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Copyright of Anatolian Clinic Journal of Medical Sciences is the property of Hayat Saglik ve Sosyal Hizmetler Vakfi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Education Faculty / Erzincan Üniversitesi Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Erzincan University Faculty of Education Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law & History / Türkiye klinikleri tıp Etiği, Hukuku ve Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The COVID-19 pandemic emerged in Wuhan, China, towards the end of 2019 and affected the whole world. People who were confined to their homes for a long time due to the global pandemic, which caused many deaths in the world, connected with the outside world through their balconies. The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals' habits of using balconies at their homes. The survey prepared to determine the change in the balcony usage habits of people experiencing the pandemic period in Turkey in 2020-2021, when the COVID-19 pandemic was intense, was applied to 462 people and statistical analyzes were employed. According to the finding; approximately 81% of the participants stated that they spent time on the balcony during the pandemic period, 68% stated that the time spent on the balcony increased, 53% stated that they made changes to their balconies, and 54% stated that spending time on the balcony had a positive effect on the treatment process. 24% of the participants stated that the balconies of their residences were not large enough and comfortable and that they wanted to move to another residence with a balcony of sufficient size and comfort. In this study shows that having balconies of sufficient size and comfort in newly planned residences, the use of furniture on the balcony, and the production of ornamental plants will provide a great advantage in psychologically recovering from future epidemics and in establishing connections with the outdoors for people who have to stay in quarantine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine the Western world’s struggle against cholera in the 19th century, a time of industrial and scientific progress, with a global approach. Cholera emerged as a side effect of the industrial age, affecting populations and lifestyles. Polluted water sources, poverty and poor sanitation played a role in the emergence and spread of cholera in both rural and urban areas. However, it was the East that the Western world pointed to as the origin of cholera. It is significant that a disease endemic in India and Bangladesh became a global health problem in the 19th century. This article examines the route of the pandemic spread of Asiatic cholera from India to Europe and America between 1830 and 1832, and the widespread death and destruction it caused, as well as the social issues it raised, which left a deep impact on the minds of societies in the modern era. Based on the reports and memoirs of doctors, politicians and officials of the period in question, this study also draws attention to the medical debates surrounding cholera. Until the discovery of the bacillus Vibrio cholerae in 1854, what was known about cholera was extremely limited and the fight against it was unsuccessful. What was agreed upon in the fight against cholera was the practice of quarantine, with its controversial aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social & Cultural Studies / Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Social & Cultural Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cross-sectional and descriptive type of the universe of the study has created 19 May to 19 July 2020, individuals living in Turkey. Owing to pandemic has been achieved 3035 people who accept attending to researching applying online survey method. The data collection tool, the pandemic, psychological effects and pesilience of the outbreak, and Beck's Anxiety Inventory. 0.8% of individuals stated that they suffered from coronavirus, 21.4% of them were affected by coronavirus disease in their family or close environment, 6.3% of them were relatives who died of this disease, and 9.9% of them applied quarantine as a suspicious patient. It was found that the mean Beck's Anxiety Inventory scores were higher in women, in those in the advanced age group, in married individuals, in thosewith a higher education level, and in those perceiving their socioeconomic status lower. In this study, individuals living in Turkey were found to experience high levels of stres because pandemic.

Ölüm, her toplumda görülen ve inanç sistemlerine göre farklı yaklaşımları olan sosyolojik bir olgudur. Ölümden sonraki sürecin belirsizliği, toplumların ölüm ritüellerine ilişkin farklı pratikler geliştirmesine neden olmuştur. Birincil ilişkilerin hâkim olduğu geleneksel kapalı toplumlarda taziyeler önemli bir ritüel haline gelmiştir. 2019 yılında ortaya çıkan Covid-19 salgınında, toplum sağlığı açısından risk oluşturan kalabalık grupların tüm etkinlik ve oluşumları sağlık tedbirleri kapsamında yasaklanmıştır. Bu durum, taziye ritüellerinin düzenlenmesini de sekteye uğratmıştır. Bu çalışma, geleneksel kapalı toplum özellikleri gösteren ve taziyelerin önemli bir değer olduğu Van kentinde, ölüm olgusu ve yas tutma süreçlerinin, sosyal ilişkileri ve toplumsal yaşamı ne yönde etkilediği ve taziye geleneğine yüklenen anlamın bu süreçle birlikte nasıl bir değişime uğradığını konu edinmektedir. Bu bağlamda nitel bir araştırma olarak yürütülen çalışmada salgın nedeniyle birinci derece yakınını kaybeden ve çoğu bir aşiret mensubu olan 15’i kadın, 15’i erkek olmak üzere toplam 30 kişi ile yüz yüze görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucu, sosyo-kültürel bağların oluşturduğu örgütlenmenin, toplum sağlığına ilişkin tehditlerine rağmen salgına karşı bir direnç geliştirdiği ve taziye ritüellerinin güç koşullarda bile olsa yas sürecine ilişkin uygulanması gerektiği düşünülen toplumsal ritüeller olmaya devam ettiğini ortaya koymuştur.

