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In 1922, many representatives of the Russian Intelligentsia, including many philosophers, were exiled from the young soviet state. Many left with the so-called Philosophy Steamer (Chamberlain in The philosophy steamer: Lenin and the exile of the intelligensia (2006) Atlantic Books). The exiled philosophers tried to go on with their previous professional lives in cities as Prague, Berlin and Paris. The St. Serge Orthodox Theological Institute in Paris, founded by, among others, Sergei Bulgakov (1871–1944), became the new center of Russian religious philosophy and theology in Europe. Soon, however, the community of immigrant Russian religious philosophers and theologians was divided by conflicting opinions, and fell apart in various brotherhoods and movements. An important conflict was the so-called Sophia controversy: the Brotherhood of St. Photius, which included Vladimir Lossky (1903–1958), as well as the famous spokesman of the Neopatristic Synthesis, Fr. Georges Florovsky (1893–1979), attacked the Brotherhood of St. Sophia, which included the above mentioned Bulgakov. His Sophiology, or study of Sophia, Divine Wisdom, was accused of heresy on the instigation of Florovsky and Lossky. From this Sophia controversy, the Neopatristic Synthesis emerged as the dominant school of Russian Orthodox Theology, whereas Sophiology fell practically into oblivion. This article will attempt to answer the question whether there is still room for a re-valuation of the sophiological stance in Orthodox theology through a survey of recent literature on the subject. The article will conclude the affirmative: namely, that the controversy is shown to be the result of a conflict between generations and the necessity to empower their Orthodox identity in emigration, rather than the result of intrinsic philosophical or theological differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reconstructs the political thought of the Russian anti-Bolshevik emigration in Poland during the Polish-Soviet War and the subsequent peace negotiations. The primary sources include materials from the Warsaw newspaper “Svoboda,” published by the Russian Political Committee (RPK) led by B.V. Savinkov. It emphasizes that, operating on foreign soil, émigrés laid the ideological groundwork for Russian-Polish cooperation. The article notes that Polish authorities harbored distrust towards the White movement, perceiving it as a potentially hostile force against Poland. It demonstrates that the RPK sought to dispel these suspicions by openly declaring a pro-Polish stance, which, in turn, provoked irritation among the right wing of Russian society (monarchists and supporters of “United and Indivisible Russia”). The author concludes that B.V. Savinkov, during the Civil War years, adopted a nationalist discourse, reflecting the influence of Józef Piłsudski — a socialist, revolutionary, and nationalist. The question of an independent Poland as a source of inspiration for democratic émigrés, who hoped for a similar awakening of Russian national consciousness, is also raised. The relevance of this study lies in the necessity to explore the Civil War within the context of intellectual history.

The article examines the biography of one of the significant figures of the Russian Orthodox Church of the twentieth century – Archpriest Grigory Yakovlevich Prozorov. After graduating from the Kiev Theological Academy, he was actively engaged in pedagogical and spiritual-educational, as well as socio-political activities, being an adherent of extreme right-wing views. In exile, in Serbia and since 1924 in Germany, Archpriest G. Prozorov remained under the jurisdiction of Metropolitan Evlogiy (Georgievsky), refusing to submit to Bishop Tikhon (Lyashchenko) of the ROCOR. Since 1930, he was the only representative of the Church of the Moscow Patriarchate in Germany, remaining faithful to it until the end of his life. The parishioners of the temples of Archpriest Gregory were famous scientists S. L. Frank and I. A. Stratonov. canonical and property, disagreements between the three branches of Russian Orthodoxy in Germany: ROCOR, "Evlogians" - supporters of Metropolitan Evlogy and the Moscow Patriarchate, on the other hand – in the face of harassment by German punitive authorities, in particular, the Gestapo. The article is based on numerous materials, first introduced into scientific circulation from the Bundesarchiv (Berlin), the Russian State Military Archive and Russian emigrant periodicals in Germany.

