Search

Sialolithiasis along with sialadenitis is one of the commonly occurring salivary gland disorders. Sialadenitis is an inflammatory disease of the salivary glands. It usually occurs insidiously causing pain to the patient and may lead to development of fibrous mass of the salivary gland. The cause of sialadenitis is most commonly due to the salivary duct caliculi which is termed as sialolith or salivary stones which causes statis of saliva in the ducts. This condition is usually accompanied by pain and tenderness of the involved site. Therefore, we report a case of a male patient aged 60 years with pain in the floor of the mouth in the submandibular region which was diagnosed as submandibular sialolithiasis along with sialadenitis and propose a diagnostic algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the practice of in-office transoral sialolithotomy, a procedure used to remove salivary stones. The procedure, which is done with local anesthesia, is primarily used for distal submandibular stones but can also be used for other types of stones. The article emphasizes the benefits of in-office procedures, such as reduced time and costs for patients, as well as potential improvements in outcomes and quality of life. A study conducted by the senior author found similar rates of complications and stone recurrence compared to removal under general anesthesia. The article discusses the effectiveness and advantages of in-office transoral sialolithotomy for submandibular hilar and intraglandular stones, with a success rate of 90% and a low complication rate of 5%. It offers benefits for both patients and physicians, including reduced costs and anesthesia exposure. However, it is important to note that the study is limited to the experience of a single surgeon, and there may be subjective factors that influence the decision to abort the procedure or classify stones. Overall, in-office transoral sialolithotomy is a viable option for treating submandibular sialoliths. [Extracted from the article]

Submandibular gland sialolithiasis can be addressed by gland removal or by stone removal. Intraoral stone removal has now become the go-to technique to minimize aesthetic and functional sequelae (e.g., marginalis mandibulae injury, visible surgery scar) and, although traditional techniques were first experimented with (intraoral ducotomy), newer techniques drew the interest of the scientific community: sialoendoscopy, TORS-S (TransOral Robotic Surgery Assisted–Sialolithotomy) and VITOM-guided sialolithotomy. In this article, we compare the two newest transoral techniques for transoral sialolithotomy, TORS-S and 3D-4K VITOM-guided sialolithotomy, used to treat bilateral hilar submandibular gland sialolithiasis in the same patient, one technique for each side. Using these techniques, a faster recovery is achievable with almost no anatomical and/or functional sequelae, since they both allow better visualization and manipulation of soft tissues and noble structures (e.g., lingual nerve and Wharton’s duct) and make surgery easier and safer. Moreover, OR staff can better perceive surgical steps and be involved in the procedure, thus showing the high educational and training potential of these technologies.

Abstract Objectives Patients are increasingly relying on YouTube for health information. We objectively evaluated the quality and comprehensiveness of sialendoscopy YouTube videos available to patients. We further investigated the relationship between video content and video popularity. Methods We identified 150 videos using the search term “sialendoscopy.” Videos were excluded if they were lectures for medical professionals, operating room (OR) recordings, unrelated, non‐English, or non‐audio. Video quality and comprehensiveness were evaluated using modified DISCERN criterion (range: 5–25) and novel sialendoscopy criterion (NSC, range: 0–7), respectively. Secondary outcomes included standard video metrics and Video Power Index to measure popularity. Videos were classified binarily by uploader type as from an academic medical center or from other sources. Results Twenty‐two (14.7%) of 150 videos were included for review, with 7 (31.8%) uploaded from academic medical institutions. One hundred‐nine (72.7%) videos were excluded as lectures for medical professionals or OR recordings. Overall mean modified DISCERN (13.45 ± 3.42) and NSC (3.05 ± 0.96) scores were low; however, videos uploaded by academic medical institutions were significantly more comprehensive (NSC mean difference = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.16–1.80, p = .02). There were no significant correlations between video popularity and objective measures of quality or comprehensiveness. Conclusions This study highlights the paucity and low quality of sialendoscopy videos for patients. More popular videos are not higher quality, and most videos are targeted more toward physicians rather than patients. As YouTube becomes increasingly used by patients, there is opportunity for otolaryngologists to produce more informative videos for patients while implementing targeted strategies to increase viewership. Level of Evidence NA.

