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Das LEIZA stellt seine Forschungsdaten nicht nur der wissenschaftlichen Fachwelt als Linked Open Data zur Verfügung. Als modernes strategisches Element lässt es auch die Bürgerwissenschaften / Citizen Science an den Forschungsdaten mitarbeiten und partizipieren. Die unterschiedlichen Möglichkeiten zur Beteiligung von internationalen Citizen Scientists an LEIZA-Forschungsprozessen werden am Beispiel des Wikimedia Universums und der Organisation von Terra Sigillata Datenkuratierungs-Workshops dargestellt. Ein Vortrag von Florian Thiery M.Sc. und Dr. Allard Mees in der Reihe »Wintervorträge« über Forschungsdaten, Wikdata, Citizen Science und Partizipation von Ehrenamtlichen.&nbsp

Linked Open Time: Reproducible LOD-driven workflows and research tools for validating Roman Limes and Hadrian’s Wall relative time intervals based on Samian (Terra Sigillata) Dr. Allard W. Mees, Florian Thiery, Sophie C. Schmidt Introduction The handling of relative time intervals, including vague and uncertain relations between them, is a major challenge in modelling chronologies in archaeology. Underlying dating mechanisms such as circular argumentations or dependencies on open end time intervals require tools for verification and visualisation of the underlying reasoning process. We are working with algorithms to combine relative time intervals with absolute dates by using quantitative parameters, resulting in a machine readable representation and a pipeline of tools using Semantic Web technologies to enable reproducible research. The consecutive phases of the Roman Limes have always been thought to be a corner-stone in establishing chronologies in archaeology. However, since there are only very few absolute dates attached to the Limes sections, many Limes parts are - if at all - only describable as relatively vague time intervals. Methods and Materials In order to tackle the issues mentioned above, we developed two methods which are built on one another: the Alligator, and the Academic Meta Tool (AMT) approaches. As their starting point, an *.agt file is used which includes the values name, xyz-coordinates, start / end dates (if available), as well as uncertainty information (e.g. a “fixed” absolute dates or floating endings). This file is generated from the correspondence analysis (ca) output (based on a CSV comprising Limes intervals, potters, number of occurrences) in which the quantitative relations of the euclidean distances between finds and proposed time intervals are calculated. Following the “horseshoe paradigm”, the ca result may provide a measure of (possible chronological) overlap between the Limes intervals. It is important to note that a ca does not start with any pre-known dating information. Therefore, the *.agt file contains dating metadata (e.g. start / end dates, uncertainty information) from a separate file. The Alligator approach starts with (i) a 3D distance calculation using the coordinates of the first 3 ca dimensions (xyz) in the *.agt file. Then the “Alligator Algorithm” will be applied by (ii) calculating undated wobbly floating periods (e.g. terminus post quem points, derived from a historical sources, or terminus ante quem points derived from dendrochronological dates) by finding the next 3D ca neighbour. Following this step (iii) the new virtual time intervals are calculated and the resulting “virtual fuzzy years” are generated based on Allen’s interval algebra. Any resulting “virtual fuzzy year” is then (iiii) transformed into relative intervals and stored in RDF format [1]. The AMT approach is applied by using the AMT library. It uses a specific AMT ontology for relative time intervals [2], in which temporal reasoning can be applied. Each relation contains a degree of connection that is based on the rules of vagueness. In our use case, the estimated Allen intervals and the potters’ overlap of the Limes parts is (j) described with the (normalised) Pearson correlation coefficient. In the case of the AMT approach, we (jj) have to transform the intervals into the AMT format and include the degree of connection as a (normalised) Pearson correlation coefficient. This RDF file serves as input for the AMT. With AMT (jjj) temporal reasoning according to the specific-ontology can be calculated and afterwards (jjjj) exported and visualised. As a use case, this Linked Open Time workflow validates Roman Limes and Hadrian’s Wall relative time intervals, based on the Samian (Terra Sigillata) found on these Limes sections. The data stems from the online database “Samian Research”. Several Limes time intervals can be defined convincingly (e.g. Elisabethenstraße: AD 74-104, Wetteraulimes: AD 110-260), others are less certain. Although there is only a vague possible starting date known during Hadrian’s reign (after AD 122), we neither know the precise starting date nor its end date. As for the North Sea foundations, we assume that Hadrian founded them AD 120 (emperor Hadrian gave his name to the newly founded town Forum Hadriani), but we do not know what their end date was. Results and Discussion The approaches are resulting in research tools: the *.agt file format, an AMT ontology for temporal reasoning, the R-based research tool “Alligator CA” (in cooperation with the CAA SIG SSLA), the JAVA-based “Alligator”, the Python-based “Alligator-AMT-Transformator”, and the JavaScript-based “AMT time” have been implemented. In combination as a Linked Pipe [3], they are able to base the mechanisms of Limes-dating on specific material find-categories more comprehensible. As an example, it is possible to analyse and visualise the dependencies within the dating arguments of individual Limes sections when using the Terra Sigillata found on their Limes sites. “Virtual timelines” show the position of the “Elisabethenstraße” and the “Wetterau Limes” in “virtual fuzzy years” as a fundament for a relative Limes chronology. The results of this use case seem to confirm the widespread assumption that Hadrian’s Wall, the North Sea Coast foundations and the Wetterau Limes were founded in the same decades. Based on very similar Samian consumption profiles, they are all located on the right (“late”) side. However, the process of nearest neighbour findings also suggests a somewhat earlier starting date of Hadrian’s Wall, similar to Wetterau Limes. There may have been a number of reasons for this phenomenon: a) the quantities involved are causing volatility, b) the amount of Samian Ware available on the British/Scottish or German markets were different, causing supply differences c) although it is possible with Samian as a find category to establish relative chronologies (especially when there are no absolute dates available), it has no reliable capability for yielding absolute dates. This method of dealing with uncertain time intervals opens possibilities for comparisons with other timeline oriented methods used to date Limes sites, such as series of coin dates. When applying the workflow, there are some issues which still need to be discussed and implemented: a) including weights from dating metadata, e.g. dating method, b) refine the algorithm to add wobbliness to the calculated virtual fuzzy years, c) weighing of factor loads in different ca dimensions, d) taking quality values of individual ca units and types into account. References [1] DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1436351 [2] DOIs: 10.5281/zenodo.1157985 and 10.5281/zenodo.1160350 / https://github.com/mainzed/academicmetatool-viewer/blob/master/time/ontology_time.ttl [3] DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6412435

