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During the study of the lichen biota of Shikotan Island, Fissurina inabensis (Vain.) M. Nakan. et Kashiw. was identified on the basis of morphological and anatomical data. It is the first record to Russia both at a species and at genus level. The phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS sequences of the studied specimens supported the close relationship with F. insidiosa C. Knight et Mitt. belonging to the subfamily Fissurinoideae. A detailed description of the morphology, anatomy and secondary metabolites of the studied specimens is given. This species was previously known from Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand, and the area is extended to Shikotan Island where are the northernmost localities of the species. Detection of stictic acid might be variable depending on researchers because of the small amount of the substance. It was well detected using HPLC in this study. Differences in the number and size of ascospores in specimens from Shikotan Island and those from Japan described in the literature are discussed., В ходе изучения лихенобиоты о. Шикотан на основании морфологии и анатомии был выявлен новый для России вид – Fissurina inabensis (Vain.) M. Nakan. et Kashiw. Филогенетический анализ, основанный на последовательности ITS изученного образца, подтвердил его близкое родство с F. insidiosa C. Knight et Mitt. и принадлежность к подсемейству Fissurinoideae. Приведено подробное описание морфологии, анатомии и вторичных метаболитов изученных образцов. Ранее Fissurina inabensis был известен из Японии Тайваня и Тайланда, в настоящее время его ареал простирается до о. Шикотан, где находятся самые северные места обитания. Выявление стиктовой кислоты может быть затруднено из-за небольшого ее количества. В этом исследовании стиктовая кислота была обнаружена с помощью ВЭЖХ. Обсуждаются различия в числе и размерах спор у образцов с о. Шикотан и из Японии, описанные в литературе.

The central part of the Kuril Archipelago (the Russian Far East) remains the least studied due to its poor accessibility. Such insufficient floristic data lead to uncertainties in the floristic subdivision of the Kuril Islands. We aimed to explore the vascular flora of the Simushir island, the largest one among the Middle Kurils. We revealed 24 new species for the flora of Simushir or Middle Kurils in general, including three species (Callitriche anceps, Carex meyeriana, and Ribes nigrum) that are new for the whole Kuril Archipelago. One-third of species new for Simushir are alien. Almost all the rest of the new species are associated with special types of habitats and can be found only after a detailed study of the island. We reported six new aquatic species for the Middle Kurils, refuting the earlier idea of extreme poverty of the Middle Kurils’ aquatic flora. We found no grounds for drawing a floristic border within the Northern and Middle Kurils, as the floristic similarity between Onekotan (oceanic Northern Kurils), continental Northern Kurils, and Simushir has the same magnitude.

Effect of estradiol on development of gonads in resident form males of cherry salmon is investigated. The fish aged 0+ with initial weight of 3.48-10.70 g were treated with the hormone for 30 days, then reared for 8 months. Estradiol was given with pelleted food in concentration of 100 mg/kg. The gonads were examined histologically during entire period of the experiment. The control group included 184 specimens (90 females, 59 anadromous males and 35 males of resident form). The experimental group of 50 females and 48 males was taken randomly in 3.5 months after the end of hormonal exposure. The fund of germ cells in gonads of the experimental group consisted only of gonias. Males of resident form were identified in 6 and 8 months after the end of hormonal exposure, they were distinguished by both size of the testes and presence of germ cells at different stages. Portion of the males of resident form was similar in the control and experimental groups — 37.0 % and 40.7 % of total number of males, respectively.