Salivary stones, also known as sialoliths, are formed in a pathological situation in the salivary glands. So far, neither the mechanism of their formation nor the factors predisposing to their formation are known despite several hypotheses. While they do not directly threaten human life, they significantly deteriorate the patient's quality of life. Although this is not a typical research material, attempts are made to apply various analytical tools to characterise sialoliths and search for the biomarkers in their proteomes. In this work, we used mass spectrometry and SWATH-MS qualitative and quantitative analysis to investigate the composition and select proteins that may contribute to solid deposits in the salivary glands. Twenty sialoliths, previously characterized spectroscopically and divided into the following groups: calcified (CAL), lipid (LIP) and mixed (MIX), were used for the study. Proteins unique for each of the groups were found, including: for the CAL group among them, e.g. proteins from the S100 group (S100 A8/A12 and P), mucin 7 (MUC7), keratins (KRT1/2/4/5/13), elastase (ELANE) or stomatin (STOM); proteins for the LIP group—transthyretin (TTR), lactotransferrin (LTF), matrix Gla protein (MPG), submandibular gland androgen-regulated protein 3 (SMR3A); mixed stones had the fewest unique proteins. Bacterial proteins present in sialoliths have also been identified. The analysis of the results indicates the possible role of bacterial infections, disturbances in calcium metabolism and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the formation of sialoliths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Patients are increasingly relying on YouTube for health information. We objectively evaluated the quality and comprehensiveness of sialendoscopy YouTube videos available to patients. We further investigated the relationship between video content and video popularity. Methods: We identified 150 videos using the search term "sialendoscopy." Videos were excluded if they were lectures for medical professionals, operating room (OR) recordings, unrelated, non‐English, or non‐audio. Video quality and comprehensiveness were evaluated using modified DISCERN criterion (range: 5–25) and novel sialendoscopy criterion (NSC, range: 0–7), respectively. Secondary outcomes included standard video metrics and Video Power Index to measure popularity. Videos were classified binarily by uploader type as from an academic medical center or from other sources. Results: Twenty‐two (14.7%) of 150 videos were included for review, with 7 (31.8%) uploaded from academic medical institutions. One hundred‐nine (72.7%) videos were excluded as lectures for medical professionals or OR recordings. Overall mean modified DISCERN (13.45 ± 3.42) and NSC (3.05 ± 0.96) scores were low; however, videos uploaded by academic medical institutions were significantly more comprehensive (NSC mean difference = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.16–1.80, p =.02). There were no significant correlations between video popularity and objective measures of quality or comprehensiveness. Conclusions: This study highlights the paucity and low quality of sialendoscopy videos for patients. More popular videos are not higher quality, and most videos are targeted more toward physicians rather than patients. As YouTube becomes increasingly used by patients, there is opportunity for otolaryngologists to produce more informative videos for patients while implementing targeted strategies to increase viewership. Level of Evidence: NA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to describe the characteristics of salivary calculi and their relationship to epidemiological factors, through a cross-sectional study. We analysed 100 calculi obtained in 2017–2021. Patient data including age, time since onset of symptoms, gland involved, and site of location in the salivary system were studied. The calculi were studied to determine their morphological features using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive plain radiographic analysis. Most of the calculi had formed in the submandibular gland (SG) (82%). The mean age of patients at onset was 45.83 years; patients presenting parotid gland (PG) stones were somewhat older (p = 0.031). The mean time since the onset of symptoms was longer in PG calculi (p = 0.038). The most common lithiasis site was the main duct (74%), followed by the hilum (22%). Hilar stones were the largest (p < 0.05) and heaviest (p = 0.028). Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) was the most common crystalline phase (Cp) founded, followed by hydroxyapatite (HA) and whitlockite (WH). Specifically, OCP had a higher presence in PG calculi (p = 0.029) and WH was the most common phase in SG calculi (p = 0.017). The most prevalent site of lithiasis was the main duct, and the largest and heaviest calculi were found in the SG. PG stones were associated with a longer history of symptoms and older age. OCP was the most frequent Cp of the calculi studied, and the main Cp in PG stones. WH was the predominant Cp in SG stones. The Cp of the calculi was not influenced by location, patient age, or time of symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the long-term symptomatic results of laser-assisted sialolithotripsy (LAS) in cases of obstructive sialolithiasis and correlate with objective criteria using diagnostic sialendoscopy (DS) as a method of examination. Methods: This is a retrospective study comprising 50 consecutive patients who underwent holmium-YAG LAS and completed follow-up of at least 6 months. Symptom scoring and endoscopic scoring were done at 6 weeks and 6 months intervals for further study purposes. Results: At the end of 6 weeks post-LAS, 70% patients were asymptomatic (A-sym) and only 30% had residual symptoms (Sym). However, obstructed duct (OB-duct) was observed on endoscopic scoring in 88% due to stenosis, residual stones, or both stenosis and residual stones. The obstructed ducts were treated in outpatient clinic and followed up over time, leading to 98% of patients being in A-sym group at the end of study period of 6 months. At the end of study, 82% of patients had clear duct (CL-duct). Conclusion: Holmium LAS is a viable option for the management of intermediate-sized stones. LAS if used judiciously, and in properly selected cases, has high rate of stone fragmentation and symptom resolution. A vigilant postoperative protocol taking into account residual mealtime symptoms and altered