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Copyright of Erciyes Akademi is the property of Erciyes Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study analyzes the economic factors affecting public health expenditure in Türkiye from 2002 to 2022. The main objective is to identify the economic reasons for the decreasing share of public health expenditure in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It examines macroeconomic variables such as GDP per capita, unemployment rate, labor force participation rate, consumer price index, tax revenue, and exchange rate using principal component analysis (PCA). The results show that GDP per capita, exchange rate, and tax revenue significantly impact public health expenditure, indicating a direct relationship between economic growth and health spending. The unemployment rate does not directly affect public health expenditure, while an increase in labor force participation rate can reduce it. This study underscores the importance of macroeconomic stability and effective economic policies for sustainable health financing in Türkiye. By using long-term data, it provides a comprehensive analysis of how economic factors impact health expenditure, distinguishing it from other studies in the literature. The findings emphasize that a healthy economy leads to increased public investment in health services.

Copyright of Istanbul Gelisim University Journal of Health Sciences / İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Gelisim Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Yuksekokulu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Health expenditures are affected by different macroeconomic variables in country economies. From this point of view, this study aims to examine the relationship between environmental pollution and health expenditures in two country groups classified as Upper Income Group Countries and Upper-Middle Income Group Countries for the period 2000-2019. Health expenditures as the dependent variable in the study; CO2 emissions, economic growth and population were chosen as independent variables. The relationship between variables was estimated with the "Two-Stage GMM Method". According to the analysis results, it has been determined that the increase in environmental pollution positively affects the increase in health expenditures in both Upper Income Group Countries and Upper-Middle Income Group Countries. Therefore, we can state that every positive step taken to reduce environmental pollution will contribute to decreases in health expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Financial Politic & Economic Reviews / Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar is the property of Journal of Financial Politic & Economic Reviews / Finans Politik & Ekomomik Yorumlar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'deki yaşlı nüfusun sağlık hizmetleri taleplerini ve bu hizmetlere yönelik harcamaların coğrafi dağılımını incelemiştir. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu'nun 2021 verileri üzerinden yapılan analizde, sağlık hizmeti talebi, üretimi ve kapasitesinin bölgesel farklılıkları dendrogram ve aglomeratif kümeleme yöntemleriyle ortaya konmuştur. Bulgular, özellikle Batı Karadeniz, Doğu Karadeniz ve Batı Marmara bölgelerinin benzer talep özelliklerine sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, sağlık hizmeti üretiminin heterojen bir yapıya sahip olduğu, Güneydoğu Anadolu ve Doğu Anadolu bölgelerinin diğer bölgelere göre daha düşük sağlık hizmeti üretimine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sağlık hizmeti kapasitesi açısından batı bölgelerinin genel olarak daha yüksek bir kapasiteye sahip olduğu gözlemlenmiş; Orta Anadolu ve Ortadoğu Anadolu'nun kapasite bakımından benzer olduğu, ancak Batı Karadeniz ile Batı Anadolu arasında sağlık hizmeti talepleri açısından önemli farkların olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada bölgesel ihtiyaçları dikkate alan özelleştirilmiş sağlık stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi, sağlık altyapısının güçlendirilmesi ve kaynak dağılımının adil bir şekilde yapılması, yaşlı nüfusun sağlık hizmetlerine eşit erişiminin sağlanması, eğitim ve farkındalık kampanyalarına yatırım yapılması, sağlık hizmetleri veri toplama ve izleme süreçlerinin iyileştirilmesi ve çok disiplinli yaklaşımların teşvik edilmesi önerilmektedir. Bu çalışma, ayrıca yaşlanan nüfus için sağlık hizmetlerinin daha verimli ve etkin kullanımını destekleyecek politika ve stratejilerin belirlenmesine katkıda bulunmayı hedeflemektedir.

Sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisini inceleyen ilk çalışma Mushkin (1962) tarafından ele alınmıştır. Bu çalışmada sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeyi olumlu etkilediği belirtilmiştir. Devam eden dönemlerde sağlık ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi, sağlığa dayalı büyüme hipotezi olarak literatürde yer almıştır. Bu hipotez özellikle yeni sağlık politikası uygulamalarına geçildiği 80’li yıllardan sonra birçok gelişmekte olan ülkelerde test edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de 2003-2019 yılları arasında Düzey 2 kapsamında yer alan 26 alt bölgede kamu sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme ve toplam faktör verimliliği üzerine etkisi araştırılmaktadır. Çalışmada ekonomik büyüme, kamu sağlık harcamaları ve kamu eğitim harcamaları verilerinin yanı sıra kontrol değişken olması amacı ile sabit sermaye yatırımları, ihracat, işgücü stoku ve ortalama yıllık hava sıcaklığı verileri de kullanılmıştır. Verilerin zaman boyutunun kısa olması nedeniyle Panel EKK yöntemi ve bu yöntemden türetilen en uygun tahminciler ile sağlığa dayalı büyüme hipotezinin geçerliliği araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre sağlığa dayalı büyüme hipotezinin Düzey 2 kapsamındaki TR32, TR41 ve TR83 bölgelerinde kabul edildiği belirlenmiştir.

This study aimed to contribute to the literature by revealing whether the New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had a moderating effect on the effect of health and education expenditures on gross domestic product (GDP). In this context, in the analysis section of the study, a panel data set from 37 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries for the period 2015-2020 was used. Two models were established in the study. In Model I, the moderating effect of COVID-19 on the effect of health expenditures on GDP was examined. In Model II, the moderating effect of COVID-19 on the effect of education expenditures on GDP was examined. It was determined that health and education expenditures had a significant positive effect on GDP in both models (p<0.05). In addition, in both models, there was a decrease in GDP in 2020, the year when the COVID-19 was effective, compared to the 2015-2019 period, however, this decrease was not found to be statistically significant (p>0.05). Finally, no moderating effect of the COVID-19 was found on the effect of education and health expenditures on GDP (p>0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the harmful effects of traditional energy sources on the environment and health, the consumption of renewable energy sources has recently come to the fore on the world agenda. In order for national economies to maintain their existence, individuals must ensure their health and welfare. In this context, the priority duty of countries should be to protect public health and ensure its sustainability. There are many factors that determine a country's level of healthcare expenditures; environmental conditions are also one of them. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the consumption of non-renewable energy sources can pose a great danger to human welfare and the environment. Environmental problems caused by greenhouse gas emissions negatively affect human health in many ways, such as affecting the nervous system, lungs, and causing respiratory diseases. In addition, environmental pollution resulting from greenhouse gas emissions increases health expenditures and causes a decrease in labor productivity. Considering these negative effects, increasing the use of wind, solar, geothermal, and other environmentally friendly energy sources, which are renewable energy sources, will contribute to environmental improvement by meeting the energy needs of countries. Recently, the increase in the resources allocated to health expenditures from the national income of countries has made the discussion of sustainability in the relevant field a current issue. In this respect, researching the factors affecting health expenditures will provide important information to policy makers. This study examines the health expenditures of renewable energy consumption in 13 EU countries (Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Spain, Sweden, Italy, Portugal, Greece, Finland, France, and the Netherlands) selected considering data availability between 2000 and 2020 investigating in which direction it affects. In the study, countries with the highest consumption of renewable energy were selected. Since the sustainability of the recently increasing health expenditures is important, the variables of renewable energy consumption and economic growth were analyzed and the subject was limited. In this context, it is believed that the findings will provide important information to policy makers. The main motivation of the study is that there are limited studies on the relevant subject in the literature and panel cointegration and panel cointegration coefficient estimator tests are not used. Obtaining renewable energy consumption and health expenditure data from 2000 to 2020 constitutes the main limitation of the study. As analysis methods, Lagrange multiplier (LM) cointegration and Common Corelated Effect (CCE) cointegration estimator tests were used. Before the application of these tests, cross-sectional dependence and homogeneity were determined. Fourier LM unit root test was used in examining the unit root process. Then, cointegration test and cointegration coefficient estimators, which is the last stage of the application, were determined. According to the panel cointegration coefficient estimation results, in the general analysis conducted for 13 EU countries, the effect of renewable energy consumption on health expenditures is statistically significant at the 10% level. Accordingly, a 1% increase in renewable energy consumption decreases health expenditures by 0.197%. In country-specific studies, the effect of renewable energy consumption on health expenditures