Introduction.This study is relevant in connection with the search for new points of development of the Sakhalin Region in new sectors of the economy that are not related to the mineral wealth exports model of the economy. The purpose of the paper is to assess the state of the industrial sector in the Sakhalin Region and consider the directions of its development. Materials and Methods.Federal Acts and other regulations of the Russian Federation, data from Rosstat; papers in periodicals on economics, management, and regional studies were used. Results.According to a number of indicators characterizing the state of the economy, the Sakhalin Region occupies a leading position not only in the Far Eastern Federal District but also in the entire country. In 2019, the index of industrial production in the Sakhalin Region decreased by 4%, in particular, the index of production in mining in 2019 decreased by almost 5%. At the same time, about 90% of this type of activity falls on the oil and gas sector. The growth rates of mineral extraction are declining against the background of the growth of other industries: manufacturing (112.7%), electric power, etc. (104.5%), water supply (165%). Discussion and Conclusion.A high level of depreciation of fixed assets of enterprises requires the activation of investment processes for their renewal and modernization. High investment activity is required, which will have a positive impact on the efficiency of production processes. It is necessary to increase the level of graduates training at the institutions of higher, secondary, and primary vocational education due to their insufficient practical training using modern equipment, and bad command of advanced technologies.

Flora of the southern Kuril continental islands is extremely diverse due to the complex history of geology and climate, fluctuating connections with other territories in the past, and the habitat diversity of the archipelago. It is likely well-investigated due to the long history of botanical studies, and floristic findings are expected only in taxonomically difficult plant groups. To test this assumption, we carried out a special investigation of the aquatic vascular plants on the Lesser Kuril Ridge (isl. Shikotan, Polonskogo, Yurii, Tanfilieva, Zelyonyi) and isl. Kunashir. In line with our expectations, we revealed nine taxa that have never been reported for the whole Kuril archipelago (including six new for Sakhalin floristic province of Russia: Potamogeton manchuriensis, P. × sparganiifolius, P. × variifolius, P. × vepsicus, Sagittaria aginashi, Sparganium subglobosum); all of them are aquatic ones. We found 24 species that are new for the Lesser Kuril Ridge or the whole Southern Kurils from which only about a half were aquatic. Unexpectedly, we found 53 mainly terrestrial species that are new for the Little Kurils (the Lesser Kuril Ridge with exception of isl. Shikotan), and substantially supplemented floristic lists of each island.

Introduction. The study is of relevance as there has been a decrease in catch over the past few years in the Sakhalin Region. This decline must be assessed in terms of its impact on the economic performance of enterprises and household budgets in the region. The objective of this study is to analyze and evaluate the trends in the development of production and consumption of fish products in the Sakhalin Region. Materials and Methods. The study has analyzed data from the Federal State Statistics Service and the Unified Interdepartmental Statistical Information System on the production and consumption of fish products in the Sakhalin Region. The graphical and comparative methods have been used, which made it possible to compare the dynamics of production and consumption of fish products as well as to show that the transfer of production trends to the consumer market has a disproportionately marginal impact. Results. The contradictory results of the development of the industry have been revealed: while there has been a decrease in the number of organizations operating in the industry, the number of personnel involved in processing, the volume of production and sales of canned fish, there has been an increase in the profitability of sales and prices for delicious seafood. The negative fact is that consumption of fish products has reduced in the Sakhalin Region, fish products ranking only 7th (by mass) in the total diet. The identified imbalances and negative trends in the production of fish products have also indirectly transferred to the sphere of consumption. Discussion and Conclusion. In the Sakhalin Region, one of the leading fishing regions in Russia, the conditions for satisfying the corresponding demand have not been fully created, especially in terms of affordable prices for fish products in the market that do not overcome the inertia of slowly growing incomes. The scientific and practical significance of the research materials consists in the comprehensive nature of the study on the processes of production and consumption of fish products.