The COVID-19 epidemic, defined as a disaster in the last quarter of 2019, has negatively affected all humanity, causing people to be physically separated from each other but united in the struggle. During this period, the media played an important role in history, playing a unifying, daily and constant role in the struggle the world. The COVID-19 epidemic, which caused the course of education, economy, healthcare system and social life around the world, showed how helpless human beings who have mastered advanced technologies are in the face of deaths and crises. It has been observed that the media conveys this despair to the whole world with an instant dystopian narrative. This has been the reason why negativity that threatens the world continues in a direction that drags people into a dystopian world of pessimism and anxiety. Based on these ideas that constitute the hypothesis of the study, first the concepts of media and dystopia were explained and shared, then the progress of COVID-19 was summarized and then method was applied. In the analysis conducted as a result of the research, it was observed that dystopian visual images were frequently used in the narratives about the ratios of the media and these ratios were presented in an uncontrolled way in the media. The study aims to reveal the accuracy of the assumption that epidemic news in digital media is fictionalized using dystopian images. In the study, firstly, the concepts of media and dystopia were explained and related to each other, then the COVID-19 epidemic process was summarized, and then the dystopian visual images used in news fiction were analyzed with the method of semiotics. In the analysis made at the end of the research, it was observed that digital media frequently used dystopian visual images in the presentation of epidemic news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Fenerbahce University Journal of Health Sciences (FBU-JOSH) / Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Fenerbahce University Journal of Health Sciences (FBU-JOSH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Nursing Effect / Etkili Hemşirelik Dergisi is the property of Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Hemsirelik Fakultesi Elektronik Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: E-Health literacy is important for obtaining accurate health information, promote and encourge health. The aim of this study is to examine of adolescents their internet usage habits, Covid-19 infection status, Covid-19 vaccination status and their views on the Covid-19 vaccine in terms of the e-health literacy levels. Methods: This cross-sectional design study was carried out among to 442 students in a high school in the 2021-2022 academic year. The independent variable of this study is the e-health literacy level of adolescents, the dependent variables are their internet usage habits, Covid-19 infection status, Covid-19 vaccination status and their some views on the Covid-19 vaccine. Results: It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference in the e-Health Literacy Scale mean scores of those who thought that internet use was important and useful in making health-related decisions (respectively 15.630/0.000; 2,656 / 0.030). There was no statistically significant difference between having had a Covid-19 infection, being vaccinated against Covid-19, and e-Health literacy score averages (respectively 0.534/0.594; 1.032/0.302). Conclusion: According to the research results, we recommend that awareness studies be carried out to increase the e-Health literacy level of the young population and to use digital media efficiently to correct incorrect health information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the cholera epidemic that occurred in the Benghazi Sanjak, a part of the Ottoman Empire, in the year 1858, and examines how the epidemic was managed. The purpose of this study is to reveal what both the central and local governments did in response to this cholera epidemic, what measures were taken, and to address the management of the epidemic. In this context, the historical process leading up to the epidemic is elucidated, taking into account the social health practices and public health concerns of the Benghazi Sanjak from the early 1800s under the Karamanlı administration of Tripolitania to the period after 1835 when it became directly connected to the Ottoman central government. The implementation of quarantine practices initiated by the Ottoman Empire from the 1840s onwards in Benghazi also holds a significant position in understanding the epidemic. Thus, it is important to highlight the progress of the Benghazi Sanjak in the field of health. Before the region came under direct Ottoman rule in 1835, there were no health practices administered by the state in the Benghazi region. In the event of an outbreak or disease, efforts were made to take necessary measures. However, after the region came under direct Ottoman rule, a surge in health practices was observed. The archive documents demonstrate that although the cholera epidemic, which began in March 1858, was intense in its early months, the measures taken successfully reduced the rate of spread. The Ottoman Empire promptly organized a commission for this epidemic, swiftly sent this commission to Benghazi, and managed to control the course of the disease. This was achieved by sending doctors to all regions and populations in the sanjak where the disease had spread. With quarantine measures and cordon applications to prevent the disease from spreading to other provinces and ports, a rapid decline in the spread of the disease was observed, and the epidemic ended after one year. As a result of the research, it is concluded that the region of Berka, which includes Benghazi Sanjak and was often prone to epidemics, witnessed a significant improvement in the field of health from the early 19th century to the 1860s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anatolian Journal of General Medical Research is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The built environment should be re-evaluated in the context of Covid-19 pandemic for preventing the spread of the virus. The study aims to reveal the issues that arise in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic at different scales of the built environment, from urban to interior scale and also to emphasize the importance of designing a sustainable environment by considering the lessons learned. The study highlights the significance of designing a sustainable environment by incorporating lessons learned from the pandemic experience. By investigating and highlighting these issues, the research aims to provide recommendations that can guide future efforts towards creating resilient and adaptive built environments. The method of the study is based on the critical review of the published studies on the issue between April 2020-April 2022 and observations on user experiences. The findings of the study highlight the necessity of further questioning the built environment in light of possible pandemics.

Bankacılık sektörü, geçmişten günümüze fon fazlası olanlardan fon ihtiyacı olanlara doğru aktarım gerçekleştirerek ekonomik büyümeye olumlu katkıları bulunmaktadır. Günümüzde salgınla birlikte bankacılık sektörüne salgının ekonomiye olumsuz etkisini minimize etme görevi verilmesine rağmen, bankacılık sektörü de salgından olumsuz etkilenmektedir. Bu nedenle salgının bankacılık sektörüne etkisini belirlemek önem arz etmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı; salgının bankacılık sektörüne etkisini istatiksel yöntemle analiz etmektir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada; salgın öncesi 22 aylık dönem ile salgın sürecindeki 22 aylık dönemdeki bazı değişkenler, eşleştirilmiş t testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda; bankaların performans göstergelerinden olan kredi/mevduat oranı, özkaynak ve aktif karlılığı oranları ve net faiz marjında azalmaların gerçekleştiği ve salgının bankacılık sektörünü olumsuz etkilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu bağlamda bankaların performans göstergelerindeki düşüşlerin önlenebilmesi ve aracılık maliyetlerin azaltılmasının sağlanabilmesi için maliye politikası araçlardan olan vergilere ilişkin düzenleme yapılması gerekmektedir.