was statistically significant and negative in Denmark, Spain, Sweden, and Greece, reducing health expenditures by 0.132%, 0.111%, 1.288%, and 0.782%, respectively. The effect of GDP on health expenditures appears to be statistically significant at the 1% level. Accordingly, a 1% increase in income increases health expenses by 1.071%. In country-based analyses, the coefficients are statistically significant and positive in Germany, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Spain, Sweden, Italy, Portugal, and Greece. These findings indicate that the increase in environmentally friendly, reusable energy consumption will have a positive impact on the environment, reduce health expenditures and contribute positively to the sustainability of health financing. In addition, it emphasizes that increases in GDP are reflected in health expenditures, thus increasing the quality of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gümüshane Üniversitesi Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Gumushane University, Faculty of Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Research in Economics, Politics & Finance / Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of Journal of Research in Economics, Politics & Finance and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Economics, Business & Politics (UEIP) is the property of International Journal of Economics, Business & Politics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economic & Social Research / ESAM Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi is the property of Ekonomik ve Sosyal Arastirmalar Merkezi (Journal of Economic & Social Research) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Unemployment is one of the most important problems of all societies in terms of socio-economic consequences. In particular, loss of income caused by unemployment causes individuals to experience serious health problems. In this context, studies on whether unemployment negatively affects health or health negatively affects unemployment have increased in recent years. Because health is an important factor that affects both qualified human resources and the development of countries. The study aims to investigate in which way unemployment affects health expenditures in G7 (Germany, USA, England, Italy, France, Japan and Canada) countries according to data availability for the period 2000-2021. For this purpose, the GDP rate was included as an additional variable to the unemployment variable. ECM cointegration test and AMG cointegration estimator tests were used as analysis methods. The panel-wide findings obtained indicate that a 1% increase in unemployment reduces health expenditures by 0.119%, and a 1% increase in GDP increases health expenditures by 0.015%. In addition, country-based findings indicate that the impact of unemployment on health expenditures varies from country to country, and it has been revealed that there is a long-term cointegration relationship between the variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of R&S: Research Studies Anatolia Journal is the property of Dr. Arif Yildiz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Economics & Political Sciences Academic Researches / Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Siyaset Bilimleri Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi is the property of Journal of Economics & Political Sciences Academic Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Academic Social Resources is the property of Journal of Academic Social Resources and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Research (JER) is the property of Journal of Economics & Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The increase in greenhouse gas emissions poses a serious threat to the environment ve public health. Therefore, the importance of renewable energy sources has been increasing in recent years in order to prevent environmental degradation due to the consumption of fossil fuels. In addition, more use of clean energy is expected to contribute to the improvement of the environmental quality of countries, while reducing health expenditures due to environmental pollution. In this study, the effect of renewable energy consumption on health expenditures was investigated by using panel data analysis by considering 13 EU countries for the period 2001-2019. In empirical findings; It has been determined that there is an inverse relationship between renewable energy consumption ve health expenditure variables. In other words, the increase in renewable energy consumption reduces health expenditures; On the other hve, it has been determined that the decrease in renewable energy consumption increases health expenditures. It was observed that the economic growth series included in the model as a control variable had a positive effect on health expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Çalışmada, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler bazında sağlık harcamalarına etki eden faktörlerin panel regresyon yöntemi aracılığıyla belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaç kapsamında temel varsayımların karşılandığı dirençli tahmincilerle regresyon tahmini yapılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara göre, ilgili faktörler gelişmiş ülkelerde teoride beklenenin tersi, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ise teoride beklenen etkiyle uyumlu etki göstermektedir. Gelişmiş ülkelerde kişi başında düşen gelir, doğumda beklenen yaşam süresi ve şehirleşme oranı en fazla etkiye sahipken, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ise kişi başına düşen gelir ve doğumda beklenen yaşam süresi etkilidir. Ayrıca bulgulara göre, ülkeler arasındaki gelişmişlik farklarından dolayı gelişmiş ülkelerde sağlık harcamalarında kamu ve özel sektör ayrımı belirli bir şekilde görülürken, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ise ağırlıklı olarak kamu sektörü üzerinde artırıcı etki oluştuğu görülmektedir.

