish saunas, which are characterized by high temperatures (ranging from 80–100°C) and dry air with relative humidity varying from 10–20%. The goal of this review is to provide a summary of the current evidence on the impact of passive heat therapies particularly Finnish saunas on various health outcomes, while acknowledging the potential of these therapies to contribute to the extension of healthspan, based on their demonstrated health benefits and disease prevention capabilities. The Finnish saunas have the most consistent and robust evidence regarding health benefits and they have been shown to decrease the risk of health outcomes such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, thromboembolism, dementia, and respiratory conditions; may improve the severity of musculoskeletal disorders, COVID-19, headache and flu, while also improving mental well-being, sleep, and longevity. Finnish saunas may also augment the beneficial effects of other protective lifestyle factors such as physical activity. The beneficial effects of passive heat therapies may be linked to their anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective and anti-oxidant properties and synergistic effects on neuroendocrine, circulatory, cardiovascular and immune function. Passive heat therapies, notably Finnish saunas, are emerging as potentially powerful and holistic strategies to promoting health and extending the healthspan in all populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main criticisms of participatory planning is its tendency to produce mediocre outcomes due to the compromises made in the search for consensus. As a remedy, there have been recent proposals to enrich participatory processes with stronger visionary leadership. We want to broaden this debate by highlighting the relationship between successful leaderless self-organisation and more conventional forms of participation. We argue that although processes driven by self-organisation can be difficult and confusing, they hold strong creative potential. We demonstrate their dynamics by using an analogue model that contrasts liquid movement with social movement. We conclude that participatory processes with a high amount of self-organisation have not only strong creative potential, but also the potential to constitute a new politics of participation in cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the project of the Cabanon, the smallest apartment in the world, designed by architects STAR and BOARD. The apartment, located in Rotterdam, has an area of 6.89 m² and includes an infrared sauna and a whirlpool bathtub. Despite its small size, the Cabanon has four rooms and is considered a luxurious space and an "epicurean reduction". The design of the apartment is based on the specific needs of the owning architects, who sought to maximize space and adapt it to their personal preferences. The Cabanon demonstrates that flexibility in design and the use of standard products can significantly reduce costs. On the other hand, the exhibition "Parafraseando a Picasso" is taking place at the Colegio de San Ildefonso in Mexico City. The exhibition brings together more than fifty contemporary Mexican artists who recognize the legacy of Spanish painter Pablo Picasso. The show offers a journey through the influences of Picasso's work through 54 artworks. The exhibition seeks to establish a renewed connection between Picasso's work and the contemporary art scene in Mexico. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the relationship between play and space through the examination of the porn-viewing room of men's sex saunas in Taiwan and South Korea. In these spaces, varying notions of play and playfulness are encouraged and experienced. Through an examination of the spatial layout of the room, the content of the videos exhibited therein, and the physical manifestation of the enveloping cultural context, I consider how the intersection of these three elements serve to guide bodily pleasures by encouraging some forms of sexual pleasure over others. If the sauna is analogous to a playground, then the porn-viewing room is a piece of playground equipment that sets out to guide players to engage in acceptable use through its design, without necessarily accounting for the ways in which the equipment can be co-opted for other forms of pleasure. Ultimately, I seek to situate the question of what bodies can experience in terms of sexual pleasure in a specific setting and subsequently consider how the cultural context may influence the forms of pleasures experienced in these spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I analyze racism in Sydney's gay sauna scene through decolonial scholarship. In Sydney, there are three gay saunas; each of them caters to specific races and is decorated accordingly. Sauna 1 is popular among Asian men and their admirers and has an Oriental-like style. Sauna 2 is popular among white and non-Asian men and has a minimalist style featuring photographs of white, cisgender and muscular men. Sauna 3 is mostly visited by white and Middle Eastern straight-acting men and its décor does not reference race. Both patrons and venue owners are aware of the race dynamics in Sydney's gay scene and actively reproduce them in the patronage of venues and organization and décor of space. I conclude that Sydney's gay sauna scene is articulated by a combination of colonial understandings of race and Australian multicultural policies that privilege white and Anglo populations while avoiding explicit references to race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in sauna bathing and its role in health aspects. However, there are few studies focusing on the