Challenges and opportunities from real world archaeological datasets in the community-driven LOD ecosystem Florian Thiery, Dr. Allard W. Mees, Dr. David G. Wigg-Wolf Introduction Building sustainable research communities around archaeological research subjects requires domain-specific common standards. By linking data to other communities using Linked Open Data (LOD) and so-called Community Hubs, reciprocal community development can take place. In order to attain such research community dynamics, data must be semantically modelled following the FAIR principles (e.g. using CIDOC CRM) and be part of the LOD ecosystem. This leads to the research question as to which methods can be used to enrich and/or contextualise data with community work. Methods and Materials Real-world archaeological datasets are usually evolutionary projects. In the case of Samian Ware / Terra Sigillata, incorporating new (ceramic) material groups from other periods or regions requires adapting data schemes. The same is the case with coins: including new (coin) material from other periods or regions requires adapting the ontology and community standards in agile processes. Methodologically, when extending the material scopes of these domain-specific projects, the participation of a much larger community is necessary in order to use LOD. An approach that is either Citizen Science driven or based on Community Hubs is able to enhance properties and classes. This paper is based on use cases comprising ceramics (ARS3D, Samian Research) and coins (AFE-RGK, NAVISone), as well as the iconographic / epigraphic elements involved (e.g. figure types, inscriptions), that demonstrate the challenges and opportunities of their semantic modelling. Within AFE-RGK, 16,957 coins are recorded, in ARS3D 325 African Red Slip Ware vessels describing 1173 man-made features (e.g. figure types). Samian Research comprises 252,342 (sic) recorded information carriers (potter’s stamps) and 8,425 actors as a concept (potters), NAVISOne contains 613 coins and 17 ARS objects. Results and Discussion Whereas enhancing the domain specific research aspects themselves is expected to remain largely within the specific research community, the results of these projects confirm that potentially the more general aspects of the data (geospatial information, chronology) can - on an LOD basis - indeed successfully be outsourced into a broader user community. Community standards for the semantic modelling of ceramics and coins, as well as iconographic / epigraphic elements such as LADO (Linked Archaeological Data Ontology as a common semantic data model for archaeological artefacts, e.g. ceramics) or NUDS (Numismatic Description Schema) can be a basis for publishing data in domain-specific hubs like DANTE, a data hub for authority data and terminologies, or archaeology.link. Using Wikidata as a Community Hub, as shown in the WikiProjects Archaeology, Linked Open Samian Ware [1], or African Red Slip Ware digital [2], in which Wikidata entries are enriched with backlinks to the specific research domain resources, leads to new opportunities, but also challenges: (i) new Wikidata properties have to be created in order to lock backlinks to the home repository. This is carried out in sometimes unpredictable active discussions within the Wikidata community, e.g. ToposText place ID (P8068), Arachne entity ID (P10510) or Nomisma ID (P2950); (ii) the often volatile discussion which data is considered relevant or not is entirely in the hands of the Wikidata community; (iii) creating an import / export strategy to identify own resources, e.g. by using the properties “part of” (P361) or “instance of” (P31) for updating the home repository with Citizen Science data; (iv) creating common data modelling schemes for entities, such as findspots, production centres or potters, e.g. using the Wikidata:Cradle tool, and (v) creating and applying strategies for modelling of different point of views, e.g. coordinates derived from Geonames or real excavations/ surveys. The domain-specific numismatic hub nomisma.org faces very different challenges, aiming as it does to extend its coverage to such a wide chronological, geographical and (inter)national range of sub-fields (Celtic, Mediaeval and Modern, Oriental, etc.)[3]. These sub-fields can have very different descriptive conventions and standards (e.g. NUDS), so that care must be taken to ensure that there is sufficient conformity across the broader discipline to achieve full interoperability, and contradictory solutions are not adopted. Overlap between sub-fields, particularly for periods and regions that underwent constant redefinition such as mediaeval and early modern Europe, can lead to conflicts of claims of (perceived) responsibility. Here the coordinating role of the steering committee is of paramount importance. On the other hand, the pre-existence of clearly defined semantic concepts in the form of nomisma PIDs greatly enhances the ability to incorporate citizen science driven data, as is demonstrated by the recent launch of the Celtic Coin Index Digital (CCID) which holds 72126 records. References [1] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Linked_Open_Samian_Ware [2] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_African_Red_Slip_Ware_Digital [3] https://nomisma.hypotheses.org/nomisma-org

