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Resumen La practica de la teledermatologia (TD) durante la pandemia de COVID-19 ha facilitado la atencion dermatologica especializada en una situacion de crisis, evitando desplazamientos innecesarios, sin poner en riesgo la seguridad de pacientes y dermatologos. Sin embargo, tambien ha puesto en evidencia distintos aspectos eticos y medico-legales que plantea esta practica medica. La consulta medica no presencial constituye un acto medico, aplicandosele todas las consideraciones y consecuencias eticas y medico-legales de cualquier relacion medico-paciente. Debe garantizarse el derecho a la autonomia del paciente, el secreto profesional, la proteccion de datos, la intimidad y la confidencialidad. El paciente debe aceptar la TD, mediante el consentimiento informado, considerando de interes establecer una clausula de salvaguarda. Se precisan pautas de actuacion bien definidas y una legislacion uniforme para preservar una maxima seguridad de los datos transferidos, asi como una formacion adecuada para prevenir posibles situaciones de lo que podria denominarse «telemalpraxis».

Teledermatology has facilitated specialist care during the crisis caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, eliminating unnecessary office visits and the possible exposure of patients or dermatologists. However, teledermatology brings forward certain ethical and medicolegal questions. A medical consultation in which the patient is not physically present is still a medical act, to which all the usual ethical and medicolegal considerations and consequences apply. The patient's right to autonomy and privacy, confidentiality, and data protection must be guaranteed. The patient must agree to remote consultation by giving informed consent, for which a safeguard clause should be included. Well-defined practice guidelines and uniform legislation are required to preserve the highest level of safety for transferred data. Adequate training is also needed to prevent circumstances involving what might be termed "telemalpractice."

It is a common ground that humans have always modified the genome of both plants and animals. This intrusive process that has existed for thousands of years, many times through mistakes and failures, was initially carried out through the crossing of organisms with desirable features. This was done with the aim of creating and producing new plants and animals that would benefit humans, that is , they would offer better quality food, more opportunities for people to move and transport products, greater returns to work, resistance to diseases, etc. However, creating genetically modified organisms does not proceed without conflicts. One part of the equation concerns objections made by disputants of genetically modified organisms to the manipulation of life, as opposed to defenders who argue that it is essentially an extension of traditional plant cultivation and animal breeding techniques. There are also conflicts regarding the risks to the environment and human health from using genetically modified organisms. Concerns about the risks to the environment and human health from genetically modified products have been the subject of much debate, which has led to the development of regulatory frameworks for the evaluation of genetically modified crops. However, the absence of a globally accepted framework has the effect of slowing down technological development with negative consequences for areas of the world that could benefit from new technologies. So, while genetically modified crops can provide maximum benefits in food safety and in adapting crops to existing climate change, the absence of reforms, as well as the lack of harmonization of the frameworks and regulations about the genetic modifications results in all those expected benefits of using genetically modified crops being suspended. However, it is obvious that the evolution of genetically modified products is not going to stop. For that reason, research on the impact of genetic modification on medical technologies, agricultural production, commodity prices, land use and on the environment in general, should therefore continue.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito With this essay we aim to explore the Principle of Self-Determination of Peoples,starting with its evolution from a political postulate to a Ius Cogens norm, and then analyzeboth external and internal self-determination. In external self-determination we can find firstand foremost a right to decolonization, restrained by the Principle of Uti Possidetis Iuris andallowing for the creation of the national liberation movements in international law. In internalself-determination we will elaborate upon the holders of the right and what it includes,moving to the connection between internal self-determination, human rights and minorities.We will then establish the concept of secession, as a fact in international life and thecriteria for the creation of states in international law and, follow this with the presentation ofthe Principle of Territorial Integrity and the use of force as limitations faced by thesecessionist process.We will defend a right to remedial secession, based upon the violation of internal selfdetermination and human rights, presenting previous decisions mentioning this hypothesisand, also, some criteria provided by the doctrine to regulate secession.Finally, we will explore two cases of secession, Bangladesh and “Turkish Republicof Northern Cyprus” while applying the previously elaborated concepts and analyze theirdifferences with regards to a right to secession.With this essay we aim to explore the Principle of Self-Determination of Peoples,starting with its evolution from a political postulate to a Ius Cogens norm, and then analyzeboth external and internal self-determination. In external self-determination we can find firstand foremost a right to decolonization, restrained by the Principle of Uti Possidetis Iuris andallowing for the creation of the national liberation movements in international law. In internalself-determination we will elaborate upon the holders of the right and what it includes,moving to the connection between internal self-determination, human rights and minorities.We will then establish the concept of secession, as a fact in international life and thecriteria for the creation of states in international law and, follow this with the presentation ofthe Principle of Territorial Integrity and the use of force as limitations faced by thesecessionist process.We will defend a right to remedial secession, based upon the violation of internal selfdetermination and human rights, presenting previous decisions mentioning this hypothesisand, also, some criteria provided by the doctrine to regulate secession.Finally, we will explore two cases of secession, Bangladesh and “Turkish Republicof Northern Cyprus” while applying the previously elaborated concepts and analyze theirdifferences with regards to a right to secession. Com a presente exposição pretendemos explorar o Princípio da Autodeterminaçãodos Povos, começando pela sua evolução de postulado político para regra Ius Cogens, paradepois analisarmos as suas duas vertentes. Na vertente externa encontramos primariamenteum direito à descolonização, limitado pelo Princípio Uti Possidetis Iuris e que terá permitidoo surgimento da figura dos movimentos de libertação nacional (MNL) no direitointernacional. Já na vertente interna analisaremos quais os seus titulares e conteúdo, passandopela conexão existente entre a autodeterminação interna, direitos humanos e minorias.Estabeleceremos uma noção de secessão, enquanto facto da vida internacional equais os elementos constitutivos de um Estado no direito internacional para, de seguida,apresentarmos o Princípio da Integridade Territorial e o uso da força como limitaçõesenfrentadas pelos processos secessionistas.Defenderemos um direito de secessão enquanto último remédio, baseado naviolação do direito de autodeterminação interna e de direitos humanos, apresentando decisõesprévias com menção à hipótese da secessão e, ainda, alguns critérios reguladoresapresentados pela doutrina.Por fim, analisaremos dois casos de secessão, o Bangladesh e a “República Turcado Chipre do Norte”(RTCN), de forma a aplicar os diversos conceitos previamente tratadose analisar as diferenças nos casos quanto ao nível do direito de secessão.Com a presente exposição pretendemos explorar o Princípio da Autodeterminaçãodos Povos, começando pela sua evolução de postulado político para regra Ius Cogens, paradepois analisarmos as suas duas vertentes. Na vertente externa encontramos primariamenteum direito à descolonização, limitado pelo Princípio Uti Possidetis Iuris e que terá permitidoo surgimento da figura dos movimentos de libertação nacional (MNL) no direitointernacional. Já na vertente interna analisaremos quais os seus titulares e conteúdo, passandopela conexão existente entre a autodeterminação interna, direitos humanos e minorias.Estabeleceremos uma noção de secessão, enquanto facto da vida internacional equais os elementos constitutivos de um Estado no direito internacional para, de seguida,apresentarmos o Princípio da Integridade Territorial e o uso da força como limitaçõesenfrentadas pelos processos secessionistas.Defenderemos um direito de secessão enquanto último remédio, baseado naviolação do direito de autodeterminação interna e de direitos humanos, apresentando decisõesprévias com menção à hipótese da secessão e, ainda, alguns critérios reguladoresapresentados pela doutrina.Por fim, analisaremos dois casos de secessão, o Bangladesh e a “República Turcado Chipre do Norte”(RTCN), de forma a aplicar os diversos conceitos previamente tratadose analisar as diferenças nos casos quanto ao nível do direito de secessão.

