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Background: Osteophyte is a bony outgrowth in the vertebral column. Its high prevalence and clinical importance prompted us to conduct this study of thoracic osteophytes. Aim and Objectives: Morphometric and histological study of thoracic osteophytes in the cadaveric vertebral column to understand their development, frequency of occurrence and distribution. Material and Methods: Frequency of occurrence of osteophytes was studied in 50 cadavers of Indian origin over a period of five years. The thoracic part of the vertebral columns were dissected and examined. The vertebral levels of osteophytes, their exact distribution, and morphometric measurements were recorded. A small piece of the osteophyte was removed, processed and stained with Haemetoxylin& Eosin [H & E] stains for histopathological examination. Results: Osteophytes were present in 7 specimens (14%). They were predominantly found on the right side of the lower thoracic vertebral bodies. H & E stained sections of the osteophytes showed features resembling a cancellous bone which strongly indicate that the osteophytes are in development stage, and they develop by the process of endochondral ossification. Conclusion: We found a high incidence of thoracic osteophytes in our study, which mandates further studies in this regard.

Internal iliac artery (IIA) shows great deal of variations in its branching pattern. The knowledge of its variant branches is required for successful surgical, orthopedic, plastic surgery and radiological procedures. We observed variations of some of the branches of right IIA in an adult male cadaver. The iliolumbar artery originated from the main trunk of the IIA. After this, IIA divided into anterior and posterior divisions. The posterior division gave lateral sacral and superior gluteal arteries. Superior gluteal artery pierced the lumbosacral trunk before leaving the pelvis. The anterior division further divided into anterior and posterior trunks. Anterior trunk gave rise to superior vesical, inferior vesical, middle rectal and obturator arteries. The posterior trunk gave two inferior gluteal arteries and an internal pudendal artery.

Shape and position of the stomach can vary greatly with or without any physiological disturbances. However some of its rare shapes may result in the formation of volvulus or may increase the risk of gastric ulcer. Variant shapes of the stomach may be of congenital occurrence or are acquired later on in life. We report here an atypical form of hourglass stomach. The stomach in the present case exhibited 2 distinct pouches. The two pouches were formed due to the presence of an unusually deep notch at the greater curvature. Both the pouches communicated with the distal end of the esophagus. This variation is possibly of congenital origin and may lead to radiological misinterpretations

Aim: To evaluate the anatomical disposition of the renal hilar structures in human cadavers of south Indian origin, considering their antero–posterior distribution. Material and Methods: Ninty–six renal hila of the isolated kidneys from adult south Indian cadavers were observed for the branching patterns and the distributions of the renal hilar structures. The number of branches of the renal artery and the divisions of the renal vein in the pre hilar region were noted, along with their pattern of arrangement with respect to the renal pelvis. Results: In the present study on the pre hilar region, we observed that the highest division of the renal artery was 8 and that the highest incidence was of 4 divisions of the renal artery in 30.2% cases. The highest number of venous divisions which was observed was 7. The highest incidence of 40.6 % cases showed 2 divisions of the veins. Regarding the patterns of arrangement of these structures, we observed 12 patterns of arrangement, with a higher incidence (45.8%) of the classical arrangement (V-A-P), as has been described in the standard text books of anatomy, which was followed by the A-V-P pattern (28.1%). Conclusion: An anatomical knowledge on the possible variant topography of the renal hilar structures is of great importance when urological surgical procedures are performed.

Descending colon is a retroperitoneal part of colon extending from left colic flexure to the brim of pelvis. Rarely does it have a mesocolon. Descending colon is most commonly affected by ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease and colon cancer. In the present case, cadaveric dissection of abdomen revealed a rare variation of descending colon. The descending colon had a mesocolon and was coiled in its lower part. The sigmoid colon was straight and displaced to a median position. Position of colon as in the present case might be asymptomatic, but can lead to volvulus formation, intestinal obstruction, constipation along with abdominal pain and pose a difficulty in radiological diagnosis and interpretation. Colonoscopy may not be advisable in such cases as the colonoscope may not pass through coiled descending colon and any forced attempt may pierce the wall of colon. This is the first case report of the coiled descending colon with a potential clinical importance.