Anwendungen und Technologien des Semantic Web wie Ontologien aber auch Linked Open Data (LOD) sind in den Digital Humanities oft sehr theoretischer bzw. akademischer Natur. Dieser Vortrag gibt einen Eindruck zur praktischen Anwendung von Werkzeugen des Semantic Web / LOD in der digitalen Archäologie. Anhand verschiedenster Projekte (Linked Open Samian Ware[1], Linked Ogham[2], SPARQLing Unicorn QGIS Plugin[3], re3dragon[4]) wird auf Datenmodellierung, -erfassung und -präsentation, verwendete Tools und Software, Challenges und „lessons learned“ eingegangen. [1] https://rgzm.github.io/samian-lod/ [2] http://ogham.link/ [3] https://plugins.qgis.org/plugins/sparqlunicorn/ [4] https://github.com/RGZM/re3dragon

Anwendungen und Technologien des Semantic Web wie Ontologien aber auch Linked Open Data (LOD) sind in den Digital Humanities oft sehr theoretischer bzw. akademischer Natur. Dieser Vortrag gibt einen Eindruck zur praktischen Anwendung von Werkzeugen des Semantic Web / LOD in der digitalen Arch��ologie. Anhand verschiedenster Projekte (Linked Open Samian Ware[1], Linked Ogham[2], SPARQLing Unicorn QGIS Plugin[3], re3dragon[4]) wird auf Datenmodellierung, -erfassung und -pr��sentation, verwendete Tools und Software, Challenges und ���lessons learned��� eingegangen. [1] https://rgzm.github.io/samian-lod/ [2] http://ogham.link/ [3] https://plugins.qgis.org/plugins/sparqlunicorn/ [4] https://github.com/RGZM/re3dragon

Linked Open Samian Ware provides the documentation to the SPARQL-Query Editor for the Samian Research Database. As a result of a cooperation agreement between the universities of Reading and Leeds together with the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz, the life-long study made by Brian Hartley and Brenda Dickinson of the stamps and signatures on samian became available as a database. They were originally published as a series of books (Institute of Classical Studies, London, from 2008 onwards). The Samian Research Database comprises a suite of databases concerned with samian ware. Their aim is to standardize the recording and publishing of samian ware in such a way that the data is available both for comparative identification, and more significantly for scientific analysis using statistical and mapping tools. All have their individual search masks appropriate to the questions likely to require resolution. The databases comprise the following: Names on Terra Sigillata / Corpus Vasorum Arretinorum (merged into one database) Name marked decorated vessels Ovolo Vessels

The relevance of LOD and the Semantic Web in archaeology has increased substantially, resulting in the establishing of a CAA Special Interest Group on Semantics and LOUD in Archaeology (SIG Data Dragon). There is - usually beyond our current known horizon - a considerable amount of unknown but qualified data, which is essentially available but hardly findable: the modern unknown data dragons (datadragon.link). They are hidden in their lairs and we are trying to lure them out. As an example, we use the online relational database `Samian Research` with its quarter of a million finds of potters’ stamps, placed by thousands of potters on Terra Sigillata, from all over Europe. South Gaulish potters’ stamps may occur on different sections of the Limes in different parts of Europe, allowing for a) comparison and b) temporal reasoning between the Limes sections of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. As a result, Terra Sigillata is regarded as a dating instrument in archaeology. We are bringing the dragons into the open and transforming the resource into LOD as part of the LOD cloud. In the first part of our presentation, we will present this transformation process and its results. With all these data, assisted by two Little Minions - Alligator and AMT, introduced at CAA Kraków – we apply multivariate analysis combined with the use of the Alligator algorithm and AMT reasoning by using Linked Data techniques. In the second part of our presentation, we will then present interpretations resulting from analyses and visualisations of the dependencies within the dating arguments for individual sections of the Limes that rely on the evidence of Terra Sigillata data with the help of the Little Minions. This is a fundamental contribution for further methodological discussions as to what extent Sigillata can be considered as a dating instrument at all.