salivary characteristics combined with early DS can help identify and treat patients with residual stone fragments and ductal stenosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Present follow-up data comparing transoral and transfacial parotid gland procedures for stone removal to offer insight addressing technical considerations and complications., Methods: Retrospective study of a consecutive series of surgical treatments for parotid sialolithiasis from 2013 to 2018 at an academic institution by one surgeon provided review of 16 transoral and 10 transfacial procedures supplemented by long-term follow-up through telephone or mail. Clinical and radiographic parameters, additional treatment, and persistence of symptoms were evaluated., Results: Four of 10 patients treated with the transfacial approach had parotid-cutaneous fistulas addressed with transdermal scopolamine patches and pressure dressings (one also with intraductal steroid infusion) with closure at a median of 12.5 days. A fifth fistula failed to resolve at 23 days and was addressed with parotidectomy. All 8 patients who were contacted (median: 106 months) reported complete resolution of symptoms. None had facial weakness.Six of 16 patients treated by a transoral approach had persistent stone fragments at the conclusion of operation. Four of these 6 patients underwent subsequent procedures (two transoral, one transfacial, one parotidectomy). Among the 11 patients who responded to long-term follow-up (median: 107 months), one reported mild symptoms insufficient to request treatment. Larger stone size coupled with proximal location correlated with the conversion from transoral to include transfacial approach., Conclusion: Patients with retained stone remnants at the conclusion of transoral stone removal are more likely to require additional procedures that result in long-term favorable results. The transfacial approach to stone removal offers long-term favorable results following the common short-term complication of salivary fistula., Level of Evidence: OCEBM Level 4., Competing Interests: Henry Hoffman would like to disclose his roles as research consultant for MeiraGtx, advisory board member for RiboX, and author for UpToDate., (© 2024 The Author(s). Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Triological Society.)

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by mononuclear infiltration of exocrine glands, most commonly the lacrimal and salivary glands. While up to 34% of patients report bilateral parotid swelling, bilateral parotid sialolithiasis remains an exceptionally rare symptom. Here we present a patient who presents to the otolaryngology clinic with presentation of bilateral punctate parotid gland sialolithiasis prior to diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome. Due to a wide array of clinical presentations frequently affecting the head and neck, otolaryngologists are often the initial providers for patients suffering from Sjögren's syndrome.

Sialolithiasis is among the most common pathological conditions of the salivary glands. It is characterized by blockage of the salivary gland excretory duct or by the formation of calcareous concretions, resulting in salivary stasis and causing salivary gland swelling. Most sialoliths generally arise in the submandibular gland and duct. The size of sialoliths ranges from around 1 mm to 10 mm, with some exceeding 15 mm in dimension. Numerous conservative treatments, including milking and palliative therapy, are effective for accessible small stones. Surgical intervention is necessary when the sialoliths are large, inaccessible, or when conservative therapies fail. The present study reports a patient with large multiple submandibular gland sialoliths, with the largest measuring approximately 16 mm by 10 mm. This case highlights the importance of considering sialolithiasis in patients with submandibular swelling and the necessity of surgical intervention for large stones when conservative treatments fail. The patient's symptoms resolved postoperatively, demonstrating the effectiveness of the treatment approach., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Moon et al.)

Objectives: This retrospective multi-institutional chart review study aims to present results from patients treated with Holmium:YAG laser-assisted sialendoscopic intraductal lithotripsy under local anesthesia., Methods: Preoperative ultrasound and/or CT were used for location and measurement of the stones. Local anesthesia was applied in all patients, Marchal all-in- one 1.3 mm and Erlangen 1.6 sialendoscopes were used. The laser was used with power settings limited by discomfort or pain. Inclusion criteria were stone size (all >5 mm) and fixed stones., Results: 42 patients, 48 stones were treated (30 males/12 females), 21 submandibular and 21 parotid. Ages ranged from 20 to 70 years (95 % CI: 43.37-51.58). Mean size was 6.2 mm (95 % CI: 5.71-6.72). Complete fragmentation was achieved in 66.7 % and incomplete in 33.3 %. Out of the incomplete fragmented 14 cases, seven (50 %) remained symptom free on follow-up. Maximum duration was 120 min. Minimum power settings of the laser was 4.8 Watts and maximum 18 Watts. Six patients expressed pain or discomfort that limited power increase and duration of the procedure. Total follow up time was 10 years. There were no major complications such as hemorrhage, nerve paresis or skin ulceration., Conclusion: The procedure is safe under local anesthesia, well tolerated by most patients and should be used in cases of small fixed and "intermediate-sized" stones as a single modality. Discomfort may limit power settings and duration. The later is the major disadvantage of the method., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Salivary calculus or sialolithiasis is a disease that affects the salivary glands characterized by the formation of mineralized structures within the glandular substance or excretory ducts of the salivary gland. The formation of these salivary stones is due to the crystallization of minerals in saliva. It causes blockage of salivary ducts and results in painful inflammation or sialadenitis of the salivary gland. Among the salivary glands submandibular gland has highest incidence of sialolithiasis due its anatomic features. The patient commonly experiences pain and/or edema when the ducts are obstructed. The case report presented here is of sialolithiasis of submandibular gland which had caused pain and swelling in the floor of the mouth.