association between regular sauntering and the risk of dementia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Considerably better understood are the effects on the cardiovascular system. This study delves into contemporary scientific research on Finnish saunas, exploring their potential correlation with Alzheimer's disease prevention, their impact on vascular health in adults with cardiovascular disorders, and their association with reducing the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Scientific studies published in PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were analyzed, including terms related to Finnish sauna, dementia, COPD and cardiovascular disease. The methodological quality and results of each study were evaluated. Sauna bathing in addition to being a relaxing lifestyle habit, remains a potential additional strategy which can be used in improving cardiovascular function in adults with well-controlled cardiovascular disorders. A limited amount of research has been identified on the correlation between sauna bathing and reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease and COPD. The accumulating evidence suggests that frequent sauna bathing may reduce the risk or severity of several vascular and nonvascular conditions including COPD and also moderate to high frequency of sauna bathing was associated with lowered risks of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Further research is required, especially large-scale cohort studies with repeated measurement on sauna to establish the potential mechanisms linking sauna bathing and either memory diseases or COPD and better understand the relationship between sauntering and cardiovascular health. Upcoming studies may become very promising for the development of sauna bathing as a new non-pharmacological treatment or prevention of various diseases and improvement in the quality of life.

This review examines the health implications of regular sauna use, a tradition deeply rooted in Finnish culture now gaining global interest for its potential health benefits. It consolidates findings from various scientific studies, emphasizing the physiological and health impacts of traditional sauna practices on cardiovascular health, mental well-being, and overall mortality. The review highlights the positive cardiovascular outcomes associated with regular sauna use, such as reduced risks of hypertension, coronary artery disease, and sudden cardiac death, attributing these benefits to improved endothelial function, decreased arterial stiffness, and positive changes in blood pressure. Additionally, sauna bathing is shown to offer mental health benefits by reducing stress, depression, anxiety levels, and possibly lowering the risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and dementia. Despite the substantial benefits, the review also acknowledges potential risks, especially for individuals with specific health conditions, underscoring the importance of hydration and caution against alcohol consumption before sauna sessions. Conclusively, the evidence supports the integration of sauna bathing into health promotion strategies, with a call for further research to explore the mechanisms underlying its health benefits and to develop guidelines for optimizing these benefits while minimizing risks. Sauna bathing emerges as a promising, non-invasive approach to enhancing overall health and well-being, warranting its consideration in complementary health practices.

According to the National Institute of Public Health -- National Institute of Hygiene, cardiovascular diseases account for 34.8% of deaths in Poland. In 2020 and 2021, contrary to the previous downward trend, cardiovascular disease mortality increased by 8.7% and 12.6%, respectively [1]. In addition to pharmacological intervention, physical activity, adherence to dietary recommendations, weight reduction, mental health care, and psychosocial and smoking interventions play a key role in preventing the development of cardiovascular disease [2]. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the impact of lifestyle and environmental factors on the development of cardiovascular risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of thermotherapy on cardiovascular fitness indices and to analyze the efficacy and safety of this form of treatment in people with cardiovascular disease. For this purpose, the literature from 2013-2023 available in the Pubmed database was searched. The results of the papers suggest beneficial effects of various forms of thermotherapy on cardiovascular function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saunas are becoming increasingly popular worldwide, being an activity that promotes relaxation and health. Intense feelings of happiness have been reported shortly after enjoying a hot sauna and cold water, what is known in Japan as the "totonou" state. However, no research has investigated what occurs in the brain during the "totonou" state. In the present study, participants underwent a sauna phase, consisting of three sets of alternating hot sauna, cold water, and rest. We elucidated changes in brain activity and mood in the "totonou" state by measuring and comparing brain activity and emotional scales before and after the sauna phase and during the rest phase in each set. We found significant increases in theta and alpha power during rest and after the sauna phase compared to before the sauna phase. Moreover, in an auditory oddball task, the p300 amplitude decreased significantly and MMN amplitude increased significantly after the sauna phase. The increase in MMN indicates higher activation of the pre-attentional auditory process, leading