The online relational database `Samian Research` contains a quarter of a million finds of potters’ stamps on Terra Sigillata from all over Europe. These Gaulish potters’ stamps have been found on 4300 sites throughout the Roman Empire, allowing for a) dating sites and b) Roman trade research. In order to provide this resource as FAIR data, we are transforming them into the LOD cloud. As a major challenge, we had to model vagueness and uncertainty in the original item descriptions relating to geographical locations and potform typologies as RDF statements. In this poster, we will present this transformation process, our modelling approach and its results.

Jusqu’à une date récente, les coupes décorées à la molette Chenet 320 du Bas-Empire étaient systématiquement attribuées aux ateliers de sigillée d’Argonne. Des prospections et des fouilles ont permis de démontrer que d’autres ateliers ont fabriqué des vases similaires, ainsi que l’essentiel du répertoire argonnais, notamment dans les cités des Meldes et des Parisii. Up until recently, roller-stamped Chenet 320 goblets of the Late Roman Empire were systematically attributed to Argonne samian ware workshops. Surveys and excavations have shown that other workshops have manufactured similar vases, as well as most of the Argonne repertoire, especially in the cities of the Meldes and Parisii. Hasta hace poco, las copas decoradas con ruleta Chenet 320 del Bajo Imperio se atribuían sistemáticamente a los talleres de sigillata de Argonne. Gracias a algunas prospecciones y excavaciones fue posible demostrar que otros talleres también fabricaron jarrones similares, así como lo esencial del repertorio de Argonne, particularmente en las ciudades de los Meldos y los Parisios.

ZusammenfassungEine reliefverzierte Sigillataschüssel vom Typ Drag. 29b, die zum keramischen Fundmaterial einer jüngst imBereich der Altstadthalbinsel von Lyon durchgeführten Grabung stammt, weist eine Pflanzendarstellung als Reliefdekor auf, die so präzise ist, dass die dargestellte Pflanze von den Botanikern anhand der charakteristischen Blattform bestimmt werden konnte. Ihre Ansprache als Herzgespann oder Löwenschwanz (Leonurus cardiaca L.), einer zumindest seit der Antike bekannten und genutzten Heilpflanze, bietet die Gelegenheit, die medizinischen Wirkungen der Pflanze, ihre Anwendungen sowie ihre archäobotanischen Nachweise vorzustellen. Ferner wird der außergewöhnliche Charakter dieser bisher einzigartigen, erstaunlich naturalistischen Darstellung auf einer Sigillataschüssel erörtert. (trad. : J. Wiethold), A Samian ware bowl found during a recent excavation in the town centre of Lyon (France), situated on a peninsular of the Rhône, was attributed to type Drag. 29b. The ceramic vessel was characterized by a moulded decoration, showing a naturalistic representation of a herbaceous plant, which could be determined by botanists as motherwort Leonurus cardiaca L. This plant species is an old medicinal plant, cultivated and used in eastern Gaul at least since Roman times. This exceptional find offered the opportunity to present the medicinal properties and the use of the plant and its archaeobotanical evidence in eastern Gaul, but also to discuss the exceptional and naturalistic representation of this plant on a moulded decoration of a Samian ware bowl. (trad. : J. Wiethold), RésuméUne coupe antique en céramique sigillée (type Drag. 29b) provenant d’une fouille récente réalisée dans la presqu’île lyonnaise portait un décor végétal suffisamment détaillé pour qu’il soit soumis à des spécialistes de la botanique. L’identification de l’agripaume (Leonurus cardiaca L.), plante médicinale connue au moins depuis l’Antiquité, est une occasion de faire le point sur les usages et les attestations carpologiques de cette espèce. Mais aussi de s’interroger sur le caractère exceptionnel de cette représentation naturaliste.

