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Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe parasitic disease transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. VL is endemic in West Pokot County, Kenya, where effective strategies to interrupt transmission are impeded by the limited understanding of VL risk factors. Therefore, this case–control study aimed to explore environmental, behavioural and household determinants of VL in West Pokot. Methods: From November 2022 to January 2023, a structured questionnaire was administered to 36 symptomatic primary VL cases attending Kacheliba Sub‐County Hospital in West Pokot and to 50 healthy controls from local villages. The VL status of all participants was confirmed using an rK39 rapid diagnostic test. Associations between questioned determinants and VL were investigated by means of age‐corrected univariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Significant associations were found between VL and housing characteristics, such as window presence and floor type. VL cases more frequently reported the presence of cattle, dogs and sheep in their house yards. VL was also associated with cutting down trees in the house yard and house proximity to several Acacia tree species. Furthermore, outdoor activities, including travelling outside the residence for more than 2 weeks, activities near termite mounds, and forest activities during the rainy season, increased the risk of VL. Conclusions: This work reports a number of previously undescribed risk factors for VL in the understudied West Pokot focus. The results suggest VL transmission occurs both peri‐domestically at night and outdoors during the day, particularly when sandfly resting sites are disturbed. Our findings warrant further research into sandfly ecology and potential zoonotic parasite reservoirs in West Pokot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquitoes and sandflies exhibit a wide range of blood feeding patterns, targeting a wide range of vertebrate species, including birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, for proteins vital for egg development. This broad host range increases the opportunity for them to acquire pathogens of numerous debilitating‐and‐fatal diseases from various animal reservoirs, playing a significant role in disease crossover between animals and humans, also known as zoonotic transmission. This review focuses on the intricate blood‐feeding habits of these dipteran vectors, their sensory systems and the complex dance between host and pathogen during disease transmission. We delve into the influence of blood sources on pathogen spread by examining the insect immune response and its intricate interplay with pathogens. The remarkable sense of smell guiding them towards food sources and hosts is explored, highlighting the interplay of multiple sensory cues in their navigation. Finally, we examine the challenges in mosquito control strategies and explore innovations in this field, emphasizing the need for sustainable solutions to combat this global health threat. By understanding the biology and behaviour of these insects, we can develop more effective strategies to protect ourselves and mitigate the burden of vector‐borne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & objectives: Sandflies are important carriers of Leishmania parasites. Leishmaniasis, spread by sandfly vectors, is a major public health problem worldwide particularly in the tropics and the subtropics. The parasite transmission capacity of vectors, life cycle of parasites in the body of vectors, disease transmission, and the physiology and behavior of carrier vectors can be extensively studied by establishing insect colonies in the insectarium. In addition, response of vectors to repellents and insecticides, mating behaviors, blood feeding habits, interaction between parasites, and vectors, and taxonomic studies can be investigated by establishing insect colonies. The goal of the present study was to establish a colony of Phlebotomus papatasi in the insectarium in a zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic area in Kerman Province of Iran. Methods: The Killick-Kendrick and Killick-Kendrick method (1991) was used for individual rearing and the volf and volfa (2011) method was used for mass rearing of the collected sandflies. The larvae were fed by a diet with liver powder, which is the recommended diet for Phlebotomus papatasi larvae. Adult sandflies were allowed to feed on BALB/c mice blood in the laboratory. Results: Eighty sandflies specimens (75 female + 5 male) were collected with aspirator and reared for f1 and f2 generations in the laboratory. Interpretation & conclusion: Phlebotomus sandflies were colonized in laboratory condition. Then sandflies successfully maintained for the first time as a laboratory species in Kerman Province.