Purpose: To assess the susceptibility of salivary stones to bacterial biofilm formation, which may be involved in the development of salivary gland infection, and to investigate a relation between microbiological aspects and patient characteristics. Methods: This prospective study comprises of 54 patients with sialolithiasis attended in Helsinki University Hospital during 2014–2016. A total of 55 salivary stones were removed, and studied for biofilm formation using fluorescence microscopy and sonication. The isolated organisms were quantified and identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Results: Biofilm formation was confirmed on the surface of 39 (70.9%) stones. A total of 96 microorganisms were isolated from 45 salivary stones (81.8%). Two or more organisms were isolated in 33 (73.3%) cases. The main isolates were Streptococcus mitis/oralis (n = 27; 28.1%), followed by Streptococcus anginosus (n = 10; 9.6%), Rothia spp. (n = 8; 8.3%), Streptococcus constellatus (n = 7; 7.3%), and Streptococcus gordonii (n = 6; 6.2%). In all patients showing pre-operative (12 cases) or peri-operative (three cases) drainage of pus, the presence of biofilm was detected in microscopy (p = 0.004). Four patients showed post-operative infection, and in three of them (75.0%), the presence of biofilm was detected. Increased number of pus drainage was found among patients with reflux symptoms or use of proton-pump inhibitors. Conclusions: Salivary stones are susceptible to bacterial biofilm formation, which could be related with the development and severity of the inflammation and the refractory nature of the disease. Sonication of salivary gland stones could be a useful method for finding the etiology of the chronic infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

View Video S1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salivary gland stones, or sialoliths, are the most common cause of the obstruction of salivary glands. The mechanism behind the formation of sialoliths has been elusive. Symptomatic sialolithiasis has a prevalence of 0.45% in the general population, is characterized by recurrent painful periprandial swelling of the affected gland, and often results in sialadenitis with the need for surgical intervention. Here, we show by the use of immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, computed tomography (CT) scans and reconstructions, special dye techniques, bacterial genotyping, and enzyme activity analyses that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) initiate the formation and growth of sialoliths in humans. The deposition of neutrophil granulocyte extracellular DNA around small crystals results in the dense aggregation of the latter, and the subsequent mineralization creates alternating layers of dense mineral, which are predominantly calcium salt deposits and DNA. The further agglomeration and appositional growth of these structures promotes the development of macroscopic sialoliths that finally occlude the efferent ducts of the salivary glands, causing clinical symptoms and salivary gland dysfunction. These findings provide an entirely novel insight into the mechanism of sialolithogenesis, in which an immune system-mediated response essentially participates in the physicochemical process of concrement formation and growth.

