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Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microplastics are a pollutant of growing concern. Several studies have found microplastics in table salt worldwide in the last decade, although most have focused on already prepackaged salt. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous research analysing the entire salt production process. In this study focused on solar evaporation salinas, brine and salt samples were obtained from each stage of production, starting with the entrance of seawater/brine until the final stage of ready-to-sell salt, in six sites in Spain. We extracted microplastics from each sample after 30 % H2O2 digestion and filtration through cellulose nitrate 5 μm pore filters. Microplastic fibres were optically analysed with an Olympus DSX1000. Results indicate that microplastics are present both in seawater and air, with atmospheric fallout identified as the primary source. Microplastic concentrations from the entrance to the salina till the inlet to the crystallizers ranges from 256 to 1500 items per liter and from 79 to 193 microplastics per kg for packaged salt were estimated. Artisanal salina F shows the highest content in microplastics. This study hopes to give insight into the origin and causes of microplastic pollution in solar evaporation salinas and contribute to preventing this form of pollution in food-grade salt.

Salt harvesting through natural solar evaporation of salt brines is a practice notably abundant in the Iberian Peninsula. Such activity has been relevant for human consumption, food preservation, livestock feed, and various industries throughout history. The objective of this research is to analyze the productive history and conservation state of the salt evaporation ponds located in Naval and Peralta de la Sal (Huesca, Spain), as well as their didactic potential. These saltworks are associated with clay and gypsum levels from the Upper Triassic (Keuper). The earliest written records of salt production in the area date back to the 10th century, but they were exploited as early as the Bronze Age. Remains of most of the ponds and some buildings are still preserved and are easily accessed, which makes them very interesting from an educational perspective. Both on-site and off-site activities can be carried out to analyze their historical and current significance through modeling and argumentation practices. This can lead to a better understanding of how geology relates to everyday life and facilitate the development of positive attitudes among students towards geoheritage while raising awareness about its preservation and preventing its degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Etudes Romanes de Brno is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper discusses how ecological restoration has been pursued through projects financed by L'Instrument Financier pour l'Environnement (LIFE) of the European Commission in Mediterranean and Black Sea coastal lagoon sites affiliated with the Natura 2000 network. While the LIFE programme started in 1992, the first project focusing on ecological restoration in a coastal lagoon setting in this eco-region was attributed in 1995. In total, 50% (27) of the 54 LIFE projects in the Mediterranean and Black Sea coastal lagoons comprised a worksite on ecological restoration. Eighteen finalized projects, all realized after 2008, have been sufficiently documented for our analysis. The ecological restoration works included (i) removing solid waste and alien invasive species, (ii) re-building lagoons, (iii) creating islets for bird colonies, (iv) restoring the hydrodynamics of the lagoons, and (v) restoring and protecting vegetation. The latter includes submerged aquatic vegetation in the lagoons, halophytes on tidal flats and in fringing salt marshes, freshwater marsh plants, and dune vegetation. Abandoned salt works (Salinas), originally created within the coastal lagoons or on their shoreline, represent significant areas that can be managed for conservation or restoration. Coastal lagoons are transitional waters, and successful restoration of water quality and aquatic communities must include the concept of the aquatic continuum. Combating eutrophication requires managing the watersheds of the lagoons to drastically decrease nutrient loadings. Unfortunately, these issues have only been marginally addressed by the LIFE projects, as they were too often limited by the perimeter of the Natura 2000 sites. In principle, the Water Framework Directive takes care of these issues and, according to an integrative vision, links them with the protected Natura 2000 sites. In practice, however, the LIFE projects and the water policies in the member states still suffer from sectorial approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lebanese sea salt is historically known as "white gold". Traditional coastal sea salt production now survives mainly in the coastal city of Anfeh, and is facing various constraints due to regulations, as well as environmental threats which affect the quality of the sea salt. This research points out the case of Lebanese Salinas that invested in ESG to improve the salt quality through social implications and diverse environmental techniques. Based on ESG investments and innovation theory, the main objectives of this research action project were to: create a plastic-free area and implement plastic-free sea salt production at 10 Salinas, using a local innovative tool to filter sea water that consists of a windmill, pump, metallic tube, and filter, which is placed on the main basin of a Salina to prevent the leakage of microplastics into the water used in sea salt extraction, to obtain a plastic-free sea salt. This would create a sustainable, ecofriendly process via the sorting of plastics at the source, clean-up activities, awareness activities, and incentive activities, resulting in the production of better sea salt and the promotion of local products and coastal tourism. The goal of the study was to implement methods that were recommended in the "S.O.S. (Save our Salt)" initiative, which was put into place by the Green Community NGO to protect Lebanese sea salt production and guarantee a reduction in the amount of these microparticles in sea salt. Data gathered from the project, as well as from in-person interviews and follow-ups with the project team, were used to conduct the empirical analysis. The amount of plastic that was present was reduced, resulting in one of the best sea salts in the area. Findings aligned with ESG investment for an increasing and sustainable firm performance and have several practical implications for many stakeholders, both internally and externally, including managers, investors, lenders, policymakers, government, and the public. Our results highlight the significance of formulating regulations for Lebanese Salinas to collectively handle production risks and enhance technical efficacy, and for regulators to lessen marine pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ge-Conservación is the property of Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este estudio plantea cómo valorar y salvaguardar un recurso natural puede transformarlo en un recurso turístico patrimonial que enriquezca el territorio. Se seleccionó como caso las salinas de Barranca-Cáhuil, ya que (1) poseen una ruta salinera única en Chile, (2) fortalecen la conservación de los oficios asociados y (3) estos conforman agrupaciones que se esfuerzan para promover el trabajo y territorio como patrimonio cultural del país. La metodología, descriptivo - cualitativa, se basó en el estudio de fuentes secundarias como material principal, tales como fuentes documentales y entrevistas realizadas a personajes involucrados en las Salinas, como trabajadores o autoridades pertinentes de la ruta de la sal; todos asociados a la figura de Tesoros Humanos Vivos impulsados por el Gobierno de Chile. Concluyendo, valorar y salvaguardar un recurso natural como las salinas, sí puede llegar a transformarse en un recurso turístico patrimonial que enriquezca el territorio, tal como ha ocurrido en Barrancas-Cáhuil.