Simple Summary: In Europe, the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum is transmitted by sandflies. A recent study found that sheep had antibodies against this parasite, triggering questions about the role of these animals in the life cycle. Therefore, blood samples from sheep and goats from two southern German states, Baden-Wuerttemberg (BW) and Bavaria (BAV), were tested for antibodies using a method called ELISA. Details, such as the species, sex and age, were recorded to assess any association between seropositivity and these animal characteristics. A total of seven sheep flocks from BW and seven from BAV were included, comprising 274 sheep and 10 goats in BW, and 277 sheep and 78 goats in BAV. In BW, four sheep from three flocks had antibodies, and in BAV, the same number of sheep tested positive but from four different flocks. Overall, 1.45% of sheep had antibodies against L. infantum, while all goats tested negative. No significant links were found between the presence of antibodies and the factors examined. Our study shows that sheep in areas not typically associated with Leishmania can still be exposed to it. Further research is needed to determine if sheep could help us identify new areas where sandflies live and where the disease could spread. In Europe, Leishmania infantum is the most prevalent Leishmania species, and this protozoan is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. A recent publication has shown that sheep harbor L. infantum antibodies. This raises questions about the epidemiological role of small ruminants. Therefore, sera from small ruminants located in two southern German federal states, Baden-Wuerttemberg (BW) and Bavaria (BAV), were analyzed with an ELISA to determine the presence of L. infantum antibodies. The species, sex and age (gimmer vs. ewe) were recorded, and a univariate analysis was conducted to determine possible associations. In total, seven sheep flocks (274 sheep/10 goats) from BW and seven sheep flocks (277 sheep/78 goats) from BAV were examined. In BW, four sheep from three flocks tested positive for L. infantum antibodies. In BAV, the same number of positive sheep were detected but in four flocks. The total seropositivity rate in sheep was 1.45%. All goats tested negative. No significant association (p > 0.05) was detected between Leishmania seropositivity and the variables evaluated. Our study reveals the exposure of sheep to L. infantum in a non-endemic area. Further investigation is needed to determine whether sheep can be used as sentinels to identify new phlebotomine habitats and Leishmania risk areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phlebotomus argentipes is the predominant sandfly vector of leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent. India and Sri Lanka primarily report visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani. We compared Ph. argentipes from two locations, focusing on its morphological, molecular, and salivary protein characteristics. Sandflies were captured using CDC light traps and cattle-baited net traps. Species identification and morphological comparisons were carried out using standard taxonomic keys. DNA extracted from 12 Sri Lankan sandfly samples was PCR-amplified and sequenced for the variable region of Cytochrome oxidase subunit I. Existing DNA sequences of India from GenBank were utilized for a phylogenetic analysis between Sri Lanka and India. Salivary protein profiles were studied using SDS-PAGE, Western blot, and electrospray ionization/LC/MS/MS. The morphological similarities observed between female Ph. argentipes from India and Sri Lanka suggest the presence of Ph. argentipes var. glaucus. A phylogenetic analysis showed genetic divergence between Ph. argentipes populations, but both shared a similar salivary protein profile. A common, strong 30 kDa immunogenic band comprised PagSP05, PagSP06, and PagSP17 proteins of Ph. argentipes. The similarity between the immunogenic salivary proteins suggests their potential use as common markers for vector exposure or immune response stimulants across regions. The use of multiple samples for each category of serum would improve the comprehensiveness of the immunogenic profiles obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandfly, Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) is the potential vector of leishmania in Egypt. In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the ultrastructure and histopathological alteration in the midgut of Phlebotomus papatasi post-treatment with methoprene (IGR) and B. sphaericus 6184 and 6446 using transmission electron micrographs (TEM). After 48 h, the TEM of the midgut treated with methoprene (IGR) showed sloughing of the periepithelial layer, and overgrowth of the brush border of the midgut wall. After 48 h post-treatment, B. sphaericus 6184 spores were discovered in the lumen and the bacterium began to enter the microvilli. Certain ultrastructural abnormalities were found in the midgut of treated P. papatasi larvae after 48 h of treatment with B. sphaericus 6446, the cytoplasm was distinguished by many vacuoles and a broken brush border. Using the light microscope, IGR-treated third instar larvae showed brush boundary overgrowth and multifocal disintegration of the midgut wall. Focused areas were sloughed and epithelial cells were dissociated from each other in larvae treated with B. sphaericus 6184. The 3rd instar P. papatasi larvae treated with B. sphaericus 6446 showed clear alterations such as total epithelial cell degradation. These results demonstrated that B. sphaericus 6446 showed the best results and great effect on P. papatasi 3rd instar larvae. More research is needed to establish the appropriate control strategies for the many leishmaniasis vectors in their various ecological environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Mosquitoes and sandflies exhibit a wide range of blood feeding patterns, targeting a wide range of vertebrate species, including birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, for proteins vital for egg development. This broad host range increases the opportunity for them to acquire pathogens of numerous debilitating‐and‐fatal diseases from various animal reservoirs, playing a significant role in disease crossover between animals and humans, also known as zoonotic transmission. This review focuses on the intricate blood‐feeding habits of these dipteran vectors, their sensory systems and the complex dance between host and pathogen during disease transmission. We delve into the influence of blood sources on pathogen spread by examining the insect immune response and its intricate interplay with pathogens. The remarkable sense of smell guiding them towards food sources and hosts is explored, highlighting the interplay of multiple sensory cues in their navigation. Finally, we examine the challenges in mosquito control strategies and explore innovations in this field, emphasizing the need for sustainable solutions to combat this global health threat. By understanding the biology and behaviour of these insects, we can develop more effective strategies to protect ourselves and mitigate the burden of vector‐borne diseases.

Sandflies serve as carriers for numerous tropical diseases, including leishmaniasis, bartonellosis, and sandfly fever. Furthermore, sandflies are species-specific when it comes to transmitting corresponding pathogen species. Hence, accurate classification and identification of sandfly species and gender are essential for various purposes such as disease monitoring and control, population management, research and development, and epidemiological investigations. Most of the sexing and taxonomy keys are based on internal morphological features, which may lead to errors due to some features being missed by the naked eye. In this paper, we describe the process we used to collect and prepare samples of three sandfly species (Ph. alexandri, Ph. papatasi, and Ph. sergenti). The dataset described in this article contains two images per sample, representing the pharynx in the head and the genitalia in the abdomen. The dataset is organized into male and female categories for each of the three species. The sex and species were determined manually by two specialists. This dataset can be used to develop automated methods for sex identification and taxonomy. Additionally, it can be used to train students in speciation and taxonomy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first publicly available dataset of images of this kind.

Sandfly-borne Toscana virus (TOSV) is an enveloped tri-segmented negative single-strand RNA Phlebovirus. It is an emerging virus predominantly endemic in southwestern Europe and Northern Africa. Although TOSV infection is typically asymptomatic or results in mild febrile disease, it is neurovirulent and ranks among the three most common causes of summer meningitis in certain regions. Despite this clinical significance, our understanding of the molecular aspects and host factors regulating phlebovirus infection is limited. This study characterized the early steps of TOSV infection. Our findings reveal that two members of the Numb-associated kinases family of Ser/Thr kinases, namely adaptor-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) and cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK), play a role in regulating the early stages of TOSV entry. FDA-approved inhibitors targeting these kinases demonstrated significant inhibition of TOSV infection. This study suggests that AAK1 and GAK represent druggable targets for inhibiting TOSV infection and, potentially, related Phleboviruses.