Visceral and peritoneal anomalies are frequently encountered during cadaveric dissections and surgical procedures of abdomen. A thorough knowledge of the same is required for the success of diagnostic, surgical and radiological procedures of abdomen. We report multiple peritoneal and visceral anomalies noted during dissection classes for medical undergraduates. The anomalies were found in an adult male cadaver aged approximately 70 years. The right iliac fossa was empty due to the sub-hepatic position of caecum and appendix. The sigmoid colon formed an inverted “U” shaped loop above the sacral promontory in the median position. It entered the pelvis from the right side and descended along the lateral wall of the pelvis. The sigmoid mesocolon was attached obliquely to the posterior abdominal wall, just above the sacral promontory. Further there was a cysto-colic fold of peritoneum extending from the right colic flexure. We discuss the clinical significance of the variations.

Background: Physical activity is considered to be correlated with academic performance of students by many researchers. In recent years this concept is gaining high importance especially in professional education system. Hence the objective of our research was to evaluate the correlation between the effects of physical activities on the academic performance of medical students studying in our college. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study in which 210 medical undergraduate students participated. Ethical clearance was obtained prior to the study. A questionnaire was distributed to the students and the responses given by them were then analyzed. Results: Results showed that most of the students agreed that there exists a correlation between physical activity and academic performance as their scores were higher compared to students who do not involve in physical activities. Conclusion: Findings from our study suggest that physical activities increase student’s focus and might help them to succeed academically.

Los pliegues peritoneales anómalos alrededor de la vesícula biliar son muy raros y pocos fueron reportados en el pasado. La presencia de tales pliegues peritoneales son probablemente debidos a la extensión del mesenterio ventral que forma el omento menor. En el caso presente, reportamos un pliegue peritoneal anómalo suspendiendo la vesícula biliar desde la superficie inferior del hígado, a lo largo de la margen izquierda de la fosa para la vesícula biliar. Este pliegue, cuando se trazó cuidadosamente, se continuaba con el colon transverso, mesocolon transverso y también se encontró fusionado con la segunda porción del duodeno. La vesícula biliar con inusuales pliegues peritoneales tiene tendencia a vólvulo, una rara enfermedad que exige la intervención quirúrgica inmediata. El conocimiento de la posibilidad de tal anomalía peritoneal alrededor de la vesícula biliar facilita la interpretación de los hallazgos de la imagen para el diagnostico apropiado. Anomalous peritoneal folds around the gallbladder are very rare and a few were reported in the past. The presence of such peritoneal folds is probably due to extension of the ventral mesentery which forms the lesser omentum. In the present case we report anomalous peritoneal fold suspending the gall bladder from the undersurface of the liver, along the left margin of the fossa for gallbladder. This fold, when traced carefully, became continuous with transverse colon, transverse mesocolon and also found to be merged with the second part of duodenum. The gallbladder with unusual peritoneal folds has a tendency to volvulus, a rare surgical disease which demands the immediate surgical intervention. Awareness of the possibility of such peritoneal anomaly around gallbladder facilitates the interpretation of image findings for proper diagnosis.

El conocimiento de las variaciones en los alrededores de la fosa cubital es útil para cirujanos ortopédicos, cirujanos plásticos y médicos en general. Observamos las variaciones arteriales y musculares en y alrededor de la fosa cubital. La arteria braquial terminó 2 pulgadas por encima de la base de la fosa cubital. Las arterias radiales y cubitales entraron en la fosa cubital pasando delante de los tendones de los músculos braquial y bíceps braquial respectivamente. La arteria cubital estaba rodeada por el tercer fascículo del pronador teres, que tuvo su origen en la fascia cubriendo la parte distal del músculo braquial. Este músculo se unió a tendón de pronador teres distalmente y fue suministrado por una rama del nervio mediano. Este músculo podría alterar el flujo sanguíneo en la arteria cubital y puede causar dificultades para el registro de la presión sanguínea. Knowledge of variations at and in the surroundings of cubital fossa is useful for the orthopedic surgeons, plastic surgeons and medical practitioners in general. During routine dissection, we observed arterial and muscular variations in and around the cubital fossa. The brachial artery terminated 2 inches above the base of the cubital fossa. The radial and ulnar arteries entered the cubital fossa by passing in front of the tendons of brachialis and biceps brachii respectively. The ulnar artery was surrounded by the third head of pronator teres which took its origin from the fascia covering the distal part of the brachialis muscle. This muscle joined pronator teres tendon distally and was supplied by a branch of median nerve. This muscle could alter the blood flow in the ulnar artery and may cause difficulties in recording the blood pressure.