Amaç: Bu çalışma Türkiye’nin de aralarında bulunduğu on beş gelişmekte olan ülkenin sağlık harcama etkinliğini ölçmeyi amaçlamaktadır.Yöntem: Çalışmada Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) tabanlı Malmquist İndeksi (Mİ) yöntemi kullanılmış ve gelişmekte olan on beş ülke karar verme birimi (KVB) olarak belirlenmiştir. Analizlerde belirlenen 5 girdi ve 2 çıktının, 2000-2018 dönemine ait verileri kullanılmıştır. KVB’lere ait veriler DEA Solver LV(v8) Excel uzantısı kullanılarak çözümlenmiştir.Bulgular: Mİ analizi sonuçlarına göre gelişmekte olan on beş ülkenin yaklaşık %50’sinin Toplam Faktör Verimlilik Değişimi (TFVD) değerinde artış elde ederek bu ülkelerin sağlık harcamalarında etkin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. TFVD değerinde ilk 3 sırada yer alan ülkeler Brezilya, Türkiye ve Mısır olarak belirlenmiştir.Özgünlük: Bu çalışmanın diğer çalışmalardan birinci farkı Türkiye’nin gelişmekte olan ülkelerle sağlık harcamalarının etkinliğinin kıyaslanmasında VZA tabanlı Mİ yönteminin kullanılmasıdır. İkinci önemli farkı ise VZA ve Mİ yönteminin kullanıldığı diğer çalışmalara göre analiz döneminin (19 yıl) oldukça uzun olmasıdır.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, beklenen yaşam süresini etkileyen faktörlerin farklı gelir grubu ülkeler arasında değişiklik gösterip göstermediğinin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla üç farklı gelir grubundan seçilen toplam 15 ülkenin 2000-2017 yılları arasındaki veriler panel eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik analizleri ile incelenmiştir. Çalışmada kamu harcamaları içerisinde kamu sağlık harcamalarının oranı, bebek ölüm oranı, işsizlik oranı, CO2 emisyonu ve Gini katsayısı değişkenlerinin beklenen yaşam süresine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen toplu panel sonuçlarına göre bebek ölüm oranı ve Gini katsayısındaki %1’lik artış beklenen yaşam süresini sırasıyla %0.142 ve %0.034 azaltırken, işsizlik oranı ve kamu sağlık harcamalarındaki %1’lik artış ise beklenen yaşam süresini sırasıyla %0.016 ve %0.030 arttırmaktadır. Önceki çalışmalardan farklı olarak analiz kapsamında ele alınan ülkeler için özellikle işsizlik oranı ve Gini katsayısının incelenmesinin literatüre katkı sağlayacağı umulmaktadır.

Covid-19 Pandemi süreci sonrasında ekonomi ve kentleşme alanındaki akademik çalışmaların odak noktasını toplum sağlığı üzerinde etkili olan iktisadi ve sosyopolitik bileşenler ve bu konuda karşılaşılan temel açmazlar oluşturmaktadır. Toplum sağlık harcamaları üzerinde doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak kentsel dinamikler, ekonomik kalkınma girişimler ve ekolojik kısıtlar belirleyici olmaktadır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın temel amacı kentleşme ve çevresel unsurlar ile ilişkili olarak iktisadi ve sosyopolitik parametrelerin toplum sağlık harcamaları arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz etmektir. Bu amaçla çalışmada Türkiye’deki 2014 ile 2018 yılları arasında 30 büyükşehir için toplum sağlığı harcamaları üzerindeki etkisi olan unsurları belirlemek için Panel EGLS modeli kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda plansız kentleşmenin sebep olduğu nüfus yoğunluğu, hava kirliliği, hijyen koşullarının yetersizliği, atıklar, kişi başına düşen yeşil alan miktarının yetersiz olması gibi bileşenlerin toplum sağlığını koruma ve geliştirme maliyetlerini arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Benzer şekilde enerji kullanımının artması, yüksek eğitim seviyesi ve yaşlı nüfus oranı gibi parametrelerin toplum sağlık hizmetlerine olan talebi artırdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Copyright of Journal of Society & Social Work is the property of Journal of Society and Social Work and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gümüshane Üniversitesi Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Gumushane University, Faculty of Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Research (JER) is the property of Journal of Economics & Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Economic & Social Research is the property of Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the entire world and has been a challenge to the health prospects of the nations infected. The elderly population of the nations and parameters like the countries' health system and the allocation of budget to health are critical factors for explaining the epidemic's development with different mortality rates in various countries. The purpose of the study was to assess the characteristics of the Turkish population, COVID cases, the progression of diseases, and health expenditures compared to those in Europe.Methods: For this study, we used the following databases: the Worldometer digital database, the database of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the Turkish National Databases on Economic and Finance references, such as the Turkish National Strategy and Budget Presidency and the database of the Turkish Statistical Institute. The data was for the date 15.12.2021 and the general annual for 2020.Results: By the investigation date as of 15/12/2021, the total number of COVID-19 cases was 9209740 in Turkey and 81556853 in the European Union countries. The incidence of the disease was 107.500 in Turkey and 135.525 in Europe. While the total change/ increase in last-week-new cases was -5% and 8% in Turkey and Europe, respectively, the real change/ increase in last-week-deaths was -1% to -8% in Turkey and Europe. The number of COVID screening tests per one million population was higher in Europe (1.343.256 to 8.790.27 in Turkey and Europe, respectively). The GDP and health expenditure per capita were distinctly higher in Europe.Conclusion: The fact that there is a higher percentage of elderly residents in European countries than in Turkey, that the number of new cases detected every week is higher, and that the death rate and the gradual decline in cases are linked to the large share of health expenditures distributed by nations for the fight against the disease.