The main goal of the current study was to investigate the molecular systematics and host–vector interactions of sandfly species (Phlebotomus spp.) in Iran. Sandflies were collected using CDC light traps, sticky traps, and BG-Sentinel traps at seven trapping sites in Iran during 2019 and 2020. The source of blood meals was identified using primer pairs specific to either the 16S rRNA or the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) genes. A total of 736 blood-fed female sandflies were collected. Six species of the genus Phlebotomus (Ph.) and four species of the genus Sergentomyia (Se.) were identified using molecular identification techniques. The most abundant sandfly species were Ph. papatasi (38.45 %) and Se. sintoni (36.28 %). Blood meal analysis identified 19 different host species, specifically, 15 mammalian and four bird species. The most common blood meal sources were Rattus norvegicus , followed by Homo sapiens , Bos primigenius f. taurus , Ovis orientalis f. aries , Meriones persicus , Gallus gallus f. domestica , Rhombomys opimus , and Canis lupus; other host species had incidences of less than 5 %. We observed that Ph. major complex and Se. sintoni had mostly mammalophilic blood-feeding behavior, while Ph. papatasi and Ph. sergenti had mostly anthropophilic and ornithophilic blood-feeding preferences, respectively. The current results confirmed cytb is a suitable gene for regular species level identification, and that phylogenetic analyses of cytb allowed for clear demarcation of sandfly species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a protozoal disease endemic in most cities of Iraq. The disease is caused by different species of the Leishmania genus via the bite of an infected female sandfly. Different species of the sandfly act as a vector for the parasite to the different mammalian host, and the human is considered as an incidental host for these parasites. This study was arranged to clarify the distribution of the disease in different regions of Al-Ramadi, Iraq. Materials and Methods: An observational descriptive study for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al-Ramadi was conducted for two years (2020 thru 2021). The disease was diagnosed depending on its cutaneous manifestations, while tissue smear and histopathology were done as a confirmatory test especially in atypical cases. Geographically, the city was divided into four regions: region A, region B, region C, and region D, each consisting of numerous districts. All patients were asked about their residence, houses construction, living within their farms, and animal breeding. Results: Three hundred and ninety-one patients were examined at the Dermatology Clinic of Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital during a period of two years (2020 thru 2021). There was a variation in the number of cases during the two years. 53.70% and 46.30% of the cases occurred during the year 2020 and 2021, respectively. The mainly affected part of the city was along the left side of the Euphrates River (region A, constituting 36.57%). Within this region, Albu-Ali Jassim district was mostly involved (29%). On the right side of the river, the City Centre, region C, was the least one affected (16.88%). The Al-Thalia district within the region C was mostly involved (14.3%). Conclusion: CL is an endemic disease in Al-Ramadi and represents a public health problem. A high rate of infection was recorded alongside the Euphrates River, especially the rural district, while it was low in the urban side of the city. Any parts of the city may be affected, yet Albu-Ali Jassim, Al-Tamim, Al-Sufia, and Al-Thalia were the most frequently involved regions of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phlebotomine sandflies are an important group of insects from a medical perspective that are responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis. The phenotypic and genotypic investigation of species of sand flies (Al-Harms) as the vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis was conducted in the Erbil province-Iraq for the first time between January and December 2022. Out of 2054 collected samples 1137 (55.4%) were male and 917 (44.6%) were female. statistically, there is no correlation between gender and sandfly species at (P<0.20). Three species were identified as belonging to the genus Phlepotomus: P. papatasi, P. sergenti, and P. Alexandria. P. papatasi was the most common species, with 1163 (15.6%), followed by P. sergenti (598 (29.1%), and P. alexandri 293(14.1%). There were two peaks of seasonal abundance of sand flies, the first peak of the seasonally abundant cutaneous leishmaniasis vectors occurred in May, while the second peak occurred in September, statistically, there is a correlation between the periods and sand fly species at (p<0.00). The city's health system must take the necessary precautions to control sand fly species as the vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis disease. Controlling the sandflies will be a key to controlling (CL) disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wuxiang virus (WUXV) is the first sandfly-borne Phlebovirus isolated from Phlebotomus chinensis collected in China and has been established as a consistent viral presence in the local sandfly populations of both Wuxiang County and Yangquan City. However, its distribution in the Shanxi Province remains unclear. In this study, three novel WUXV strains were isolated from sandflies collected from Jiexiu City, Shanxi Province, China, in 2022. Subsequently, whole-genome sequences of these novel strains were generated using next-generation sequencing. The open reading frame (ORF) sequences of the WUXV strains from the three locations were subjected to gene analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that WUXV belongs to two distinct clades with geographical differences. Strains from Wuxiang County and Yangquan City belonged to clade 1, whereas strains from Jiexiu City belonged to clade 2. Reassortment and recombination analyses indicated no gene reassortment or recombination between the two clades. However, four reassortments or recombination events could be detected in clade 1 strains. By aligning the amino acid sequences, eighty-seven mutation sites were identified between the two clades, with seventeen, sixty, nine, and one site(s) in the proteins RdRp, M, NSs, and N, respectively. Additionally, selection pressure analysis identified 17 positively selected sites across the entire genome of WUXV, with two, thirteen, one, and one site(s) in the proteins RdRp, M, NSs, and N, respectively. Notably, sites M-312 and M-340 in the M segment not only represented mutation sites but also showed positive selective pressure effects. These findings highlight the need for continuous nationwide surveillance of WUXV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leishmaniasis transmission cycles are maintained and sustained in nature by the complex crosstalk of the Leishmania parasite, sandfly vector, and the mammalian hosts (human, as well as zoonotic reservoirs). Regardless of the vast research on human host-parasite interaction, there persists a substantial knowledge gap on the parasite’s development and modulation in the vector component. This review focuses on some of the intriguing aspects of the Leishmania-sandfly interface, beginning with the uptake of the intracellular amastigotes from an infected host to the development of the parasite within the sandfly’s alimentary canal, followed by the transmission of infective metacyclic stages to another potential host. Upon ingestion of the parasite, the sandfly hosts an intricate repertoire of immune barriers, either to evade the parasite or to ensure its homeostatic coexistence with the vector gut microbiome. Sandfly salivary polypeptides and Leishmania exosomes are co-egested with the parasite inoculum during the infected vector bite. This has been attributed to the modulation of the parasite infection and subsequent clinical manifestation in the host. While human host–based studies strive to develop effective therapeutics, a greater understanding of the vector-parasite-microbiome and human host interactions could help us to identify the targets and to develop strategies for effectively preventing the transmission of leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vector-borne viral diseases (VBVDs) continue to pose a considerable public health risk to animals and humans globally. Vectors have integral roles in autochthonous circulation and dissemination of VBVDs worldwide. The interplay of agricultural activities, population expansion, urbanization, host/pathogen evolution, and climate change, all contribute to the continual flux in shaping the epidemiology of VBVDs. In recent decades, VBVDs, once endemic to particular countries, have expanded into new regions such as Iran and its neighbors, increasing the risk of outbreaks and other public health concerns. Both Iran and its neighboring countries are known to host a number of VBVDs that are endemic to these countries or newly circulating. The proximity of Iran to countries hosting regional diseases, along with increased global socioeconomic activities, e.g., international trade and travel, potentially increases the risk for introduction of new VBVDs into Iran. In this review, we examined the epidemiology of numerous VBVDs circulating in Iran, such as Chikungunya virus, Dengue virus, Sindbis virus, West Nile virus, Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Sandfly-borne phleboviruses, and Hantavirus, in relation to their vectors, specifically mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, and rodents. In addition, we discussed the interplay of factors, e.g., urbanization and climate change on VBVD dissemination patterns and the consequent public health risks in Iran, highlighting the importance of a One Health approach to further surveil and to evolve mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aiming to compare and update the sand fly fauna of Portão de Pedra site, Sumidouro District, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, and considering the environmental changes occurred, the biology and ecology of the local sandfly species were examined five years later as a complementary study carried. Captures were made in the cave, surroundings of cave and forest of the region, from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. Among the 2323 sandflies of eigth species of the Lutzomyia were captured: L. gasparviannai, L. edwardsi, L. tupynambai, L. hirsuta, L. whitmani, L. migonei, L. intermedia, Lutzomyia. sp and one species of the Brumptomyia Kind: B. brumpti. In 2009 and 2010 were collected 1756 samples from ten species of the former genus and two of the second. L. gasparviannai was predominant, in the three collection sites, in both periods. Five species implicated as vectors of Leishmania: L. intermedia, L. whitmani, L. migonei, L. hirsuta and L. davisi have been collected in the area. Poisson regression and ANOVA were used to perform statistical analysis of species most relevant. The record of L. intermedia and a case of American tegumentary leishmaniasis are relevant to the public health of municipality and of state of Rio de Janeiro.

The Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) are hematophagous insects of immense medical and veterinary importance. Since World War II, the intensive use of chemicals to suppress and control sandfly populations resulted in development of insecticide resistance and resurgence among the sandfly populations worldwide. The use of chemicals also negatively impacted diverse non-target organisms, overall agroecosystem, crop productivity, human health etc. Due to the multiple adverse effects of the chemical compounds, more eco-friendly approaches have been evaluated. The application of entomopathogenic organisms such as nematodes, protists or mites as biocontrol agents has been vastly explored and applied in the field of forestry and agriculture. In comparison, only a little attention was given to blood-sucking insects such as sandflies. This review summarizes the findings related to the detection and use of entomopathogenic protists, nematodes, and mites in the field of biological control of sandflies. It highlights the potential of these organisms to be further explored and used for biocontrol of immature and adult stages of sandflies.

During their whole life insects are exposed to the impact of different microbes from various sources. The role of microbes in the life of insects is of immense importance, and there is an ample of evidence showing that microbes can affect different aspects of insect physiology, behaviors as well as their potential and capacity to transmit pathogens. Sandflies are main vectors of Leishmania parasites – causative agent of leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is a difficult, disfiguring and if not treated deadly disease ranked among the top 10 neglected tropical diseases. In comparison to other medically and veterinary important insect vectors where microbial investigations already progressed toward field studies and practical application of paratransgenic approach, in the field of sandflies and leishmaniasis control microbial investigations are at their beginning. This mini review provides a summary of the key moments in the overall microbial studies in sandflies and highlights the urgency of detailed microbial investigations to progress toward the development of paratransgenic approach.

The disease Leishmaniasis is a neglected illness with two major forms clinically including cutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis. From almost 100 endemic countries, an estimated one million additional records of leishmaniasis each year are documented. In the past decade, the number of confirmed cases of visceral leishmaniasis has decreased dramatically as a consequence of an improved approach to diagnosis and care and more intensive, though usual cycles may play a role in the severity of disease transmission. In the cutaneous form of leishmania disease (CL), the lesion is located in some parts like the face and arms. Whereas a visceral form of leishmania (VL) disease the parasite infects internal organs such as the liver and pancreas. Reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) record leishmaniasis as one of the ignored temperate disorders for which the improvement of novel therapies is required. Significant evidence gaps remain, and new methods are required before leishmaniasis can be definitively managed. Recent advances in our understanding of leishmaniasis and its clinical manifestations, as well as the immunological aspects of leishmaniasis, are the key objectives of this study.

Phlebotomus argentipes is the predominant sandfly vector of leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent. India and Sri Lanka primarily report visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani. We compared Ph. argentipes from two locations, focusing on its morphological, molecular, and salivary protein characteristics. Sandflies were captured using CDC light traps and cattle-baited net traps. Species identification and morphological comparisons were carried out using standard taxonomic keys. DNA extracted from 12 Sri Lankan sandfly samples was PCR-amplified and sequenced for the variable region of Cytochrome oxidase subunit I. Existing DNA sequences of India from GenBank were utilized for a phylogenetic analysis between Sri Lanka and India. Salivary protein profiles were studied using SDS-PAGE, Western blot, and electrospray ionization/LC/MS/MS. The morphological similarities observed between female Ph. argentipes from India and Sri Lanka suggest the presence of Ph. argentipes var. glaucus. A phylogenetic analysis showed genetic divergence between Ph. argentipes populations, but both shared a similar salivary protein profile. A common, strong 30 kDa immunogenic band comprised PagSP05, PagSP06, and PagSP17 proteins of Ph. argentipes. The similarity between the immunogenic salivary proteins suggests their potential use as common markers for vector exposure or immune response stimulants across regions. The use of multiple samples for each category of serum would improve the comprehensiveness of the immunogenic profiles obtained.

In Europe, Leishmania infantum is the most prevalent Leishmania species, and this protozoan is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. A recent publication has shown that sheep harbor L. infantum antibodies. This raises questions about the epidemiological role of small ruminants. Therefore, sera from small ruminants located in two southern German federal states, Baden-Wuerttemberg (BW) and Bavaria (BAV), were analyzed with an ELISA to determine the presence of L. infantum antibodies. The species, sex and age (gimmer vs. ewe) were recorded, and a univariate analysis was conducted to determine possible associations. In total, seven sheep flocks (274 sheep/10 goats) from BW and seven sheep flocks (277 sheep/78 goats) from BAV were examined. In BW, four sheep from three flocks tested positive for L. infantum antibodies. In BAV, the same number of positive sheep were detected but in four flocks. The total seropositivity rate in sheep was 1.45%. All goats tested negative. No significant association (p > 0.05) was detected between Leishmania seropositivity and the variables evaluated. Our study reveals the exposure of sheep to L. infantum in a non-endemic area. Further investigation is needed to determine whether sheep can be used as sentinels to identify new phlebotomine habitats and Leishmania risk areas.

