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This publication was supported by the project 22-29874S of the Czech Science Foundation. The usage of the AVL Excite software in the framework of the University Partnership Program of AVL List GmbH is greatly acknowledged

The article covers the history of theoretical views of Internet literary community “Network literature” to their own work. Special attention is paid to literary and critical works on the literature network that were written by members of the community. A review of the parts of theoretical works of the authors of “Network literature” is made. The description of the borders of e-literature is discussed on the basis of the views of “Network literature” authors. The author dwells on analysis of the largest debates of 1997-1998. Attention is paid to the description of the experiments of network authors in the field of multimedia. The question is raised about the reasons for the loss of interest to the “Network literature” by both readers and authors, and a possible solution is proposed. It is shown that the emergence and spread of literary sites with the free publication has had a decisive influence on the way of development of literature in the Internet. The novelty of the research lies in addressing the critical and scientific texts, while the authors of the currently available research publications have analysed the literary works of network authors. The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing importance of Internet literature in the contemporary literary field.

An implementation of a new low-range primary humidity generator as a part of an international collaboration between TUBITAK UME and VTT MIKES was initiated as a EURAMET Project Number 1259. The dew-point generator was designed and constructed within the scope of the cooperation between TUBITAK UME and VTT MIKES in order to extend the dew-point temperature measurement capability of Humidity Laboratory of TUBITAK UME down to -80 degrees C. The system was thoroughly characterized and validated at TUBITAK UME to support the evidence for dew-point temperature uncertainties. The new generator has a capability of operating in the range of -80 degrees C to + 10 degrees C, but at the moment, it was characterized down to -60 degrees C. The core of the generator system is a saturator which is fully immersed in a liquid bath. Dry air is supplied to the saturator through a temperature-controlled pre-saturator. The operation of the system is based on the single-pressure generation method with a single pass, i.e., the dew-point temperature is only controlled by the saturator temperature, and the humidity-controlled air is not returned to the system after leaving of the saturator. The metrological performance of the saturator was investigated thoroughly at both National Metrology Institutes. The pre-saturator was also tested using a thermostatic bath at VTT MIKES prior to sending them to TUBITAK UME. This paper describes the principle and design of the generator in detail. The dew-point measurement system and the corresponding uncertainty analysis of the dew-point temperature scale realized with the generator in the range from - 60 degrees C to 10 degrees C is also presented.

To extend the dew-point range and to improve the uncertainties of the humidity scale realization at HMI/FSB-LPM, new primary low- and high-range dew-point generators were developed and implemented in cooperation with MIKES, in 2009 through EUROMET Project No. 912. The low-range saturator is designed for primary realization of the dew-point temperature scale from −70 °C to + 5 °C, while the high-range saturator covers the range from 1 °C to 60 °C. The system is designed as a single-pressure, single-pass dew-point generator. MIKES designed and constructed both the saturators to be implemented in dew-point calibration systems at LPM. The LPM took care of purchasing and adapting liquid baths, of implementing the temperature and pressure measurement equipment appropriate for use in the systems, and development of gas preparation and flow control systems as well as of the computer-based automated data acquisition. The principle and the design of the generator are described in detail and schematically depicted. The tests were performed at MIKES to investigate how close both the saturators are to an ideal saturator. Results of the tests show that both the saturators are efficient enough for a primary realization of the dew-point temperature scale from −70 °C to + 60 °C, in the specified flow-rate ranges. The estimated standard uncertainties due to the non-ideal saturation efficiency are between 0.02 °C and 0.05 °C.

In the HAT (humid air turbine) cycle, the humidification of compressed air can be provided by a pressurised saturator (i.e. humidification tower or saturation tower), this solution being known to offer several attractive features. This work is focused on an experimental study of a pressurised humidification tower, with structured packing. After a description of the test rig employed to carry out the measuring campaign, the results relating to the thermodynamic process are presented and discussed. The experimental campaign was carried out over 162 working points, covering a relatively wide range of possible operating conditions. It is shown that the saturator behaviour, in terms of air outlet humidity and temperature, is primarily driven by, in decreasing order of relevance, the inlet water temperature, the inlet water over inlet dry air mass flow ratio and the inlet air temperature. The exit relative humidity is consistently over 100%, which may be explained partially by measurement accuracy and droplet entrainment, and partially by the non-ideal behaviour of air–steam mixtures close to saturation. Experimental results have been successfully correlated using a set of new non-dimensional groups: such a correlation is able to capture the air outlet temperature with a standard deviation σ = 2.8 K.

