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This article aims to design a new secured data transmission, VM migration, and placement. VM is constructed for hosting the applications by taking the essential resources, and OS is given by the user after receiving a request from the customer by the data center of the cloud. Here, the best fitness index-based Squirrel Search Algorithm (BFI-SSA) to minimize the number of active servers in the cloud. Further, the BFI-SSA is used for implementing the optimal VM migration with the help of a multiobjective function using the makespan and energy consumption. For migrated VM, the secured data transmission is performed by the same improved SSA with "data sanitization and restoration" with adaptive key management. This BFI-SSA algorithm is intended to generate the key and to increase the privacy of the migrated data. The energy consumption of the designed method attains 8% regarding the best rate value. Moreover, the designed method attains a minimum cost function to get a higher convergence rate in the 40th iteration. The given offered method attains a better makespan rate regarding best rate values. Thus, the simulation result has outperformed the suggested model and has achieved low energy and power consumption when compared to other-state-of-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent foodborne outbreaks and recalls involving Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella-contaminated peaches have caused significant economic losses to the peach industry. This study evaluated the effectiveness of chlorine, a commonly used sanitizer in the fresh produce industry, against L. monocytogenes and Salmonella and its ability to control cross-contamination in fresh peaches. Peaches inoculated with L. monocytogenes or Salmonella (~6 log10 CFU/peach) were treated with 50–150 mg/L of free chlorine (FC, pH6.8) 24 h post-inoculation. The results revealed that chlorine had similar efficacy against L. monocytogenes and Salmonella on peaches (p > 0.05). A 30 s treatment at 50, 100, and 150 mg/L FC resulted in dose-dependent reductions (p < 0.05), achieving reductions of 0.88–0.92, 1.54–1.61, and 1.73–1.79 log10 CFU/peach, respectively. Extending the contact time to 2 min slightly but significantly enhanced the chlorine efficacy (p < 0.05). Additionally, a 30 s to 2 min exposure to chlorine with 50–150 mg/L FC resulted in a 1.05–1.43 log10 CFU/peach reduction in yeasts and molds. Tap water exposure led to substantial cross-contamination between inoculated and uninoculated fruits and processed water, with Salmonella exhibiting higher transfer rates than L. monocytogenes. The application of chlorine mitigated the cross-contamination of both pathogens but did not entirely prevent it. These findings offer valuable insights for the peach and other stone fruit industries to verify process controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioregenerative food systems that routinely produce fresh, safe-to-eat crops onboard spacecraft can supplement the nutrition and variety of shelf-stable spaceflight food systems for use during future exploration missions (i.e., low earth orbit, Mars transit, lunar, and Martian habitats). However, current space crop production systems are not yet sustainable because they primarily utilize consumable granular media and, to date, operate like single crop cycle, space biology experiments where root modules are sanitized prior to launch and discarded after each grow-out. Moreover, real-time detection of the cleanliness of crops produced in spacecraft is not possible. A significant paradigm shift is needed in the design of future space crop production systems, as they transition from operating as single grow-out space biology experiments to becoming sustainable over multiple cropping cycles. Soilless nutrient delivery systems have been used to demonstrate post-harvest sanitization and inflight microbial monitoring technologies to enable sequential cropping cycles in spacecraft. Post-harvest cleaning and sanitization prevent the buildup of biofilms and ensure a favorable environment for seedling establishment of the next crop. Inflight microbial monitoring of food and watering systems ensures food safety in spaceflight food systems. A sanitization protocol, heat sterilization at 60°C for 1 h, and soaking for 12 h in 1% hydrogen peroxide, developed in this study, was compared against a standard hydroponic sanitization protocol during five consecutive crop cycles. Each cropping cycle included protocols for the cultivation of a crop to maturity, followed by post-harvest cleaning and inflight microbial monitoring. Microbial sampling of nutrient solution reservoirs, root modules, and plants demonstrated that the sanitization protocol could be used to grow safe-to-eat produce during multiple crop cycles. The cleanliness of the reservoir and root module surfaces measured with aerobic plate counts was verified in near real time using a qPCR-based inflight microbial monitoring protocol. Post-harvest sanitization and inflight microbial monitoring are expected to significantly transform