Copyright of Community & Physician / Toplum ve Hekim is the property of Turk Tabipleri Birligi / Turkish Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Social Policy Studies / Sosyal Politika Çalismalari Dergisi is the property of Journal of Social Policy Studies / Sosyal Politika Calismalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Social Policy Studies / Sosyal Politika Çalismalari Dergisi is the property of Journal of Social Policy Studies / Sosyal Politika Calismalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Temperature and humidity, which are abiotic factors, have a significant effect on the distribution of living organisms on the earth's surface. Sudden changes in temperature and humidity can affect the development of plants, as well as create significant changes on the population fluctuations of herbivorous insects. Meadow moth (Loxostege sticticalis L., 1761 Lepidoptera; Carambidae), which periodically outbreaks in Balkan and Eastern European countries, in July 2022, it reached a high population density in the Thrace region and made an epidemic in sunflower fields. The outbreak has been associated with the increase in soil moisture due to the untimely rainfall of the season in the Thrace region and the emergence of adults from pupae in the soil. Rainfall also provided the formation of suitable vegetation for the larvae of the new generation. The 5.6% increase in sunflower cultivation areas in the region according to the previous year had a positive effect on the meadow moth finding a host. In the presence of similar conditions, the Meadow caterpillar will have the potential to cause epidemics in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Institute / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Bingol University / Rectorate and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health / Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sagligi Dergisi is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Planlama is the property of TMMOB Sehir Plancilari Odasi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ahi Evran Medical Journal is the property of Ahi Evran University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Covid 19 pandemi sürecinde ön lisans öğrencilerinin uzaktan eğitime yönelik görüşlerini ve yaşanan sorunları belirlemek amacı ile yapıldı.Yöntem: Araştırma kesitsel-tanımlayıcı türde, Doğu Anadolu bölgesinde yer alan bir üniversitenin Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu öğrencileri ile 27 Temmuz – 20 Ağustos 2021 tarihleri arasında yapıldı. Çalışmaya 1246 öğrenci katıldı. Çalışmanın verileri, literatür doğrultusunda araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan öğrencilerin demografik verileri, uzaktan eğitime yönelik görüşlerini ve yaşadığı sorunları içeren 32 soruluk anketin web tabanlı olarak doldurtulması yoluyla toplandı. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistiksel yöntemler kullanıldı.Bulgular: Öğrencilerin %29,2’sinin yaşının 21, %72,8’inin kadın, %97,6’sının bekar, %12,8’inin Tıbbi Dokümantasyon ve Sekreterlik Programı’nda olduğu, %54,3’ünün birinci sınıfta eğitim gördüğü belirlendi. Öğrencilerin %80,3’ü uzaktan eğitimin yüz yüze eğitim kadar etkili olmadığını, %44,2’si pandemi sürecinde uzaktan eğitimin yüz yüze eğitimle birlikte harmanlamış şekilde yapılmasının yararlı olabileceğini bildirmiştir. Öğrencilerin %24,4’ü uzaktan eğitimin teorik bilgi düzeyine, %37,4’ü genel kültür düzeyine, %54,6’sı mesleki uygulama becerilerine hiçbir katkısının olmadığını belirtti. Öğrencilerin %89,7’sinin pandemiden önce herhangi bir uzaktan eğitim deneyimi olmadığı, %56,1’inin evde interneti olmadığı, %80’sinin mobil internet kullanıcısı olduğu, %42,3’ünün telefonundaki mobil internet altyapısıyla derslere katıldığı belirlendi. Öğrencilerin %49,4’ünün uzaktan eğitim programlarını hafta içi her gün birden fazla kez kullandıkları belirlendi. Öğrencilerin %78,9’u uzaktan eğitimle ilgili en az bir sorun yaşadığını belirtti. En çok yaşanan sorun %15,8 ile internet kesintileri olarak bildirildi.Sonuç ve Öneriler: Bu araştırmanın bulguları, öğrencilerin uzaktan eğitimi yüz yüze eğitim kadar etkili bir öğrenme yöntemi olarak görmediğini, uzaktan eğitim ve yüz yüze eğitimin bir arada kullanılmasının daha yararlı olacağının düşünüldüğünü ortaya koymaktadır. Uzaktan eğitimin öğrencilerin geribildirimlerine göre değerlendirilmesi, bu tip eğitimlerin uygun yapılandırılması için önemli olabilir.

