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Copyright of Telecommunication Engineering is the property of Telecommunication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The management of the satellite-terrestrial integrated network targeting giant constellations and large-scale networks, requires the comprehensive management of heterogeneous infrastructure, layered stereoscopic network, cross domain multi-dimensional resources, customized business services, the collaboration and efficiency of management directly affect the service capability of the network.Based on the concept of network as its essence and collaboration between satellites and networks, this paper explored the collaborative manage mechanism of constellation, network, and business, proposed the overall architecture of satellite-terrestrial integrated network management, designed the manage center function in detail, planed typical operational management processes, and analyzed its applicability in the management of giant constellations in orbit and large-scale cross domain network management.This paper provided technical support for the construction and operation management of the satellite-terrestrial integrated network.

Copyright of Space-Integrated-Ground Information Networks is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are evolving to support on-board processing, reconfigurable functions, satellite-terrestrial cooperation, and the coordinated execution of multiple tasks, including communication, sensing, navigation, and control. However, LEO satellite networks are constrained by bottlenecks such as inadequate signal processing and computing capabilities of individual LEO satellites and constrained inter-satellite link capacity, necessitating a deep integration with terrestrial mobile communication networks that include extensive cloud-based processing and computing capabilities. Therefore, an innovative architecture for an integrated satellite-terrestrial-based 6G cloud-fog collaborative self-organizing network was proposed and its protocols were discussed, achieving the deep integration of LEO fog-based satellite networks and terrestrial cloud-based communication networks. In addition, key technologies such as integrated communication, sensing, navigation, and control waveform, as well as resource management based on satellite onboard fog processing, along with mobility management and intelligent information processing based on cloud-fog collaboration, were elaborated in detail. In the end, insights into future directions for standardization and hardware experimentation were presented.

Copyright of Telecommunications Science is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Satellite communication and terrestrial mobile communication have strong complemented co-benefits.Satellite Internet is the hot spot supporting current industrial development and an important part of the future 6G network.Global coverage requires interstellar networking, but inter-satellite communication bandwidth requirements and the instability brought by the free space channel pose new challenges to the space bearer network.Inter-satellite communication technologies and link interface technologies were compared and analyzed.An optical transport network (OTN) carrier network solution based on inter-satellite laser was proposed, which could fully leverage the advantages of the maturities and the economies of the scaled ground optical communication.It constructs a satellite-terrestrial integrated network with strong cost-efectivity, compatibility, and scalability.Finally, the technological directions and evolutions of the inter-satellite laser communication were discussed, and suggestions for industrial development in China were proposed.

Copyright of Telecommunications Science is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The high-speed motion of low-earth orbit communication satellites results in a highly dynamic network topology, and the spatio-temporal distribution of resources in the satellite-terrestrial integrated network is non-uniform.When multiple users and services switch between satellites, a large number of handover requests are triggered, leading to intensified network resource competition.As a result, the limited satellite resources cannot meet all the handover requests, leading to a significant decrease in handover success rate.In view of the above problem, the multi-objective optimization based satellite handover method was proposed.It introduced the satellite coverage spatio-temporal graph and transforms the dynamic continuous topology into static discrete snapshots, accurately depicted the connections between satellite nodes and users at different times and locations.The multi-objective optimization model was established for satellite handover decisions, and anadaptive accelerated multi-objective evolutionary algorithm(AAMOEA) was proposed to optimized user data rate and network load simultaneously, ensured handover success rate and enhanced network service capability.It built a STIN communication simulation environment and tested the multi user handover performance in a multi satellite overlapping coverage scenario.The results demonstrated that the multi-objective optimization-based satellite handover method achieved an average handover success rate improvement of over 20% compared to benchmark algorithms.