For the first time, the history of publication of works by A.S. Pushkin is restored in Russian Abroad. The chronology of the periods of publications of the poet in emigration is reconstructed. There, the works of A.S. Pushkin’s works were published in all types of publications – in academic ones, works collections, selected works, publications for adult readers children, for educational purposes. The main attention was paid to the publishing houses that published the books of the great Russian poet in the capitals and in the main centers of the book business of the Russian emigration. In Berlin, the greatest number of the great Russian poet’s works were published by the publishing houses “I.P. Ladyzhnikov”, “Petropolis”, “Slovo”, “Neva”, and “Literatura”. In Paris, it is necessary to highlight the publishing houses of “E. Siyalskaya”, “Illustrated Russia”, “S. Lifar”. In Prague, A.S. Pushkin was published by “Nasha Rech”, “Kremlin”, “Slavyanskoe Publishing House” and “Khutor”. Celebrating the centenary of the tragic death of the great poet resulted in renewal of A.S. Pushkin works publications. The activities of the “Central Pushkin Committee in Paris” are highlighted. The features of A.S. Pushkin publications are explained for emigrants in Estonia and Latvia and the local Russian population. The main centers of the provincial book business of the Russian emigration in Harbin, Shanghai, and Buenos Aires are shown. The emergence of the second wave of Russian emigration contributed to a new period of publication of A.S. Pushkin’s books. The publishing activity of Russian emigrants in camps for displaced persons is studied. A brief outline of the history of DР publishing houses is given.

This paper examines how the "diary" of Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak, containing the letters he wrote to his beloved, Anna Timireva, has been archived. The manuscript chronologically spans the period from the spring of 1917 to the spring of 1918, documenting important events in Kolchak's life and Russian history. A meticulous content – context analysis of archival documents from collections in Moscow and Prague was conducted to reveal the process of rescuing this invaluable historical source and, specifically, the 1926–1927 transfer of this manuscript by the Supreme Ruler's former aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Colonel Aleksei Apushkin, to the custody of the Russian Historical Archives Abroad in Prague. The study highlights the characteristics of Russian émigrés' social life and their activities aimed at preserving the national documentary heritage and maintaining Russian national identity during this epoch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of state and public activities of prominent figures of imperial Russia during the reign of Nicholas II and their role in the socio-economic development of the country at the beginning of the twentieth century is still relevant and requires the introduction of new sources. The reviewed documentary monograph prepared by historians M. Zaitsev and M. Kovalev makes a significant contribution to the study of the political fate of Count Vladimir.N. Kokovtsov both during his service in his homeland and in emigration. It contains materials from Russian and foreign archives, most of which have become available to Russian researchers for the first time. The logical structure of the monograph covers all stages of Kokovtsov’s life and allows the reader to see how his personality manifested itself in his professional activities. The book will be useful to historians and all those who are interested in the role of the individual in history as well as the imperial period of Russia and Russian Diaspora.

The article examines the history of N. A. Berdyaev’s participation in the activities of the Russian Student Christian Movement (RSCM). Based on the analysis of archival data, publications in the “Bulletin of the RSHD” and memoirs, the activity of Berdyaev in the RSHD is studied in the period 1923–1930s, which developed in several directions: leadership of youth circles in Berlin (1922–1925) and Paris (1925–1932), lecture trips across Europe and the Baltic countries with the aim of organizing RSHD circles, participation in local and general congresses, starting with the first Psherovsky congress. The connection between Berdyaev’s publications in the “Vestnik RSHD” and other journals with his activities in the RSHD and his thoughts about the ways of its development is shown. In the appendix to the article, a “Memorandum” written by Berdyaev in December 1926 is published. This document reflects Berdyaev’s views on the church schism of 1926 (exposing the Karlovac Synod of excessive conservatism and politicization of the church) and the principles on which, from Berdyaev’s point of view, the Movement was founded: the relationship between freedom and conciliarity, the responsibility of the laity for the life of the church, churchliness and a creative Christian attitude to solving social problems of society, apologetics of Christianity in the modern world and cooperation with Western Christian denominations.