Plague is one of the leading epidemic diseases affecting large masses in the history of humanity. The plague, which caused the death of millions of people, the evacuation of settlements and political, economic and cultural changes for centuries, also deeply affected the Ottoman Empire. As epidemics spread across the country, they scare and traumatize societies. As a matter of fact, the epidemic seen in a big city spread in a short time both at the point of discourse and disease. This spread rate is slower when seen in the countryside. In addition to the efforts made by the state against the epidemic or the attempts of doctors to eliminate the disease, the diversity of the society's reactions increased and had effective consequences on behaviours. In this study, the epidemics that emerged in the Ottoman Empire the 17th and 18th centuries were emphasized. First of all, the dates of occurrence of the disease are given in order to determine how often such a disaster occurs. The subject will be examined under sub-headings such as religion-based surrender, quarantine practices and reactions to this practice, funeral procedures and attitudes towards the state during epidemics. Within the framework of these titles, the effect of ta'un in Ottoman society and the reaction of the people to the epidemic will be measured. These issues will be investigated by referring to the memoirs and chronicles, especially the works of the travellers who were the living witnesses of the period. Thus, it is aimed to reveal the reactions and behaviours given in the past periods in the epidemics, which are also considered as major disasters. Finally, it is thought that this study will provide historical and sociological data for the academic community investigating the reactions shown in similar epidemic disasters that have been experienced / likely to be experienced in our century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to urban life from past to present has had an important place in human history. After the settled life, societies living in large groups started to continue their daily lives with the advantages and disadvantages of the practices brought by urban life. There are many problems seen as disadvantages of urban life. The most comprehensive of these problems are epidemic diseases, which can occur in every period of history, and affect the lives of individuals in all areas. Various diseases become epidemics, affect the masses, and threaten public health. Epidemics have caused mass deaths, displacements, or many changes in the urban structure by gaining more transmission routes in cities that are significant areas for trade and economy and therefore have dense populations. The effect of epidemics on urban individuals is not only one of the current problems of contemporary life. From the plague, which is called one of the first epidemic diseases, to the current Covid-19 epidemic, urban societies have witnessed many changes under the influence of epidemic diseases. In this context, the effects of epidemics on the urban and the changes experienced by the citizens in the social and economic fields were examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Religious Studies / Dini Araştırmalar is the property of Diyanet Isleri Baskanligi Yayinlari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Yüzüncü Yil Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Van Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Epidemics are contagious diseases that profoundly affect societies and spread rapidly. In ancient times, epidemic diseases in civilizations such as Sumer, Assyria, and Egypt spread to enormous masses in the Hittite society and significantly affected human life. The plague prayers written by Muršili II against the epidemic are essential sources that provide information about the emergence and process of the disease. In these prayers, Muršili II prays to the gods and wants the disease removed from the country. Because the Hittites based the epidemics on religious reasons, they tried to prevent the disease with religious rituals, not with a medical treatment method. The belief in associating diseases with religion caused the epidemic to spread faster and last longer. This disease, which first appeared during the reign of Hittite King Šuppiluliuma I and caused mass deaths, is referred to as henkan/hinkan in Hittite sources. The word Henkan means deadly disease or plague. The plague epidemic, which reached a significant rate of spread during the reign of Muršili II, had an extended period, such as twenty years in the country. After Muršili II, there was no information about the epidemic in the sources. This situation makes us think that the disease left the country during Muršili II. It is unknown whether the epidemic disease experienced is the same as the plague known today. However, the probability that the epidemic was brought to the country by Egyptian POWs is considered vital. When we evaluate the symptoms of the epidemic in Egypt, it is thought that the disease in the region is most likely a plague. In this context, the study aims to create a new perspective on the definition of the disease by revealing the similar and different aspects of the epidemic seen in Egypt and the Hittites. The limited number of studies on the subject is essential regarding the study's contribution to the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The viruses that cause avian flu (influenza) are highly contagious and highly variable viruses commonly found in birds. Wild birds in aquatic habitats are thought to be natural reservoirs for influenza viruses, but domestic poultry and other birds can also be infected. Influenza viruses belong to the orthomyxovirus family. Influenza A viruses are the only orthomyxoviruses known to naturally affect birds. Many bird species are susceptible to infection with influenza A viruses. Influenza A viruses have nucleocapsid and matrix proteins associated with their antigenic properties but are subtyped according to the hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens. In addition, avian influenza virus infections are considered to be one of the most important public health problems of the 21st century. Only in the last century, avian influenza viruses have created 4 different pandemics and have caused the death of a large number of poultry all over the world. The main purpose of this study is to provide information about avian influenza virus characteristics, important virus subtypes, clinical symptoms and antiviral drugs by analyzing the “Avian influenza” known as a poultry epidemic that has had significant effects in the 21st century.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of anxiety in medical school students during the (Coronavirus Disease-19) COVID-19 outbreak, as well as the relationship between “clinically significant anxiety” and coping styles and selected features. Materials and Methods: An online questionnaire was performed to evaluate 713 medical school students. The questionnaire included the subsections of sociodemographic data, items evaluating selected features, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Scale and Coping Styles Scale Brief Form (The Brief COPE). Results: Of the 713 participants, 285 (39,97%) were normal, 261 (36,61%) were mild, 123 (17,25%) were moderate, and 44 (6,17%) had severe anxiety. 167 (23,42%) of the participants had GAD-7 scores ≥ 10, so they had a "clinically significant anxiety" and these individuals needed clinical evaluation in terms of GAD. Being female and younger was associated with significant clinical anxiety. More adoption of the ineffective coping strategies such as focus on and venting of emotions, substance use, behavioral disengagement, mental disengagement, and the problem-focused coping strategies such as suppression of competing activities are considered predictors of “clinically significant anxiety”. On the contrary, those who did not have “clinically significant anxiety” have more adopted problem-focused styles such as planning and using instrumental social support, and emotional-focused styles such as positive reinterpretation and acceptance. Conclusion: Our results emphasize the factors and functional coping styles that should be considered to protect the mental health of medical school students while fighting a disaster that has a major impact on society worldwide.