the design of sustainable bioregenerative food and life support systems for future exploration missions beyond low earth orbit (LEO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infections in confined environments can spread by direct contact, contaminated surfaces, and airborne transmission. This is critical in prison facilities, where cleaning and sanitary conditions are inadequate. An alternative is the development of antimicrobial surfaces. A new antimicrobial coating was developed by incorporating copper microparticles into a standard commercial paint, aiming to reduce the concentration of bacteria on surfaces by granting antimicrobial properties to surfaces. The copper additive comprised Cu2Cl(OH)3 deposited on polyhedral zeolite. The efficacy of this coating was evaluated in detention cells in a police station, which are temporary prisons and inherently dirty environments. The experiment compared a cell painted with the copper additive coating and a control cell with the standard paint. Viable coliforms were measured on different surfaces and in the air for five months under normal usage. Bacterial load was reduced by ca. 68% by the copper-amended paint on cement surfaces. Surprisingly, airborne viable coliforms were reduced by ca. 87% in the detention cell treated with the copper coating. This research highlights the potential of antimicrobial coatings in controlling the spread of infections through contact with contaminated surfaces and emphasizes the significant reduction in airborne bacterial load. It is especially relevant for controlling infections where sanitization is limited but can be extended to other built environments, such as healthcare facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the feasibility of producing electrolyzed water (EW) for post-harvest treatment of fruits and vegetables as a new substitute for current chemical products. A prototype generator using tap water and NaCl solution was tested for EW's sanitization efficiency, energy, and economic costs. In vitro tests on Penicillium e., Aspergillus n., Botrytis c., and Alternaria a. assessed EW pH, chlorine concentration, electro-oxidative potential, pathogen contact time, and energy consumption. Optimal results were achieved with a pH of 4.6, electro-oxidative potential of 188 mV, active chlorine concentration of 3.4 mg/L, and a contact time of 1–2 min. The prototype produced 10.0 L of EW in 1 h, consuming 0.11 kWh of electricity. Real-scale energy consumption was 545 kWh/m3 EW, costing 12.51 euro/m3. The study concludes that optimizing EW production can reduce energy consumption, making it a viable alternative for industrial sanitization of fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The existence of pathogenic microorganisms in the poultry industry associated with the progression of antimicrobial resistance highlights the need to explore natural antimicrobial agents in maintaining poultry antibacterial standards. Essential oils are broad-spectrum natural agents against bacteria, showing a remarkable ability to combat bacterial resistance. These natural compounds demonstrate more effective antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant strains than synthetic chemical antibiotics. Therefore, this review identifies the antibacterial benefits of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil in bacterial control of poultry and poultry products. The compilation of researched studies confirms that Syzygium aromaticum essential oil has proven to be a safe and effective oral antibiotic, promoting the preservation of eggs and meat without adverse impacts. Eugenol is the most significant contributor to its antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study performed microbial analysis of nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic systems on three indoor farms in Singapore (the "what"). To justify the necessity of sanitizing hydroponic systems, strong biofilm-forming bacteria were isolated from the facility and investigated for their influence on Salmonella colonization on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coupons in hydroponic nutrient solutions (the "why"). Finally, sanitization solutions were evaluated with both laboratory-scale and field-scale tests (the "how"). As a result, the microbiome composition in NFT systems was found to be highly farm specific. The strong biofilm formers Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum C2 and Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana C3 were found to facilitate the attachment and colonization of Salmonella on PVC coupons. When forming dual-species biofilms, the presence of C2 and C3 also significantly promoted the growth of Salmonella (P < 0.05). Compared with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium percarbonate (SPC), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) exhibited superior efficacy in biofilm removal. At 50 ppm, NaOCl reduced the Salmonella Typhimurium, C2, and C3 counts to <1 log CFU/cm² within 12 h, whereas neither 3% H2O2 nor 1% SPC achieved this effect. In operational hydroponic systems, the