Phleboviruses are classified into two main groups: the sandfly fever group (transmitted by sandflies and mosquitoes) and the Uukuniemi group (transmitted by ticks). Old World sandfly-borne viruses (SBVs) are classified into four main serocomplexes; sandfly fever Naples viruses (SFNVs), sandfly fever Sicilian viruses (SFSVs), Karimabad viruses (KARVs), and Salehabad viruses (SALVs). This study addresses current knowledge gaps on SBVs in Iran by focusing on identification and molecular epidemiology. We used PCR to examine DNA/RNA extracts to identify sandfly species and evaluate for SBV presence. We identified five specimens positive for phleboviruses: one Ph. sergenti for Tehran virus (TEHV), one Ph. papatasi for SFSV, and two Ph. papatasi and one Ph. perfiliewi for KARV. A phylogenetic tree indicated that the TEHV isolate from this study formed a cluster with previous isolates of TEHV, Zerdali virus, and Fermo virus. Meanwhile, the identified SFSV isolate fell in lineage I and was grouped with previous isolates of SFSVs and Dashli virus in Iran. Finally, the KARV isolates from this study formed a monophyletic clade in a sister relationship with other viruses in KARV lineages I and II. This comprehensive study on SBVs in Iran provided new insights into the molecular epidemiology of TEHV, SFSVs and KARVs in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disease Leishmaniasis is a neglected illness with two major forms clinically including cutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis. From almost 100 endemic countries, an estimated one million additional records of leishmaniasis each year are documented. In the past decade, the number of confirmed cases of visceral leishmaniasis has decreased dramatically as a consequence of an improved approach to diagnosis and care and more intensive, though usual cycles may play a role in the severity of disease transmission. In the cutaneous form of leishmania disease (CL), the lesion is located in some parts like the face and arms. Whereas a visceral form of leishmania (VL) disease the parasite infects internal organs such as the liver and pancreas. Reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) record leishmaniasis as one of the ignored temperate disorders for which the improvement of novel therapies is required. Significant evidence gaps remain, and new methods are required before leishmaniasis can be definitively managed. Recent advances in our understanding of leishmaniasis and its clinical manifestations, as well as the immunological aspects of leishmaniasis, are the key objectives of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leishmaniasis is a serious public and veterinary health concern. Species of the subgenus Larroussius are the suspected and proven vectors of the leishmaniasis visceral form. This study was aimed at investigating the spatiotemporal dynamics of Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera: Psychodidae) and characterizing its habitats using satellite images. The entomological sampling was based on a preliminary stratification of the study area, in which the sandflies were collected at 12 selected stations in Fez City using sticky paper traps. The environmental factors studied for each station were land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and soil moisture index (SMI). Correlations between the number of species of sandflies and each of the environmental factors were evaluated using Pearson's correlation. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05 (95% confidence level). Two species of the subgenus Larroussius, which are vectors of visceral leishmaniasis, Ph. perniciosus (96.54%) and Ph. longicuspis (3.46%), were found in the collected 231 specimens. Statistical analysis of the environmental factors also demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the number of Ph. perniciosus and LST in all environments. However, the correlation between the isolated species and NDVI was not strong and only significant in the urban area (r = 0.79, p = 0.0018), and no significant correlation was found with the SMI. The findings of this study could help health authorities develop appropriate future vector control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection caused by certain Leishmania spp and is endemic in the New world (Central and South America) and Old World (Africa and the Middle East) where it is transmitted via sandflies of the Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia species. We describe a case of a 61-year-old woman who presented with an asymptomatic red-brown papule on her lower back approximately one year after returning to the United States from a trip to Ethiopia and Cameroon. Polymerase chain reaction was performed on the biopsy material and identified Leishmania aethiopica. This case highlights an atypical location and demonstrates how to accurately diagnose and treat this parasitic infection.

Sandflies are proven vectors of several viruses, bacteria, and parasites, causing many vector-borne diseases like leishmaniasis. Morocco aims to eliminate the disease by 2030. However, this disease continues to be a public health issue in the country despite all the efforts to limit its spread. The present study evaluated the knowledge, practices, and behaviors of university students regarding sandflies as leishmaniasis vectors. From April to July 2018, 385 students were interviewed using a pretest questionnaire. A score of 1 was assigned to every correct answer concerning knowledge and practice variables, and a mark of 0 was assigned to any incorrect answers or unanswered questions. Pearson's Chi-square (χ²) test was used to analyze the association between the independent variables and the level of knowledge and practices. A statistically significant association is demonstrated when p < 0.05. Students had an intermediate level of understanding of leishmaniasis vectors, with a knowledge score of 5.61 out of 10. The level of prevention practices, however, only received a 1.63 out of 4 rating. The field of study in high school and knowledge, as well as prevention methods and demographic factors, such as the field of study in high school and academic level, were also found to be significantly correlated (p = 0.000). The findings of this study demonstrate the significance of implementing various levels of awarenessraising and educational initiatives among university students, as it represents a crucial step to enhancing knowledge, attitudes, and preventive actions regarding this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the fauna and bioecology of sandflies in Khorramshahr County, southwest of Iran, where cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic. Materials and Methods: Sandflies were caught indoors and outdoors by sticky paper traps in different areas. Sandflies were removed by needle and put in acetone and then transferred and preserved in 70% ethanol. In the laboratory, they were mounted in the Puri's medium and identified using identification key. The species richness, relative abundance, monthly prevalence, gender, and abdominal situation of sandflies in indoor and outdoor resting places were determined. Results: A total of 7172 sandflies representing 11 species were collected in 11 areas. Almost 29.9% of sandflies were collected from indoor places and 70.1% from outdoor places. About 60.8% of the specimens were Phlebotomus species while 39.2% were Sergentomyia. Phlebotomus papatasi and Sergentomyia sintoni were the most common species among Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia genera, respectively. The highest sex ratio was 1100 for Sergentomyia theodori. In total, 53.7% of sandflies were male and 46.3% were female. The majority of captured sandflies collected from indoor and outdoor places had an unfed stomach. The sandflies were more active in June and September. Conclusion: More detailed studies on leptomonad infection of the suspected vectors and amastigote infection of the potential reservoirs of the CL are recommended to detect the epidemiological characteristics of the disease in this county.