The Russian Expeditionary Force (REF) was a small military force of roughly 50,000 men who fought in France and Salonika under French command. After 1917 the majority of the soldiers repatriated to Soviet Russia, but some chose to stay in France. By looking closely at the fate of the former soldiers of the Russian Expeditionary Force in those countries this paper examines two contrasting methods of interaction between Russian veterans and the state. The veterans that chose to remain in France had to fight for their recognition by the French state and in 1924 they created the 'Association of the Russian Officers, who fought on the French front' which advocated for their rights. Those who opted to return home discovered that the new Soviet state had no means to support them, but was ready to use them as a propaganda instrument. Portraying REF veterans as victims of the 'imperialist war', in the 1920s the Soviet government promoted the 'Society of Former Russian Soldiers in France and the Balkans', helping its members with housing and pensions. Despite the apparent differences in those examples, this paper argues that there is one key and significant resemblance between them. At the heart of interaction between the veterans and the state always laid veteran societies powered by the social bonds and sense of entitlement built during the war. That makes Russian veterans in many respects similar to their European counterparts and allows for a better understanding of the nature of Russian veteran experiences after 1918. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a contextualization of the socio-intellectual and epistemological position occupied by Roman Jakobson and the Prague Linguistic Circle in interwar Czechoslovakia. It does so by emphasizing the systematic role of Russian and Ukrainian émigré communities, and proposing a partial reconstruction of the intellectual network in which Jakobson and the Prague Linguistic Circle were involved. This contextualizing effort strives to underscore how Jakobson and the Prague Linguistic Circle were not only the agents, in Czechoslovakia, of a major international scientific project – the development of phonology and modern linguistics –, but also the direct product of the local interactions – across the concrete urban spaces and squares of Prague – of a whole spectrum of “minor” or “national” traditions, from Russian social philosophy and Eurasianism to Austrian (Brentanian and Neo-Herbartian) psychology or Czech positivism. In particular, the paper highlights the “triangulated” nature of intellectual exchanges in Prague, which played out not only as bilateral, explicit dialogues, but also through a pattern of indirect intersections facilitated by the overlapping participation of many actors in otherwise distinct groups or circles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dialogue of Languages and Cultures in The Emigration Proses of Nadezda Teffi The aim of the article is to present the phenomenon of the dialogue of languages and cultures in the prose of Nadezhda Teffi , an émigré Russian writer, one of the most popular literary fi gures of the fi rst half of the 20th century. The analysis aims to reveal the motifs of foreign cultures and their linguistic representation. All contexts containing direct nominations of cultural motifs were used as research material. The methodology is defi ned by the theory of a comprehensive systemic approach to the researched material, which allows us to consider individual works of Teffi as an example of a dialogue of cultures. A literary text is considered from the point of view of both linguistic and literary analysis. Biographical, structural and formal methods have been used in the research. The material for the analysis was selected on the basis of feuilletons, essays and stories from prose collections published in emigration. At the same time, the world presented in her works is saturated with elements of foreign cultures. The analysis of emigrant prose allows us to distinguish the following cultural spaces: Europe, Africa and the Middle East. The author situates the action of her works in distant cultural spaces or only mentions foreign nomenclature in a historical retrospective. The French cultural space and the everyday life of Russian emigrants who have linked their lives to France, and especially to Paris, remain dominant in Teffi ’s emigrant prose. The spatial organisation of the literary works correlates with the real topography of the city. Teffi ’s emigration stories were, on the one hand, a chronicle of the experience of exile and, on the other, a guide to “Russian Paris”, which is treated as a kind of “cultural sign” in opposition to other “signs”, above all Russia. To describe the new/ foreign cultural space, Teffi actively used foreign language vocabulary to emphasise functioning in a new/foreign cultural space. The vocabulary of foreign cultural realities in Teffi ’s works includes: names of topographical and geographical objects; names of titles of literary works, plays, paintings, musical works; names of dishes of national cuisine; names of historical fi gures, scientists, artists, writers. The notation of the foreign lexicon took a very diverse form: notation in the original version; foreign words in Russian transcription, “linguistic hybrids”. The use of this type of rhetorical fi gure, which consisted in introducing elements of foreign languages into the utterance, was intended to illustrate the linguistic duality of the emigrant.