concentration of NaOCl needed to achieve biofilm elimination increased to 500 ppm, likely due to the presence of organic matter accumulated during crop cultivation and the greater persistence of naturally formed multispecies biofilms. Sanitization using 500 ppm NaOCl for 12 h did not impede subsequent plant growth, but chlorination byproduct chlorate was detected at high levels in the hydroponic solution and in plants in the sanitized systems without rinsing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pork processing plants in the United States (US) cease operations for 24-48 h every six or twelve months to perform intense sanitization (IS) using fogging, foaming, and further antimicrobial treatments to disrupt natural biofilms that may harbor pathogens and spoilage organisms. The impact such treatments have on short-term changes in environmental microorganisms is not well understood, nor is the rate at which bacterial communities return. Methods: Swab samples were collected from floor drains to provide representative environmental microorganisms at two US pork processing plants before, during, and after an IS procedure. Samples were collected from four coolers where finished carcasses were chilled and from four locations near cutting tables. Each sample was characterized by total mesophile count (TMC), total psychrophile count (TPC), and other indicator bacteria; their biofilmforming ability, tolerance of the formed biofilm to a quaternary ammonium compound (300 ppm, QAC), and ability to protect co-inoculated Salmonella enterica. In addition, bacterial community composition was determined using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Results: IS procedures disrupted bacteria present but to different extents depending on the plant and the area of the plant. IS reduced TPC and TMC, by up to 1.5 Log10 CFU only to return to pre-IS levels within 2-3 days. The impact of IS on microorganisms in coolers was varied, with reductions of 2-4 Log10, and required 2 to 4 weeks to return to pre-IS levels. The results near fabrication lines were mixed, with little to no significant changes at one plant, while at the other, two processing lines showed 4 to 6 Log10 reductions. Resistance to QAC and the protection of Salmonella by the biofilms varied between plants and between areas of the plants as well. Community profiling of bacteria at the genus level showed that IS reduced species diversity and the disruption led to new community compositions that in some cases did not return to the pre-IS state even after 15 to 16 weeks. Discussion: The results found here reveal the impact of using IS to disrupt the presence of pathogen or spoilage microorganisms in US pork processing facilities may not have the intended effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioregenerative food systems that routinely produce fresh, safe-to-eat crops onboard spacecraft can supplement the nutrition and variety of shelf-stable spaceflight food systems for use during future exploration missions (i.e., low earth orbit, Mars transit, lunar, and Martian habitats). However, current space crop production systems are not yet sustainable because they primarily utilize consumable granular media and, to date, operate like single crop cycle, space biology experiments where root modules are sanitized prior to launch and discarded after each grow-out. Moreover, real-time detection of the cleanliness of crops produced in spacecraft is not possible. A significant paradigm shift is needed in the design of future space crop production systems, as they transition from operating as single grow-out space biology experiments to becoming sustainable over multiple cropping cycles. Soilless nutrient delivery systems have been used to demonstrate post-harvest sanitization and inflight microbial monitoring technologies to enable sequential cropping cycles in spacecraft. Post-harvest cleaning and sanitization prevent the buildup of biofilms and ensure a favorable environment for seedling establishment of the next crop. Inflight microbial monitoring of food and watering systems ensures food safety in spaceflight food systems. A sanitization protocol, heat sterilization at 60°C for 1 h, and soaking for 12 h in 1% hydrogen peroxide, developed in this study, was compared against a standard hydroponic sanitization protocol during five consecutive crop cycles. Each cropping cycle included protocols for the cultivation of a crop to maturity, followed by post-harvest cleaning and inflight microbial monitoring. Microbial sampling of nutrient solution reservoirs, root modules, and plants demonstrated that the sanitization protocol could be used to grow safe-to-eat produce during multiple crop cycles. The cleanliness of the reservoir and root module surfaces measured with aerobic plate counts was verified in near real time using a qPCR-based inflight microbial monitoring protocol. Post-harvest sanitization and inflight microbial monitoring are expected to significantly transform the design of sustainable bioregenerative food and life support systems for future exploration missions beyond low earth orbit (LEO).