Sialolithiasis is rare in children, there are no guidelines for its treatment, and there are few, if any, long term follow-up studies. We report a retrospective review of medical records of children who were treated for sialolithiasis by sialendoscopy between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2011, and who have been followed up for 4-8 years. Personal and clinical details, including age, sex, symptoms, whether the lithiasis was parotid or submandibular, the technique of sialendoscopy and complications, were recorded. Twenty-six children (30 sides) were successfully treated by sialendoscopy between 2007 and 2011 (mean (range) age 12 (3-17) years). Stones were removed from the parotid gland in four patients and the submandibular gland in 22. The main indication for sialendoscopy was swelling of the salivary gland during meals. Twenty-six procedures were done endoscopically. Twelve were treated with a wire basket alone, 10 by the combined approach, and laser was used in eight. Four patients developed complications, but without long-term effects. During follow-up of 4-8 years there were no recurrent swellings. We conclude that endoscopic treatment of stones in childhood is an efficient and conservative option for salivary glands, has few complications and no clinical recurrence at medium to long-term follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the value of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the detection of salivary stones in patients with signs and symptoms of salivary gland obstruction. A total of 142 major salivary glands were analysed in a cohort of 127 patients with signs and symptoms of salivary gland obstruction. CBCT scans were performed in order to determine the presence of one or more salivary stones. All glands were also investigated by sialendoscopy. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were calculated for the submandibular gland, the parotid gland, and the whole group, based on the observers’ abilities to diagnose the presence or absence of calculi in the CBCT scan using the sialendoscopy data as the gold standard. Fifty salivary stones were detected in the CBCT scans of the 142 glands analysed: 34 in the submandibular gland and 16 in the parotid gland. The sensitivity (94%), specificity (90%), positive predictive value (84%), and negative predictive value (97%) for the whole group were good to excellent, with an overall accuracy of 92%. CBCT appears to be an ideal first-line imaging modality for patients with signs and symptoms of obstructed major salivary glands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sialolithiasis is a multi-factorial pathology that accounts for more than 50% of salivary gland disease. However, the exact impact of salivary pH and calcium (Ca2+) and phosphate (PO4 3-) on the sialoliths' formation still remains unknown. Materials and Methods: Seven removed sialoliths were put into flasks with artificial saliva solution that differed in concentrations of Ca2+ and PO4 3-. The changes in weights of sialoliths and alterations in pH had been measured for 13 weeks. Concentrations of Ca2+ and PO4 3- in the artificial saliva solution were estimated at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Results: Sialoliths' weight decrease was observed from the 2nd to 7th week. It occurred parallel with natural pH decrease (from 7 to 6.5 pH). Sialoliths' weights started increasing after pH was adjusted with NaOH. Analyzing the concentration changes of Ca2+ in every flask, it was determined that from natural or double Ca2+ concentration, it decreased till similar amount (7-14 times). Analyzing the concentration changes of PO4 3-, it was determined that from natural or double PO4 3- concentration it decreased 24 times. Conclusions: Sialoliths' weights decreased parallel with natural pH decrease and sialoliths grew when pH was adjusted. PO4 3- ions concentration decreased relatively more than Ca2+ ions concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Examine outcomes of transfacial gland-preserving removal of difficult parotid stones and compare the cost and operative time to traditional parotidectomy.Study Design: Cost-effectiveness analysis and retrospective chart review.Methods: Patients who underwent transfacial removal of symptomatic parotid sialoliths at a tertiary medical center from June 2010 to July 2015 were evaluated. Outcomes included operative technique, stone size, stone location, complications, and symptom relief. In addition, patients who underwent traditional parotidectomy for chronic sialadenitis were identified. The charges and times for both procedures were reviewed and compared.Results: Forty-four patients underwent transfacial resection for symptomatic parotid sialolithiasis. Stones were most often located in the main duct and hilum (53.3%), with fewer intraglandular stones (46.7%). No facial nerve weakness was observed. Of those with follow-up, 33 (87%) patients reported at least partial resolution of symptoms. Overall transfacial technique charges were significantly less expensive (U.S.$) than parotidectomy (mean difference -8,064.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] -13,472.78 to -2,655.40; P = 0.033). Anesthesia charges (mean difference -2,997.85; 95% CI, -5,748.81 to -246.89; P = 0.035) and operating room charges (mean difference -4,793.91; 95% CI, -8,958.09 to -629.72; P = 0.028) were also less expensive for the transfacial technique. Finally, mean procedure time for transfacial removal of parotid stones was shorter than for parotidectomy (120.2 ± 49.9 vs. 178.4 ± 41.3 minutes, respectively; P = 0.002).Conclusion: Transfacial gland-preserving removal of difficult parotid stones is a well tolerated and effective alternative to parotidectomy. Moreover, it is faster and less expensive than parotidectomy, maximizing both surgeon time and hospital resources.Level Of Evidence: 4. Laryngoscope, 127:1080-1086, 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusion: Salivary stones in the parotid gland that are not amenable to endoscopic extraction can safely be removed