À Saint-Georges-de-Reneins (Rhône), une occupation antique desservie par la Saône et par une grande voie correspond à une petite agglomération à vocation vraisemblablement commerciale. Lors de fouilles récentes, une fosse a livré un ensemble de mobiliers céramiques dont la composition s’est révélée particulièrement atypique : peu de catégories attestées, une présence majoritaire de sigillées qui, toutes, portent les stigmates du feu, des séries de formes identiques, des productions exclusivement importées. Ces données ne correspondent en rien à celles d’une poubelle domestique. En revanche, elles peuvent témoigner de l’existence d’un entrepôt ou d’une boutique détruit par le feu. La confrontation de l’ensemble des indices chronologiques permet de dater cet événement après 150, sans doute au cours des décennies 150 et 160. Ces mobiliers nous offrent ainsi un aperçu des choix opérés par un commerçant en matière d’approvisionnement : céramique sigillée originaire de Lezoux (Puy-de-Dôme), mortiers issus certainement des ateliers de la vallée du Rhône et céramique commune tournée rouge bourguignonne. A roman settlement at Saint -Georges-de-Reneins (Rhône) seems to have been a small commercial conurbation serviced by the Saône and a major road. During a recent excavation, a pottery assemblage, atypical in its composition, was found in a pit. The assemblage contains little known vessel types, mainly Samian ware, all of which had traces of fire, several series of identical forms and exclusively imported productions. This does not seem to be a simple refuse pit. The pottery could however come from a warehouse or boutique that was destroyed by fire. The chronological analysis indicates a date after 150 AD, probably around 150-160 AD. The pottery gives us a glimpse of the supply choices made by a trader: Samian ware from Lezoux (Puy-de-Dôme), mortars probably from a workshop in the Rhone valley and wheel made red common ware from Burgundy. Bei der an der Saône und einer bedeutenden Römerstraße gelegenen antiken Siedlung in Saint-Georges-de-Reneins (Departement Rhône) dürfte es sich um eine kleine Siedlung von Händlern gehandelt haben. Bei neueren Grabungen stießen die Archäologen auf eine Grube mit Keramikmaterial, dessen Zusammenstellung sich als besonders ungewöhnlich erwies : nur wenige Kategorien waren bezeugt, hauptsächlich Sigillata, die Scherben wiesen sämtlich Brandspuren auf, Serien dergleichen Form, ausschließlich Importware. Dieses Inventar entspricht in keiner Weise der Abfallgrube eines Wohnhauses. Es könnte dagegen von einem Lager zeugen oder einem Laden, den ein Feuer zerstört hatte. Die Gegenüberstellung der chronologischen Indizien erlaubt es, den Brand nach 150 zu datieren, wohl in die 150er oder 160er Jahre. Das Keramikmaterial vermittelt eine Vorstellung vom Warenangebot eines Geschirrhändlers : Terra Sigillata aus Lezoux (Departement Puy-de-Dôme), Mörser wohl von den Produktionsstätten im Rhonetal sowie rote scheibengedrehte Gebrauchskeramik aus der Bourgogne.

The multidisciplinary study of a dump area (DEP4080) comprises the detailed inventory of the archaeological artefacts which is compared with the data obtained by each specialist. Results provide information on the formation of this dump located along the Domitian’s way (Via Domitienne) and in the vicinity of the “ Porte d’August” (entrance named after August). Its setting, in an abandoned mausoleum, is relatively original, without being new in Nîmes. The refuse accumulated in this area, between 70 and 110 AD, is mainly composed of pottery and glass wares, remains of animal bones and other food waste, but also dog skeletons. They are combined with empty ‘ containers’, such as amphora for alum, most probably used in the artisanal establishments located nearby. The much reduced number of metallic artefacts and rubble suggests site management, however minimal, during the Flavian period and the first years of the Antonines., L’étude pluridisciplinaire du dépotoir DEP4080 s’appuie sur un inventaire détaillé du matériel archéologique et croise les données obtenues dans chaque spécialité. Elle nous éclaire sur les modalités de constitution de cette décharge localisée au voisinage de la porte d’Auguste et au bord de la voie Domitienne. Son implantation dans un mausolée à l’abandon est relativement originale, sans être inédite à Nîmes. Les détritus accumulés à cet endroit entre 70 et 110 de n. è. sont principalement formés de vaisselle en verre ou en terre cuite, de restes de découpe de quartiers de viande ou de déchets alimentaires, mais également de carcasses de chiens. Ils sont associés à des emballages vidés de leur contenu, telles que des amphores à alun utilisées vraisemblablement dans les établissements artisanaux localisés à proximité du mausolée. La question se pose enfin, au regard du faible nombre de pièces métalliques ou de gravats, d’une gestion même minimaliste de cette décharge au cours de la période flavienne et dans les premières années du règne des Antonins., Barberan Sébastien, Convertini Fabien, Delage Richard, Gafa Raffaela, Maufras Odile, Pellé Richard, Raux Stéphanie, Rodet-Belarbi Isabelle. Un dépotoir des années 70-110 de n. è. au bord de la voie Domitienne et près de la porte d’Auguste (Nîmes, Gard) . In: Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise, tome 47, 2014. pp. 155-239.