Water bottles for everyday usage are a typical addition to people’s life and offer a practical way to stay hydrated. Even though safe and clean water is preferred for consumption, the water bottle or container used to drink water was never considered to be cleaned. Here, we examined the adhering microbial populations in water bottles composed of stainless steel (SS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). A total of 30 water bottles—15 PET and 15 SS—were gathered from different users. To identify and quantify the adhering microbial populations, microbial swabs from the inside surface of the bottles were collected and later cultivated on certain growth media. Overall the microbial load of PET is significantly higher than the SS water bottles of 68.8 + 19.1 cfu/ml and 35.4 + 8 cfu/ml respectively at initial sampling (P = 0.0027). We also evaluated the efficiency of various cleaning procedures in eliminating adherent bacteria populations. The cleaning strategy significantly reduced the microbial load (P

Sanitization is an effective approach for ensuring data security through scrubbing invalid but sensitive data pages, with the cost of impacts on storage performance due to moving out valid pages from the sanitization-required wordline, which is a logical read/write unit and consists of multiple pages in high-density SSDs. To minimize the impacts on I/O latency and data security, this article proposes a polling-based scheduling approach for data sanitization in high-density SSDs. Our method polls a specific SSD channel for completing data sanitization at the block granularity, meanwhile other channels can still service I/O requests. Furthermore, our method assigns a low priority to the blocks that are more likely to have future adjacent page invalidations inside sanitization-required wordlines, while selecting the sanitization block, to minimize the negative impacts of moving valid pages. Through a series of emulation experiments on several disk traces of real-world applications, we show that our proposal can decrease the negative effects of data sanitization in terms of the risk-performance index, which is a united time metric of I/O responsiveness and the unsafe time interval, by 16.34%, on average, compared to related sanitization methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1940s and 1950s, researchers seeking safe and novel ways to eliminate airborne pathogens from enclosed spaces, investigated glycol vapours as a method of disinfection. More recently, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for a non-toxic aerial disinfectant that can be used in the presence of people. This scoping review is intended to analyse the early and more recent literature on glycol disinfection, scrutinizing the methodologies used, and to determine if the use of glycols as modern-day disinfectants is justified PRISMA-ScR guidelines were used to assess the 749 articles retrieved from the Web of Science platform, with 46 articles retained after the search strategy was applied. Early studies generally demonstrated good disinfection capabilities against airborne bacteria and viruses, particularly with propylene glycol (PG) vapour. Vapour pressure, relative humidity, and glycol concentration were found to be important factors affecting the efficacy of glycol vapours. Contact times depended mainly on the glycol application method (i.e. aerosolization or liquid formulation), although information on how glycol efficacy is impacted by contact time is limited. Triethylene glycol (TEG) is deemed to have low toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity and is registered for use in air sanitization and deodorization by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Glycols are also used in liquid formulations for their antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms, although when used as a non-active excipient in products, their contribution to antimicrobial efficacy is rarely assessed. The appropriate use of liquid glycol-containing formulations was found to positively impact the antimicrobial capabilities of disinfectants when used at temperatures <0, food preservatives, and dental medicaments. Providing modern delivery technology can accurately control environmental conditions, the use of aerosolized glycol formulations should lead to successful disinfection, aiding infection prevention, and control regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing use of cloud storage for sensitive and personal information, ensuring data security has become a top priority. It is important to prevent sensitive data from being identified by unauthorized users during the distribution of cloud files. The main aim is to transmit the data in a secured manner without encrypting the entire file. Hence a novel design for remote data integrity auditing and data sanitizing that enables users to access files without revealing sensitive information. Our approach includes identity-based shared data integrity auditing, which is performed using different zero-knowledge proof protocols such as ZK-SNARK and ZK-STARK. We also propose a pinhole-imaging-based learning butterfly optimization algorithm with a lightweight convolutional neural network (PILBOA-LCNN) technique for data sanitization and security. The LCNN is used to identify sensitive terms in the document and safeguard them to maintain confidentiality. In the proposed PILBOA-LCNN technique, key extraction is a critical task during data restoration and sanitization. The PILBOA algorithm is used for key optimization during data sanitization. We evaluate the performance of our proposed model in terms of privacy preservation and document sanitization using the UPC and bus user datasets. The experimentation results revealed that the proposed method enhanced recall, F-measure, and precision scores as 90%, 89%, and 92%. It also has a low computation time of 109.2 s and 113.5 s. Our experimental results demonstrate that our proposed model outperforms existing techniques and offers improved cloud data storage