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Copyright of Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemsirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi is the property of Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Hemsirelik Fakultesi Elektronik Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Pediatric Infection / Çocuk Enfeksiyon Dergisi is the property of Journal of Pediatric Infection / Cocuk Enfeksiyon Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

İnsanlık tarihi boyunca görülen salgın hastalıklar insanların korkulu rüyaları olmuştur. İnsanlar salgının mikroplardan kaynaklandığını bilmediği için uzunca bir süre salgının tanrılar tarafından gönderildiklerini düşünmüşlerdir. Atina salgınından itibaren ise salgının dinsel sebepli olmadığı da düşünülmeye başlanmıştır. Salgın hastalıkların toplumlar üzerindeki en önemli etkisi öldürme güçleri olmuştur. Tarih boyunca özellikle de eskiçağda görülen salgın hastalıklar yüksek ölüm oranlarına sahip olmuşlardır. Salgınların öldürme güçlerinin yanında sosyal, ekonomik ve dini alanlarda pek çok değişime sebep oldukları bilinmektedir. Salgınların tanrı tarafından gönderildiği düşüncesi salgının gene tanrı tarafından ortadan kaldırılabileceği inancını getirmiştir. İnsanlar salgından kurtulmak için tanrılarına dualar etmişler ve onlar için çeşitli sunular gerçekleştirmişlerdir. İnandıkları tanrısal güçlerin salgını durdurmada yetersiz olduklarını gördükleri zaman bazı insanlar dinden uzaklaşmaya başlamışlardır. Bu insanlar inançsızlık, panteondaki bir diğer tanrıya daha fazla önem verme veya dışarıdan bilinmeyen yeni dinleri kabul etme yollarından birini seçmişlerdir. Belirtilen yollardan son ikisi, ilk belirtilene göre daha çok tercih edilmiştir. Salgın hastalıklara karşı insanların davranışları toplumdan topluma çeşitlilik göstermiştir. Toplumların reaksiyonları genellikle yeni inançların kabulü veya o inançlarda çareler aramak olmuştur. Bu çalışmada salgın hastalıkların sonucu antik Akdeniz toplumlarında yaşanan dinsel gelişmeler ve özellikle salgınların yeni inançlara geçişteki önemi incelenmiştir.

Bulaşıcı hastalıklar, etkisi ve sonuçları bakımından salgına dönüştükleri dönemlerde insanlık tarihi için derin izler bırakmıştır. Bu hastalıklardan biri de şüphesiz veba olmuştur. Bu hastalığının tarih sahnesindeki serüveni eski dönemlere kadar dayanmaktadır. Milattan önce ve sonra olmak üzere veba hastalığından bahsedilmekte olup, dünya coğrafyasında Justinyen vebası, Kara veba ve Bombay vebası olmak üzere üç büyük veba salgını yaşanmıştır. Bu salgınlar insanları yalnızca fiziksel anlamda tahribata uğratmakla kalmamış, sosyolojik ve psikolojik anlamda derin izlerin oluşmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Bu sebeple, söz konusu çalışmada vebanın tarihsel ve sosyolojik analizi yapılması hedeflenmiştir. Böylece bir taraftan, bahse konu veba salgını hakkında tarihsel süreç ayrıntılarıyla incelenecekken, diğer taraftan bu süreçler üzerinden vebanın demografik, sosyal, kültürel, dini, ekonomik ve toplumsal yaşamda meydana getirdiği değişim ve dönüşümler sosyoloji perspektifiyle sistematik olarak ortaya koyulacaktır. Bu hassasiyetle ulusal ve uluslararası anlamda veba konusunda öne çıkan kitaplar, makaleler, dergiler ve benzeri kaynaklar incelenerek birincil kaynaklar üzerinden literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma, tarihsel süreç yanında sosyoloji perspektifiyle veba salgınının toplumsal görünümünü incelemesi bakımından önem taşımaktadır.

Covid-19 salgını sırasında akrabalarını kaybeden kişilerin ölümle bağdaşık deneyimlerini, ölümü anlamlandırma ve baş etme biçimlerini mekân ve ritüellerle oluşturdukları hazin resimle ele alan bu çalışmada anlatılara dayalı olarak bir niteliksel veri oluşturulmuştur. Derinlemesine görüşmeler, Kocaeli ilinin çeşitli mahallelerinde ikamet eden ve sosyo-ekonomik, kültürel, etnik, mezhebi ve yaşa dayalı farklılıklara sahip on beş gönüllü katılımcı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Salgın kaynaklı olarak bildirilen ölümlere ve bu ölümlerle mütecanis mekânlara, ritüellere, insan duygu ve deneyimlerine odaklanılmıştır. Salgın süresince ölüm ve yaşam arası eşikte yaşayan bir katılımcı grubundan gelen anlatılar, ortaya çıkan ölümlerle baş etmede dini inançların, manevi değerlerin ve dayanışmanın hâlâ çok önemli olduğunu göstermektedirler. Menfi ekonomik etkilerin; bilhassa yoksulluğun artışının, virüse ilişkin belirsizlik yaratan çeşit çeşit bilgi ve görüşlerin, ritüellerin yarattığı bir araya geliş ve dayanışma duygusunun eksilişlerine dayalı yalnızlığı ve acının yoğunluğunu derinlemesine aktarmışlardır. Başkasının ölümü karşısında değişen hüzün ve anlayış, salgına yakalanan bireylerin ötekileştirilişi, günümüz insanının ve toplumların salgınların ortaya çıkışındaki faydacılıkla belirlenmiş katkıları dikkate değer meselelerdir. Salgın ve ölüme dair metodolojik süreç kuramsal kurgu için fenomenolojik yaklaşım rehber alınmıştır. Ağırlıkla sosyolojik ve antropolojik yaklaşımlarla geliştirilen bir argüman yaratılmıştır