Variaciones en el patrón de ramificación de la arteria ilíaca interna son ocasionalmente encontradas en las disecciones cadavéricas y las cirugías. Algunas de las variaciones son de importancia quirúrgica y clínica e ignorarlas podría derivar en alarmantes sangrados durante las prácticas quirúrgicas. Evaluamos las variantes en el patrón de la arteria ilíaca interna en un cadáver masculino. La división de la arteria ilíaca interna dio origen a las arterias rectal media y obturatriz. La arteria vesical superior tenía su origen en la arteria obturatriz. La división posterior de la arteria ilíaca interna dio lugar a las arterias iliolumbar, sacra lateral, glútea superior y pudenda interna. La arteria glútea inferior estaba ausente. Variations in the branching pattern of the internal iliac artery are occasionally encountered during cadaveric dissections and surgeries. Some of the variations are of surgical and clinical importance and ignoring them might result in alarming bleeding during surgical procedures. We report variant branching pattern of the right internal iliac artery in a male cadaveric specimen. The anterior division of the internal iliac artery gave origin to obturator and middle rectal arteries. Superior vesical artery took its origin from the obturator artery. The posterior division of the internal iliac artery gave iliolumbar, lateral sacral, superior gluteal and internal pudendal arteries. The inferior gluteal artery was absent.

La disección cuidadosa del tercio posterior de la parte superficial de la glándula salival submandibular es uno de los pasos quirúrgicos esenciales en la extirpación endoscópica glandular, evitando daños en la arteria facial. Un buen conocimiento de la poco común relación entre la arteria facial y la glándula salival submandibular es de vital importancia para llevar a cabo de forma eficiente y segura la extirpación de la glándula submandibular. Las variaciones del patrón de ramificación de la arteria facial son bien conocidas y han sido expuestas en el pasado. Sin embargo, las variaciones en su origen y trayectoria son poco frecuentes. Durante una rutinaria disección de cabeza y cuello para los estudiantes universitarios de Medicina, observamos la inusual trayectoria de la arteria facial en el triángulo digástrico derecho en un cadáver de un varón de origen indio de aproximadamente 60 años. La arteria facial derecha se originó de la común lingual-facial del tronco por encima del nivel del asta mayor del hueso hioides, y luego atravesar a través de la sustancia de la parte superficial de la glándula submandibular, sin la formación de un bucle. Después la arteria entraba en la cara por el ángulo anteroinferior del masetero. A continuación, en su trayectoria intraglandular, esta arteria mostraba pequeñas ramificaciones glandulares. Careful dissection of the posterior one third of the superficial part of the submandibular salivary gland is one of the essential surgical steps in endoscopic glandular excision, to avoid injury to the facial artery. A sound knowledge of unusual relationship of the facial artery with the submandibular salivary gland is essentially important to perform the safe and efficient submandibular gland excision. Different types of variations in the branching pattern of the facial artery have been reported in the past. However, variations in the origin and course of the facial artery are very rare. During the routine head and neck dissection for the medical undergraduate students, we observed an unusual course of the facial artery in the right digastric triangle of an approximately 60-year-old male cadaver of Indian origin. The right facial artery originated from the common lingual-facial trunk above the level of the greater horn of the hyoid bone, and then it traversed through the substance of superficial part of the submandibular salivary gland without forming a loop. Then this artery entered the face at the antero-inferior angle of the masseter. Further, in its intraglandular course this artery gave few small glandular branches