Human capital, being one of the important factors affecting economic growth, has gained more importance especially since the beginning of the 1990s and the interest in this field has increased in economic growth studies. The increase in human capital accumulation contributes to the economic growth. Today, technological developments and R D activities play an effective role in ensuring sustainable economic growth. Although the existence of a negative relationship between economic growth and unemployment is generally accepted in the economic theory, it is still a controversial issue because unemployment is a multidimensional problem. In this study, the relationship between economic growth and health expenditures, R D expenditures, and unemployment in Turkey was investigated by using time series analysis for the period of 1990-2020. Johansen co-integration analysis results revealed that there is a long-run relationship between economic growth and health expenditures, R D expenditures and unemployment in Turkey. The results of the study reveal that a positive change in the levels of health and R D expenditures in Turkey has a positive contribution to economic growth, while there is a negative relationship between the level of unemployment and economic growth.

Human development is a development policy that brings a different perspective to economic development, puts people at its center, and aims to increase people's welfare and living standards. With human development, it is aimed for individuals to lead a healthy life, receive a qualified education, access, and use the necessary resources to live a quality life. The Human Development Index has started to be widely used in the measurement of human development, as economic growth is not sufficient in the measurement of human development and a different tool is needed to measure the level of welfare. Identifying the factors affecting the Human Development Index guide countries in detecting appropriate policies and tools to achieve the human development goal. In this study, in order to determine the factors affecting human development in Turkey, in the period of 2000-2019, the effects of public education expenditures, public health expenditures and income inequality on the Human Development Index were examined with the Toda-Yamamoto causality test and ARDL analysis. The findings obtained from the causality test show that, in Turkey during the period under review, there is a causality relationship from only public health expenditures to the Human Development Index. As a result of the ARDL analysis performed to determine the long-term relationship between the variables, it was determined that the effect of public health expenditures on the Human Development Index was negative. It has been detected that in the long-term public education expenditures and income inequality do not have a significant effect on the Human Development Index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Viral Hepatitis Journal / Viral Hepatit Dergisi is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Increasing economic growth is a common goal of all countries. Scientists use many mathematical functions and statistical methods to determine the sources of economic growth. In this study, the modeling of economic growth with the help of mathematical functions has been handled in the order of historical development, and the technology parameter in the obtained model has been expanded to include R&D studies and human capital. This functional pattern was turned into an econometric model and estimated by panel data analysis method using the data of the period 1996-2020 of 40 developed and 21 developing countries. According to the findings; a 1% increase in the R&D expenditures per capita increased 0.048-0.067% increased gross domestic per capita in developing countries and 0.197% in developed countries. The 1% increase in the number of researchers working in the field of R&D increased the national income by 0.31-0.49% in developing countries and by 0.158% in developed countries. When the education expenditure per capita was increased by 1%, the per capita income increased by 0.223-0.276% in developing countries and 0.225% in developed countries. When health expenditures per capita increased by 1%, national income increased by 0.242%-0.267% in developing countries, while it increased by 0.257% in developed countries. Lastly, when the fixed capital stock per labor force increased by 1%, the per capita income increased by 0.302% in developed countries and by 0.194% in developed countries. All of these show that R&D studies and investments in education and health are important means of increasing the economic growth of countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Management & Economics Research is the property of Journal of Management & Economics Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revealed significant negative effects on children and people with disabilities who are classified as socioeconomically disadvantaged groups in addition to individuals in Turkey as in the whole world. Especially, children constitute the most disadvantaged group in families with low socioeconomic status. The situation of these children was analyzed in the study. Also, the performance of health policies for children in COVID-19 pandemic period has been evaluated. Material and Methods: This study was used in the statistics published in Turkey and in various countries. Results: Outbreaks are likely to cause significant physical and psychological problems, especially in children. In particular, the medium and long-term effects of being locked up at home on children when their parents have to work are not known in addition to the social distancing that they experience due to the inability of children to come together with their peers. In addition to the deaths in the near and distant environment due to the disease, the fear of getting sick has also a high risk to form negative effects on the psychological development of children. For this reason, to protect the health of future generations, policies implemented for the health of today's children gain importance. Conclusion: The right to health and education should be universally given to every child. But in developing countries, families cannot provide adequate support to their children for reasons such as unequal income distribution and unemployment. Children are forced to work to support their families when the help of government and institutions is insufficient or cannot be done regularly.