This article analyses the notion and system of legal guarantees ensured by the foreign investments legislation, reviews its general feature, and focuses on the national regime for foreign investors,. The author draws a conclusion that the existing system of special guarantees for foreign investors is neither effective nor prudent.

El delito de enriquecimiento ilícito es en la actualidad una importante herramienta jurídicopenal de combate contra la corrupción. Sin embargo, esta figura penal ha sido objeto de un arduo análisis por parte de la doctrina que no ha tardado en presentar un fuerte rechazo a este planteamiento político criminal debido a su controvertida constitucionalidad. A pesar de ello, el delito de enriquecimiento ilícito ha adquirido una dimensión internacional sin precedentes, puesto que ha sido previsto e impulsado en varios convenios internacionales sobre corrupción, bajo la condición de que fuese acompañada de una cláusula de salvaguarda que subordina su tipificación en la legislación penal de los Estados, a que el mismo se adecue a la Constitución y a los principios fundamentales de su ordenamiento jurídico. Este trabajo examina los elementos con los cuales los principales convenios internacionales sobre corrupción definen y caracterizan al delito de enriquecimiento ilícito, como también el contenido y efectos de la cláusula de salvaguarda que tiene adherida., The unlawful enrichment crime is in current days a relevant legal and juridical tool to fight against corruption. Although, this kind of crime has acquired an unprecedented international dimension because has been considered and prompted in many international conventions against corruption, accompanied by a safeguard clause that subordinate the crime specification in criminal law to its conforms to the Constitution and the fundamental principles of its juridical system. This paper analyzed the mainly topics used by the international conventions to define and characterized the unlawful enrichment crime, as the content and effects of the safeguard clause attached.

Hungary notified to the European Commission its scientific arguments justifying the implementation of a national safeguard measure prohibiting the placing on the market of GM potato EH92-527-1 for cultivation purposes in Hungary, after which the European Commission asked the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to assess the scientific information supporting the prohibition. Having considered the information package provided by Hungary and all relevant scientific publications, the EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO Panel) concluded that (i) no new data specific to the safety of the nptII gene have been provided; (ii) the therapeutic relevance of kanamycin and neomycin was already addressed in the previous EFSA opinion on antibiotic resistance marker genes and kanamycin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis results largely from chromosomal mutations and not from the transfer of aminoglycoside resistance genes such as nptII; (iii) the knowledge gaps and uncertainties highlighted in the Hungarian document have already been considered in the previous EFSA opinion on antibiotic resistance marker genes, and no new information on the safety of nptII gene as present in the GM potato EH92-527-1 has been identified in the scientific literature that would cause the GMO Panel to change its previous conclusions. Therefore, the EFSA GMO Panel concludes that no grounds exist to date that would lead to reconsideration of its opinion on GM potato EH92-527-1.

The effective market access granted to textiles and apparel under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is estimated, taking into account the presence of rules of origin. First, estimates are provided of the effect of tariff preferences combined with rules of origin on the border prices of Mexican final goods exported to the United States (U.S.) and of U.S. intermediate goods exported to Mexico, based on eight-digit harmonized system tariff-line data. A third of the estimated rise in the border price of Mexican apparel products is found to compensate for the cost of complying with NAFTA's rules of origin, and NAFTA is found to have raised the price of U.S. intermediate goods exported to Mexico by around 12 percent, with downstream rules of origin accounting for a third of that increase. Second, simulations are used to estimate welfare gains for Mexican exporters from preferential market access under NAFTA. The presence of rules of origin is found to approximately halve these gains.