Background: The foramen ovale is an oval opening in the greater wing of sphenoid bone transmitting the mandibular nerve as its major content. It serves as an important landmark for neurosurgeons in certain procedures as to gain access to trigeminal nerve. Therefore, its topographic position in relation to adjacent bony landmarks provides useful tool during these procedures. Aim: To analyse the morphometric measurements of the foramen ovale among South Indian population. Material and Methods: Morphometric analysis was carried out on 104 foramina ovalia of 52 dry human skulls from South India. Following dimensions of foramen ovale were measured: anteroposterior length, transverse width, distance (d1 ) from tubercle of root of zygoma to the centre of the foramen (CF) and distance (d2 ) from the midline of the base of the skull to CF. Results: The mean antero-posterior length was 7.0±2.17mm on right side and 6.8±1.40mm on left side, mean transverse width was 5.0±0.42mm and 4.70±0.91mm on right and left side respectively. Mean d1 was 32.58±1.72mm on right side and 32.75±1.76mm on left side. Mean d2 was 25.83±1.26mm on right side and 25.08±1.31mm on left side. Conclusion: Regional variations in the morphometric measures may be useful in neurosurgical procedures like administration of anaesthesia involving the mandibular nerve.

Currently, numerous invasive procedures are preferred in cephalic vein (CV) and axillary vein (AV) than other veins in the neck. Anatomical variations of these veins in the axilla and delto-pectoral region may result in failure and postoperative complications of the procedures. A thorough knowledge of possible variations of AV and CV may immensely contribute to the success of any such procedures where the veins are involved. We report the variations of the CV, tributaries of AV and median cubital vein. We observed a venous circle formed by the tributaries of AV in the infra-clavicular region, deep to the pectoral muscles. Cephalic vein joined proximal end of venous circle just before ending into AV. Further, duplication of the median cubital vein was observed.

Vascular anomalies of the spleen are usually asymptomatic. However, variant anatomy of splenic artery becomes clinically important, when the patients undergo diagnostic angiography for gastrointestinal bleeding or during transcatheter therapy. We report here a concurrent variant arterial pattern of the spleen. The splenic artery was unusually elongated and excessively tortuous. Prior to its normal termination into segmental arteries, it gave superior and inferior polar arteries which entered the spleen distal to corresponding ends of the splenic hilum. In addition to this, the spleen also received an additional blood supply from an accessory splenic artery arising from left gastro-epiploic artery. The accessory splenic artery entered the substance of the spleen through its lateral end. Presence of such kind of concurrent variant arterial pattern of spleen makes the surgeons obligatory to have prior knowledge to prevent bleeding during any surgical or radiological interventional procedures targeting the spleen, pancreas etc.

Muscular variations of the extensor compartment of the forearm are generally encountered during surgical and dissection procedures. Additional bellies, extra tendons, and abnormal attachment are such reported variations. Knowledge of these kinds of variation are important for hand surgeons to plan the surgical procedure and modify their approach to that case, or the surgeon can take the advantage of these variations during muscle graft and tendon transplantation procedures. Here we report a case of an additional belly of the extensor indicis muscle. The additional belly arose from the interosseous membrane. Its tendon passed through the fourth compartment deep into the extensor retinaculum and divided into two tendinous slips on the dorsum of the hand. One of these slips attached to the ulnar side of the tendon of the extensor digitorum for the middle finger; the other slip was merged with fascia over the dorsum of the hand. The additional belly was supplied by the posterior interosseous nerve. [Arch Clin Exp Surg 2014; 3(1.000): 64-65]

During regular dissections, we observed an unusual organization of the inferior root of Ansa Cervicalis (AC). The superior root of ansa arose normally from the hypoglossal nerve. The ventral ramus of the C2 spinal nerve divided into two branches. One of its branches joined the superior root independently to form a loop at a higher level. Another branch ran along the vagus nerve, joined with the ventral ramus of C3 spinal nerve, finally connected with the superior root and formed the second loop at a lower level. No variation was found in formation of superior root. Knowledge on the possible deviations in the formation of these roots is clinically important, to prevent iatrogenic injuries in surgical procedures such as thyroplasties, arytenoids adductions, and Teflon injections.