Phlebotomus chinensis sandfly is a neglected insect vector in China that is well-known for carrying Leishmania. Recent studies have expanded its pathogen repertoire with two novel arthropod-borne phleboviruses capable of infecting humans and animals. Despite these discoveries, our knowledge of the general pathogen diversity and overall microbiome composition of this vector species is still very limited. Here we carried out a meta-transcriptomics analysis that revealed the actively replicating/transcribing RNA viruses, DNA viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic microbes, namely, the “total microbiome”, of several sandfly populations in China. Strikingly, “microbiome” made up 1.8% of total non-ribosomal RNA and comprised more than 87 species, among which 70 were novel, including divergent members of the genera Flavivirus and of the family Trypanosomatidae. Importantly, among these microbes we were able to reveal four distinguished types of human and/or mammalian pathogens, including two phleboviruses (hedi and wuxiang viruses), one novel Spotted fever group rickettsia, as well as a member of Leishmania donovani complex, among which hedi virus and Leishmania each had > 50% pool prevalence rate and relatively high abundance levels. Our study also showed the ubiquitous presence of an endosymbiont, namely Wolbachia, although no anti-viral or anti-pathogen effects were detected based on our data. In summary, our results uncovered the much un-explored diversity of microbes harboured by sandflies in China and demonstrated that high pathogen diversity and abundance are currently present in multiple populations, implying disease potential for exposed local human population or domestic animals.

Background and Objectives: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a common zoonotic disease that is transmitted by sandflies. This disease has become endemic in different regions of Iran. This study aims to determine the epidemiological aspects of CL in Qom, Iran from 2016 to 2022. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the data of all patients with CL referred to clinics in Qom city from March 2016 to February 2022 were evaluated. Independent t-test, Chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test were used for data analysis. Results: Of 1084 participants, 719 had infection with CL, of whom 539 were male (75%) and 180 were female (25%). Most of patients had 20-30 years of age and 87.3% had a history of traveling to disease endemic areas. The prevalence of CL was higher in autumn. Moreover, 32.2% of the patients had three or more skin lesions, and in 49.3% of cases, the lesions were in the hand. Conclusion: Considering the prevalence of CL in Qom, it is necessary to take effective health measures to control and prevent CL in this re

Background & objectives: Sandflies are implicated as vectors of Chandipura virus (CHPV) (Vesiculovirus: Rhabdoviridae). The virus is prevalent in central India including Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. CHPV causes encephalitis in children below 15 yr of age with case fatality rates ranging from 56 to 78 per cent. The present study was undertaken to determine the sandfly fauna in the CHPV endemic Vidharba region. Methods: A year round survey of sandflies was conducted at 25 sites in three districts of Vidarbha region. Sandflies were collected from their resting sites using handheld aspirators and identified using taxonomical keys. Results: A total of 6568 sandflies were collected during the study. Approximately 99 per cent of the collection belonged to genus Sergentomyia, which was represented by Ser. babu, Ser. bailyi and Ser. punjabensis. Genus Phlebotomus was represented by Ph. argentipes and Ph. papatasi. Ser. babu was the predominant species (70.7%) collected during the study. Ph. argentipes was detected in four villages with 0.89 per cent, whereas Ph. papatasi was detected in only one village with 0.32 per cent of the total collection. CHPV could not be isolated despite processing all the sandflies for virus isolation in cell culture. Interpretation & conclusions: The present study showed influence of higher temperature and relative humidity on sandfly population dynamics. An important observation during the study was the absence or decline in the population of Ph. papatasi and Ph. argentipes in the study area. Surge in Sergentomyia population and their breeding/resting in close vicinity to humans pose a concern as they are known to harbour CHPV and other viruses of public health importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The objective was to study the composition of sand fly species, the seasonal activity of the dominant species and correlation with average rainfall, sex association of the dominant species with domicile habitats and analyze different landscape scenarios for the two study sites in the municipalities of Itapevi and Mogi of the Crosses. Sandflies were captured with CDC(s) traps installed in three households at each study site for a period of 24 hours, biweekly for two years. A total of 2970 specimens were collected. The dominant species were P.fischeri and M.migonei. A statistically significant difference was registered between males and females of the two species in relation to the intra and peridomicile. The seasonal activity of both species showed a weak significant positive correlation with rainfall. The species P.fischeri and M.migonei may be potential vectors of CVL in the studied sites.

Wuxiang virus (WUXV) is the first sandfly-borne Phlebovirus isolated from Phlebotomus chinensis collected in China and has been established as a consistent viral presence in the local sandfly populations of both Wuxiang County and Yangquan City. However, its distribution in the Shanxi Province remains unclear. In this study, three novel WUXV strains were isolated from sandflies collected from Jiexiu City, Shanxi Province, China, in 2022. Subsequently, whole-genome sequences of these novel strains were generated using next-generation sequencing. The open reading frame (ORF) sequences of the WUXV strains from the three locations were subjected to gene analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that WUXV belongs to two distinct clades with geographical differences. Strains from Wuxiang County and Yangquan City belonged to clade 1, whereas strains from Jiexiu City belonged to clade 2. Reassortment and recombination analyses indicated no gene reassortment or recombination between the two clades. However, four reassortments or recombination events could be detected in clade 1 strains. By aligning the amino acid sequences, eighty-seven mutation sites were identified between the two clades, with seventeen, sixty, nine, and one site(s) in the proteins RdRp, M, NSs, and N, respectively. Additionally, selection pressure analysis identified 17 positively selected sites across the entire genome of WUXV, with two, thirteen, one, and one site(s) in the proteins RdRp, M, NSs, and N, respectively. Notably, sites M-312 and M-340 in the M segment not only represented mutation sites but also showed positive selective pressure effects. These findings highlight the need for continuous nationwide surveillance of WUXV.