The article is dedicated to the Soviet politician M. M. Lashevich (1884–1928), a participant in the revolution and the Civil War, chairman of the Siberian Revolutionary Committee. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that his activities as a fellow chairman of the Board of the CER in 1926–1928 little known, as are the causes of death in Harbin. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the final period of Lashevich’s life in the context of the Soviet presence in China, with emphasis placed on the perception of Lashevich’s personality by Russian emigration in Manchuria, the circumstances of his death and posthumous biography using an anthropological approach and the biographical method. The research is based on unpublished sources, ego-documents and periodical materials from Harbin. The author emphasizes that the study of such extraordinary figures as Lashevich is important not only for understanding Soviet policy in China, but also for clarifying the problems of perception and assessment of the activities of Soviet leaders by ideological opponents.

The article examines the history of the book “Yal-Mal” (1930) by the forgotten Kharbin poet, writer, and journalist Vasily Stepanovich Loginov (1891–1945/1946?). The author uses descriptive and historical-functional research methods. The article focuses on the publication of Loginov’s letter to Mikhail Osorgin, where he responds to Osorgin’s opinions regarding his impressions of “Yal-Mal.” In 1931, Loginov purposefully distributed the book among émigrés. The appendix to the article also contains other reviews and responses to the book that appeared in both eastern (Harbin, Shanghai) and western (Prague) émigré publications. Also, the book appears among publications received by the Parisian journal “Sovremennye Zapiski” for a review. The critics who wrote about the book did not appreciate the dystopian story “Yal-Mal (Half-Rotted Letters in a Box),” however they noted the writer’s skill in addressing Siberian and Ural themes. They also mentioned the book’s cover that reproduced Mikhail Vrubel’s painting “Pan,” and concluded the writer’s inherent pantheism and the literary influence of Knut Hamsun. The author’s hopes for recognition and wide dissemination of the book have failed, but its fate allows us to speak of “Yal-Mal” as an accomplished “literary fact.” The article makes a significant clarification to the writer’s bibliography: the mention of his book “Kharbin in Verse (Everyday Pictures),” printed under the pen name “Captain Cook” in Paris, allows to set the year of its publication as 1927 (not 1932 as it was considered earlier).

This article is an attempt to show the development of historiosophic views of G.V. Florovsky during "Eurasian" period of his creativity on the example of his critique of the idea of "cultural-historical morphology" by N.S. Trubetskoy. The Eurasian movement, whose participants and founders were Florovsky and Trubetskoy, was characterized at an early stage of its development by a considerable ideological and ideological pluralism of its participants. It is noted that Florovsky's historiosophic views began to take shape even before he joined the Eurasian movement. As a result of the revision of the established historiosophy of Russian thought, Florovskij comes to criticize the concept of N.J. Danilevskij, to the continuers of whose ideas Florovskij included N.S. Trubetskij. Despite his disagreement with Troubetzky's ideas, which later became the basis for the "scientific" stage of Eurasianism, Florovskij takes part in the first collections "Exodus to the East" and "On the Roads. The correspondence between Florovsky and Trubetskoy shows that Florovsky's gradual development of historiosophic views and his shift of interest from the problem of nationality (from the dichotomy "Russia-Europe") to the problem of building religious culture leads him to a gradual departure from Eurasianism.

The paper deals with the post-war period of I.A. Bunin’s life. These were years of difficult financial situation and serious health problems for the writer, which also involved additional expenses. The author examines how the Nobel Laureate tried to publish translations of his book “The Liberation of Tolstoy.” The translations significantly expanded the market and brought writers more income than publications in publishing houses of the Russian abroad. With the help of his former secretary Andrey Sedykh, Bunin wanted to undertake an English edition of the book, but he didn’t succeed. The paper reveals some previously unknown details of the complicated relationship between Bunin and Sedykh (along with the Nobel Prize period), including mutual sympathies periods (at least on the part of the author of “The Life of Arsenyev”) as well as periods of disappointment. The article introduces archival materials, including previously unpublished sources, in particular a postcard sent by Bunin to Sedykh.