Salt harvesting through natural solar evaporation of salt brines is a practice notably abundant in the Iberian Peninsula. Such activity has been relevant for human consumption, food preservation, livestock feed, and various industries throughout history. The objective of this research is to analyze the productive history and conservation state of the salt evaporation ponds located in Naval and Peralta de la Sal (Huesca, Spain), as well as their didactic potential. These saltworks are associated with clay and gypsum levels from the Upper Triassic (Keuper). The earliest written records of salt production in the area date back to the 10th century, but they were exploited as early as the Bronze Age. Remains of most of the ponds and some buildings are still preserved and are easily accessed, which makes them very interesting from an educational perspective. Both on-site and off-site activities can be carried out to analyze their historical and current significance through modeling and argumentation practices. This can lead to a better understanding of how geology relates to everyday life and facilitate the development of positive attitudes among students towards geoheritage while raising awareness about its preservation and preventing its degradation.

Os estudos do léxico, isto é, das palavras que compõem uma língua, permitem-nos compreender o sistema de vida e as práticas culturais dos falantes. Nesse sentido, a Onomástica se relaciona com os estudos lexicais, visto que, ao estudar os nomes próprios – nomes de pessoas, de lugares, de produtos comerciais –, criados pelos seres humanos, é possível identificar motivações de ordem cultural. Dito isso, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar, com as contribuições da Onionímia, o processo de nomeação de três cachaças produzidas na região de Salinas, Minas Gerais: Puluzinha, Primadela e Caladinha. Para isso, ancorar-nos-emos nas pesquisas acerca do léxico e da onomástica, como Guérios (1973) e Neumeier (2008).

Mediterranean salinas, originally built for salt production, function as alternative wetlands. A variety of accompanying lagoon, ditch, and marsh systems are suitable habitats for salt-tolerant submerged macrophytes and often characterized by monospecific beds of Ruppia. Traditionally, birds are considered the main dispersal vector of submerged macrophytes. However, Ruppia spiralis habitats are under marine influence and therefore interference of coastal currents in their connectivity might be expected. In this study, we aim to infer connectivity and spatial patterns from population genetic structures. Using nuclear microsatellite loci, the nuclear ribosomal cistron and chloroplast sequences, we investigated the genetic diversity, genetic structure, and demographic history of 10 R. spiralis populations along a 25-km coastal stretch of western Sicily encompassing a variety of saline habitats. We tested for local fine-scaled structures, hypotheses of regional isolation by distance, and migration directionality. Our results revealed a high degree of allele and gene diversity that was locally maintained by outcrossing. At the regional level, we detected isolation by distance and identified three genetically differentiated clusters, with a significant structure that matches an overall north-to-south unidirectional migration model. This directionality follows the main sea current, hence indicating the importance of hydrological connectivity in regional conservation management. Significant fine-scale spatial structures only emerged in some populations and were absent in the ‘salina fridda’ habitat that showed the largest clonal richness. The local site-dependent patterns emphasize a need to examine the influence of disturbances on seed recruitment and clonal growth over small distances.