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the fauna and bioecology of sandflies in Khorramshahr County, southwest of Iran, where cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic. Materials and Methods: Sandflies were caught indoors and outdoors by sticky paper traps in different areas. Sandflies were removed by needle and put in acetone and then transferred and preserved in 70% ethanol. In the laboratory, they were mounted in the Puri's medium and identified using identification key. The species richness, relative abundance, monthly prevalence, gender, and abdominal situation of sandflies in indoor and outdoor resting places were determined. Results: A total of 7172 sandflies representing 11 species were collected in 11 areas. Almost 29.9% of sandflies were collected from indoor places and 70.1% from outdoor places. About 60.8% of the specimens were Phlebotomus species while 39.2% were Sergentomyia. Phlebotomus papatasi and Sergentomyia sintoni were the most common species among Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia genera, respectively. The highest sex ratio was 1100 for Sergentomyia theodori. In total, 53.7% of sandflies were male and 46.3% were female. The majority of captured sandflies collected from indoor and outdoor places had an unfed stomach. The sandflies were more active in June and September. Conclusion: More detailed studies on leptomonad infection of the suspected vectors and amastigote infection of the potential reservoirs of the CL are recommended to detect the epidemiological characteristics of the disease in this county. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Yangquan County, the sandfly-transmitted virus (Wuxiang virus) was first isolated from sandflies in 2018. However, relationships between the abundance and seasonal fluctuations of local sandflies and sandfly-transmitted viruses are unknown. Herein, we report that sandfly specimens were collected in three villages in Yangquan County, from June to August, 2019. A total of 8363 sandflies were collected (June, 7927; July, 428; August, 8). Eighteen virus strains (June, 18; July, 0; August, 0) were isolated in pools of Phlebotomus chinensis. The genome sequence of the newly isolated virus strain was highly similar to that of the Wuxiang virus (WUXV), isolated from sandflies in Yangquan County in 2018. Our results suggested that the sandfly-transmitted viruses, and the local sandfly population, are stable in Yangquan County, and that June is the peak period for the virus carried by sandflies in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Sand flies are small dipterans of medical importance, as some species are vectors of American visceral leishmaniasis disease (AVL). To determine whether the community of these vectors in forest areas and built areas are influenced by environmental conditions in the city of João Pessoa (state of Paraíba, Brazil), collections were carried out between March 2019 and July 2021. The results showed that forested areas have more non-ALV vector species; however, in the built areas, the predominant species was Lutzomyia longipalpis, a known vector of AVL. This suggests that L. longipalpis adapts better to anthropized areas than to more preserved areas. Thus, health authorities must intensify AVL control programs in the locality. Sand flies are dipterans of medical importance, as some species are vectors of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL). The municipality of João Pessoa (Paraíba, northeastern Brazil), is an endemic region for AVL, having high rates of human and canine cases. The main objective was to evaluate the sand fly fauna among forest fragments and built areas, and its relationship with environmental conditions. HP light traps were placed in the studied areas from March 2019 to July 2021. A total of 2141 specimens of phlebotomines were captured, comprising nine genera and ten species. Temperature and humidity were significant and positive only in built areas. The diversity composition among forest fragments and built areas was different and the AVL vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis, was the most prevalent species in built areas. The study showed that the built areas present differences in their richness and diversity of sand flies in relation to forest fragments, concluding that the conservation of forest areas, even if urban fragments, favors the diversity of phlebotomine species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phleboviruses are classified into two main groups: the sandfly fever group (transmitted by sandflies and mosquitoes) and the Uukuniemi group (transmitted by ticks). Old World sandfly-borne viruses (SBVs) are classified into four main serocomplexes; sandfly fever Naples viruses (SFNVs), sandfly fever Sicilian viruses (SFSVs), Karimabad viruses (KARVs), and Salehabad viruses (SALVs). This study addresses current knowledge gaps on SBVs in Iran by focusing on identification and molecular epidemiology. We used PCR to examine DNA/RNA extracts to identify sandfly species and evaluate for SBV presence. We identified five specimens positive for phleboviruses: one Ph. sergenti for Tehran virus (TEHV), one Ph. papatasi for SFSV, and two Ph. papatasi and one Ph. perfiliewi for KARV. A phylogenetic tree indicated that the TEHV isolate from this study formed a cluster with previous isolates of TEHV, Zerdali virus, and Fermo virus. Meanwhile, the identified SFSV isolate fell in lineage I and was grouped with previous isolates of SFSVs and Dashli virus in Iran. Finally, the KARV isolates from this study formed a monophyletic clade in a sister relationship with other viruses in KARV lineages I and II. This comprehensive study on SBVs in Iran provided new insights into the molecular epidemiology of TEHV, SFSVs and KARVs in this country.

In an investigation carried out at the headquarters of Jequitibá in Três Picos State Park, the presence of the sandfly Migonemyia vaniae Galati, Fonseca & Marassá, 2007 was observed. Morphometric analyzes of the sperm pump and aedeagal ducts and photographs of the structures were performed to compare the differences between Migonemyia vaniae and Migonemyia migonei (França, 1920). Since its description, Mg. vaniae has been recorded only in the state of São Paulo. Therefore, we report the first encounter of this species in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sandfly which carries the intracellular protozoa in their midgut. Among visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral type that is caused by Leishmania donovani is the most lethal one. Findings of leishmanial structure and species took place in 19th century and was initiated by Donovan. Leishmaniasis is still a major concern of health issues in many endemic countries in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean region. Worldwide1.5-2 million new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 500,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis are reported each year. Leishmaniasis is endemic in nearly 90 countries worldwide and close to 12 million new cases of leishmaniasis are reported worldwide annually. Studies on antileishmanial drug development is of major concern as leishmaniasis are the second largest parasitic killer in the world and the available drugs are either toxic or costly. The major surface GP63 protease, also known as Zinc- metalloproteases present on the surface of leishmanial promastigotes, can be targeted for drug development. Protease inhibitors targeting such surface proteases show promising results. Different protease inhibitors have been isolated from marine actinobacteria against many infectious diseases. Metabolites produced by these actinobacteria may have greater importance for the discovery and development of new antileishmanial drugs. Hence, this review discusses the background, current situation, treatment, and protease inhibitors from marine actinobacteria for drug development against GP63 molecules.

Karimabad virus (KARV) is an arthropod-borne viral agent originally found in the Mediterranean region that can cause human infection via sandfly as the main vector. The KARV virion has been only detected from sandfly in western Asian countries and specific antibody has been detected from Rhombomys opimus and human in countries in Africa, Western and Central Asia. In this study, by next-generation sequencing (NGS) on a high variety of wild small animals in Xinjiang Autonomous Region in China, we obtained a complete sequence of KARV from Rhombomys opimus. An expanded epidemiological investigation was subsequently performed on 1713 small wild mammals that were widely collected from seven bioclimatic distinct sites in China by applying KARV specific RT-PCR and sequencing. Positive results were only obtained from 8 (2.29%) of the Rhombomys opimus captured in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, while not in 57 rodent species that were captured in other six provinces. Sequence analysis revealed the currently identified KARV was clustered with Gabek Forest virus, and they shared 79.1–93.9% identity with Iranian KARV that differed for L, M and S segments. Phylogenetic analysis based on eight partial L gene sequences demonstrated the separation of two lineages of the current KARV sequences. The first report of KARV in Rhombomys opimus in China expanded the currently known geographic scope, reservoirs types and the genetic heterogeneity of KARV. Our results show a new host, Rhombomys opimus, for KARV and highlight potential zoonotic transmission of KARV in humans.