Русская эмиграция первой волны оставила глубокий след в не только в отечественной, но и в мировой культуре. Писателям и поэтам, покинувшим родину, пришлось погрузиться в иную культуру, принять ее правила и традиции. Это было обязательным условием адаптации в новых условиях жизни. Но все же они не растворились полностью в новой культурной среде, остались русскими, и процесс их творчества проходил под совокупным воздействием как русской, так и иностранной культуры. Особенно это заметно в творчестве тех эмигрантов, которые были билингвами, то есть одинаково владели и русским, и иностранным языком. Билингвизм помог им освоить и воспринять чужую культуру, стал инструментом межкультурной коммуникации. На основе изучения текстов поэтов-билингвов в данной статье выделяются характеристики поэтического мира русских эмигрантов в контексте их творчества. Основная цель исследования – определить особенности моделирования и интерпретации образов России и Франции в творчестве русских поэтов-эмигрантов. Предпринимается попытка выявить условия сохранения целостности художественного мира автора, пишущего на двух языках.

The author made an attempt to consider the image of Poland, presented in the pages of the Russian émigré press. The source of the study was the publication of the illustrated Russian émigré journal "Illyustrirovannaya Rossiya" ("Illustrated Russia"); 1924-1939, Paris), which closely followed international events, including coverage of Polish events. The use of the content analysis method helped to get an idea of the formation of the image of Poland in the Russian emigrant press from various aspects of public life: political, cultural and literary. The study of the media image was carried out on two main types of data: textual and visual. As part of our study, thematic typing of the collected material and tagging of text were carried out, the necessary selection of articles by topic, headings and genres was made, and a content analysis of the frequency of occurrence of tags in the time period was carried out. In the process of identifying key categories, the following elements of the media message were taken into account: the number of publications, their positioning and volume, the type of illustrations, the type of publication, the message contained in the headlines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Matica Srpska Journal for Fine Arts / Zbornik Matice Srpske za Likovne Umetnosti is the property of Matica Srpska, Department of Visual Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Arthur Luther's (1876-1955; translator, publicist, cultural mediator and librarian) anthology Pověsti, razskazy, legendy i šutki německago srednevěkov'â published 1922 at Grani in Berlin, has hardly been recognized by researchers until today. This paper's aim is to reveal the function and intention of Luther's edition as a proposition of (cultural) integration for his intended audience of Russian emigrants in Germany. Based on theories of Reinhard Wenskus on the construction of collective identities as well as Jurij Lotman's semiosphere theory and cultural transfer research, this anthology can be seen as an offer to convey and (if applicable) amplify values and norms to an audience already rudimentarily familiar with them. The ten medieval texts translated by Luther range from Hartmann's Armer Heinrich to the legend of Creszentia from the Kaiserchronik to a variety of Mæren, such as Herrand's von Wildonie Treue Gattin and Konrad's von Würzburg Herzmære. All those texts translated and edited by Luther are exclusively epic poetry or independent excerpts from chronicles, all dating from the period between 1150 and 1300, while the three-volume edition of Friedrich Heinrich von der Hagen's Gesammtabenteuer (1850) served as its pre-text. It can be assumed that Luther aimed for a didactic benefit by means of these works: Central social and religious systems of values and norms are presented in a literary form that is interesting due to its antiquity, but at the same time does not seem fundamentally alien to a foreign cultural audience, who are thus to be familiarised with the historical dimensions of their exile cultural area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to present the phenomenon of the dialogue of languages and cultures in the prose of Nadezhda Teffi, an émigré Russian writer, one of the most popular literary figures of the first half of the 20th century. The analysis aims to reveal the motifs of foreign cultures and their linguistic representation. All contexts containing direct nominations of cultural motifs were used as research material. The methodology is defined by the theory of a comprehensive systemic approach to the researched material, which allows us to consider individual works of Teffias an example of a dialogue of cultures. A literary text is considered from the point of view of both linguistic and literary analysis. Biographical, structural and formal methods have been used in the research. The material for the analysis was selected on the basis of feuilletons, essays and stories from prose collections published in emigration. At the same time, the world presented in her works is saturated with elements of foreign cultures. The analysis of emigrant prose allows us to distinguish the following cultural spaces: Europe, Africa and the Middle East. The author situates the action of her works in distant cultural spaces or only mentions foreign nomenclature in a historical retrospective. The French cultural space and the everyday life of Russian emigrants who have linked their lives to France, and especially to Paris, remain dominant in Teffi's emigrant prose. The spatial organisation of the literary works correlates with the real topography of the city. Teffi's emigration stories were, on the one hand, a chronicle of the experience of exile and, on the other, a guide to "Russian Paris", which is treated as a kind of "cultural sign" in opposition to other "signs", above all Russia. To describe the new/foreign cultural space, Teffi actively used foreign language vocabulary to emphasise functioning in a new/foreign cultural space. The vocabulary of foreign cultural realities in Teffi's works includes: names of topographical and geographical objects; names of titles of literary works, plays, paintings, musical works; names of dishes of national cuisine; names of historical figures, scientists, artists, writers. The notation of the foreign lexicon took a very diverse form: notation in the original version; foreign words in Russian transcription, "linguistic hybrids". The use of this type of rhetorical figure, which consisted in introducing elements of foreign languages into the utterance, was intended to illustrate the linguistic duality of the emigrant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rusycystyczne Studia Literaturoznawcze is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For the first time the article introduces а correspondence between the writers of the Russian Diaspora Ivan Shmelyov and Leonid Zurov into a scientific circulation. Shmelyov’s letters contain some characteristics of the first books of the young writer and his artistic talent as well as outlines the prospects for a further creative path. Shmelyov turns his attention mainly to the inner world and personality of the writer. He advises Zurov to engage in self-education, get acquainted with Russian and European philosophy, develop his artistic word. The letters allow to see Shmelyov’s active care, which revealed in his initiative for publishing Zurov’s works in Paris periodicals, promoting the positive critics responses (reviews by V. Amphiteatrov and K. Zaitsev), and supporting Zurov’s decision to move from Riga to France. Some letters concern the episode with removing of the Zurov’s short story from the newspaper “Russkiy Invalid.” Sincere and warm Zurov’s letters reveal the details of his life in Riga. They also talk about his travelling around Latgale, which served as a source of his creative inspiration. The published correspondence, thus, introduces new nuances in the biographies of two bright creative personalities of the Russian emigration.