Copyright of Zeledonia is the property of Asociacion Ornitologica de Costa Rica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Salinas and saltscapes are relevant geoheritage sites with important implications on socioeconomic activities beyond the production of salt, particularly tourism and education. As cultural landscapes, they also have implications related to the identity of their communities. This work presents the study of the patrimonialization processes of four sites in Europe (Añana in Spain, Guérande in France, Læsø in Denmark, and Sečovlje in Slovenia). Lessons obtained from these processes may contribute to the recovery and valuation of similar saltscapes and other forms of geoheritage. The study is based on interviews with relevant stakeholders, a survey of the related grey and scientific literature, and a simplified SWOT analysis. Despite their differences in historical background and current management, all four sites share features that have contributed to the success of their patrimonialization processes, such as having a dedicated entity for this purpose or being protected in some way. They also share common threats that need to be addressed, such as the banalization of the heritage discourse. Other saltscapes and geoheritage sites in general may benefit from these common features, which should serve as an inspiration and not as a template. In the end, shifting from a little-known productive, (proto-)industrial activity toward a sustainable, multifunctional landscape in which geoeducation and tourism are paramount contributes to a more resilient and educated society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La sal durante el Antiguo Régimen se constituyó en uno de los instrumentos de desarrollo de la economía de las localidades asentadas en torno al río Tinto (Andalucía occidental, España) a causa de haber sido un producto fundamental para la conservación de los alimentos, la elaboración de los suministros y el aprovisionamiento de las embarcaciones que partieron de sus puertos desde la época de los descubrimientos. Como consecuencia de la demanda de este recurso marino existía una red de salinas destinadas al consumo comarcal y a los circuitos comerciales que conectaban las rutas atlánticas y las mediterráneas. Precisamente, la rentabilidad mercantil de la explotación del mencionado producto y el régimen fiscal que lo gravaba motivó que los linajes nobiliarios (Medina Sidonia, Portocarrero, Saltés y Cifuentes) procuraran dominar la titularidad de la explotación de las salinas desde la Baja Edad Media a pesar de haber sido en su origen una prerrogativa regia.

RESUMEN: Pese a que la sal se considera perniciosa para la vida, los paisajes de la sal y, más en concreto las salinas de evaporación solar, constituyen complejos sistemas biológicos de gran relevancia para la producción de sal de calidad. No se trata sólo de la biodiversidad de especies halófilas que pueda habitarla o de las estrategias fisiológicas que la biota de las salinas tenga para sobrevivir a la sal en el ambiente, sino del entramado de relaciones que entre ellos se producen. El delicado equilibrio entre la red trófica de las salinas con la actividad de producción artesanal de sal, hacen que sean paisajes vivos, que garantizan la conservación de sus valores naturales y culturales. La producción artesanal de sal se puede considerar así una actividad agrícola que resulta en un producto de alta calidad y respetuoso con el medionatural. ABSTRACT: Although salt is considered harmful to life, saltscapes and, more specifically, solar evaporation salinas, are complex biological systems of great relevance to the production of quality salt. It is not only a question of the biodiversity of halophilic species that may inhabit them or the physiological strategies that their biota have to survive the salt present in the environment, but also of the network of relationships between them. The delicate balance between the trophic network of the salinas and the artisanal salt production, make them living landscapes, which guarantee the conservation of their natural and cultural values. Artisanal salt production can thus be considered an agricultural activity that results in a high quality product that is respectful of the naturalenvironment.

RESUMEN: El presente cuaderno es uno de los dos volúmenes que resumen las jornadas del Seminario Internacional que se desarrolló en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid, en noviembre de 2019, bajo la coordinación y dirección de la profesora Emilia Román López. El Seminario se enmarca en el proyecto de investigación “Cartografía del Paisaje Cultural de la Sal Artesanal en Chile. Instrumento para la planificación y gestión del patrimonio”, fruto del Concurso de Investigación Interdisciplinaria convocado por la Vicerrectoría de Investigación de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (2018), con la participación de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid como entidad extranjera. Durante lasdos jornadas participaron un gran número de profesionales y académicos de varias disciplinas (geógrafos, musicólogos, arquitectos, filólogos, arqueólogos, biólogos, ambientólogos, etc.), interesados en el paisaje cultural desde diferentes aproximaciones y experiencias. Así mismo, se contó con el apoyo y participación de varios grupos de investigación de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (GIAU+S, ABIO, Paisaje Cultural y LOCUS). La asistencia de un numeroso y variado público, de distinta nacionalidad, constató el interés y la necesidad de difundir el extraordinario valor de estos olvidados paisajes, así como de promover iniciativas de puesta en valor mediante proyectos y colaboraciones interdisciplinarias. ABSTRACT: This notebook is one of the two volumes that summarize theInternational Seminar that took place at the “Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid”, in November 2019, under the coordination and direction of Professor Emilia Román López. The Seminar is part of the research project "Cartography of the Cultural Landscape of Artisanal Salt in Chile. Instrument for heritage planning and management”, the result of the Interdisciplinary Research Competition convened by the Vice-Rectory for Research of the “Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile” (2018), with the participation of the “Universidad Politécnica de Madrid” as a foreign entity. During the seminar, a large number of professionals and academics from various disciplines (geographers, musicologists, architects, philologists, archaeologists, biologists, ambientologists, etc.) participated, interested in the cultural landscape from different approaches and experiences. Likewise, it had the support and participation of various research groups from the “Universidad Politécnica de Madrid” (GIAU + S, ABIO, Cultural Landscape and LOCUS). The attendance of a large and varied public, of different nationalities confirmed the interest and the need to spread the extraordinary value of these forgotten landscapes, as well as to promote value-adding initiatives through projects and interdisciplinary collaborations.