International audience

Research in samian ware advanced considerably in recent years based on a dataset collected by several scholars in the past decades. It comprises detailed and reviewed data of potters, pots and related places in the northern provinces of the Roman Empire. The spatial distribution and chronological pattern as well as the identification of kiln sites of individual potters are key research questions. Based on this data, for instance Mees proposed a reconstruction and analysis of pottery trade networks considering archaeological material. The nature of the data makes it reasonable to approach the questions utilizing the concept of Linked Open Data (LOD) to generate interoperability and potential for data dissemination. The goal of the study presented in this presentation is to migrate a subset of these data into a LOD structure and to make it accessible through URIs in a REST interface as well as via a SPARQL endpoint. The subjective semantic relations between potters, pots and places should be visualised in the manner of linking. Furthermore the resources should be linked to existing LOD projects, for instance to Pleiades for places, using the Semantic Web to get additional information for the own resource. Potter, pots and places and their attributes could be conceptually modelled using the CIDOC-CRM. However, in the study direct linking of individual objects to mature ontologies widely used in the Semantic Web was preferred, to avoid CIDOC-CRM modelling questions. This presentation shows different modelling concepts and its challenges for each resource type using (1) an own ontology, (2) existing ontologies in the web, (3) the approach of Kerameikos as well as (4) labels of the Labeling System. The semantic links between potters, pots and places could be build via an own fixed predicate ontology or using ontologies like SKOS or Open Annotation to generate loose coupled relations. The idea of LOD is to couple related resources to build up an interlinked web of data. In the context of the study it was investigated what kind of suitable web resources are available from which the samian ware resources could benefit. On the one hand, web accessible repositories for fragments and potters are missing. On the other hand, Pleiades provides a large number of places to support geographical annotations of textural sources or archaeological objects. These places are used by the Pelagios project that links data from more than 20 partners to get additional information to an abstract Pleiades place concept. In this study, find-spots and kiln sites are mapped to Pleiades places to get additional data from the Pelagios partners. The locations in the samian dataset are reviewed and show much higher precision than the Pleiades places, so this mapping challenge have to be solved, too. The results yield that research on samian ware can benefit from implementing the concept of LOD. Enhanced perspectives arise when extending the linked data to other resources like dies and coins. When the data is published it could contribute to cross-linking of archaeological information internationally. A major challenge is finding the correct modelling concept for each resource type, as well as the semantic links between each other and to relying resources in the Semantic Web. Using technologies like the Labeling System, CIDOC-CRM, SKOS and Open Annotation can help to overcome this bottleneck. The presentation presents the results of a M.Sc. thesis delivered at the Hochschule Mainz - University of Applied Sciences in cooperation with the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz (RGZM) and the Institute for Spatial Information and Surveying Technology (i3mainz).

It is no secret that samian ware plays a key role in dating the archaeology of the western Roman Empire; the ubiquitous brown, orange and red-slipped sherds are distinctive and abundant enough for detailed study, which has in turn yielded valuable information concerning chronologies of production and deposition from the 1st century AD onwards. Since dates inferred from samian deposits have obvious implications for the dating of other artefact classes and sites, it is clear that a critical reassessment of the foundations of samian chronology is a task of considerable importance for Roman archaeology more generally. Addressing this task is one of the main aims of this monograph, a much anticipated revised edition of Anthony King’s 1985 PhD study of the chronology of samian ware in the northwest Empire during the late 2nd to mid 3rd centuries AD.

The Roman imperial period is known for the introduction of a red glossy pottery, the so called samian ware. It is crucial for archaeologists to date Roman sites in the Northern provinces. The research in samian ware pottery advanced in recent years. The spatial distribution and chronological pattern as well as the identification of kilnsites of individual potters are key research questions. Most recent studies are based on a dataset collected by several scholars in the past decades. It comprises detailed and reviewed data of potters, pots and related places. The character of the data makes it reasonable to approach it utilizing the concept of the Linked Open Data (LOD) in order to increase its potential for research. The goal of the study presented in this poster is to migrate a subset of these data into an appropriate structure and to make it accessible through URIs. Furthermore the place resources should be linked to existing LOD projects. Finally the query of the links between potters, pots and places was to render possible through a web based interface. The interoperability and possibility for data sharing is achieved by implementing suitable XML schemes (e.g. GML, MIDAS). Findspots and kilnsites are mapped to Pleiades places to benefit from the Pelagios project. Typically Pleiades places are designed to support geographical annotation of textual sources or archaeological objects. A major challenge of the study was to link the ‘samian places' to Pleiades places, because each follow their own spatial concept. Another aspect was the chronological information entailed in the dataset. Simulations of changes in the relative chronology of the material revealed the potential of the linked data approach by providing immediate access to all implications on related datasets. The results yield that research on samian ware can benefit from implementing the concept of LOD. Enhanced perspectives arise when extending the linked data to other resources like dies and coins. When the data is published it could contribute to the international crosslinking of archaeological information. Moreover, the data is ready for semantically modelling the relations in an ontology to foster the disclosure of knowledge hidden in the data. The poster presents the results of a M.Sc. Thesis delivered at the University of Applied Sciences Mainz.