privacy and accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of foodborne illness in the U.S. In the meat industry, one action taken to address pathogen contamination incidence is an intense sanitization (IS) of the entire processing plant that many large processors perform annually or semiannually. However, this procedure’s immediate and long-term impact on environment microbial community and pathogen colonization are unknown. Here we investigated the impact of IS procedure on environmental biofilms and the subsequent S. enterica colonization and stress tolerance. Environmental samples were collected from floor drains at various areas 1  week before, 1  week, and 4  weeks after the IS procedure at a beef plant with sporadic S. enterica prevalence. Biofilm formation by microorganisms in the drain samples without S. enterica presence was tested under processing temperature. The ability of the biofilms to recruit and/or protect a co-inoculated S. enterica strain from quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) treatment was determined. The community structure of each drain sample was elucidated through 16S rRNA amplicon community sequencing. Post-IS samples collected from 8 drains formed significantly stronger biofilms than the respective pre-IS samples. S. enterica colonization was not different between the pre- and postIS biofilms at all drain locations. S. enterica survival in QAC-treated pre- and post-IS mixed biofilms varied depending upon the drain location but a higher survival was associated with a stronger biofilm matrix. The 16S rRNA amplicon gene community sequencing results exhibited a decrease in community diversity 1  week after IS treatment but followed by a significant increase 4  weeks after the treatment. The IS procedure also significantly altered the community composition and the higher presence of certain species in the postIS community may be associated with the stronger mixed biofilm formation and Salmonella tolerance. Our study suggested that the IS procedure might disrupt the existing environmental microbial community and alter the natural population composition, which might lead to unintended consequences as a result of a lack of competition within the multispecies mixture. The survival and recruitment of species with high colonizing capability to the post-IS community may play crucial roles in shaping the ensuing ecological dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Aircraft cabins, susceptible to disease transmission, require effective strategies to minimize the spread of airborne diseases. This paper reviews the James Reason Swiss Cheese Theory in mitigating these risks, as implemented by the International Civil Aviation Organization during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also evaluates the use of airborne ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light as an additional protective measure. METHODS: Our approach involved a thorough literature review by experts and a detailed risk-vs.-benefit analysis. The review covered existing research to understand the scientific foundation, while the analysis used established techniques to assess the impact of influenza and COVID-19 in terms of infections, deaths, and economic costs. RESULTS: Integrating UV-C light in aircraft cabins, when applied with appropriate scientific understanding and engineering safeguards, has the potential to reduce in-flight disease transmission. This additional mitigation strategy can work synergistically with existing measures. DISCUSSION: The research and risk-vs.-benefit analysis present strong evidence for the safety and effectiveness of continuous UV-C disinfection in aircraft cabins. It suggests that UV-C light, maintained below exposure limits, can be a valuable addition to existing measures against disease transmission during flights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aimed to assess coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) knowledge among dental patients seeking treatment at a tertiary care center. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Government Dental College Thrissur to assess dental patients’ COVID-19 awareness. Patients over 18 who attended the dental department and agreed to participate were included after obtaining the informed consent. A validated self-administered questionnaire study was done. Results: The sample had an average age of 39.68 ± 13.83 years. The study included 179 men (46.9%) and 203 women (53.1%). The t-test revealed statistically insignificant age and gender distribution (P = 0.59). Conclusion: The study found that dental patients at tertiary care were aware of the health issue, its potential spread, and preventive measures.

Recent foodborne outbreaks and recalls involving Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella-contaminated peaches have caused significant economic losses to the peach industry. This study evaluated the effectiveness of chlorine, a commonly used sanitizer in the fresh produce industry, against L. monocytogenes and Salmonella and its ability to control cross-contamination in fresh peaches. Peaches inoculated with L. monocytogenes or Salmonella (~6 log10 CFU/peach) were treated with 50–150 mg/L of free chlorine (FC, pH6.8) 24 h post-inoculation. The results revealed that chlorine had similar efficacy against L. monocytogenes and Salmonella on peaches (p > 0.05). A 30 s treatment at 50, 100, and 150 mg/L FC resulted in dose-dependent reductions (p < 0.05), achieving reductions of 0.88–0.92, 1.54–1.61, and 1.73–1.79 log10 CFU/peach, respectively. Extending the contact time to 2 min slightly but significantly enhanced the chlorine efficacy (p < 0.05). Additionally, a 30 s to 2 min exposure to chlorine with 50–150 mg/L FC resulted in a 1.05–1.43 log10 CFU/peach reduction in yeasts and molds. Tap water exposure led to substantial cross-contamination between inoculated and uninoculated fruits and processed water, with Salmonella exhibiting higher transfer rates than L. monocytogenes. The application of chlorine mitigated the cross-contamination of both pathogens but did not entirely prevent it. These findings offer valuable insights for the peach and other stone fruit industries to verify process controls.