Relevance . Annual elevation of enterovirus infection (EVI) incidence in the Russian Federation as well as in the Sakhalin region determine a necessity of continuous surveillance involving molecular-genetic methods and phylogenetic analysis. Objective : to highlight epidemiological and molecular-genetic peculiarities of EVI in the Sakhalin region during 2016-2018 years. Materials and methods . Analysis of enterovirus incidence were based on official statistical reporting forms. The structure of enterovirus types was evaluated by means of molecular methods and followed by phylogenetic analysis. Results and discussion . A deterioration of epidemic situation concerning EVI that began in 2016 in the Sakhalin region included elevation of incidence and registration of enterovirus outbreaks in childcare facilities triggered by introduction of new enterovirus types or those that were not circulating for a long time such as Coxsackievirus A-6, Coxsackievirus A-10, Coxsackievirus A-16, ECHO-9. The phylogenetic analysis of Coxsackievirus A-16 detected in the Sakhalin region revealed their similarities with two genovariants of B genogroup (В1а и В1b) that were continuously circulating in Russia and China. In addition, enterovirus ECHO-9 that was also circulating in other constituent entities of the Russian Federation was isolated in Sakhalin region from patients suffering from viral meningitis including two children from two different infection cites of EVI group incidence. Conclusion . An unfavorable epidemic situation concerning EVI was revealed in the Sakhalin region during the last three years of surveillance. It was caused by introduction and further spread among population of Coxsackieviruses A-6, 10, 16 and ECHO-9 that presumably have Russian or foreign origin.

Growing of cherry salmon juveniles under two different temperature regimes at the salmon farms Anivsky and Okhotsky in the fish-rearing cycle of 2016–2017 is analyzed. Data on cherry salmon growing for other fish farms of Sakhalin region collected in 1995–2017 are considered, as well. The periods of fish feeding and dynamics of their growth varied significantly in dependence on temperature conditions. The feeding started in April-May at the cold-water fish farms (Anivsky, Lesnoy, Sokolovsky, Urozhainiy) where the water temperature lowered in winter to 0.2–0.3 о С, but in February at Reidovo fish farm where the water temperature were not lower than 2 о С and in January at the most warm-water Okhotsky fish farm with the temperature never lower than 6.5 о С. In accordance with growing conditions, the growth rate of juveniles was high in winter month at the warm-water fish farms, where the ground water was used for rearing, but increased since May-June at the cold-water fish farms using natural heating of the river water. However, several cases were noted when the fish that accumulated less than 500–700 degree-days released from cold-water fish farms in June-July were larger than those from warm-water fish farms. Thus, cherry salmon is the only species among pacific salmons whose juveniles can be successfully grown at any temperature regime and consequently at any fish farm. This ability is reasoned by earlier spawning (along with pink salmon) and long period of development in rivers. At cold-water fish farms, the best results for cherry salmon growing could be achieved with the eggs planting in late August-September, whereas the time of eggs planting is not significant for warm-water fish farms.

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Выращивали молодь кеты на тепловодном рыбоводном заводе прудового типа в течение четырех рыбоводных циклов; выпуск молоди осуществляли в июне 2017, 2018, 2019 и 2020 годов. Если зародышей в период первой половины эмбрионального развития выращивали при температуре выше 10ºС, то наблюдали увеличение гибели молоди на всех этапах эмбрионального, личиночного и малькового периодов. Если температура воды при начале инкубации икры была ниже 8оС, то гибель молоди не превышала 15%, т. е. соответствовала нормативу., Young chum salmon were raised at a warm-water pond-type fish farm for four fish-breeding cycles; juve-niles were released in June 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020. If embryos during the first half of embryonic develop-ment were grown at temperatures above 10ºC, then an increase in the death of juveniles was observed at all stag-es of the embryonic, larval and fry periods. If the water temperature at the beginning of the incubation of eggs was below 8ºС, then the death of fry did not exceed 15%, i.e. corresponded to the standard.

В статье представлен анализ ресурсной базы и перспектив развития этнического туризма в Сахалинской области. Этнотуризм являясь природосообразным видом деятельности, стимулирует развитие традиционных промыслов и ремесел и может стать одним из источников дохода местных жителей. Этнический туризм имеет своей целью ознакомление с бытом, культурой, традициями, обычаями людей, которые живут в гармонии с окружающей природной средой. Развитие этнического туризма должно способствовать сохранению культурного наследия и являться фактором развития Сахалинской области.