The review examines the monograph by P. Bazanov devoted to the political and publishing activities of the “pro-Soviet” organizations of Russian emigration of the first wave: the Smenovekhovtsy, the Mladorossi, the National Maximalists, and other representatives of the post-revolutionary movement who rejected the idea of “activism,” i.e. terrorist and armed struggle against Soviet Russia. The analysis focuses on the views and activities of the emigrant movements that went beyond the pre-revolutionary party framework and political concepts and managed to creatively approach the understanding of the Bolshevik revolution and the new era in the life of our country. Special attention in the review is paid to the emergence of the terms “violet” and “ultraviolet,” the problem of the appearance of the slogan “The Tsar and the Soviets,” and biographical facts of the prominent figures of the post-revolutionary movement.

Attempts of the Soviet political intelligence service to penetrate the Russian emigration in Yugoslavia / Kingdom SHS had been made since the twenties mainly in the capital of the Kingdom. In that period, the left-wing Zemgor organization began to operate in the Kingdom, led by Vladimir I. Lebedev and Fedor E. Mahin. In the same period, red Moscow tried to create illegal contacts with the federalists in Montenegro and with the former members of „Black Hand” in Serbia. Another attempt to penetrate was made through Russian educational institutions, primarily the Russian-Serbian high school in Belgrade. Two of its first directors Vladimir D. Pletnjov and Ivan M. Malinjin get acquainted with the members of “Black Hand” even before 1917, and in Belgrade they actively protected leftist students and teachers in school. The organizers and core staff of the Union of Soviet Patriots, an emigrant illegal organization during the Second World War, emerged from the ranks of school students. The Soviet military intelligence service began to operate in Yugoslavia only from the beginning of the Second World War (more precisely, until the arrival of the Soviet military attaché in Belgrade. The political intelligence service (INO NKVD) began its operations much earlier, and concentrated its activities against the Russian. There are two figures connected to the NKVD activities in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia: Fedor Mahin and Leonid Linitsky. When F. Mahin arrived to the Supreme Headquarters of the NOVJ in 1942, he contacted Moscow and mentioned his old relations with the NKVD through “Vladimir Pravdin”. It was Roland Abbiat (Roland Abbiat) who managed the bar “Pti Pari” in Belgrade from the spring of 1933 to the summer of 1937 while he was an illegal resident of the NKVD.