The Coronavirus pandemic has been ongoing for almost two years now. Not only did it surprise the whole world in the initial stages of its occurrence, but also the world left it in shock. Therefore, the instant solution strategies included complete lockdowns in order to prevent the spread of such a disease. However, as the lockdowns lasted longer, it generated negative psychological effects on people globally. This being the case, collective endeavors and efforts were performed, in the hope of achieving a concrete solution in order to overcome the bad repercussions that seemed visible on societal levels, which of course, included religious aspects; and in some cases resulted in social separation as well as a dramatic rise in suicide rates. On the one hand, this caused a retraction from the religion and religiously oriented rituals, but on the other hand, it also made people turn more to religion as it provided a psychological relief from the heavy burdens of the pandemic. These psychological conditions had theological resonances that made already complicated issues even more complex. Among them, the nature of God’s actions and the human position in this matter can be given as examples. This article is an attempt to place and define the issue of the pandemics and plagues from the perspective of Islamic theology, in particular, to shed light on three main points. The first is the problem of pains and aches, and how it was mentioned in theological literaturey and discussed by Islamic theologians (Mutakallimūn), as the issue of pandemics and plagues indisputably fall under this matter. The second point tackles the problem of whether “such calamities as pandemics and plagues come from God's Decree, or not?”. The last point focuses on the issue of fatalism and tries to show whether the de facto acceptance that pandemics are from God’s Decree would require the servant to stop taking measures in response to them. To answer the questions at stake, this paper will focus on four different perspectives of the Mu’tazila, Ash‛arī s, Māturīdis, and Ahl al-Hadīth, by using a selective methodology and focusing on their prominent and pioneering theologians (Mutakallimūn) of these schools.