İçsel büyüme teorilerinde beşeri sermaye gelişiminin önemli bir bileşeni sağlık harcamalarıdır. Ayrıca, sağlık, insani gelişmişliğin ve toplumsal refahın bir ölçüsüdür. Bireylerin yaşam süresini, yaşam beklentilerini ve yaşam kalitesini yükselterek hem insani gelişime hem de ülkelerin kalkınma sürecine katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 2000-2018 döneminde 16 Euro ülkesi için sağlık harcamaları, ekonomik büyüme ve insani gelişme arasındaki ilişki panel eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik testleri ile araştırılmıştır. Bulgularımız, kişi başına sağlık harcamaları ile kişi başına GSYH arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişkinin varlığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bununla birlikte yapılan nedensellik araştırması, incelenen değişkenler arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğunu göstermektedir.

When considered the impacts of globalization that have dominated the world on state’s economic roles for the last forty decades, very different streams of thought have developed on this subject. Notably, while neoliberal models have a critical approach to the welfare state, the other extreme views foresee that the state’s social welfare expenditures will increase due to the rise in the external risks for individuals within globalization. Thus, health spending becomes one of the thematic fields where the social welfare state is associated with globalization. Therefore, the question becomes more of an issue of how health spending is affected by increasing the integration process of countries. From this viewpoint in this study, the impact of economic, social, and political globalization on health expenditure is examined in Turkic Republics that compose Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan by using data over the period 2000-2016. As a result of the analysis using the panel ARDL method, it was found that economic and social globalization increases health expenditures while political globalization decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of health expenditures in developed and developing countries, as well as their changes over time. The study obtained the data from 164 countries between 2006 and 2015. The dynamic panel data analysis method was used to investigate the relationship between total health expenditures and factors such as growth, demographic structure, disease structure, nutritional structure, and external resources. Furthermore, the same models were developed for out-ofpocket and public health expenditures. The analysis showed that the models established were generally significant (p 0.05). The results of the analysis show that as the income of the countries increases, the total health expenditures increase and the income elasticity in high-income countries was greater than 1 (ß= 1.028). According to the findings, as the life expectancy at birth increases, health expenditures will increase. This study determined that external funds reduce public health expenditures obtained from domestic sources, and it investigated the relationship between undernourishment, communicable diseases and health expenditures. The study also concludes that public and out-of-pocket payments follow different patterns and the growth rate of health expenditures varies by the income levels of countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of International Journal of Economic & Social Research is the property of Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is generally accepted that a healthy population will operate at higher productivity and therefore create higher added value. However, as seen in the fight against the Covid-19 epidemic, countries cannot access health services easily and equally. As a matter of fact, it is revealed that the effect of health expenditures on economic growth differs according to the development levels of countries. In this study, BRICS-T countries with different development levels are discussed. In the empirical part of the study, LLC and ADF finite root tests were used to test the stationarity of the variables. After determining the long-term relationship between the variables according to the Pedroni panel cointegration test results, longterm coefficient esti-mation was made with FMOLS and DOLS methods. The results obtained largely overlap with the economic expecta-tions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health is critical to a country's human capital and economic development. By working more hours, earning more discretionary money, and investing more in human development, a healthy individual contributes more to his own and the country's economies. Health expenditures are those that are spent on the protection and promotion of one's health. Obesity is bad for people's health, health-care costs, and the economy. The high expense of chronic illnesses such as diabetes, cancer, and heart disease put a pressure on health budgets as the number of people with a high BMI rises. Obese persons utilize health services more frequently, have more procedures, and fill more prescriptions than those of normal weight. Because of rising health issues such as obesity and metabolic illnesses, rising consumer expectations from life, and rising consumer knowledge of good nutrition, there has been a growth in the production and consumption of functional foods in recent years. As a result, customers have learned to anticipate that meals would provide them with more than just nutritional value. The purpose of this study was to look at the impact of fermented food intake and knowledge on health expenses as well as the economic impact of these expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economic Policy Researches / İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Economic Policy Researches / Iktisat Politikasi Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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