Despite the fact that satellite-terrestrial systems have advantages such as high throughput, low latency, and low energy consumption, as well as low exposure to physical threats and natural disasters and cost-effective global coverage, their integration exposes both of them to particular security challenges that can arise due to the migration of security challenges from one to another. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) can also be used to provide a high level of protection for modern network environments such as satellite-terrestrial integrated networks (STINs). To optimize the detection performance of malicious activities in network traffic, four hybrid intrusion detection systems for satellite-terrestrial communication systems (SAT-IDSs) are proposed in this paper. All the proposed systems exploit the sequential forward feature selection (SFS) method based on random forest (RF) to select important features from the dataset that increase relevance and reduce complexity and then combine them with a machine learning (ML) or deep learning (DL) model; Random Forest (RF), Long Short-Term memory (LSTM), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). Two datasets—STIN, which simulates satellite networks, and UNSW-NB15, which simulates terrestrial networks—were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed SAT-IDSs. The experimental results indicate that selecting significant and crucial features produced by RF-SFS vastly improves detection accuracy and computational efficiency. In the first dataset (STIN), the proposed hybrid ML system SFS-RF achieved an accuracy of 90.5% after using 10 selected features, compared to 85.41% when using the whole dataset. Furthermore, the RF-SFS-GRU model achieved the highest performance of the three proposed hybrid DL-based SAT-IDS with an accuracy of 87% after using 10 selected features, compared to 79% when using the entire dataset. In the second dataset (UNSW-NB15), the proposed hybrid ML system SFS-RF achieved an accuracy of 78.52% after using 10 selected features, compared to 75.4% when using the whole dataset. The model with the highest accuracy of the three proposed hybrid DL-based SAT-IDS was the RF-SFS-GRU model. It achieved an accuracy of 79% after using 10 selected features, compared to 74% when using the whole dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing demand for massive access and data transmission requests, terrestrial communication systems are inefficient in providing satisfactory services. Compared with terrestrial communication networks, satellite communication networks have the advantages of wide coverage and support for massive access services. Satellite–terrestrial integrated networks are indispensable parts of future B5G/6G networks. Challenges arise for implementing and operating a successful satellite–terrestrial integrated network, including differentiated user requirements, infrastructure compatibility, limited resource constraints, and service provider incentives. In order to support diversified services, a multi-domain network slicing approach is proposed in this study, in which network resources from both terrestrial and satellite networks are combined to build alternative routes when serving the same slice request as virtual private networks. To improve the utilization efficiency of limited resources, slice admission control is formulated as a mechanism design problem. To encourage participation and cooperation among different service providers, a multi-sided ascending-price auction mechanism is further proposed as a game theory-based solution for slice admission control and resource allocation, in which multiple strategic service providers maximize their own utilities by trading bandwidth resources. The proposed auction mechanism is proven to be strongly budget-balanced, individually rational, and obviously truthful. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, real-world historical traffic data are used in the simulation experiments and the results show that the proposed approach is asymptotically optimal with the increase in users and competitive with the polynomial-time optimal trade mechanism, in terms of admission ratio and service provider profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Space-Integrated-Ground Information Networks is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Around the vision of ＆quot;full coverage＆quot; of the new generation of mobile communication system (6G), satelliteterrestrial integration, as one of the key technologies, is the development direction of the future wireless communication system.The construction of satellite-terrestrial integration network and deep integration need reasonable waveforms at physical layer.In view of the problems of transmission in satellite-terrestrial integration, the signifi cant advantages and practicability of continuous phase modulation (CPM) signal in spectral effi ciency and energy effi ciency were analyzed.The research progress of CPM signal at receiver in mobile communication system from the time and frequency domain were discussed, which provided support for CPM related research in satellite-terrestrial integration in the future.

Copyright of Space-Integrated-Ground Information Networks is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A non-orthogonal multicast and unicast transmission scenarios in the satellite-terrestrial integrated networks (STIN was considered), and a system model of joint multi-group multicast and unicast downlink transmitting was constructed. In order to improved the spectral efficiency of STIN, a beamforming scheme that non-orthogonal transmission based on rate splitting was proposed, where a max-min fair (MMF) beamforming design problem was established to optimized transmit beamforming vector of base station and satellite respectively. And then, considered non-convex constraint caused by variable coupling in the problem, an iterative algorithm based on successive convex approximation to solved the optimization problem was proposed. Simulation results showed that our proposed scheme could improved effectively the MMF transmitting rate of the STIN in contrast with the traditional non-rate splitting and layer division multiplexing schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing demand for massive access and data transmission requests, terrestrial communication systems are inefficient in providing satisfactory services. Compared with terrestrial communication networks, satellite communication networks have the advantages of wide coverage and support for massive access services. Satellite–terrestrial integrated networks are indispensable parts of future B5G/6G networks. Challenges arise for implementing and operating a successful satellite–terrestrial integrated network, including differentiated user requirements, infrastructure compatibility, limited resource constraints, and service provider incentives. In order to support diversified services, a multi-domain network slicing approach is proposed in this study, in which network resources from both terrestrial and satellite networks are combined to build alternative routes when serving the same slice request as virtual private networks. To improve the utilization efficiency of limited resources, slice admission control is formulated as a mechanism design problem. To encourage participation and cooperation among different service providers, a multi-sided ascending-price auction mechanism is further proposed as a game theory-based solution for slice admission control and resource allocation, in which multiple strategic service providers maximize their own utilities by trading bandwidth resources. The proposed auction mechanism is proven to be strongly budget-balanced, individually rational, and obviously truthful. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, real-world historical traffic data are used in the simulation experiments and the results show that the proposed approach is asymptotically optimal with the increase in users and competitive with the polynomial-time optimal trade mechanism, in terms of admission ratio and service provider profit.