by a combined, endoscopic-external approach. Objective: Limitations for endoscopic removability of salivary stones from the parotid gland are immobile stones in the deeper salivary duct system. A combined endoscopic and transcutaneous approach gives access to these stones with possible preservation of the parotid gland. Methods: A total of 10 consecutive patients were treated using the combined approach for the management of sialolithiasis of the parotid gland. The patients had previously undergone a sialendoscopy under local anesthesia and were proven to have large, immobile salivary stones in the salivary duct. Results: In all patients, the procedure was successfully conducted with extraction of impacted stones. In 60% of the patients, a temporary stenting of the salivary duct was performed. All patients showed good clinical results with restored drainage of the salivary duct system and preserved gland function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify the incidence of different causes of benign obstruction of the salivary glands, we retrospectively analysed 788 anonymised sialography reports of 719 patients referred to the department of dental and maxillofacial radiology between 2006 and 2012. Reports that showed evidence of benign obstruction were included ( n = 493). Salivary stones were identified in 151 (31%), ductal strictures in 115 (23%), and mucus plugs in 295 (60%). In 67 cases (14%) there was evidence of 2 or 3 causes of obstruction. As previously reported, mucous plugs were the most common finding, possibly because of the use of fluoroscopy or digital subtraction sialography, or both. These methods enable images to be captured during the initial filling of the main duct and are likely to prevent mucus plugs from being obscured by the contrast medium, which is the case in conventional sialography when a single image is produced after the contrast has been injected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Intraductal laser lithotripsy is a preferred method to fragment large, immobile intraglandular salivary stones. A number of different laser systems has been investigated for this purpose. It was our aim to study the effectiveness of a 980nm diode laser when fragmenting salivary stones in an experimental set up. Methods: In an experimental set up we used a 980nm diode laser for the lithotripsy of 9 salivary stones. The temperature circle around the laser fibre tip was measured and stone remnants were chemically analysed for their composition. Results: The salivary stones had a mean diameter of 6.7mm×5.6mm×3.0mm. Laser fragmentation with the diode laser was successful at all stones. The temperature next to the salivary stone increased to around 30°C during the active lithotripsy with continuous rinsing (fluid temperature 21°C). At a distance of 2mm the temperature around the laser fibre's tip is reduced by already about 50%. The salivary stones mainly consisted of carbonate apatite, followed by β-calcium phosphate and other calcium phosphates. Conclusion: The fragmentation of salivary stones with a 980nm diode laser is possible in principle. Under a continuous irrigation with a positioning of the laser fibre's tip at the centre of the stone, no relevant temperature increase in the vicinity of the stone occurs. However, before the laser is used in humans, in vivo experiments on animal material seem to be advisable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Patients are increasingly relying on YouTube for health information. We objectively evaluated the quality and comprehensiveness of sialendoscopy YouTube videos available to patients. We further investigated the relationship between video content and video popularity., Methods: We identified 150 videos using the search term "sialendoscopy." Videos were excluded if they were lectures for medical professionals, operating room (OR) recordings, unrelated, non-English, or non-audio. Video quality and comprehensiveness were evaluated using modified DISCERN criterion (range: 5-25) and novel sialendoscopy criterion (NSC, range: 0-7), respectively. Secondary outcomes included standard video metrics and Video Power Index to measure popularity. Videos were classified binarily by uploader type as from an academic medical center or from other sources., Results: Twenty-two (14.7%) of 150 videos were included for review, with 7 (31.8%) uploaded from academic medical institutions. One hundred-nine (72.7%) videos were excluded as lectures for medical professionals or OR recordings. Overall mean modified DISCERN (13.45 ± 3.42) and NSC (3.05 ± 0.96) scores were low; however, videos uploaded by academic medical institutions were significantly more comprehensive (NSC mean difference = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.16-1.80, p  = .02). There were no significant correlations between video popularity and objective measures of quality or comprehensiveness., Conclusions: This study highlights the paucity and low quality of sialendoscopy videos for patients. More popular videos are not higher quality, and most videos are targeted more toward physicians rather than patients. As YouTube becomes increasingly used by patients, there is opportunity for otolaryngologists to produce more informative videos for patients while implementing targeted strategies to increase viewership., Level of Evidence: NA., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding, financial relationships, conflicts of interest, or competing interests to disclose., (© 2022 The Authors. Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of The Triological Society.)

The article focuses on the research study that evaluates the surgical techniques and outcomes of transfacial ultrasound-guided gland-preserving resection of parotid stones. The study discusses several outcome factors including stone size and its location, symptom relief and gland preservation rate. It also concludes that the ultrasound-guided technique is an alternative solution to parotidectomy for patients in whom endoscopy or shock wave therapy for stone retrieval is ineffective.