Samples of vegetation (vascular plants) were collected at 14 grasslands on Kunashir, Iturup, Urup and Paramushir Islands in August–September 2012. All surveyed grasslands were virgin lands with respect to Fukushima fallout. Four plots were used as pastures for cattle in 2012. About 1 kg of green vegetation (mixed grass-forb crop) was taken from each of 13 plots. Seven samples of wormwood (Artemisia sp.) and three samples of Kuril dwarf bamboo (Sasa sp.) of the same mass were collected for comparison. A density of the above ground biomass was estimated at one of the plots. Activities of134Cs and137Cs radionuclides were determined by direct γ-ray spectrometry method using HP-germanium detectors. Inventories of134Cs and137Cs in the top 20 cm layer of soil were estimated by the authors earlier for each of these 14 plots based of the soil samples analysis. Caesium-134, a marker of Fukushima fallout, was determined in 18 of 24 vegetation samples. Caesium-137 activity was quantified in all of 24 samples. The activity concentration of the radionuclides in plants (wet weight) ranged from −1to 1.6 Bq kg-1for134Cs and from 0.06 Bq kg−1to 5.8 Bq kg-1for137Cs. About 2/5 (median = 41%, n = 18) of the total activity of137Cs in plants was associated with the Fukushima accident. The soil-to-plant aggregated transfer coefficient (Tag) values in mixed grass-forb crop ranged from –3m2kg-1to 11 × 10–3m2kg-1for134Cs and from 0.08 × 10–3m2kg-1to 3.3 × 10–3m2kg-1for137Cs. The Tagvalues for134Cs were statistically significantly higher compared to the Tag values for 137Cs. The median Tagfor134Cs in mixed grass-forb crop decreased in the 2011–2012 period by a factor of about two: from 12 × 10–3m2kg-1to 6.6 × 10–3m2kg-1. The ecological half-time, Teco, of134Cs in the plants was approximately one year. In 2011–2012, the median Tagfor pre-Fukushima137Cs in mixed grass-forb crop was estimated as 0.12 × 10–3m2kg-1. This value is lower by a factor of 100 and 50 compared to the median values of Tagthat were deduced for Fukushima-derived radiocaesium in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The radiocaesium Tagvalues for Sasa sp. and Artemisia sp. agreed with those for mixed grass-forb crop. At grasslands with the aboveground biomass density of 1 kg m–2and the Tagof 6 × 10–3m2kg-1 for134Cs, the contribution of the vegetation contamination to total inventory of the radionuclide did not exceed 1%. For137Cs, this contribution was less than 0.1%.

The caesium-134 and caesium-137 radionuclides released into the atmosphere as a result of the Fukushima accident were dispersed over the entire Northern Hemisphere. To assess the risks associated with the exposure due to Fukushima fallout, a comprehensive radiological survey was performed in the Russian Far East. One of the objectives of the project was to determine the densities of ground contamination by 137 Cs and 134 Cs on Sakhalin and Kuril Islands that constitute the Sakhalin oblast, an administrative region of Russia. In 2011, soil samples were collected at grasslands on Sakhalin, Kunashir and Shikotan Islands and results of the 2011 survey were published earlier. In the present study, activities of 137 Cs and 134 Cs were measured in soil samples obtained on Kunashir, Iturup, Urup and Paramushir Islands in 2012. From the studies carried out in 2011–2012, it was estimated that the Fukushima-derived 134 Cs inventory at 37 undisturbed grassland sites in the Sakhalin oblast varied from 8 Bq m −2 to 345 Bq m −2 (as of 15 March 2011). For this date, the inventory of the 137 Cs radionuclide originated from the Fukushima NPP was assumed to be the same as that of the 134 Cs radionuclide. The southern Kuril Islands were the most contaminated due to Fukushima fallout. In 2011 and 2012, Fukushima-derived radiocaesium was detected only in the top 5 cm layer of soil at all sites, excluding one, where ~20% of the 134 Cs inventory was found at a depth of 5–10 cm. In the period September 2011– September 2012, the inventory of 134 Cs declined by ~26% at four plots selected for long-term observations. The decline in the 134 Cs inventory closely corresponded to the reduction (29%) of 134 Cs activity due to radioactive decay. Pre-accidental inventory of 137 Cs in the top 20 cm layer of soil ranged from 53 Bq m−2 to 3630 Bq m −2 . The mean reference inventory of pre-accidental 137 Cs for 13 representative sites was amounted as 2600 Bq m −2 . Hence, the Fukushima accident added relatively small quantities of radioactivity to the reference preaccidental inventory of 137 Cs in grassland soils in the Sakhalin region: about 3% (~80 Bq m −2 ) on the average and 15% (~350 Bq m −2 ) at the maximum. Such small additional radioactive contamination is absolutely safe from a radiological point of view.