Hemşirelerde Tükenmişlik ve Dinî Başa Çıkma İlişkisinde Psikolojik Dayanıklılığın Aracı Rolü Öz Hemşireler, hastalarla ve ekip arkadaşlarıyla sürekli etkileşim hâlinde olan sağlık çalışanlarıdır. Bu durum onların tükenmişlik riskini artırmaktadır. Salgın süreciyle beraber, bu risk daha da artmıştır. Çünkü bulaşıcılık, ölüm tehdidi, artan iş yükü, sürecin belirsizliği, hastayla uzun süreler bir arada olma ve aileden ayrı kalma gibi hususlar onlar için stres düzeyini artırmaktadır. Hemşireler, tüm bu stres faktörleriyle mücadele ederken başa çıkmalarını destekleyecek hususlardan da beslenmektedir. Bu bağlamda, psikolojik dayanıklılıklarını besleyen ya da zayıflatan bir faktör olarak dinî başa çıkma eğilimlerini incelemek önem kazanmaktadır. Oysa, gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar incelendiğinde hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve psikolojik dayanıklılık bağlamında olumlu ve olumsuz dinî başa çıkma tutumlarıyla ilişkili herhangi bir araştırmaya rastlanmamıştır. Bu araştırmada, tükenmişliğin yüksek görüldüğü çalışan gruplarından biri olan hemşirelerde tükenmişlik, psikolojik dayanıklılık ve olumlu/olumsuz dinî başa çıkma düzeyleri arasındaki etkileşimin tespiti amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca olumlu/olumsuz dinî başa çıkma ile tükenmişlik sendromu ilişkisinde psikolojik dayanıklılığın ara bulucu rolünü irdelemek de araştırmanın amaçları arasında yer almaktadır. Bunlara ek olarak, bireylerin medeni durum ve yaş gruplarının bu değişkenler üzerinde herhangi bir farklılığa yol açıp açmadığı da ele alınmıştır. Araştırma, ilişkisel tarama modeline dayalı oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmaya, sağlık tesislerinde görev yapan 250 hemşire katılmıştır. Katılımcılara Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği, Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği ve Dinî Başa Çıkma Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Kartopu örnekleme yöntemiyle ulaşılan katılımcıların veri analizleri IBM SPSS Statistics 26 ve Smart PLS Version 3.3.2 paket yazılımında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hemşirelerde, evliliğin olumlu dinî başa çıkma üzerinde olumlu bir etkisinin olduğu görülmektedir. Buna göre evli olan hemşirelerin bekarlara göre olumlu dinî başa çıkma eğiliminin daha yüksek olduğu söylenebilir. Bu bulgular, H1 hipotezinin “Evli hemşireler bekârlara nazaran olumlu dinî başa çıkmayı daha çok kullanmaktadırlar” şeklindeki ilk kısmını doğrulamaktadır. Diğer yandan medeni durumun olumsuz dinî başa çıkma, psikolojik sağlamlık ve tükenmişlik sendromu üzerinde anlamlılık derecesinde herhangi bir etkisi tespit edilememiştir. Dolayısıyla, H1 hipotezinin ikinci kısmı ve H2 hipotezinin tamamı bulgularca desteklenmemiştir. Hemşirelerde yaşın dinî başa çıkma, psikolojik dayanıklılık ve tükenmişlik sendromu üzerindeki etkileri incelendiğinde; olumlu dinî başa çıkma, olumsuz dinî başa çıkma ve psikolojik dayanıklılığa anlamlılık derecesinde herhangi bir etkisi tespit edilememiştir. Buna karşın yaş ile tükenmişlik sendromu arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişki vardır. Hemşirelerin yaş seviyeleri arttıkça tükenmişlik sendromuna eğilimlerinin azaldığı söylenebilir. Elde edilen bulgular göstermektedir ki; H3’ün tamamı ve H4’ün ilk kısmı reddedilirken; H4’ün ikinci kısmını ifade eden “Tükenmişlik yaşa bağlı azalmaktadır” desteklenmektedir. Hemşirelerde, olumlu dinî başa çıkmanın diğer değişkenler üzerindeki etkileri incelendiğinde, psikolojik sağlamlık ve tükenmişlik sendromu üzerinde olumlu veya olumsuz istatiksel olarak anlamlılık ifade eden bir etkisi görülmemektedir. Dolayısıyla, çalışmanın araştırma maddelerinden biri olan psikolojik sağlamlığın olumlu dinî başa çıkma ile tükenmişlik sendromu arasında aracı rolü oynama durumu istatiksel olarak mümkün değildir. Buradan hareketle, H5 ve H8 hipotezlerinin reddedildiği söylenebilir. Olumlu dinî başa çıkmanın aksine olumsuz dinî başa çıkmanın hemşirelerde hem psikolojik dayanıklılığa hem de tükenmişlik sendromuna etki ettiği görülmektedir. Olumsuz dinî başa çıkma, psikolojik dayanıklılığı olumsuz bir şekilde etkilemektedir. Diğer bir ifadeyle, hemşirelerin olumsuz dinî başa çıkma eğilimi arttıkça psikolojik dayanıklılıklarının düşüş eğilimi gösterdiği söylenebilir. Diğer yandan, psikolojik dayanıklılık ile tükenmişlik sendromu arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişki vardır. Hemşirelerin, psikolojik dayanıklılık seviyeleri azaldıkça tükenmişlik sendromuna eğilimleri artmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, burada psikolojik dayanıklılık faktörü diğer iki değişken arasında aracılık rolü oynamaktadır. Bu endirekt etkiyi açmak gerekirse, olumsuz dinî başa çıkma, hemşirelerin psikolojik dayanıklılıklarını azaltmakta ve bu nedenle de dolaylı şekilde tükenmişlik seviyelerini arttırmaktadır. Olumsuz dinî başa çıkmanın, tükenmişlik sendromu üzerindeki etkisi istatiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Katsayısı 0,208 olan pozitif etkinin 0,077’lik kısmı psikolojik dayanıklılık üzerinden endirekt şekilde gerçekleşmektedir. Bu bulgular doğrultusunda, H6, H7 ve H9 hipotezlerinin desteklendiği söylenebilir.

Bu çalışma, postmodern unsurlar barındıran Covid-19 salgınının oluşturduğu yeni dindarlık biçimlerine odaklanmaktadır. Yeni dindarlık formları ile popüler kültür arasında var olan bağları belirginleştirme gayretindeki çalışma, psikososyal analiz niteliğindedir. Çalışma, salgın döneminin din ve dindarlığı radikal dönüşüme uğratacağı varsayımı üzerine kurulmuştur. Buna göre, salgın sürecinde popüler dindarlık önem kazanmış, halk inançları ve hurafeler yaygınlaşmıştır. Bireyler, salgın döneminde varoluşlarını daha fazla sorgulamış, resmi dini söylem yerine yeni medya eksenli popüler dindarlığa yönelmişlerdir. Dinin genel esasları değişmese de dindarlığın kişiye özgü olması ve salgın gibi radikal krizlerde kamusal alanın sınırlanmasıyla birlikte eklektik bireysel dindarlık biçimleri önem kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmada yeni medyanın kullanımıyla birlikte dinin kamusal alandan çekileceği, dindarlığın daha liberal biçimlerinin artacağı, sekülerleşmenin belirginleşeceği öngörülerine de yer verilmiştir. İleride yapılacak çalışmalar için kavramsal bir zemin oluşturma gayretindeki bu çalışma, postmodernite olgusunu popüler dindarlık ve yeni medya ekseninde tartışmaya açarak sosyal bilimler alanlarına katkı sunma gayretindedir.