With the superiorities of providing network services for all scenarios of three-dimensional space, air, ground, and ocean, and satisfying the future network differential requirements on all services, the satellite-terrestrial integrated network (STIN) has become a hot spot in the development of 6G.Firstly, the current research development of the low-orbit satellite constellation and STIN were reviewed, and the challenges faced by the integrated satellite-terrestrial networking were discussed.Then, the software defined intelligent system architecture of the integrated satellite-terrestrial wireless network based on distributed SDN controllers was proposed to address the characteristics of STIN such as the complex architecture, high dynamic of network topology, the heterogeneity of network devices and protocols, which facilitated efficient satellite-terrestrial collaborative network management and control.In the end, the key techniques of the satellite-terrestrial flexible and reconfigurable collaborative networking were outlined, and the future development were presented.

At present, the rapid development of satellite capabilities has prompted the proposal of satellite–terrestrial integrated networks (STIN), which solves the problem of limited signal coverage of terrestrial cellular networks, further promotes the globalization process, and realizes global data sharing and on-demand use. However, due to the high openness of satellite-to-ground links in STIN, users are vulnerable to attacks such as eavesdropping, replay, tampering, and impersonation when requesting access to satellite nodes and obtaining subscription services. To ensure the security and reliability, many authentication protocols have been proposed, but there are still some shortcomings, such as high authentication overhead, vulnerability to certain attacks. In addition, for inter-satellite handovers caused by the highly dynamic topology of satellites, the computational overhead of existing handover authentication mechanisms is too high to be applied to frequent inter-satellite handover scenarios in STIN. To address the above issues, in this paper, we propose a new access and handover authentication protocol with batch verification for STIN, namely the AHA-BV protocol. The AHA-BV protocol not only realizes mutual authentication and key negotiation between users and satellite access points without the participation of the network control center, but also ensures the conditional anonymity of users during the access authentication phase. Furthermore, the lightweight batch verification mechanism reduces the risk of computing bottlenecks when resource-constrained satellites receive a large number of access authentication requests. Not only that, the AHA-BV protocol can also achieve sustained trust in subscription services from STIN with low computational overhead during the inter-satellite handover authentication phase. Formal and heuristic security analysis show that the AHA-BV protocol can meet the security requirements of STIN. Performance analysis indicates that the AHA-BV protocol has low authentication overhead while ensuring security, and is more suitable for users under satellite dynamic topology to access and obtain subscription services from STIN. • An access authentication protocol supporting batch verification for STIN is proposed. • The batch verification mechanism reduces the verification overhead of satellites. • The handover authentication mechanism is lightweight and reliable. • The security of AHA-BV has been demonstrated by multiple security analysis methods. • The analysis shows that AHA-BV is a more suitable authentication protocol for STIN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing satellite-terrestrial integrated networks (STINs) suffer from security and privacy concerns due to the limited resources, poor attack resistance and high privacy requirements of satellite networks. Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) is intended to provide a high level of protection for modern network environments, but how to implement distributed NIDS on STINs has not been widely discussed. At the same time, satellite networks have always lacked real and effective security data sets as references. To solve these problems, we propose a distributed NIDS using Federal Learning (FL) in STIN to properly allocate resources in each domain to analyze and block malicious traffic, especially distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. Specifically, we first design a typical STIN topology, on the basis of which we collect and design security data sets adapted to satellite and terrestrial networks in STIN, respectively. To address the problem of poor attack resistance of satellite networks, we propose a satellite network topology optimization algorithm to reduce the difficulty in tracing malicious packets due to frequent link switching. In order to solve the problem of limited resources and high privacy requirements of satellite networks, we propose an algorithm for FL adaptation to STIN, and build a distributed NIDS using FL in STIN. Finally, we deploy the designed distributed NIDS in a prototype system and evaluate our proposed distributed NIDS with a large number of simulations of randomly generated malicious traffic. Related results demonstrate that the performance of our approach is better than traditional deep learning and intrusion detection methods in terms of malicious traffic recognition rate, packet loss rate, and CPU utilization.