The state of utilization of steam and gas emissions in the sugar industry is analyzed. The significant emissions at low stimulation work to reduce them are stated. One reason for this situation is the lack of cost-effective recycling of heat and chemical potentials.One of the ways to reduce emissions is to intensify the work of saturation and sulfitation devices. Data of research of saturation device with the first stage of phase contact spray and subsequent bubble are presented. The implementation of saturation process in this unit allows increasing the utilization rate of CO2 by 20 ... 25 % and improving the quality of the juice.For deeper utilization of steam and gas emissions it is proposed technological scheme, which involves pretreating beet chips by exhaust sulfur burned and carbonated gases. Such treatment would allow on the one hand minimizing thermal pollution emissions and corrosive gases and, on the other hand utilizing the energy potential of the preparation of raw materials for extraction. The equipment for this treatment is available commercially or can be produced by the sugar factory itself., Проведен анализ состояния утилизации выбросов на отечественных и зарубежных сахарных заводах. Констатируется значительное загрязнение окружающей среды промышленными выбросами при низкой стимуляции решения этих вопросов. Одна из причин – отсутствие экономически обоснованных технологических схем. Предложенная схема утилизации выбросов предполагает предварительную обработку свекловичной стружки отработанными газами из аппаратов сатурации и сульфитации., Проведено аналіз стану утилізації викидів на вітчизняних та зарубіжних цукрових заводах. Констатується значне забруднення навколишнього середовища промисловими викидами при низькій стимуляції вирішення цих питань. Одна з причин – відсутність економічно обґрунтованих технологічних схем. Запропонована схема утилізації викидів передбачає попереднє оброблення бурякової стружки відпрацьованими газами з апаратів сатурації та сульфітації.

Glavna namjera istraživanja je realizacija ljestvice temperatura injišta/rosišta zraka u rasponu od -70 °C do 5 °C. Realizacija ljestvice uključuje projektiranje i sastavljanje mjerne linije za ispitivanje etalonskih higrometara točke rose, definiranje eksperimentalne metode i pripadajućeg matematičkog modela umjeravanja te određivanje mjerne nesigurnosti realizacije. U okviru istraživanja izrađeni su računalni programi za upravljanje realizacijom i prikupljanje relevantnih mjerenih veličina. Predloženo istraživanje unaprijedilo je umjerne mogućnosti Laboratorija za procesna mjerenja (LPM) kao nacionalnog etalona vlažnosti Republike Hrvatske te je osiguralo sljedivost na području mjerenja vlažnosti zraka. Ovime je omogućeno ravnopravno sudjelovanje Republike Hrvatske u europskim i svjetskim mjeriteljskim usporedbama na predmetnom području. Umjerne mogućnosti nove linije eksperimentalno su potvrđene međulaboratorijskom usporedbom s nacionalnim etalonom Finske. Na temelju provedene usporedbe, sposobnosti umjeravanja i mjerenja Laboratorija (eng. Calibration and Measurement Capability, CMC) međunarodno su priznate i registrirane u bazi usporedbi (eng. key comparison database, KCDB) Međunarodnog ureda za utege i mjere (fra. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, BIPM). The main goal of the research is the realization of the dew/frost point temperature scale in the range between -70 °C and 5 °C. The realization of the dew/frost point scale includes design and construction of the measurement facility for calibration of standard dew-point hygrometers, definition of experimental calibration method together with the mathematical model of calibration and determination of the calibration uncertainty. As part of the research, PC software was developed for control of the realization process and relevant data acquisition. Proposed research has improved calibration capabilities of Laboratory for Process Measurement as Croatian National Humidity Standard and assured the traceability in the field of air humidity measurements. It enabled the Republic of Croatia to participate in the interlaboratory comparisons at the European and global level. Measurement capabilities of the new facility are confirmed through the interlaboratory comparison with national metrology institute of Finland. Based on the comparison results, Calibration and measurement capabilities (CMC) of the Laboratory are acknowledged internationally and available in the key comparison database of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM).

A new method for comparing dew-point generators was developed at the Centre for Metrology and Accreditation. In this method, the generators participating in a comparison are compared with a transportable saturator unit using a dew-point comparator. The method was tested by constructing a test apparatus and by comparing it with the MIKES primary dew-point generator several times in the dew-point temperature range from -40 to +75 °C. The expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of the apparatus was estimated to be between 0.05 and 0.07 °C and the difference between the comparator system and the generator is well within these limits. In particular, all of the results obtained in the range below 0 °C are within ± 0.03 °C. It is concluded that a new type of a transfer standard with characteristics most suitable for dew-point comparisons can be developed on the basis of the principles presented in this paper.