to a decrease in attention-related brain activity P300. Hence, the brain reaches in a more efficient state. Further, the response time in behavioral tasks decreased significantly. In addition, the participants' subjective responses to the questionnaire showed significant changes in physical relaxation and other indicators after being in the sauna. Finally, we developed an artificial intelligence classifier, obtaining an average accuracy of brain state classification of 88.34%. The results have potential for future application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within Finish culture is a strong tradition of sauna bathing. This special environment predisposes the persons refreshing in the sauna to different kind of burns with varying etiologies. Despite the high prevalence of sauna related burns in Finland, there is paucity on the sauna related burns literature. In this 13-year retrospective study, all sauna-related contact burns in the adult population treated at the Helsinki Burn Centre were analyzed. Altogether 216 patients were included in this study. The incidence of sauna-related contact burns was significantly higher in males; they accounted for 71.8% of patients. In addition to male gender, another risk factor was high age, with the elderly also being more prone to have a longer length of stay in hospital and more often receiving operative treatment. Despite most burns being relatively small, they were deep and more than one-third (36.6%) of patients underwent surgery. A strong seasonal variation in the injuries was recorded; over 40% of the burns took place during the summer months. Sauna contact burns are common, and despite their small size, they frequently cause deep injuries indicating operative treatment. There is a clear male predominance in the patient population. Most probably the cultural aspects of sauna bathing at summer cottages explain the strong seasonal variation in the incidence of these burns. The long latency between initial injury and presentation at the Helsinki Burn Centre should be highlighted to health care centres and central hospitals. • sauna contact burns are due to direct contact to hot metallic sauna stove. • These burns are usually small in size. • These burns are typically deep and require operative treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is uncertain if passive heat therapies are associated with adverse renal outcomes. We sought to evaluate the cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations of the frequency of sauna bathing with renal function measures and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Materials and Methods: Baseline self‐reported sauna bathing habits were assessed in 2071 men aged 42–61 years with normal kidney function. Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and serum levels of creatinine, potassium (K) and sodium (Na) were measured, with only 11‐year measurements of K and Na 11 years in a random subset of participants due to logistical reasons. Study participants were followed up for CKD diagnosed using KDOQI guidelines, which were collected from the National Hospital Discharge Registry. The associations of frequency of sauna bathing with renal function measures were evaluated using regression analyses. Hazard ratios (HRs; 95% CIs) were estimated for CKD. Results: There were no significant changes in baseline levels of estimated GFR, creatinine and Na comparing 4–7 sauna sessions/week versus 1 sauna session/week; there was a slight increase in K.05 mmoL/L (95% CI,.00,.10; p =.033). There were no significant changes in levels of serum K and Na at 11 years. After 25.7 years overall median follow‐up, 188 CKD cases were recorded. Comparing 4–7 sauna sessions/week with 1 sauna session/week, there was no evidence of an association with CKD.84 (95% CI,.46–1.53; p =.56). Conclusions: Cross‐sectional and longitudinal observational evidence suggests that frequent sauna bathing is not associated with impaired renal function or the future risk of CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of 12 weeks of sauna (both dry and steam) on fasting glucose levels, sleep quality, and cortisol hormone levels in middle-aged men residing in Kermanshah, Iran. Methods: This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test-post-test design with two training intervention groups and one control group and examined all middle-aged men between 45 to 60 years old. Finally, based on the research objectives, 36 men in the age group of 45 to 60 years were chosen as the subjects of the purposive and convenient sampling method. At the end of the familiarization session, the pre-test values ​​of the tested variables (glucose, hunger, sleep quality, cortisol hormone) were measured and then the subjects were randomly divided into three groups including 1) dry sauna 2) steam sauna and 3) control group. Then, the experimental group performed the dry and steam sauna program for 12 weeks. The post-test values ​​in the variables were measured in the same conditions as the pre-test 48 hours after the last training session. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni tests were used to analyze the data. Results: A significant difference was observed between the mean values ​​before and after implementing the dry sauna and steam sauna program in fasting glucose, sleep quality, and cortisol hormone (p≤0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, the program involving both dry and steam sauna positively affected glucose. The exercises of the dry sauna program had less impact on sleep quality compared to the steam sauna. The dry sauna program was more influential on cortisol compared to the steam sauna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of a single infrared sauna (IRS) session on post-exercise recovery of neuromuscular performance, autonomic nervous system function, subjective sleep quality, and muscle soreness. Male basketball players (n = 16) performed two trials consisting of a complex resistance exercise protocol (maximal strength with plyometrics), followed by either 20 min passive recovery (PAS) or IRS (temperature 43 ± 5°C), in a randomized crossover design, with trials separated by one week. Recovery of neuromuscular performance was assessed using 20 m maximal sprint, maximal countermovement-jump (CMJ), and isometric leg press tests, performed 14 hours after exercise. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), sleep diary, muscle soreness, and indirect muscle damage markers were measured pre and post exercise. The decrease in CMJ performance from pre- to post-exercise was attenuated after IRS compared to PAS (p < 0.01). The IRS session resulted in higher HR and lower root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD), and high and low frequency power, compared to PAS (p < 0.002). Post-exercise night-time HR and HRV did not differ following IRS vs. PAS. Muscle soreness was less severe, and perceived recovery was higher after IRS compared to PAS (p < 0.01). Post-exercise IRS attenuated the drop in explosive performance and decreased subjective muscle soreness after resistance training, which may enhance mood, readiness, and physical performance of an athlete. A single IRS session had no detrimental effects on recovery of the autonomic nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Regular sauna exposure has been shown to positively influence clinical symptoms in various pathologies. The purpose of this review is to present the evidence accumulated so far in order to evaluate the efficiency, effects, benefits and risks of sauna therapy in the field of various pathologies that require medical rehabilitation. Methods: A literature search was conducted on Publons and PubMed databases from January 2000 onwards. The studies selected for this review included research in humans undergoing repeated sauna sessions with at least one reported health outcome. Results: Constant application of sauna therapy has visible effecta on improving cardiac activity, endothelial function, myocardial perfusion, ventricular arrhythmia. Sauna treatment is a safe procedure for patients with cardiovascular, respiratory, musculo-skeletal pathologies, with no notable side-effects. Conclusions: Sauna therapy has proved its effectiveness in medical rehabilitation treatment starting from the musculoskeletal system and skin to the nervous system. In addition, it brings a significant improvement in the quality of life of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diseases, such as tuberculosis and Spanish flu, spread in industrial environments in the early decades of the 20th century, but increased knowledge of various pathogens, in particular the bacteriological breakthrough made in the late 19th century, helped in the fight against the infectious diseases. This paper examines the attempts made to establish more hygienic industrial environments in Northern Finland in the beginning of the 20th century. There were, for example, efforts made by employers to stop the workforce from spitting on floors and to improve their personal hygiene. These goals were also reflected in material culture as people became acclimatised to soaps and spittoons, for example. Eliminating pathogens from daily life was seen as the responsibility of all. Bringing together archaeological and archival data, this paper scrutinises the interplay between demands of companies and authorities and the habits of workers in achieving more hygienic industrial environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of reviewThere has been an increasing interest in developing novel technologies to treat patients with chronic kidney disease as evidenced by KidneyX, the public-private partnership between government and industry. Perhaps a simple technology for treating kidney failure would be to utilize perspiration. It is a physiological process, and when used properly it might not be an unpleasant experience. This review will explore the current state of knowledge regarding perspiration therapy in the setting of far advanced kidney failure.Recent findingsA literature review using the PubMed database was conducted between 1 April 2019 and 3 September 2019. Search terms are shown in Table 1. Major themes of the results include diaphoresis therapy for patients with chronic kidney disease, excessive perspiration causing kidney disease, analysis of sweat to diagnose cystic fibrosis, and analysis of sweat to replenish lost electrolytes. This review will focus on intentional perspiration for the treatment of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Studies have shown that perspiration, or sweat-based therapies, can provide some of the most important currently recognized therapeutic goals in treating ESRD. These goals include decreased interdialytic weight gain, reduced serum potassium levels, and benefits to cardiovascular status. Research has shed light on some of the mechanisms, both molecular and clinical, that may be involved in induced perspiration therapy in ESRD.SummaryThere is a long history of humans using perspiration for both recreation and therapy. Perspiration therapy for ESRD experienced a surge in the United States in the 1960s but does not have much modern momentum. With the continued growth of the ESRD population worldwide this could be considered an appropriate time to conduct more research into this promising therapy.