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a powerful oxidizing agent and causes cellular oxidative damage in microbial cells. Due to its potential oxidative activity, H2O2 provides broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses and has widely been used for food safety. This review comprehensively discusses current strategies for improving the disinfecting action of H2O2 in the food industry, including the combination of H2O2 with other chemical disinfectants (peroxyacetic acid, O3, sodium dodecyl sulfate, silver, and plant-derived compounds) or disinfection techniques (heat, UV, pulsed light, cold plasma, ultrasound, and modified atmosphere packaging). Moreover, the effects of these combinations on food properties and the comparison between H2O2-based treatments and non-H2O2-based treatments were also reviewed. Combining H2O2 with other chemical or physical disinfectants enhanced its antimicrobial activity and provides a promising disinfection strategy in the food industry. In most of reviewed studies, use of H2O2 at low levels had little or no effect on food quality. The combination of H2O2 with innovative disinfection agents or techniques provided promising approaches and needs more exploration in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the size of multimedia data is rising gradually from gigabytes to petabytes, due to the progression of a larger quantity of realistic data. The majority of big data is conveyed via the internet and they were accumulated on cloud servers. Since cloud computing offers internet-oriented services, there were a lot of attackers and malevolent users. They always attempt to deploy the private data of users without any right access. At certain times, they substitute the real data by any counterfeit data. As a result, data protection has turned out to be a noteworthy concern in recent times. This paper aims to establish an optimization-based privacy preservation model for preserving multimedia data by selecting the optimal secret key. Here, the encryption and decryption process is carried out by Improved Blowfish cryptographic technique, where the sensitive data in cloud server is preserved using the optimal key. Optimal key generation is the significant procedure to ensure the objectives of integrity and confidentiality. Likewise, data restoration is the inverse process of sanitization (decryption). In both the cases, key generation remains a major aspect, which is optimally chosen by a novel hybrid algorithm termed as "Clan based Crow Search with Adaptive Awareness probability (CCS-AAP). Finally, an analysis is carried out to validate the improvement of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the current circumstances, when lakhs of people are dying as a result of the COVID‐19 Pandemic, imposing lockdown and shutdown disrupts the socioeconomic conditions of the entire globe to the point that the country's backbone is compromised. A highly modified, effective sterilizing and disinfection system is essential to improve the country or human civilization. To combat the many adverse effects of radiation, not only on human health but also on the environment, ultra violet technology has been introduced. UV technology is also a source of radiation that has health risks; however, changes in wavelength can make the risk low. UVM‐30A sensor module is used in the sanitization to detect UV irradiation in this study effort. An IoT‐based system based on Arduino uno microcontroller, GSM A6 WiFi module, and UVM‐30A is presented to create an automated implanted UV radiation detection device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundPork processing plants in the United States (US) cease operations for 24–48 h every six or twelve months to perform intense sanitization (IS) using fogging, foaming, and further antimicrobial treatments to disrupt natural biofilms that may harbor pathogens and spoilage organisms. The impact such treatments have on short-term changes in environmental microorganisms is not well understood, nor is the rate at which bacterial communities return.MethodsSwab samples were collected from floor drains to provide representative environmental microorganisms at two US pork processing plants before, during, and after an IS procedure. Samples were collected from four coolers where finished carcasses were chilled and from four locations near cutting tables. Each sample was characterized by total mesophile count (TMC), total psychrophile count (TPC), and other indicator bacteria; their biofilm-forming ability, tolerance of the formed biofilm to a quaternary ammonium compound (300 ppm, QAC), and ability to protect co-inoculated Salmonella enterica. In addition, bacterial community composition was determined using shotgun metagenomic sequencing.ResultsIS procedures disrupted bacteria present but to different extents depending on the plant and the area of the plant. IS reduced TPC and TMC, by up to 1.5 Log10 CFU only to return to pre-IS levels within 2–3 days. The impact of IS on microorganisms in coolers was varied, with reductions of 2–4 Log10, and required 2 to 4 weeks to return to pre-IS levels. The results near fabrication lines were mixed, with little to no significant changes at one plant, while at the other, two processing lines showed 4 to 6 Log10 reductions. Resistance to QAC and the protection of Salmonella by the biofilms varied between plants and between areas of the plants as well. Community profiling of bacteria at the genus level showed that IS reduced species diversity and the disruption led to new community compositions that in some cases did not return to the pre-IS state even after 15 to 16 weeks.DiscussionThe results found here reveal the impact of using IS to disrupt the presence of pathogen or spoilage microorganisms in US pork processing facilities may not have the intended effect.