RESUMEN: La extracción artesanal de sal en las lagunas costeras de la zona central de Chile comenzó hace más de cuatrocientos años. Hoy en día, las Salinas de Cáhuil y Boyeruca son las únicas que sostienen una producción de carácter artesanal asociado a un emplazamiento costero en el país, donde casi la totalidad de la producción proviene de la explotación industrial de minas. Su singularidad se basa principalmente en su condición geográfica: son estuarios que funcionan al nivel del mar, que acumulan agua dulce entre los meses de abril y septiembre y que se conectan con el mar cuando sube la marea diaria, llenándose de agua salada como resultado de esefenómeno. El Paisaje de las Salinas de Boyeruca, se presenta así, como un caso paradigmático que evidencia la estrecha conexión que se establece en los Paisajes Productivos de carácter patrimonial, entre la actividad de extracción o producción y el sistema ecológico del territorio en el que se desarrollan. Mediante la comprensión de estas dinámicas productivas y ecológicas, es posible identificar una serie de relaciones que permiten llegar a evidenciar que la actividad productiva actúa como sustento del sistema ecológico del lugar, mientras modela el paisaje delmismo. El entendimiento de este territorio dinámico, complejo y cambiante aparece como una oportunidad a replicar en otros potenciales casos, contribuyendo a aportar enfoques y herramientas en la identificación, el reconocimiento y la posterior valorización de estos lugares, como ámbitos claves para la protección de estos Paisajes ProductivosCulturales. ABSTRACT: The artisanal extraction of salt in the coastal lagoons of the central zone of Chile began more than four hundred years ago. Today the Salinas of Cáhuil and Boyeruca are the only ones with this artisanal character and of coastal location that remain in the country, where almost the whole of the production comes from the industrial exploitation of mines. Its singularity is due to its geographical condition: they are estuaries that work at sea level, which are filled with fresh water between the months of April and September and that connect with the sea when the tide rises daily, filling of salt water as aresult. The landscape of the Salinas de Boyeruca, is presented as a paradigmatic case that demonstrates the close connection that occurs in the Productive Landscapes of a patrimonial nature between the activity of extraction or production and the ecological system of the territory in which they develop. By understanding these productive and ecological dynamics, it is possible to establish a series of relationships that allow us to prove that the productive activity acts as a support of the environmental system of the place, while modeling itslandscape. The understanding of this dynamic, complex and changing territory appears as an opportunity to replicate in other potential cases, contributing to provide approaches and tools in the identification, recognition and subsequent valorization of these places, as key areas for the protection of these cultural productivelandscapes.

RESUMEN: Este texto se divide en dos partes. En la primera se muestra como aparece y evoluciona el concepto de patrimonio hasta la aparición de los paisajes culturales. En la segunda se defiende que las salinas constituyen un paisaje cultural singular, se analizan alguna de sus características y riesgos a que están sometidas y se apuntan algunos criterios, para afrontar su puesta envalor. ABSTRACT: This article is divided into two parts. The first shows how the concept of heritage appears and evolves until the emergence of cultural landscapes. In the second one, it is defended that the salt works constitute a unique cultural landscape. We analyse some of their characteristics and risks and point out some criteria to face their value enhancement.

RESUMEN: La serie fotográfica Salinas. Paisajes de silencio presentada en el Seminario internacional Paisajes de la sal (UPM 2019) se inserta en un proyecto de investigación estética que busca retratar espacios pensados, diseñados para/desde el silencio dentro de los límites de Andalucía. Este conjunto de paisajes evocadores y cautos, estimula una percepción ajena a ciertos estereotipos culturales y estéticos vinculados, fundamentalmente, a la tradición urbana. En la búsqueda intuitiva de estos espacios imprecisos, las salinas se convierten en objetivo clave por su fórmula paisajística natural, artesanal y su plástica cambiante. Las imágenes generan una ficción, un lugar idealizado y necesario donde la naturaleza es protagonista y la presencia humana relegada. Siguiendo un juego de sinestesias, una serie de objetos interactúan con el medio, evocando un sonido, un sabor, un estado, una historia y una luz. La serie está realizada por completo en las salinas de Bonanza de Sanlúcar de Barrameda (Cádiz). ABSTRACT: The photographic serie Salt flats. A silent landscape was presented in the International Seminary Cultural Landscapes of Artisan Salt (UPM 2019) as part of an artistic research proyect about a range of scenaries and territories whitin the limits of Andalusia that embodies the aestehtic values of silence. These evocative and guarded landscapes bring a perspective that differs from the stereotyped views of the local traditions and cultural identity. The beauty of the salt flats soon became an inspiration and a main focus of the work. The mix of natural landscape, artisanal production and the changing appearance of plastic elements generates a fiction and an idealistic vision of a silent landscape, a particular concept of photography that emphazises the beauty of nature and relegates the human presence to a second place. A number of objects related to the popular culture and the artisanal production of salt interact with the enviroment and the artistic intentionality is build around a shared body of synesthesia: a sound, a light, a taste, a story, an emotion... The photographic serie was made in the historic salt flats of Sanlúcar de Barrameda (Cádiz).