В историкогеографическом аспекте представлен анализ морской инфраструктуры Холмского городского округа Сахалинской области. Рассмотрены составные элементы инфраструктуры экономическая, социальная, рекреационная и др. Показаны проблемы и перспективы развития округа., The analysis of the marine infrastructure of the Kholmsk urban district of the Sakhalin region is presented, in the historicalgeographical aspect. The components of the infrastructure are considered economic, social, recreational, etc. The problems and prospects of the development of the district are shown., №1(11) (2019)

В рамках данной статьи рассматривается актуальность развития сельского хозяйства Сахалинской области. На основе официальных данных публикаций о социально-экономическом положении Сахалинской области, Федеральной службы статистики по Сахалинской области, а также министерства сельского хозяйства по Сахалинской области была проанализирована динамика и структура валового сбора сельскохозяйственной продукции, также динамика посевных площадей. Кроме того, были выявлены перспективы развития сельского хозяйства и проекты предприятий, позволяющие развиваться данной отрасли в Сахалинской области. Результатом работы определяется положительная динамика посевных площадей к 2017 году на 5.6 тыс. га или 24,7%, увеличение производства молочной продукции на 4589 тонн или 17,5%. Кроме того, наблюдается положительная динамика производства яиц – к 2017 году увеличение составило 19,03%., This article discusses the relevance of the development of agriculture in the Sakhalin region. On the basis of official data of publications on the socio-economic situation of the Sakhalin region, the Federal statistics service of the Sakhalin region, as well as the Ministry of agriculture of the Sakhalin region, the dynamics and structure of gross agricultural production, as well as the dynamics of acreage were analyzed. Besides, prospects of development of agriculture and projects of the enterprises allowing to develop this branch in the Sakhalin region were revealed. The result of the work is determined by the positive dynamics of acreage by 2017 by 5.6 thousand hectares or 24.7%, an increase in the Production of dairy products by 4589 tons or 17.5%. In addition, there is a positive dynamics of egg production – by 2017, the increase was 19.03%.

Изучена генеалогическая структура герефордской породы крупного рогатого скота завезенного из Австралии в Сахалинскую область. Определена племенная ценность завезенных быков-производителей на основе селекционных индексов. Описаны экстерьерные особенности животных герефордской породы выращенных в условиях Сахалинской области. При подборе быков-производителей предложено учитывать преимущество индексов племенной ценности, которые дают возможность избежать крайностей при выборе тех или иных признаков и вести селекцию породы со сбалансированным набором наследственных признаков., The genealogical structure of the Hereford breed of cattle imported from Australia to the Sakhalin region was studied. The breeding value of imported bulls-producers is determined on the basis of selection indices. Exterior features of the Hereford breed animals grown under the conditions of the Sakhalin region are described. When selecting breeding bulls, it is suggested that the advantage of the indices of breeding value be taken into account, which makes it possible to avoid extremes when selecting certain features and to breed breeding with a balanced set of hereditary characteristics., №06(72) (2018)

The article describes the experience of the Administration of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being in Sakhalin Region in organizing prevention of conditions that endanger the public radiation safety related to the nuclear accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant. The authors present results of the measurements of the radiation situation in the Sakhalin region and propose ways to improve organizational and sanitary-hygienic measures aimed on ensuring public protectiony in events of radiation accidents.