Die räumliche Verteilung und das zeitliche Muster, sowie die Identifizierung von Produktionszentren und die Rekonstruktion von Handelsnetzen der Töpfer, sind zentrale Fragen aktueller archäologischer Forschungen zur ‚Samian Ware‘. Die Studien basieren auf einem Datensatz einer internationalen Gruppe von Wissenschaftlern. Er umfasst detaillierte Daten zu Töpfern, Keramik-Fragmenten und deren Fundorten. Zudem sind Informationen zu Befunden, Töpfermatrizen, Gefäßformen, Produktionsstätten, Formschüsselherstellern und Angaben zur absoluten zeitlichen Datierung erfasst. Der Datensatz ist damit außerordentlich gut geeignet, aktuelle Technologien interoperabler Datenhaltung, insbesondere das Konzept der Linked Open Data (LOD) und der semantischen Modellierung archäologischer Informationen, exemplarisch zu verdeutlichen. Eines der Prinzipien der Linked Open Data ist die Bereitstellung der Daten als Ressource. Diese ist sowohl menschenlesbar, steht jedoch auch zur computertechnische Verarbeitung zur Verfügung. Ein Gefäßfragment und dessen Fundort wären beispielsweise mit einem Browser im World Wide Web unter einer HTTP-Adresse frei abrufbar. Ein weiterer Informationsgewinn entsteht durch die Nutzung kontrollierter Vokabulare, nicht nur für die Beschreibung der Ressourcen, sondern auch für deren Beziehungen untereinander. In einer Reihe von Wissenschaftsfeldern werden diese Konzepte erfolgreich eingesetzt, so dass mit diesen Konzepten erstmals eine Technologie zur Verfügung steht, welche eine direkte Verknüpfung heterogener Informationen aus unterschiedlichen archäologischen Datenbanken gewährleistet. Der Vortrag führt in die Migration der Daten sowie die Möglichkeiten und die Problematik der Modellierung der Attribute und Beziehungen mit Hilfe bestehender LOD-Konzepte und kontrollierter Vokabularien ein und zeigt eigene Ansätze zur Lösung auf. Insbesondere wird die Verlinkung zu anderen bereits bestehenden Projekten diskutiert. So bietet das Pleiades-Projekt eine Plattform, die geographische Elemente z.B. in Texten mit existierenden Ressourcen verbindet. Die Fund- und Produktionsstätten sind mit den Pleiades Places verknüpft, wodurch eine Vielzahl weiterer archäologischer und historischer Informationen über das Pelagios Projekt eingebunden sind. Zudem wird das Potential der Verlinkung und Abfrage von heterogenen Informationen zwischen Töpfern, Fragmenten und Orten und deren relativ-chronologische Beziehungen über LOD mit einer webbasierten Schnittstelle aufgezeigt. Die Komplexität des Netzes sich bedingender Datierungen der Funde ist im Datenmodell direkt abgebildet. Entsprechend schnell reagiert das System auf Modifikationen und erlaubt so eine Echtzeitvisualisierung der Simulation von Änderungen in diesen Bezügen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Forschung im Bereich der römischen Keramik vom Konzept der Linked Open Data profitiert. Vielversprechende Perspektiven entstehen durch die Verknüpfung mit weiteren Ressourcen wie Matrizen, Formschlüsseln und Münzen. Die technologische Basis ist eine PostgreSQL/PostGIS Datenbank als Kommunikationsplattform für JAVA Servlets und dem GeoServer, der OGC konforme Webdienste (WMS/WFS) anbietet. Die Daten werden in einer Schnittstelle maschinenlesbar und REST-konform zur Verfügung gestellt, die mit Hilfe von JAVA und den Frameworks Jersey, JAX-B und Hibernate Spatial, sowie dem GeoServer verarbeitet werden. Die beschriebenen Strukturen erlauben somit eine webbasierte Kartenansicht auf dem Client mit der JavaScript Bibliothek Leaflet unter Einbeziehung der Abhängigkeiten zwischen Töpfern, Fragmenten und Fundorten. Darüber hinaus ergibt eine ontologische Modellierung der semantischen Bezüge Potentiale für die Extraktion des in den Daten implizit vorhandenen Wissens. Der Vortrag ist das Ergebnis einer Masterarbeit an der Fachhochschule Mainz und wird die Ergebnisse kritisch reflektieren und damit einen Einstieg in diese neue Technologie erleichtern.

Gegenstand der Masterarbeit ist die Verwendung aktueller Technologien interoperabler Datenhaltung, insbesondere das Konzept der Linked Open Data (LOD) und der semantischen Modellierung, zur Verdeutlichung ihres Potentials in archäologischen Informationen am Beispiel von Terra Sigillata-Fundorten, -Töpfern und -Keramikfragmenten. Die Arbeit zeigt eine Migration von Daten, sowie die Möglichkeiten und die Problematik der Modellierung der Attribute und Beziehungen mit Hilfe bestehender LOD-Konzepte und kontrollierter Vokabularien, sowie eigene Ansätze zur Lösung. Diese Daten werden mittels REST-Schnittstelle zur Verfügung gestellt. Ein Schwerpunkt wird auf die Verlinkung zu anderen bereits bestehenden Projekten gelegt, wodurch eine Vielzahl weiterer archäologischer und historischer Informationen z.B. über das Pelagios Projekt eingebunden werden. Zudem wird das Potential der Verlinkung und Abfrage von heterogenen Informationen zwischen Töpfern, Fragmenten und Orten deren relativ chronologische Beziehungen über LOD mit einer webbasierten Schnittstelle aufgezeigt. The subject matter of this master thesis is using current technologies in interoperable data management, in particular the illustration of the potential of Linked Open Data (LOD) and semantic modelling in archaeological information, as used on samian ware places and their corresponding potters and ceramic fragments. The thesis demonstrates a migration of data as well as possibilities and problems of modelling attributes and relationships using existing LOD concepts and controlled vocabularies as well as novel self-developed approaches to the solution. These data are provided by a ReST interface. One focus is linking to other existing projects, creating associations to other archaeological and historical information, for example the Pelagios project. Moreover, a web-based interface shows the potential of linking and retrieval of heterogeneous information among pottery, fragments and places and their relative chronological relationships via LOD.