Background: Cross-contamination between food, equipment, and contact surfaces during food processing may occur with some pathogenic bacteria, such as E. coli and S. aureus. This study was conducted to investigate the bactericidal potential of ozonized water spray in food contact surfaces (plastic, glass, steel, and ceramic) for the inactivation of E. coli and S. aureus isolated from traditional yogurt. Methods: Two isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic resistance and the strains were exposed to ozonized water with concentration of 4 mg/l for 0, 2, and 10 minutes and after drying on food contact surfaces (FCS). Results: E. coli and S. aureus were defined as multidrug-resistant. Ozonized water inhibited two bacteria growth on the FCS after two minutes. On plastic, glass, and ceramic surfaces, E. coli was more sensitive than S. aureus, while S. aureus on steel surface was more sensitive than E. coli. Conclusion: Based on the results, it is recommended to use the ozonized water spray at 4 mg/l concentration to disinfect surfaces in contact with food, especially glass and ceramic surfaces. Corresponding Author:Reza Sharafati Chaleshtori View Orcid in Profile You can search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar Profile

This study explores the feasibility of producing electrolyzed water (EW) for post-harvest treatment of fruits and vegetables as a new substitute for current chemical products. A prototype generator using tap water and NaCl solution was tested for EW’s sanitization efficiency, energy, and economic costs. In vitro tests on Penicillium e., Aspergillus n., Botrytis c., and Alternaria a. assessed EW pH, chlorine concentration, electro-oxidative potential, pathogen contact time, and energy consumption. Optimal results were achieved with a pH of 4.6, electro-oxidative potential of 188 mV, active chlorine concentration of 3.4 mg/L, and a contact time of 1–2 min. The prototype produced 10.0 L of EW in 1 h, consuming 0.11 kWh of electricity. Real-scale energy consumption was 545 kWh/m3 EW, costing 12.51 euro/m3. The study concludes that optimizing EW production can reduce energy consumption, making it a viable alternative for industrial sanitization of fruits and vegetables.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP) are characterized by novel properties which have been attracting the attention of different lines of research due to their wide applicability. Obtaining this nanomaterial is strongly linked to biogenic synthesis methods, which have also been developed in this research, using Coriandrum sativum extract as a reducing agent. ZnO NPs have been properly characterized by techniques to evaluate their morphology by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and elemental analysis by EDX. The evaluation of the antimicrobial and antifungal effects is linked to the use of a system provided by ''locker sanitizer'' equipment, which has been designed and built as part of this research, and is intended to treat textile garments by nebulizing the ZnO NP colloid (99.08 μg/mL) + UV-B, water + UV-B, and UV-B only, and also to evaluate the influence of the treatment time for 1, 2 and 3 min. In this sense, it is known that the nanomaterial used shows a better response to UV light because more hydroxyl radicals are produced, leading to a higher reaction rate, which results in greater efficiency in inhibitory processes. The results show that the use of the locker sanitizer is more efficient when using ZnO NP + UV-B light since it achieved 100 % growth inhibition against E. coli, C. albicans, and A. brasiliensis, and >99 % against S. aureus, after 3 min of treatment.

Fish are foods of high nutritional value for the human diet. However, they deteriorate easily due to microbial activity. The combined action of sanitizing solutions on fillets, the antimicrobial and physicochemical effects of aqueous ozone and chlorine used to wash fillets were investigated immediately after application and during storage. The fillets were treated with demineralized water (control), 5 ppm chlorine solution (Cl), 5 ppm ozone solution (Oz) or 5 ppm chlorine solution with 5 ppm ozone (Cl+Oz). The proximate composition and pH of the fillets were not altered immediately after treatment. The mesophilic count decreased by 0.49 log CFU/g at Cl and 0.56 log CFU/g at Cl+Oz. The Cl treatment showed lower values of lipid oxidation, and the control and Cl treatments showed lower values for total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N). The treatments did not differ from each other during storage; increases in lipids, TVB-N, lipid oxidation and mesophilic and psychrotrophic counts, as well as a reduction in proteins, were observed. These results were expected due to microbial degradation during storage. The results indicated that the combined action of the sanitizers regulated microbial activity better than the control but was not able to promote the shelf life of the product.