RESUMEN: El Valle Salado de Añana se ubica en el País Vasco, a unos treinta kilómetros de su capital, Vitoria-Gasteiz. Se trata de un ejemplo notable de la interacción del hombre con el medio en la formación de un paisaje singular cuyo origen se remonta al Neolítico, conservándose y manteniéndose vivo durante más de 7.000 años, en una evolución dinámica que le ha permitido adaptarse a unos ritmos de producción que aseguran su sustentabilidad. En el proceso se han utilizado los mínimos recursos con el máximo rendimiento de forma absolutamente sostenible y ecológica aplicando una tecnología ingeniosa. El resultado es un paisaje humanizado de 12 hectáreas, donde cuatro kilómetros de canales de madera conducen el agua salada desde los manantiales a las más de cinco mil plataformas de producción escalonadas construidas con piedra, madera y arcilla, donde el sol, el viento y los salineros trabajan de forma conjunta para obtener una de las mejores sales del mundo: la Sal de Añana. El Valle Salado es paradigma de una sabia y discreta intervención humana sobre el entorno, aprovechando éste hasta el límite. Un maravilloso ejemplo de sabiduría popular que se plasma en un paisaje de increíble pero sencilla belleza, ejemplo de sostenibilidad y de respeto ecológico, que ha sabido también incorporar las nuevas exigencias de calidad, gestión y usos de la sociedad contemporánea. Una sociedad que está perfectamente imbricada con él, que lo vive, lo explota, lo mantiene y lo disfruta, implicándose enérgicamente en su gestión y que, orgullosa de él, hace partícipe al resto de la humanidad. ABSTRACT: The Salt Valley of Añana is located in the Basque Country, about thirty kilometers from its capital, Vitoria-Gasteiz. This is a remarkable example of the interaction of man with the environment in the formation of a unique landscape whose origin dates back to the Neolithic, preserved and kept alive for more than 7,000 years, in a dynamic evolution that has allowed it to adapt to rhythms of production that ensure its sustainability. In the process, the minimum resources have been used with the maximum performance in an absolutely sustainable and ecological way applying an ingenious technology. The result is a humanized landscape of 12 hectares, where four kilometers of wooden canals lead the salt water from the springs to the more than five thousand staggered production platforms built with stone, wood and clay, where the sun, the wind and the “Salineros” (saltmen) work together to obtain one of the best salts in the world: Añana Salt. The Salt Valley is a paradigm of a wise and discreet human intervention on the environment, taking advantage of it to the limit. A wonderful example of popular wisdom that is reflected in a landscape of incredible but simple beauty, an example of sustainability and ecological respect, which has also managed to incorporate the new demands of quality, management and uses of contemporary society. A society that is perfectly intertwined with him, that lives it, exploits it, maintains it and enjoys it, implying itself vigorously in his management and that, proud of him, makes the rest of humanity participate.

This article emerges from a transdisciplinary collaboration between a micro-biologist and an anthropologist deeply concerned with the protection of endangered salares (saltpans) in northern Chile. Our aim is to establish the concept of "micro-disaster" as a tool for examining how extractivism is disrupting salares and their "deep-time" microbial ecologies. These ecologies are key for understanding early events on Earth, as their evolution enabled the oxygenation of the planet 2.5 billion years ago and caused the biodiversity explosion. By considering how beinghuman involves beingmicroorganismal – and how human time is entangled with microorganismic time –, this article connects neoliberal extractivist history with geo-biological evolutionary history. "Micro-disasters" therefore affect us deeply as complex humans, and oblige us to develop further a planet-centered mode of collaborating, thinking, feeling, and acting. In the context of this special issue on extinction, we insist that concerns over extinction must be considered in continuity with deep-time ecologies. We propose to rethink humans as an "environmentally complex we" simultaneously entangled with historical experiential time and microbial "deep-time." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recuperar el patrimonio salinero canario en desuso mediante la incorporación de nuevos usos que sean compatibles con las salinas supone un reto importante para nuestra sociedad. Ante el manifiesto estado de abandono que tienen actualmente las salinas de las Islas Canarias se propone revitalizarlas desde la óptica del paisaje creando jardines luminiscentes en aquellas salinas que han quedado desnaturalizadas en la trama urbana atendiendo al fenómeno natural de la bioluminiscencia. Este novedoso concepto de jardines podría convertirse en nuevos polos de atracción para el turismo cultural, lo que permitiría generar nuevas experiencias sensoriales que aportan valores añadidos respecto a las diversas rutas culturales y patrimoniales que se realizan en unos paisajes marinos tan singulares como son las salinas.