Background: Osteophyte is a bony outgrowth in the vertebral column. Its high prevalence and clinical importance prompted us to conduct this study of thoracic osteophytes. Aim and Objectives: Morphometric and histological study of thoracic osteophytes in the cadaveric vertebral column to understand their development, frequency of occurrence and distribution. Material and Methods: Frequency of occurrence of osteophytes was studied in 50 cadavers of Indian origin over a period of five years. The thoracic part of the vertebral columns were dissected and examined. The vertebral levels of osteophytes, their exact distribution, and morphometric measurements were recorded. A small piece of the osteophyte was removed, processed and stained with Haemetoxylin & Eosin [H & E] stains for histopathological examination. Results: Osteophytes were present in 7 specimens (14%). They were predominantly found on the right side of the lower thoracic vertebral bodies. H & E stained sections of the osteophytes showed features resembling a cancellous bone which strongly indicate that the osteophytes are in development stage, and they develop by the process of endochondral ossification. Conclusion: We found a high incidence of thoracic osteophytes in our study, which mandates further studies in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sacrum, by virtue of its anatomic location plays a key role in providing stability and strength to the pelvis. Presence of intervertebral discs in sacrum and coccyx is rare. Knowledge of its variations is of utmost importance to surgeons and radiologists. The current study focused on the presence of intervertebral discs between the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae in south Indian cadaveric pelvises. We observed 56 adult pelvises of which, 34 (61 %) pelvises showed the presence of intervertebral discs between the sacral vertebrae and between the coccygeal vertebrae, while 22 (39%) pelvises did not have the intervertebral discs either in the sacrum or the coccyx. We also found that most of the specimens had discs between S1 and S2 vertebrae (39%), followed by, between S4 and S5 (18%), between S2-S3 (14%) and least being between S3-S4 (13%). In the coccyx it was found that 7% of pelvises had disc between Co1-Co2, 4% of them had between Co2-Co3 and 4% had between Co3-Co4. Knowledge regarding such anatomic variations in the sacro-coccygeal region is important to note because they require alterations in various instrumentation procedures involving the sacrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver is the largest gland in the body and rarely shows variations in its lobes and fissures. We studied 55 Formalinfixed livers for occurrence of abnormal shape, lobes, fissures and position of gall bladder. In 60% of cases the liver was normal. 40% livers showed one or the other variations. Additional lobes were found in 9.09% of cases. Additional fissure was found in 1.81% of cases. Presence of dumbbell shaped caudate lobe and presence of large papillary process was noted in 1.81% cases each. In 1.81% cases the fissure for ligamentum teres was absent or situated on the anterior surface of the liver. In 1.81% of cases each the liver was either extremely long or extremely flat. In 18.18% of the cases, the gall bladder was short and its fundus did not project beyond the inferior border of the liver. These findings may be useful for surgeons and radiologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Variations in the branching pattern of the internal iliac artery are occasionally encountered during cadaveric dissections and surgeries. Some of the variations are of surgical and clinical importance and ignoring them might result in alarming bleeding during surgical procedures. We report variant branching pattern of the right internal iliac artery in a male cadaveric specimen. The anterior division of the internal iliac artery gave origin to obturator and middle rectal arteries. Superior vesical artery took its origin from the obturator artery. The posterior division of the internal iliac artery gave iliolumbar, lateral sacral, superior gluteal and internal pudendal arteries. The inferior gluteal artery was absent [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The testicular artery is frequently subjected to radiographic imaging techniques such as angiography for diagnosis and treatment of conditions like epididymitis, testicular torsion, tumor, hematoma, and hydrocele and in cases of undescended testis. Radiologists and surgeons should therefore be aware of testicular artery variants. Although there are numerous studies and case reports that mention testicular artery variants, this is probably the first case, reporting a bilateral low origin of the testicular artery and discussing its probable embryological etiology.

Great saphenous vein (GSV) is the longest vein in the body originating from the dorsum of the foot at medial malleolus to the level of groin skin crease. It is one among the clinically significant superficial veins of the lower limb. Double or duplication of GSV is considered to be one of its rarest variant forms, which might be often mistaken with the accessory saphenous vein. The overall incidence of duplicated GSV is reported to be 1%. We report herein, a unilateral duplication of GSV with its morphological and clinical perspectives. The major clinical complication that is often encountered from its duplication is recurrent incompetence of the GSV, which predisposes varicosity. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of venous anatomy is important for clinicians and sonographers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]