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a disease caused by various species of the genus Leishmania via the bite of the different species of the vector infected female sandfly. It is an endemic disease in most Iraqi cities. This study was arranged to shed light on the epidemiological criteria of the disease in the city of Al-Ramadi. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study on cutaneous leishmaniasis in the city of Al-Ramadi was conducted over a three-year period from 2019 to 2021. The diagnosis of the disease was dependent mainly on the clinical features of the infection. Detailed information was obtained from all patients, who were grouped according to their age. Sites, numbers, and any previous scars were recorded during the clinical examination. Results: Five hundred and thirty-two patients affected by cutaneous leishmaniasis were examined in the dermatology clinic of Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital in a period of three years from 2019 to 2021. The prevalence rate was 59/100,000. The highest number of patients affected during the year 2020 constituted around 39.5% of the cases. Mostly, infections appeared during the winter months (December, January, and February). Those younger than 2o years were mainly attacked by cutaneous leishmaniasis, constituting 63.3%. Males were more involved than females (57.5%). The hands, face, and feet were the most commonly involved sites, corresponding to around 20.57%, 20.11%, and 17.68% of the cases, respectively. Conclusions: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in Al-Ramadi, representing a public health problem for both the individuals and the community. For individuals, scarring of the face represents the main cosmetic and psychological trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandflies serve as carriers for numerous tropical diseases, including leishmaniasis, bartonellosis, and sandfly fever. Furthermore, sandflies are species-specific when it comes to transmitting corresponding pathogen species. Hence, accurate classification and identification of sandfly species and gender are essential for various purposes such as disease monitoring and control, population management, research and development, and epidemiological investigations. Most of the sexing and taxonomy keys are based on internal morphological features, which may lead to errors due to some features being missed by the naked eye. In this paper, we describe the process we used to collect and prepare samples of three sandfly species ( Ph. alexandri, Ph. papatasi , and Ph. sergenti ). The dataset described in this article contains two images per sample, representing the pharynx in the head and the genitalia in the abdomen. The dataset is organized into male and female categories for each of the three species. The sex and species were determined manually by two specialists. This dataset can be used to develop automated methods for sex identification and taxonomy. Additionally, it can be used to train students in speciation and taxonomy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first publicly available dataset of images of this kind., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by infectious protozoa of the genus Leishmania that are transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sandflies. However, there has not been any taxonomic study on sandfly biodiversity in the Fez Province. This study was aimed at identifying and making an inventory of the most common sandflies in the different regions of the Fez Province. Sandfly collection was done twice a month with sticky traps from May 2017 to April 2018. Spatial distribution analysis was performed using Qgis 2.18 software. A total of 816 sandflies were collected, with a male predominance (sex ratio of 20.47) and divided into two genera: Phlebotomus (46.82%) and Sergentomyia (53.18%). The predominant species of the Phlebotomus genus were P. sergenti (26.96%), followed by P. perniciosus (10.78%), and P. papatasi (9.07%). Sergentomyia minuta was the most dominant species compared to the other specimens with a proportion of (44.24%) followed by S. fallax (7.97%), and S. antennata (0.98%). GIS analysis revealed that Ain Nokbi, Boujloud, Dhar Richa, and Zlilig are likely to be sandfly biotopes. The prevalence of Phlebotomus species with a large distribution area in the prefecture of Fez and high population numbers could explain the reasons for the cutaneous leishmaniasis observed in the study period. These observations implicate Fez Province as having a significant risk of leishmaniasis transmission. The findings of this study can assist in implementing appropriate control measures for Fez regions by developing a comprehensive leishmaniasis risk map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandfly-borne Toscana virus (TOSV) is an enveloped tri-segmented negative single-strand RNA Phlebovirus . It is an emerging virus predominantly endemic in southwestern Europe and Northern Africa. Although TOSV infection is typically asymptomatic or results in mild febrile disease, it is neurovirulent and ranks among the three most common causes of summer meningitis in certain regions. Despite this clinical significance, our understanding of the molecular aspects and host factors regulating phlebovirus infection is limited. This study characterized the early steps of TOSV infection. Our findings reveal that two members of the Numb-associated kinases family of Ser/Thr kinases, namely adaptor-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) and cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK), play a role in regulating the early stages of TOSV entry. FDA-approved inhibitors targeting these kinases demonstrated significant inhibition of TOSV infection. This study suggests that AAK1 and GAK represent druggable targets for inhibiting TOSV infection and, potentially, related Phleboviruses .

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In an investigation carried out at the headquarters of Jequitibá in Três Picos State Park, the presence of the sandfly Migonemyia vaniae Galati, Fonseca & Marassá, 2007 was observed. Morphometric analyzes of the sperm pump and aedeagal ducts and photographs of the structures were performed to compare the differences between Migonemyia vaniae and Migonemyia migonei (França, 1920). Since its description, Mg. vaniae has been recorded only in the state of São Paulo. Therefore, we report the first encounter of this species in the state of Rio de Janeiro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phlebotomus neglectus is one of the most important vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Southeast Europe and Asia Minor. It was aimed to study the impact of climate change on the seasonality and the range of the species for 2014–2060. In the inland areas of Asia Minor, the Balkan Peninsula and the Carpathian Basin the elongation of the activity season will reach or exceed the two months in the middle of the 21st century compared to the end of the 20th century. The most affected regions are the middle elevations of the mountainous regions and the plains of the northern distribution areas. In some areas of the southern distribution border, the season is expected to shorten. In the Apennine Peninsula, mainly the mountainous areas could be impacted notably by climate change. The results indicate the potential spread of leishmaniasis in Southeast Europe due to the increasing environmental suitability of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]