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of a single infrared sauna (IRS) session on post-exercise recovery of neuromuscular performance, autonomic nervous system function, subjective sleep quality, and muscle soreness. Male basketball players (n = 16) performed two trials consisting of a complex resistance exercise protocol (maximal strength with plyometrics), followed by either 20 min passive recovery (PAS) or IRS (temperature 43±5°C), in a randomized crossover design, with trials separated by one week. Recovery of neuromuscular performance was assessed using 20 m maximal sprint, maximal countermovement-jump (CMJ), and isometric leg press tests, performed 14 hours after exercise. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), sleep diary, muscle soreness, and indirect muscle damage markers were measured pre and post exercise. The decrease in CMJ performance from pre- to post-exercise was attenuated after IRS compared to PAS (p < 0.01). The IRS session resulted in higher HR and lower root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD), and high and low frequency power, compared to PAS (p < 0.002). Post-exercise night-time HR and HRV did not differ following IRS vs. PAS. Muscle soreness was less severe, and perceived recovery was higher after IRS compared to PAS (p < 0.01). Post-exercise IRS attenuated the drop in explosive performance and decreased subjective muscle soreness after resistance training, which may enhance mood, readiness, and physical performance of an athlete. A single IRS session had no detrimental effects on recovery of the autonomic nervous system.

Cardiorespiratory fitness does not offset the increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attributed to smoking: a cohort study. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease that results in progressive and irreversible airflow obstruction.[1] In 2019, COPD was the third leading cause of death globally; the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study reported 212.3 million global cases of COPD, with COPD accounting for 3.3 million deaths and 74.4 million disability-adjusted life years.[2] Apart from active smoking which is the major risk factor for COPD, other important risk factors include genetics, comorbidities, occupational exposures, indoor and outdoor air pollution, and infections.[3] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, once established, is incurable. Compared with participants who had <=2 sauna sessions/week, the multivariable adjusted HR of COPD for those who had 3-7 sauna sessions/week was 0.53 (95% CI: 0.20-1.36) and 0.65 (95% CI: 0.38-1.11), respectively, for nonsmokers ( I n i = 36 COPD events) and current smokers ( I n i = 114 COPD events). [Extracted from the article]

Recent research into passive heating has shown that it can enhance performance when used as; a stimulus for heat acclimation, part of regular training, or during a warm-up. However, this research is contradictory to established practices such as ice baths in the case of recovery. The current usage and understanding of passive heating within sport is unknown. This study aimed to establish the current prevalence, practices and perceptions of passive heating from athletes and sport science practitioners within sport using an online survey. Of the 343 respondents, 62% of athletes and 69% of practitioners reported using passive heating within their sport, with a greater prevalence amongst combat sport athletes or athletes competing at a higher standard (p < 0.05). The most commonly reported purpose of engaging in passive heating for athletes was recovery (66%), and for practitioners was heat acclimation (64%). Most athletes previously engaging in passive heating perceived it to be beneficial for its intended purpose (86%), providing anecdotal evidence to support its use where there currently is no scientific evidence. Moreover, transient negative consequences, such as dizziness or fatigue, were experienced by 55% of athletes highlighting the potential detrimental effects passive heating could have on training or performance that should be considered by athletes and practitioners. Therefore, this survey establishes key differences between scientific understanding and sporting practices whilst identifying areas of future development for the use of passive heating within sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Tepozteco," is a personal narrative written by Esteban Córdoba. The narrative follows the author and his friends on a trip to Tepoztlán, Mexico. The author describes their morning preparations, including dealing with a friend's smoking habit and a phone call from Rodrigo's mother. They set off in Rodrigo's father's Mercedes and make their way to Tepoztlán, where they encounter unexpected drama involving Rodrigo's father. Despite the drama, the author continues on his journey to climb the Tepozteco pyramid and reflects on the beauty of the landscape. The narrative ends with the realization that the city and its influences are inescapable. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Bathing at high temperatures has been a practice used for thousands of years in many cultures. High or low temperatures are considered a stress factor for the human body and are often a challenge to maintain homeostasis. Heat stress can be beneficial to human health, independent of other lifestyle factors. The aim of the study: The aim of the study was to assess the level of knowledge among people about sauna bathing, the benefits of its use and diseases that are contraindications to such bathing, as well as empirical research on sauna bathing habits based on anonymous surveys. Materials and methods: The research material was collected using an anonymous survey in May 2023. The obtained results were analyzed and verified on the basis of scientific literature and statistically processed using Microsoft Office Excel. Results: 87.5% of the respondents use the sauna, the majority - several times a year, and 15% - several times a week. For 77.1% of respondents using the sauna, it is a form of entertainment, but 15.2% treat it as a form of health prevention. Many respondents wrongly indicate contraindications to bathing in the sauna, and 73.3% of people do not know any effects of the sauna. Discussion and conclusions: Many respondents use the sauna, but most of them use it as a form of entertainment. Few people know the full effect of the sauna on the body and its multidirectionality. More than half of the respondents cannot name the contraindications to bathing in the sauna. As far as possible, the doctor should indicate people with, among others, increased cardiovascular risk, this form of prophylaxis.

Background: Hypertension prevalence is disturbingly increasing all over the world. Clinicians and patients are looking for new pharmacological as well as non-pharmacological methods to help fight too-high blood pressure. Aim of this study: The aim of this study is to present the current scientific literature on the potential that sauna bathing may help lower blood pressure, but additional data are needed to confirm these findings. Material and methods: A systematic review of the scientific and medical literature from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was carried out. This was achieved according to the keywords: hypertension, sauna and sauna bathing. Items of literature were qualified for analysis. State of knowledge: Using the sauna is a pleasant way to spend time, and additionally it can have an impact on lowering blood pressure. During a sauna session, the superficial vessels dilate, which leads to a short-term decrease in blood pressure. And long-term, more frequent sauna use leads to a reduced risk of hypertension. Using the sauna enhances the effect of pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacological methods of fighting hypertension, such as physical activity and a healthy, balanced diet. Most of the research on the above topic was conducted in Finland, where its use has a centuries-old tradition. Summary: Using the sauna has an impact on lowering blood pressure values, thanks to which it can support the treatment of hypertension. Sauna use may be an interesting way to lower blood pressure values in physically disabled people. More studies conducted on larger groups of patients and the influence of other factors on blood pressure values are needed to make more accurate recommendations.

Sweat discharged as a result of exposure to sauna plays an important role in removing inorganic ions accumulated in the body, including heavy metals. In this study, inorganic ions (toxic and nutrient elements) excreted in the form of sweat from the body using a water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) sauna were determined using inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry. The analyzed elements included eight toxic elements (Al, As, Be, Cd, Ni, Pb, Ti, and Hg) and 10 nutrient elements (Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Se, V, and Zn), and their correlations were determined. Analysis of the sweat obtained from 22 people using the wIRA sauna showed a higher inorganic ion concentration than that obtained from conventional activities, such as exercise or the use of wet sauna, and the concentration of toxic elements in sweat was higher in females than in males. Correlation analysis of the ions revealed a correlation between the discharge of toxic elements, such as As, Be, Cd, and Ni, and discharge of Se and V, and Ni was only correlated with Mn. This study provides fundamental information on nutritional element supplementation when using wIRA sauna for detoxification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of repeated alternative thermal stress on the physiological parameters of young women sporadically used sauna. Materials and method: Twenty young women (age: 24.2±2.1 years) were exposed to four sauna sessions of 12 minutes each (temperature: 90-91°C; humidity: 14-16 %) with four 6-minute cool-down breaks including 2-minute cold water immersion (temperature: 9-11oC). Physiological characteristics were monitored before and after the 72-minute experiment. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures (systolic - SBP, diastolic - DBP), heart rate (HR), forehead temperature, and body composition were determined on each subject and dependent t-test were performed on each variable. Results: During the 72-minute experiment forehead temperature increased significantly (p<0.001). A significant decrease was observed in DBP (p=0.045), body mass (p<0.001), minerals (p=0.01), body fat mass (p=0.035), BMI (p<0.001), waist to hip ratio (p=0.042), visceral fat level (p=0.004) and obesity degree (p=0.044) during four successive 12-minute sauna sessions. Conclusions: Seventy-two minutes of alternating (hot and cold) repeated thermal stress has a significant effect on significant decrease in the values of DBP, and body composition (body mass, BMI, BFM and minerals) characteristics. Two-minute cold water immersions allow the body to cool down significantly and gives the opportunity to stay in the sauna for longer time. Long stays in the sauna can be used to reduce levels of body fat in the human body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How and why do people still get print newspapers in an era dominated by mobile and social media communication? In this article, we answer this question about the permanence of traditional media in a digital media ecosystem by analyzing 488 semi-structured interviews conducted in Argentina, Finland, Israel, Japan, and the United States. We focus on three mechanisms of media reception: access, sociality, and ritualization. Our findings show that these mechanisms are decisively shaped by patterns of everyday life that are not captured by the scholarly foci on either content- or technology-influences on media use. Thus, we argue that a non-media centric approach improves descriptive fit and adds heuristic power by bringing a wider lens into crucial mechanisms of media reception in ways that expand the conceptual toolkit that scholars can utilize to analyze the role of media in everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Sauna bathing is recommended to improve the sports training process, yet empirical evidence confirming its effectiveness is still inconclusive. We examined the effects of post-exercise sauna bathing on hematological adaptations and exercise capacity in healthy men. Methods: Thirteen physical education students participated in randomized cross-over study: two, 4-week interventions, with 10-week washout. The interventions involved 3 times per week 60-min stationary cycling either with 30-min of post-exercise sauna bathing (89 ± 3°C, 10 ± 2% RH) or without; no fluid was ingested during both exercise and sauna sessions. Before and after both interventions, participants were tested for total hemoglobin mass (tHb-mass), intravascular volumes, erythropoietin, ferritin, red blood cell parameters with reticulocyte fractions, along with maximal/peak and submaximal variables in a graded exercise test (GXT). Results: Regardless of intervention type, tHb-mass increased (p =.014) whereas ferritin concentration decreased (p =.027); however, changes in tHb-mass were within the range of typical error (<1.8%). Absolute and relative values of maximal power and power at gas exchange threshold, as well as peak oxygen uptake (all p <.010), also increased irrespective of intervention type. Conclusions: The use of post-exercise sauna bathing with fluid intake restrictions does not provide any additional benefits in tested variables over endurance training alone. Thus, further evidence is required before recommendations to utilize this post-exercise conditioning strategy are deemed valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation and sauna bathing are each related to the risk of all-cause mortality. The interplay between inflammation, sauna bathing and all-cause mortality is not well understood. We aimed to evaluate the separate and joint associations of inflammation (high sensitivity C-reactive protein, hsCRP) and frequency of sauna bathing (FSB) with all-cause mortality in a cohort of Caucasian men. We used the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Study cohort comprising 2575 men aged 42–61 years at baseline. Serum hsCRP was measured using an immunometric assay and sauna bathing habits were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. High sensitivity CRP was categorized as normal and high (≤ 3 and > 3 mg/L, respectively) and FSB as low and high (defined as ≤ 2 and 3–7 sessions/week respectively). A total of 1618 deaths occurred during a median follow-up of 27.8 years. Comparing high vs normal hsCRP levels, the multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) for all-cause mortality was 1.27 (1.13–1.44). Comparing high vs low FSB, the multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) for all-cause mortality was 0.86 (0.76–0.97). Compared with normal hsCRP-low FSB, high hsCRP-low FSB was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality 1.28 (1.12–1.47), with no evidence of an association for high hsCRP-high FSB and all-cause mortality risk 1.06 (0.81–1.40). Positive additive and multiplicative interactions were found between hsCRP and FSB in relation to mortality. In a general Finnish male population, both hsCRP and FSB are each independently associated with all-cause mortality. However, frequent sauna baths appear to offset the increased all-cause mortality risk related to