O artigo se propõe a reconstruir as paisagens pregressas dos sertões das capitanias do Norte e do Estado do Maranhão (capitanias do Piauí e Maranhão), entre os séculos XVI e XIX, a partir do cotejamento das toponímias relacionadas em fontes primárias cartográficas e manuscritas. Por meio dos topônimos é possível auferir e conferir que os sertões não se limitavam às imagens do vazio e da homogeneidade. Ao contrário, eles eram formados por paisagens, espaços e territórios construídos igualmente por uma sociedade diversificada de índios, africanos e europeus. Inicialmente, reflete-se sobre o papel arqueológico da toponímia no intuito de decifrar as economias ocultas nas palavras, mas que construíram os territórios dos sertões. Lança-se luz aos lugares situados em zonas de produção do “sal da terra”, uma mercadoria que conectou sobretudo os sertões do rio São Francisco com as capitanias vizinhas. A seguir, verifica-se como o léxico de origem indígena foi essencial ao povoamento e conhecimento dos sertões. Como consideração final, verifica-se a aventura toponímica inserida num jogo de escalas, tomando, no âmbito urbano, os nomes das ruas da cidade de Oeiras do Piauí como estudo de caso. O método utilizado vale-se de escalas geográficas flexíveis que celebram as vivências e paisagens desde o intraurbano até a macroescala.

Las salinas constituyen uno de los paisajes más singulares que la humanidad ha creado al borde del mar y son considerados como espacios etnográficos de gran interés para la ciudadanía. Ante el manifiesto estado ruinoso que presentan las salinas canarias debido al abandono por parte de la sociedad actual de las mismas por falta de actividad, se pretende apostar por la recuperación de las mismas desde un punto de vista paisajístico, creando espacios ajardinados de carácter liquido e iluminados artificialmente en horario nocturno mediante el constaste de las tonalidades de las lámparas. La iniciativa planteada posibilitaría recuperar lo que aún no se ha perdido de estas construcciones tan singulares procedentes del patrimonio industrial tradicional canario y aportarían un valor añadido respecto a las diversas rutas culturales, patrimoniales y paisajísticas pensadas fundamentalmente en horario diurno.

Hydroids were examined from surveys of marine fouling communities undertaken during 2018 in Ecuador. Specimens were collected on settlement panels in harbours at Salinas and La Libertad on the mainland, and at Isla San Cristóbal in the Galapagos Islands. Of 27 species in the samples, 18 were present in collections from the mainland and 14 from San Cristóbal. Most frequent in samples from the mainland were Bougainvillia cf. muscus (20 samples), Obelia microtheca (20), Clytia delicatula (19) and Pennaria disticha (10). In collections from San Cristóbal, most frequent were Obelia alternata (27), Bougainvillia cf. muscus (16), Ectopleura crocea (13) and Cirrholovenia tetranema (11). Based on genetic evidence, Ectopleura media Fraser, 1948 is assigned to the synonymy of E. crocea (L. Agassiz, 1862). In addition, a COI reference sequence is deposited for the first time for Tridentata turbinata. Male gonophores of Eudendrium breve, previously unknown, were discovered and illustrated. The cnidome of the species comprises small and large microbasic euryteles. Five of the species have not been reported before from the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Of these, three (Amphinema cf. rugosum, Egmundella humilis, and Campanulinida, undetermined) were found only in the Galapagos, one (Clytia delicatula) occurred at both mainland sites and the Galapagos, and one (Opercularella sp.) was collected only from a station on the mainland. Six other species [Ectopleura integra, Coryne repens, Clytia irregularis, C. seriata, Obelia alternata (resurrected here from the synonymy of O. dichotoma), and O. microtheca] are known only from the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Three of them, E. integra, C. irregularis, and C. seriata, are new to the Ecuadorian mainland. Species numbers were similar (range of 6 to 11 taxa) across all stations. One-third (nine species) were found only in Galapagos samples, whereas nearly half (13 species) were found only at mainland sites. More than half (15 species) were restricted to a single station. Previous studies, together with this work, bring the total of introduced and cryptogenic hydroid species in the Galapagos Islands to 12 (previously eight) and nine (previously five) taxa, respectively. We recognize four introduced and eight cryptogenic hydroid species from the coast of mainland Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bodies of water in the interior of Isla Mujeres, characterized by having homes around. Objective: Show information on the water quality of the Chica y Grande salt flats of Isla Mujeres, Quintana Roo. Methodology: A study was carried out in each body of water considering different numbers of random points for the measurement of hydrological and microbiological variables in three visits during 2016. The data obtained were analyzed using multivariate exploration techniques (main component analysis) and hypothesis contrast (multivariate variance analysis with permutations). Results: The results indicate that the differences between climatic seasons (north, dry and rain) are more important than the differences between wetlands, with temperature being the variable with more significant changes in the dry season. In terms of water quality, the most relevant indicators were dissolved oxygen and chemical oxygen demand, whose values allow salt flats to be located as bodies of water of low environmental quality. Implications: The importance of having an appropriate monitoring program and management plan for these emblematic ecosystems of the island is highlighted. Conclusion: salt flats are shallow wetlands, with very low concentrations of dissolved oxygen, leading to them being located as ecosystems with low environmental quality.