Copyright of Italian Oral Surgery is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to investigate etiologic factors for sialolithiasis in a population of patients from the United States.Study Design. Retrospective, cohort study.Setting. Tertiary university.Materials and Methods. Charts for all patients diagnosed with sialolithiasis between January 2001 and February 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic factors, smoking history, comorbid medical conditions, and medication history were recorded. Statistical analyses were then performed on the collected data. Population prevalences of smoking, diuretic usage, cholelithiasis, and nephrolithiasis were obtained through literature review.Results. A total of 153 patients with sialolithiasis were identified. Of these patients, 125 (82%) had submandibular sialolithiasis, and 28 (18%) had parotid sialolithiasis. Positive smoking histories were present in 67 individuals (44%). Both the current rate of smoking and the rate of a history of smoking were higher in our cohort when compared with the general population, although the differences did not reach statistical significance. Smoking history did not correlate with the size of the primary sialolith. Diuretic usage in the cohort was observed at a rate of 20%, higher than reported population rates of diuretic use of 8.7%. The prevalences of cholelithiasis and nephrolithiasis were not different from observed population rates.Conclusions. Sialolithiasis is an uncommon condition of unclear etiology. This study represents an initial attempt to quantify the prevalence of smoking and diuretic therapy in a population of patients with sialolithiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Italian Oral Surgery is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nanobacteria (NB) contribute to pathological calcification in the human and animal body. It has been isolated from salivary stones and suggested that it may act as a nucleus for the initiation of these stones. In the present study, we examined its role in the recurrent salivary gland stones using immunodetection with NB- specific monoclonal antibodies and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) hoping to provide a method for preventing the recurrence of these stones in the patient that has suffered from salivary stones. Our study comprised 30 patients with recurrent salivary gland stones (group I) and 30 patients with salivary gland stones for the first time (group II), in addition to 30 normal controls (group III). We could detect 100–500 nm nanoparticles in 24/30 (80%) cases in group I with significant difference ,0.05 and ,0.01 when compared with group II and group III in which they were detected in 19/30 (63.3%) and 6/30 (20%) respectively. Also there was a significant difference ,0.05 between group II and group III. We proposed that salivary stone formation is a nanobacterial disease initiated by bacterial infection. This bacteria may play an important role in the recurrence of salivary stone. So the use of calcium chelator, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), before or in combination with the suitable antibiotic that is given in an amount effective to inhibit or prevent the growth and development of nanobacteria may eradicate these stones and prevent their recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the application of minimally invasive techniques in the management of salivary stones. Background: The incidence of salivary calculi is 60 cases/million/year, with most stones situated in the mid or proximal duct. The current treatment of these stones is adenectomy. This paper reports the results of minimally invasive methods of stone removal that avoid gland excision. Methods: Observational study of 5,528 consecutive patients treated by lithotripsy, endoscopy, basket retrieval, and /or surgery in five centers from 1990 to 2004 inclusive. A total of 567cases were excluded, leaving 4,691 patients (parotid n = 1,165, submandibular n = 3,526) for analysis. Results: Salivary calculi were eliminated in 3,775/4,691 (80.5%) of cases and partly cleared in 782/4,691 (16.7%). Salivary glands were removed in 134/4,691 (2.9%) of patients with symptoms in whom treatment failed. Conclusions: Minimally invasive techniques move treatment of salivary calculi to an outpatient or a day case setting. They are reliable ways of both retrieving stones and eliminating symptoms, and mean that the gland rarely has to be removed. Laryngoscope, 2009 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The treatment of large parotid stones remains a problem. We describe a technique in which microendoscopy is used to locate the stone and facilitate its removal. Over a 12-month period, eight patients were treated and seven stones removed successfully. The remaining duct was obstructed by a stricture. In six instances, the parotid duct was repaired and in two ligated. The mean follow up was 10 months (range 6–18) and there have been no complications. Our initial experience suggests that microendoscopy to locate the stone and facilitate its removal is an option in the management of persistent parotid stones. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Salivary gland stones, or sialoliths, are the most common cause of the obstruction of salivary glands. The mechanism behind the formation of sialoliths has been elusive. Symptomatic sialolithiasis has a prevalence of 0.45% in the general population, is characterized by recurrent painful periprandial swelling of the affected gland, and often results in sialadenitis with the need for surgical intervention. Here, we show by the use of immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, computed tomography (CT) scans and reconstructions, special dye techniques, bacterial genotyping, and enzyme activity analyses that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) initiate the formation and growth of sialoliths in humans. The deposition of neutrophil granulocyte extracellular DNA around small crystals results in the dense aggregation of the latter, and the subsequent mineralization creates alternating layers of dense mineral, which are predominantly calcium salt deposits and DNA. The further agglomeration and appositional growth of these structures promotes the development of macroscopic sialoliths that finally occlude the efferent ducts of the salivary glands, causing clinical symptoms and salivary gland dysfunction. These findings provide an entirely novel insight into the mechanism of sialolithogenesis, in which an immune system-mediated response essentially participates in the physicochemical process of concrement formation and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sialolithiasis are the most frequent salivary gland disease, mainly affecting the submandibular gland. With the advent of minimally invasive techniques, total salivary gland removal should not be considered as the first-line treatment anymore. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) is an alternative to surgery preserving the gland. The objective of our retrospective study was to evaluate the efficiency of ESWL on pain and obstructive syndrome in patients suffering from sialolithiasis. The global result felt by the patients was also considered. All patients treated between October 2009 and July 2016 for sialolithiasis by ESWL in our department were included. They were divided into two groups according to the concerned gland: a parotid gland (PG) and a submandibular gland (SMG) group. Our retrospective telephone questionnaire consisted in 4 questions about their symptomatology before and after ESWL, including pain self-evaluation before and after treatment. They were finally asked to evaluate the global result of the ESWL treatment: excellent, good, mean, or poor. In total, 55 patients were included in this study, 38 patients in PG group and 17 patients in SMG group. We observed a decrease of pain and obstructive syndrom after ESWL procedure in both groups. Better results were found on the obstructive syndrome in the PG group. Very few side-effects were reported by patients. Given that it has very few side effects, ESWL can easily be considered as first line treatment for sialolithiasis to avoid heavier treatments such as surgery. It should be the first-line treatment for symptomatic parotid sialolithiases. The treatment of symptomatic submandibular sialolithiases depends on the topography of the lithiasis., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The open surgical approach of obstructive salivary diseases is highly expensive due to the postoperative period, therefore a minimally invasive approach may be advocated. The minimally invasive method shortens the postoperative hospitalization period, reduces the number of complications as well as the overall costs and facilitates a rapid social reintegration. All these arguments recommend that type of approach as a standard procedure for obstructive salivary diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Sialolithiasis is a common disease of the major salivary glands. Owing to the variety of conservative and minimally invasive techniques, it is now possible to treat most cases of sialolithiasis without removal of the affected salivary gland. One treatment option is the endoscopic removal of the calculi. In cases of larger concretions, intraductal disintegration using laser-induced shock waves can be appropriate to allow endoscopic removal. In the present study, we investigated whether physical and radiological parameters of salivary stones can effectively predict the applicability of laser lithotripsy. Furthermore, we determined to what extent the applied laser energy resulted in tissue damage., Study Design/materials and Methods: In addition to basic parameters like size and density, we analysed 47 salivary stones using fluorescence spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and dual-energy computed tomography. Subsequent fragmentation of all stones was performed with a Ho:YAG laser in a near-contact manner. Fragmentation rates were calculated and correlated with the previously measured physical and radiological parameters. Finally, to test for tissue damage, we performed HE-histology of salivary duct mucosa treated with the same laser energy used for stone fragmentation., Results: Blue light excitation induced either green or red fluorescence emission. Dual-energy CT resulted in evidence of calcium-containing material. Infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, both identified carbonate apatite as the main component of salivary stones. Disintegration into pieces smaller than 2 mm was possible in all cases. Fragmentation rates depended on the energy per pulse applied but not on any of the analysed physical and radiological parameters. In contrast to lithotripsy with 500 mJ per pulse, which was associated with no tissue damage, lithotripsy with 1,000 mJ per pulse resulted in damage of salivary duct mucosa. This suggests that the optimal laser energy for stone fragmentation is between 500 and 1,000 mJ per pulse., Conclusion: Laser lithotripsy using Ho:YAG laser is a highly efficient treatment, at least in vitro. All salivary stones could be disintegrated irrespective of their physical and radiological composition., (© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Sialolithiasis is the most common disorder of major salivary glands. The main site of salivary stones' formation is submandibular gland, followed by parotid and sublingual gland. The aim of this article was to present current diagnostic imaging modalities carried out in patients suspected with salivary stones on the basis of own material and review of literature.Current diagnostic imaging tools used in the imaging of salivary stones were described and illustrated in this paper. These are: conventional radiography, sialography, ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance sialography and sialoendoscopy.Digital subtraction sialography and ultrasonography are the methods of choice in the imaging of salivary gland calculi. Although sialography is a very old diagnostic method, still it is the best diagnostic tool in the imaging of subtle anatomy of salivary gland duct system. Digital subtraction sialography can show the exact location of salivary stone and enables imaging of salivary ducts' pathology (e.g. stenoses), which is especially important when sialoendoscopy is planned. Sialography is also used as the treatment method, i.e. interventional sialography. Nonenhanced computed tomography is recommended when multiple and tiny salivary stones are suspected. Magnetic resonance imaging is the evolving alternative diagnostic method. In this diagnostic modality there is no need for salivary ducts' cannulation and administration of contrast material. Thus magnetic resonance sialography can also be carried out in the acute sialoadenitis. In the future, sialoendoscopy may become one of the main diagnostic and treatment procedures for salivary duct disorders, especially in salivary stone cases.