high hsCRP levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sauna conditions replicate the reduced oxygen partial pressure of high altitude. • Typical sauna conditions provide oxygen partial equivalent to altitudes of, or exceeding, 1500 m. • Saunas may provide the same effects as intermittent hypoxic training, in addition to other effects. • This may offer more widely-available access to the clinical and performance benefits of intermittent hypoxic training. The practice of sauna has been found to have both acute and long-term cardiovascular benefits, which are generally postulated to be a result of thermoregulatory physiological adaptations. Another element of sauna conditions which has been overlooked is that the extremely high absolute water content of air at sauna temperature, even at low relative humidity, results in significantly decreased partial pressure of oxygen. Using the Arden-Buck equation for water-carrying capacity of air along with the barometric formula, it is shown in this hypothesis that typical sauna conditions have an oxygen partial pressure reduction that may be equivalent to significant elevations above sea level. This effect may also be enhanced by lower air density further reducing available oxygen relative to respiratory volume. This paper presents the hypothesis that altitude adaptation may be a contributing factor in the cardiovascular benefits of sauna treatments, suggesting that sauna should be considered as an alternative in instances where intermittent hypoxic training is indicated but not available, and that clinical research into sauna treatment is merited for conditions in which intermittent hypoxic training is known to have applications. The hypothesis could be investigated through pulse oximetry of subjects under sauna conditions and by tracking blood markers of altitude adaptation compared to a control group using steam rooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regular exercise and sauna bathing have each been shown to improve cardiovascular function in clinical populations. However, experimental data on the cardiovascular adaptations to regular exercise in conjunction with sauna bathing in the general population are lacking. Therefore, we compared the effects of exercise and sauna bathing to regular exercise using a multi-arm randomized controlled trial. Participants (n = 47) aged 49 ± 9 with low physical activity levels and at least one traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to guideline-based regular exercise and 15-min postexercise sauna (EXS), guideline-based regular exercise (EXE), or control (CON) for 8 wk. The primary outcomes were blood pressure (BP) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Secondary outcomes included fat mass, total cholesterol levels, and arterial stiffness. EXE had a greater change in CRF (+6.2 mL/kg/min; 95% CI, +4.2 to +8.3 mL/kg/min) and fat mass but no differences in BP when compared with CON. EXS displayed greater change in CRF (+2.7 mL/kg/min; 95% CI, +0.2 to +5.3 mL/kg/min), lower systolic BP (-8.0 mmHg; 95% CI, -14.6 to -1.4 mmHg), and lower total cholesterol levels compared with EXE. Regular exercise improved CRF and body composition in sedentary adults with CVD risk factors. However, when combined with exercise, sauna bathing demonstrated a substantially supplementary effect on CRF, systolic BP, and total cholesterol levels. Sauna bathing is a valuable lifestyle tool that complements exercise for improving CRF and decreasing systolic BP. Future research should focus on the duration and frequency of exposure to ascertain the dose-response relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The aim of this study was to characterize physiotherapeutic methods applied in supporting training and biological regeneration of amateur athletes (women practising fitness and men practising bodybuilding). Materials and methods. 115 participated in the survey, 45 women practising fitness and 70 men practising bodybuilding. The author’s survey constituted the study tool. Differences were calculated using the chi-squared and t-Student test for independent groups, assuming p≤0.05 as the minimum significance level. Results. Regular use of physiotherapy treatments supporting trainings and post-exercise regeneration was declared by 48 (42%) of the studied athletes (44% women 40% men). Regular perform of stretching exercises was declared by The most frequently used treatment indicated by women and men was sauna. Regular perform of stretching exercises after training was declared by 68 (59%) of the studied people. The most examined amateur athletes (66%) declared using diet supplementary (51% women and 75% men). The most frequently used dietary supplement were vitamins and minerals in women and proteins in men Conclusions. Less than 50% examined amateur athletes use physiotherapeutic support of training regularly. Application of physiotherapeutic support of training in amateur sports should be promoted by coaches, physiotherapist and medical staff. The most frequently used physiotherapeutic treatments are the ones which are easily accessible (sauna, massage). Nonetheless, their effectiveness has been scientifically proven.