Microplastics are a pollutant of growing concern. Several studies have found microplastics in table salt worldwide in the last decade, although most have focused on already prepackaged salt. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous research analysing the entire salt production process. In this study focused on solar evaporation salinas, brine and salt samples were obtained from each stage of production, starting with the entrance of seawater/brine until the final stage of ready-to-sell salt, in six sites in Spain. We extracted microplastics from each sample after 30 % H 2 O 2 digestion and filtration through cellulose nitrate 5 μm pore filters. Microplastic fibres were optically analysed with an Olympus DSX1000. Results indicate that microplastics are present both in seawater and air, with atmospheric fallout identified as the primary source. Microplastic concentrations from the entrance to the salina till the inlet to the crystallizers ranges from 256 to 1500 items per liter and from 79 to 193 microplastics per kg for packaged salt were estimated. Artisanal salina F shows the highest content in microplastics. This study hopes to give insight into the origin and causes of microplastic pollution in solar evaporation salinas and contribute to preventing this form of pollution in food-grade salt., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

RESUMEN: El presente cuaderno es uno de los dos volúmenes que resumen las jornadas del Seminario Internacional que se desarrolló en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid, en noviembre de 2019, bajo la coordinación y dirección de la profesora Emilia Román López. El Seminario se enmarca en el proyecto de investigación “Cartografía del Paisaje Cultural de la Sal Artesanal en Chile. Instrumento para la planificación y gestión del patrimonio”, fruto del Concurso de Investigación Interdisciplinaria convocado por la Vicerrectoría de Investigación de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (2018), con la participación de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid como entidad extranjera. Durante lasdos jornadas participaron un gran número de profesionales y académicos de varias disciplinas (geógrafos, musicólogos, arquitectos, filólogos, arqueólogos, biólogos, ambientólogos, etc.), interesados en el paisaje cultural desde diferentes aproximaciones y experiencias. Así mismo, se contó con el apoyo y participación de varios grupos de investigación de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (GIAU+S, ABIO, Paisaje Cultural y LOCUS). La asistencia de un numeroso y variado público, de distinta nacionalidad, constató el interés y la necesidad de difundir el extraordinario valor de estos olvidados paisajes, así como de promover iniciativas de puesta en valor mediante proyectos y colaboraciones interdisciplinarias. ABSTRACT: This notebook is one of the two volumes that summarize the International Seminar that took place at the “Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid”, in November 2019, under the coordination and direction of Professor Emilia Román López. The Seminar is part of the research project "Cartography of the Cultural Landscape of Artisanal Salt in Chile. Instrument for heritage planning and management”, the result of the Interdisciplinary Research Competition convened by the Vice-Rectory for Research of the “Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile” (2018), with the participation of the “Universidad Politécnica de Madrid” as a foreign entity. During the seminar, a large number of professionals and academics from various disciplines (geographers, musicologists, architects, philologists, archaeologists, biologists, ambientologists, etc.) participated, interested in the cultural landscape from different approaches and experiences. Likewise, it had the support and participation of various research groups from the “Universidad Politécnica de Madrid” (GIAU + S, ABIO, Cultural Landscape and LOCUS). The attendance of a large and varied public, of different nationalities, confirmed the interest and the need to spread the extraordinary value of these forgotten landscapes, as well as to promote value-adding initiatives through projects and interdisciplinary collaborations.

La sal siempre ha sido un recurso estratégico en todo el mundo ya que es de vital importancia para la sobrevivencia humana. Las anteriormente llamadas Salinas del Peñón Blanco en el Estado de San Luis Potosí, fueron las que por casi 400 años las que más produjeron sal en toda la Nueva España, de estas se recolectaba sal y saltierra (sal impregnada con tierra) como ingrediente principal para el beneficio de plata por medio del denominado “método de patio”, utilizado en las principales ciudades mineras de los siglos XVI al XIX, así como para la alimentación de ganado. Los métodos y técnicas de producción de sal permanecieron casi sin cambios desde la invasión española a mediados del siglo XVI hasta el siglo XIX, por ello la producción de sal actual se analiza desde la etnografía, la arqueología y la etnohistoria. Se describen los métodos actuales de producción y se analiza sus implicaciones para la arqueología.

Salinas and saltscapes are relevant geoheritage sites with important implications on socioeconomic activities beyond the production of salt, particularly tourism and education. As cultural landscapes, they also have implications related to the identity of their communities. This work presents the study of the patrimonialization processes of four sites in Europe (Añana in Spain, Guérande in France, Læsø in Denmark, and Sečovlje in Slovenia). Lessons obtained from these processes may contribute to the recovery and valuation of similar saltscapes and other forms of geoheritage. The study is based on interviews with relevant stakeholders, a survey of the related grey and scientific literature, and a simplified SWOT analysis. Despite their differences in historical background and current management, all four sites share features that have contributed to the success of their patrimonialization processes, such as having a dedicated entity for this purpose or being protected in some way. They also share common threats that need to be addressed, such as the banalization of the heritage discourse. Other saltscapes and geoheritage sites in general may benefit from these common features, which should serve as an inspiration and not as a template. In the end, shifting from a little-known productive, (proto-)industrial activity toward a sustainable, multifunctional landscape in which geoeducation and tourism are paramount contributes to a more resilient and educated society.