EUROMET collaborative project has been set up between Finish Centre for Metrology and Accreditation (MIKES) and Croatian Laboratory for process measurements (HMI/FSB-LPM) with the objective to provide HMI/FSB-LPM with two new primary dew-point generators. Both generators operate on single pressure - single pass principle and together cover the dew-point temperature range from -70°C to 60°C, with gas flow rates up to 2.6L/min. This article presents the design of the high range generator (HRS), which operates in a dew-point range between 1°C and 60°C. To investigate how close the generator is to the ideal saturation, MIKES conducted several efficiency tests, which will also be described. Results of the tests show that HRS generator is sufficiently efficient for a primary realization of the dew-point temperature scale in the specified ranges. The estimated standard uncertainties due to the non-ideal saturation efficiency are found to be between 0.02 °C and 0.05 °C.

EUROMET collaborative project has been set up between Finish Centre for Metrology and Accreditation (MIKES) and Croatian Laboratory for process measurements (HMI/FSB-LPM) with the objective to provide HMI/FSB-LPM with two new primary dew-point generators. Both generators operate on single pressure - single pass principle and together cover the dew-point temperature range from -70°C to 60°C, with gas flow rates up to 2.6L/min. This article presents the design of the high range generator (HRS), which operates in a dew-point range between 1°C and 60°C. To investigate how close the generator is to the ideal saturation, MIKES conducted several efficiency tests, which will also be described. Results of the tests show that HRS generator is sufficiently efficient for a primary realization of the dew-point temperature scale in the specified ranges. The estimated standard uncertainties due to the non-ideal saturation efficiency are found to be between 0.02 °C and 0.05 °C.

Naglasak u ovom radu bit će na konstruiranju saturatora generatora relativne vlažnosti sa pretećom komorom za umjeravanje mjerila vlažnosti u svrhu konstrukcije uređaja za kontrolu senzora relativne vlažnosti. No prije same izrade konstrukcije u računalnom trodimezijonalnom modelu biti će dana konkretna teorijska podloga vezana uz konstrukciju da bi time prikazali cjelovitu svrhu i koncepciju konstrukcije.

This paper describes the new primary low-range dew-point generator at LPM developed in cooperation with MIKES through EUROMET project no. 912. The generator is designed for primary realisation of the dew-point temperature scale from -70 °C to +5 °C. The principle and the design of the generator are described in detail and schematically depicted. Results of the preliminary efficiency tests of it's saturator show that it is efficient enough for a primary realisation of the dew-point temperature scale. Standard uncertainties due to the non-ideal saturation efficiency are estimated to be 0.02 °C.

This paper describes the new primary low-range dew-point generator at LPM developed in cooperation with MIKES through EUROMET project no. 912. The generator is designed for primary realisation of the dew-point temperature scale from -70 °C to +5 °C. The principle and the design of the generator are described in detail and schematically depicted. Results of the preliminary efficiency tests of it's saturator show that it is efficient enough for a primary realisation of the dew-point temperature scale. Standard uncertainties due to the non-ideal saturation efficiency are estimated to be 0.02 °C.

Evaporative gas turbine cycles (EvGT) show an exceptionalexhaust heat recovery potential, which makes them a strongcompetitor to other advanced gas turbine cycles, especiallyfrom small to intermediate sizes. Evaporative gas turbines aredistinguished by humidifying the working fluid beforecombustion at temperatures below the boiling point of water;and the heat required for evaporation of water is partly takenout of the exhaust gas. Thus, humidification is a key operationin these cycles. This thesis investigates, both theoreticallyand experimentally, two alternative approaches tohumidification: the packed-bed humidification tower and thetubular humidifier. Both these equipments involvecountercurrent contact between water and the working fluid.Humidifier design criteria are developed and criticalparameters such as flooding, wetting rate and entrainment arediscussed. The experimental parts were carried out on thepacked-bed tower in the EvGT pilot plant, and on a tubularhumidifier test rig especially erected for this purpose. Thetheoretical models were confirmed by the experiments. The height of a transfer unit, necessary for designingpacked beds, was calculated for the packing employed in theEvGT pilot plant. It was found that the data provided by themanufacturer may be used with minor corrections. The tubular test rig operated satisfactorily delivering hothumid air. The theoretical models coincided well with theexperimental results, verifying the design criteria developedhere. The heat transfer calculations indicated that mostresistance to heat transfer is on the exhaust gas side. Thus, asurface extended tube (Sunrod) was used in the test rig. Itcould be concluded that the tubular humidifier is a strongalternative to the packed-bedtower, especially in smallhigh-pressure gas turbines. Furthermore, the importance of the non-ideality of theair-water vapor mixture in modeling evaporative cycles wasfirst highlighted in this work. Through applying realthermodynamic properties of air-water vapor mixtures in cyclecalculations, it was found that the compressed air contains ahigher amount of moisture than indicated by the ideal gasmixture model. This affects the design of the heat recoverysystem and cannot be neglected. Key words:evaporative gas turbine, indirect-fired gasturbine, humidification, packed bed, tubular humidifier,evaporator, saturator. NR 20140805