The thousands of potsherds, shards of glass, bone and shell remains, as well as small-finds (instrumentum) and oil lamps found in a refuse dump in one of the rooms in the northern wing of the forum, which is situated in the Roman town of Castellas in todays Murviel-lès-Montpellier (Hérault, France), have been the subject of multidisciplinary studies. This accumulation of rubbish, most of it found in its primary position, built up over a fairly short period of time, probably over a few years, during the first half of the 2nd century AD. The deposit, in all likelihood, mainly contains the waste material from a market that would have been held in the monumental centre of Samnagenses., Les milliers de tessons de céramique et de verre, de restes osseux et de coquillages, mais également l’instrumentum et les lampes à huile issus d’un dépotoir, localisé dans l’une des pièces de l’aile nord du forum de l’agglomération antique du Castellas à Murviel-lès-Montpellier (Hérault), ont fait l’objet d’une enquête pluridisciplinaire. Cette accumulation de détritus, en position primaire pour l’essentiel, a été constituée sur un laps de temps assez court, de l’ordre probablement de quelques années, au cours de la première moitié du IIe s. ap. J.-C. Elle contient vraisemblablement en majorité les reliefs de l’activité d’un marché qui se serait tenu au coeur du centre monumental des Samnagenses., Barberan Sébastien, Bardot-Cambot Anne, Gafa Raffaela, Lemaire Bastien, Malignas Adrien, Raux Stéphanie, Renaud Audrey, Silvéréano Sarah. Boire et manger sur le forum du Castellas (Murviel-lès-Montpellier, Hérault) : un dépotoir atypique de la première moitié du IIe s. ap. J.-C.. In: Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise, tome 45, 2012. pp. 293-360.

This paper presents a group of seven figurative graffiti on ceramic, seven palms, six tridents and other signs discovered on the excavations made in the plaza del Castillo (Pamplona). it is a high number, in comparation with other spanish archaeological sites. This goup completes the publication of graffiti from this excavation.Este artículo presenta un conjunto de siete grafitos figurativos sobre cerámica, diez palmas, seis tridentes y otros signos aparecidos en las excavaciones de la plaza del Castillo de Pamplona. Resulta un número elevado, en comparación con el de otros yacimientos. Este conjunto viene a completar el grupo de grafitos epigráficos de la misma excavación publicados hace dos años. CC. de la Educación, el Lenguaje, la Cultura y las Artes

Mineralogical composition of 11 samian ware samples from La Graufesenque has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The sherds are dated between SO and 100 BC, the period of the largest production. Firing temperatures were above 1000°C and probably around 1050°C. These results are in agreement with a standardisation of samian industry. The slip of one sherd has been investigated by microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The slip contains more Fe and K, and less Ca than the bulk., La composition minérale de 11 échantillons de céramiques sigillées de la Graufesenque a été analysée par diffraction de rayons X. Tous ces tessons appartiennent à la période de la plus grande production des ateliers (entre 50 et 100 ap. J.-C.). Leur température de cuisson, supérieure à 1000°C, est vraisemblablement de l'ordre de 1050°C. Les résultats confirment aussi, pour cette période, une grande homogénéité de fabrication. L'engobe d'un tesson a été conjointement étudié par microscopie analytique et par diffraction X. Comparé à la composition de la pâte, l'engobe est plus riche en Fe et K et beaucoup plus pauvre en Ca., Sciau Philippe, Werwerft Marc, Vernhet Alain, Bémont Colette. Recherche sur les températures de cuisson et la nature des engobes des céramiques sigillées de la Graufesenque. In: Revue d'Archéométrie, n°16, 1992. pp. 89-95.

International audience; The book under review proposes a new chronology of Central and Eastern Gaulish Samian ware based, inter alia, on associated finds of coins and Samian ware. This review focuses on the numismatic part of the demonstration.; L'ouvrage recensé propose une nouvelle chronologie de la sigillée de Gaule du centre et de l'est en se fondant notamment sur les découvertes associées de monnaies. Le compte-rendu se concentre sur la partie numismatique de la démonstration.