In this paper, we investigate secrecy-energy efficient hybrid beamforming (BF) schemes for a satellite-terrestrial integrated network, wherein a multibeam satellite system shares the millimeter wave spectrum with a cellular system. Under the assumption of imperfect angles of departure for the wiretap channels, the hybrid beamformer at the base station and digital beamformers at the satellite are jointly designed to maximize the achievable secrecy-energy efficiency, while satisfying signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio constraints of both the earth stations (ESs) and cellular users. Since the formulated optimization problem is nonconvex and mathematically intractable, we propose two robust BF schemes to obtain approximate solutions with low complexity. Specifically, for the case of a single ES, we integrate the Charnes-Cooper approach with an iterative search algorithm to convert the original nonconvex problem into a solvable one and obtain the BF weight vectors. In the case of multiple ESs, by exploiting the sequential convex approximation method, we convert the original problem into a linear one with multiple matrix inequalities and second-order cone constraints, for which we obtain a solution with satisfactory performance. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed robust BF design schemes are validated via simulations using realistic satellite and terrestrial downlink channel models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The satellite-terrestrial integrated network (STIN), as an integration of the satellite network and terrestrial, has become a promising architecture to support global coverage and ubiquitous connection. The architecture of software-defined networking (SDN) is utilized to intelligently coordinate the global STIN, in which the placement schemes of SDN controllers, including the locations, number, and roles, would produce various performances. However, the uneven distribution of global users leads to the unbalanced energy consumption of satellite resources, which brings a heavy burden for satellites to maintain the control flows for network management. To provide green communication for international economic trade in the countries along the Belt and Road, in this paper, we focus on the energy-efficient controller placement (EECP) problem in the software-defined STIN. The satellite gateways are located in the countries along the Belt and Road, which accounts for a large number of traffic demands and a dense population. The controllers are deployed on the LEO satellites, where each LEO satellite is a candidate controller. The energy consumption for the control paths and the user data links is modeled and then formulated as the flow processing-oriented optimization problem. A modified simulated annealing placement (MSAP) algorithm is developed to solve the EECP problem, in which we use the greedy way to obtain the initial set of controllers, and then the final optimal controller placement result is obtained by the simulated annealing algorithm. Extensive simulations are conducted on the simulated Iridium satellite network topology and statistics data. Compared with other algorithms, the results show that MSAP reduces network energy consumption by 20% and average latency by 25%.

Satellite–terrestrial integrated networks (STINs) have been proposed for B5G/6G mobile communication, and the increase in the computation and communication capacities of satellites opens the door for satellite edge computing in space. The requirements of privacy protection and communication efficiency lead to the inefficiency or deficiency of traditional learning approaches in STINs. This study incorporates federated learning and split learning paradigms with STINs and introduces a split-then-federated learning framework and federated split learning with long short-term memory to handle sequential data in STINs. A case study of electricity theft detection based on a real-world sequential power load dataset is utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution. Numerical experiments show that the proposed FedSL-LSTM model is an effective federated learning solution and a competitive solution compared with centralized models in terms of classification performance evaluation metrics. • A split-then-federated learning framework in STINs is proposed for the first time. • A FedSL-LSTM model is proven effective for processing sequential data in STINs. • A case study of electricity theft detection with a real-world dataset is conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a joint optimization design for a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-based satellite-terrestrial integrated network (STIN), where a satellite multicast communication network shares the millimeter wave spectrum with a cellular network employing NOMA technology. By assuming that the satellite uses multibeam antenna array and the base station employs uniform planar array, we first formulate a constrained optimization problem to maximize the sum rate of the STIN while satisfying the constraint of per-antenna transmit power and quality-of-service requirements of both satellite and cellular users. Since the formulated optimization problem is NP-hard and mathematically intractable, we develop a novel user pairing scheme so that more than two users can be grouped in a cluster to exploit the NOMA technique. Based on the user clustering, we further propose to transform the non-convex problem into an equivalent convex one, and present an iterative penalty function-based beamforming (BF) scheme to obtain the BF weight vectors and power coefficients with fast convergence. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach in comparison with the existing works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]