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O presente trabalho faz parte de uma proposta maior, cujo objetivo é realizar mapeamentos multitemporais do entorno da Lagoa de Araruama. Os mapeamentos foram elaborados por meio de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento, sendo utilizadas fotografias aéreas do ano de 1976, e cenas de imagens de satélite WorldView 2 do ano de 2017. Dessa forma, foram realizados processos de georreferenciamento, segmentação e classificação visual, a fim de identificar as áreas de salinas, bem como, suas substituições por novos usos e coberturas. Como resultado foram gerados mapeamentos temáticos de 1976 e 2017, possibilitando a análise da distribuição das salinas ao entorno da laguna em uma perspectiva temporal, sendo possível identificar onde sucederam as principais substituições de usos e coberturas, identificando as áreas onde ocorreram regenerações de vegetação natural e as áreas que tem sofrido especulação imobiliária, com avanço urbano sobre as salinas.

Dentre os diversos pantanais, a sub-região da Nhecolândia merece papel de destaque por apresentar paisagem peculiar. Sua característica principal é a presença de inúmeras lagoas, as quais podem ser divididas em baias e salinas. O trabalho objetivou quantificar e analisar a orientação e intensidade de alinhamento dos eixos maiores dessas lagoas, de modo a contribuir com dados que permitam melhor compreender a formação e o funcionamento ainda poucos conhecidos desta região tão intrigante. Para tanto, primeiramente adotou-se o método de classificação orientada a objeto sobre imagem do satélite Landsat 5, sensor TM. Em seguida, utilizou-se um algoritmo específico para a identificação do alinhamento das lagoas. Como resultado, foram reconhecidas 17.631 lagoas, das quais 17.050 são baías e 577 salinas. Observou-se que as lagoas estão alinhadas em duas direções - NE e NW -, as quais estariam associadas às direções dos ventos atuantes durante a gênese das lagoas Nhecolândia

Este trabajo busca determinar el grado de conocimiento y práctica de la responsabilidad social empresarial (RSE) en las pyme de Salinas, Santa Elena. Este centro turístico de la novel provincia de Santa Elena, en Ecuador, cuenta con un sector empresarial autóctono pequeño pero dinámico en aras de contribuir al desarrollo de su comunidad. Mediante encuestas aplicadas a las pyme, se valoraron cualitativamente indicadores de RSE. Los resultados indican que la RSE se practica más por los valores propios del empresario que por un esfuerzo consciente y sistemático, lo que limita su incidencia en el desarrollo de la comunidad.

Este artículo pretende acercarnos a identificar el desarrollo de una colonia industrial dedicada a la extracción y exportación de sal, la cual ayuda al desarrollo económico de una región aislada del centro de México a finales del siglo XIX y durante el siglo XX, a través de inversiones extranjeras. Nos interesa estudiar el alcance urbano del proyecto de las compañías extranjeras y la manera en que se diseñan en el territorio estas poblaciones para verificar la existencia de un patrimonio industrial que pudiera ser reconocido y puesto en valor actualmente.

Irrigation, when rationally used, can contribute to the efficient performance of the agribusiness. Planning irrigation, monitoring the soil moisture, the rainfall and the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is necessary for a rational water management. The FAO Penman-Monteith (FAO PM) method is the standard method for estimating ET0, but in some cases, the use of this method is restricted due to missing some climatic variables. For this reason, methods with a lower number of meteorological variables, as temperature values, are quite often used. This study aims to propose an artificial neural network (ANN) to estimate the ET0 as a function of maximum and minimum air temperatures for the city of Salinas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. After training, validation and comparison with the Hargreaves methodology, it was observed the existence of a good correlation between the values estimated by the standard method and those estimated by ANN, with the performance index classified as optimal, better than the Hargreaves methodology one. The use of ANN proved to be an excellent alternative for ET0 estimation, reducing the costs of acquiring climatic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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There are concerns that novel structures might displace protected species, facilitate the spread of non-indigenous species, or modify native habitats. It is also predicted that ocean warming and the associated effects of climate change will significantly increase biodiversity loss within coastal regions. Resilience is to a large extent influenced by the magnitude of dispersal and level of connectivity within and between populations. Therefore it is important to investigate the distribution and ecological significance of novel and artificial habitats, the presence of protected and alien species and potential vectors of propagule dispersal. The legacy of solar salt-making in tropical and warm temperate regions is regionally extensive areas of artificial hypersaline ponds, canals and ditches. Yet the broad-scale contribution of salt-working to a network of benthic biodiversity has not been fully established. Artisanal, abandoned and historic salt-working sites were investigated along the Atlantic coast of Europe between southern England (50°N) and Andalucía, Spain (36°N). Natural lagoons are scarce along this macrotidal coast and are vulnerable to environmental change; however it is suspected that avian propagule dispersal is important in maintaining population connectivity. During bird migration periods, benthic cores were collected for infauna from 70 waterbodies across 21 salt-working sites in 5 coastal regions. Bird ringing data were used to investigate potential avian connectivity between locations. Lagoonal specialist species, some of international conservation importance, were recorded across all regions in the storage reservoirs and evaporation ponds of continental salinas, yet few non-indigenous species were observed. Potential avian propagule transport and connectivity within and between extant salt-working sites is high and these artificial habitats are likely to contribute significantly to a network of coastal lagoon biodiversity in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Spal: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla is the property of Spal. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)