High-utility itemset mining (HUIM) is an effective technique for discovering significant information in data. However, data containing sensitive and private information may cause privacy concerns. Therefore, privacy preserving utility mining (PPUM) has recently become a critical research area. PPUM is the process of transforming a quantitative transactional database into a sanitised one, thus ensuring that utility mining algorithms cannot discover sensitive information. The sanitisation process can have several side effects, including the loss of non-sensitive information and the introduction of redundant information. Additionally, the running times of heuristic algorithms for sanitising data are high. To minimise negative effects and lower the execution time of the hiding process, we propose the G-ILP algorithm with a GPU parallel programming method for preprocessing and a new efficient constraint satisfaction problem for hiding data. The experimental evaluations of G-ILP show the algorithm's efficiency in terms of running time and its ability to minimise side effects in large datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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LEDs development has attracted attention over conventional mercury lamps for the tiny size, high efficiency, long lifetime, low operating temperature. The antimicrobial effectiveness of traditional UV-lamps radiation (wavelength of 254 nm) compared to UV-C LEDs (LED1 wavelength range 275–286 nm and LED2 range 260–270 nm) was carried out, for possible applications to automated sterile drug compounding. The UV lamp and the tested UV-LED devices remarkably reduced microbial load, following a time-dose response, but the best performance was evidenced by LED1, which guaranteed the complete inactivation of high concentrations of bacteria, yeasts, and spores at doses between 200 and 2000 J/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sanitizing railway stations is a relevant issue, primarily due to the recent evolution of the Covid-19 pandemic. In this work, we propose a multi-robot approach to sanitize railway stations based on a distributed Deep Q-Learning technique. The proposed framework relies on anonymous data from existing WiFi networks to dynamically estimate crowded areas within the station and to develop a heatmap of prioritized areas to be sanitized. Such heatmap is then provided to a team of cleaning robots - each endowed with a robot-specific convolutional neural network - that learn how to effectively cooperate and sanitize the station's areas according to the associated priorities. The proposed approach is evaluated in a realistic simulation scenario provided by the Italian largest railways station: Roma Termini. In this setting, we consider different case studies to assess how the approach scales with the number of robots and how the trained system performs with a real dataset retrieved from a one-day data recording of the station's WiFi network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study established how sanitization for viral infection avoidance stimulates public health policy moderation on communicable diseases, specifically examining existing health policy on viral infection avoidance and shortfalls; establishing how sanitization stimulates policy moderation; how sanitization and policy moderation impact viral infection avoidance for human health in Ugandan communities. Methods: The study targeted a population of 1645 based on levels of vulnerability and managing prophylaxis function. A positivistic approach engaged a cross-sectional survey design. Data analysis took descriptive statistics, correlational, and regression analysis. Purposive, simple random sampling was used. Results: Existing policies influencing viral infection avoidance performed below 20%, inappropriate, promote creations of remedy extracts, soap solutions, detergents, boiled herbal mixtures steaming with acceptance and compliance revealed at 13.4%, negatively impacting viral infection avoidance by 4.5%, implementation by 46.5%. Policy exhibited low positive correlations with awareness and mindset change contributing 27.1% and 36.7% respectively, impacting sanitization by 13.7%. Sanitization significantly impacted policy by 29.7% twice as much. Eminent change in coefficients of determination from 0.352 models (1) to 0.113 models (2) and 0.025 models (3) suggested regressing the existing main policy to a generically decomposed accommodating inclusion modality supporting efficacy and efficiency. Conclusions: Awareness of viral infections was significantly low. Existing policies don’t suggest representative contingency methods, enforcement, implementations, and realistic techniques for viral infections and pathogens avoidance. Sanitization glossily moderates policy grounding it inclusive in enforcing avoidance of candidate viral infections by 29.7% and positively influences viral infections avoidance cumulatively by 48.4%, Recommendations: MoH should dedicate sensitization programs for people lacking knowledge of transmission of communicable diseases, provide alternative policies to healthcare livelihood and service delivery instead of locking down areas of high human concentrations, and issue guidelines and standards ensuring sustainable health security for self-provided gargets and remedies to avoid further infection and reinfection due misuse.

In the world of connectedness even more than ever before we are using digital technologies in daily life from bank transactions to social networking. While all of this data is residing in databases and with increasing usage, the importance of confidentiality and integrity of the data seems to be a challenging and most pressing issue of today's world. SQL injection are commonly used attacks to gain access to unauthorized data and one such example out of many where an attacker breach the corporate system and stole 130 million credit card details and even after two decades, SQL injection is still one of top ten security threats by open web application security project (OWASP) moving forward with more digitalization in the future it will always be a serious concern since it impacts the core principle of information security such as confidentiality, integrity and availability. In this research project I will be discussing the types of SQL injection mainly in-band, inferential and out of band attacks and keeping scope over in-band SQL injection to further discuss prevention techniques using traditional methods and lastly discussing some of the prevention techniques using advanced algorithms of machine learning and deep learning in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]