Organizational culture tries to understand human behavior by analyzing thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors. The main purpose of research on organizational culture is to understand organizational functioning and organizational behavior better. The main purpose of this study is to examine the experiences of faculty members working at a state university regarding the changes in organizational culture during the pandemic process. It is qualitative research in terms of research method, and the case study design, one of the qualitative research designs, was used in the research. The research was carried out with a study group of 16 academics and administrative staff working in different units of universities. Observation and semi-structured interview techniques were used as data collection tools in the research. The collected data were analyzed with the transfer of observations and qualitative content analysis. According to the analysis findings, the participants' opinions on the change in organizational ethnography during the pandemic process indicate a significant change in this process's organizational attitudes and behaviors. Analysis findings reveal that a traumatic change such as a pandemic causes various uncertainties and resistances in the organizational field. It is understood that organizational support is essential for constructing a flexible organizational culture suitable for the conditions of this process to eliminate job dissatisfaction and loss of motivation caused by the pandemic.

Hastalıklardan korunmada tekstil ürünlerin büyük rolü bulunmaktadır. Tekstil materyaller günlük hayatın birçok yerinde karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Özellikle son iki yıldır yaşanan covid-19 pandemisi tekstilin önemine daha da dikkat çekmiştir. Bununla birlikte “tekstil bizi salgınlardan koruyabilir mi?” sorusunu da gündeme getirmiştir. Bakterilerle dolu bir çevremiz olması, virüslerin bakterilere tutunarak saçılması ve nozokomiyal hastalıkların son yıllarda artış göstermesi, antimikrobiyal tekstil üretimine gereksinim olduğunu düşündürmektedir. Bu çalışmada farklı yapıdaki kumaşlara gümüş ve kuarterner amonyum tuz (QAS) apre uygulanması ve antimikrobiyal etkinliklerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Kumaşlardan birisi %100 pamuk liflerden diğeri ise %100 poliester liflerden dokunmuştur. Uygulanan antimikrobiyal bitim işlemleri sonrası etkinlikleri AATCC 100 test metoduna göre belirlenmiştir. Kontrol olarak apre uygulanmamış kumaşlar aynı teste tabi tutulmuştur; ancak herhangi bir mikrobiyal inhibisyona rastlanmamıştır. Buna göre tüm gümüş apreli pamuk kumaşlarda etkinin diğerlerine oranla daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek inhibisyon oranı %99,03 ±0,49 olarak gümüş apreli pamuk kumaşta tespit edilmiştir. En düşük inhibisyon oranı ise QAS apreli poliester kumaşta %59,43 ±1,87 olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca kumaşların gram pozitif bakterilere karşı daha etkin olduğu görülmüştür. Aynı zamanda uygulanan apre işleminin kumaşlarda renk değişimi, pilling (boncuklanma) ve hidrofiliteye neden olup olmadığı da test edilmiş ve herhangi bir etki olmadığı görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada farklı yapıdaki kumaşlara uygulanan antimikrobiyal bitim işlemlerinin yüksek etkinlik gösterdiği görülmüştür. Çeşitli enfeksiyon hastalıklarındaki eradikasyon çalışmalarında, günümüz pandemisi ve hastane enfeksiyonları ile mücadelede antimikrobiyal tekstil sektörünün oldukça büyük bir yere sahip olduğu ve geliştirilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

Introduction: Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (IDCM) physicians have critical importance in terms of pandemic management in hospitals. There are recommendations for hospitals in the national pandemic preparedness plan, which was developed to limit the damage during pandemic periods. With this study, it was aimed to determine the reading status of IDCM physicians of the pandemic plan and the factors affecting it, and to learn their views on the application of the headings in the plan. Materials and Methods: For this descriptive study, the opinions of physicians were collected with an electronic questionnaire for the periods of June 2020 and January 2021. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine the associated factors of physicians' reading of the pandemic plan. Results: Of the 169 physicians participating in the study, 62.7% were women, with a mean age of 43.1±9.9 years, and nearly two-thirds of the physicians were working in a tertiary hospital. More than 70% of physicians read the pandemic preparedness plan. The rate of reading of the pandemic plan increased with the physician's time spent in IDCM practice [odds ratio (OR)=1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.01-1.16, p=0.037], and previous Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) experience (OR=3.10, 95% CI=1.00-9.58, p=0.050), and it decreased with the hand hygiene compliance of healthcare professional (OR=0.27, 95% CI=0.11-0.68, p=0.006) and the number of IDCM physicians working in the physician's hospital (OR=0.97, 95% CI=0.94-0.99, p=0.016). Conclusion: Physicians' reading status of the national pandemic preparedness plan did not differ significantly between the periods. As the time spent in IDCM practice and their pandemic experience before COVID-19 increased, the status of reading the pandemic plan increased. As the compliance with hand hygiene among the health professionals working in the physicians' hospital and the number of IDCM physicians increased it decreased. Attention should be paid to the introduction of the pandemic plan to physicians with professional inexperience and no pandemic experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the spread of the COVID-19 virus all over the world, starting from China in 2019, curiosity about the course of the epidemics that took place in history has increased. Many outbreaks have occurred in history, and many precautions have been brought against these diseases. Islam is a religion based on hygiene and cleanliness, both physically and spiritually. In the history of Islam, Hz. Prophet has many pieces of advice about the precautions to be taken against epidemics. In addition to outbreaks in the world, another factor that affects people both physiologically and psychologically and is released in a controlled manner is the microorganisms used as biological weapons. These weapons cause more chaos and terror than epidemics. Moreover, even small amounts are enough to destroy millions of people. COVID-19 is the last pandemic in the world, and its effects are still ongoing. Although some claim that this virus is a biological weapon programmed in the laboratory, genetic sequencing has proven it to be natural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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