In the last thirty years, studies dedicated to Russian emigration have experienced significant growth. The fall of the Berlin Wall first, and later the collapse of the USSR, allowed scholars to freely access archives, describe and reconstruct the phenomenon from qualitative and quantitative perspectives, and form research groups and networks both nationally and internationally. This article focuses on Italian studies dedicated to Russian emigration in Italy, which, over the past thirty years, have also seen a notable flourishing thanks to the contributions of individual researchers and research groups. Russian studies in Italy have thus aligned with similar initiatives in other countries, developing international projects and research lines in various fields.

This publication consists of diary entries written in January and February 1953 by the well-known Russian modernist writer Alexei Remizov. The entries have not been published previously and appear in print for the first time in this Russian Literature publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this introductory article, the authors contextualize Alexei Remizov's diary entries of January–February 1953, which are published in this Russian Literature volume for the first time. Remizov kept a diary almost throughout his entire life. The authors explain Remizov's method of conducting diary writing and the evolution of his diary entries. They analyze the correlation of sleep and wakefulness in daily records, as well as numerous references by Remizov to the "transcendental nature of dreams" (as defined by the philosopher Pavel Florenskii). And they devote special attention to the transformation of dream motifs and Remizov's search for their literary form in the process of creating his later works, The Fire of Things (Ogon' veshchei , 1954) and Martyn Zadeka. Dream book (Martyn Zadeka. Sonnik , 1954). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the artist of the Russian emigre artistic circle Eugene E. Klimoff (1901–1990). A committed realist, as a painter and graphic artist, Klimoff worked in the field of landscape and portrait. The artist’s creative heritage includes many portraits of representatives of Russian artistic emigre circles, cultural and scientific figures, as well as landscapes of those places in which he happened to live during his life. These landscapes are autobiographical and belong to the category of historical evidence, acquiring special value after a hundred of years. A significant part of the landscapes is executed in the technique of lithography, and the attention of this article is focused on them. At the same time, the landscapes by Klimoff are analysed not only from the point of view of a modern art critic but also from that of his contemporaries. This perspective became possible due to Klimoff’s extensive correspondence with many famous Russian artists in exile, including Alexandre Benois, Zinaida Serebryakova, Mstislav Dobuzhinsky, and others. Klimoff’s activities in various fields of art pursued a specific goal — the promotion of Russian art in its entirety in those cities and countries where he happened to stay. He became one of the founders of the cultural and educational society “Akropol” in Latvia, and in 1932 became its executive secretary; in 1940, he headed the Russian Department at the Riga Art Museum. In different countries of the world, Klimoff painted churches and restored church murals; he also gave public lectures on ancient Russian icon painting, subsequently expanding a variety of lecture topics and including Russian fine art of the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, including the work of his Russian contemporaries. At the same time, Klimoff’s activities as an educator began to spread in another direction — towards homeland, for which he carefully preserved not only his and his circle artists’ works but also memories of them in a form of correspondence with famous Russian culture and art personalities.

The study, based on the unpublished memoirs of the Russian émigré N. A. Martynov, is devoted to the activities of the Soviet intelligence service among the Russian emigration in Northern China after World War II in the context of the SovietAmerican confrontation in the initial period of the Cold War. The methodological basis of the work is the anthropological approach and the principle of consistency. Emphasis is placed on the work of the Soviet consulate and other organizations to split the Russian emigration in Tianjin, its Sovietization and subsequent repatriation.

The research is devoted to repatriate Lyudmila Maksimilianovna Abramova (1914-2002) who was born in Harbin, lived in China for 40 years and moved to the USSR during the mass repatriation of the Russian population of Manchuria in the 1950s. Through the fate of Liudmila Abramova the authors attempt to reflect the peculiarities of the life of the emigrants in Northern Manchuria in the interwar period. They include the involvement of young people in fascist organizations, work in the Manchukuo authorities, survival strategies, repatriation motives, adaptation practices of repatriates, gender aspects - such as the role of a politician's wife, the participation of women in public organizations. The appeal to the personalized history is due to the fact that in the history of Russian emigration in Manchuria there are many mythologemes that distort the idea of the life and activities of emigrants. In addition, the authors had to face the problem of reconstructing the biography of a “little” person in the absence of ego documents (memoirs, letters, diaries); therefore, the research task was the use of the anthropological approach, microand macroanalysis, historical-biographical and historical-comparative methods. The article is based on unpublished archival documents involving memoirs and diaries of former Harbin residents and oral history materials.

This article looks at the possible links between Irène Némirovsky and the world of Russian émigrés in Paris, within which she was considered a “French writer” in her own right. Through a comparison of her biography with that of other Russian émigré writers of the same generation as Irène Némirovsky, we offer some preparatory considerations for a future study of the reception of her work in the cultural circuit of Russian émigrés.

Copyright of EU-topías: A Journal on Interculturality, Communication & European Studies is the property of Universite de Geneve, Global Studies Intitute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the last thirty years, studies dedicated to Russian emigration have experienced significant growth. The fall of the Berlin Wall first, and later the collapse of the ussr, allowed scholars to freely access archives, describe and reconstruct the phenomenon from qualitative and quantitative perspectives, and form research groups and networks both nationally and internationally. This article focuses on Italian studies dedicated to Russian emigration in Italy, which, over the past thirty years, have also seen a notable flourishing thanks to the contributions of individual researchers and research groups. Russian studies in Italy have thus aligned with similar initiatives in other countries, developing international projects and research lines in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to how the first Soviet constitutions were perceived by first-wave Russian émigrés. Despite the relatively large number of lawyers among them, their analysis of the constitutions was not based on the theory of law. Instead, émigrés measured them against their compliance with the historical development of Russia as well as their compatibility with other laws and by-laws. Russians abroad were primarily concerned about the constitutions' implementation. Any study of this topic will therefore discuss not only these Russians' perception of the documents, but also of the Soviet state and its policies in the 1920s. Especially interesting are the arguments about the role of the Soviets and the Soviet system. This paper examines and compares views held by representatives of different political circles, identifying similarities and differences. Most of the émigrés' analyses of the Soviet system in the 1920s resulted in the following assessments: formal legislation was not being observed in practice; management was being gradually centralized; a transition was taking place away from the dictatorship of the proletariat and towards the dictatorship of the party, the oligarchy, and the autocracy of Stalin; the functions of the Soviet organs were being duplicated and replaced by the Communist Party; and bureaucracy was burgeoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the lyrical works of Lydia Khaindrova, a poetess whose poetic activity was in full swing in the first half of the twentieth century in Harbin and Shanghai. The urgency of the study lies in identifying the specific features of the poetics of Khaindrova’s collections, which can help clarify the ideas about the literature of the eastern branch of the Russian emigration. The cultural-historical, phenomenological, typological and comparative approaches serve as the methodological basis of the study. The purpose of the article is to present Khaindrova’s lyrical works in their unity with Russian culture and, in particular, with the Silver Age, from which emigrants, despite the circumstances, were not cut off either during the era of the revolution or in subsequent years. The article presents the responses to Khaindrova’s lyrical works and creative activity from “Poem Without an Object” by Valery Pereleshin, a famous oriental emigrant who ended his days in Brazil. In addition, the study notes the special links of Khaindrova’s poetry with Anna Akhmatova’s works (up to imitative elements) and analyzes individual poetic parallels. The poetic and human affinity of Khaindrova with Larissa Andersen is also indicated – the mentions in the “Poem” by Pereleshin, the letters, and Andersen’s review of the poem “Topolikha”. The study considers the lyrical cosmos of Khaindrova – the main motifs and images that fill her poetic collections: apocalyptic motifs, the clash of “flowers of evil” and “gospel thunderstorms”, floristic images, garden as a metaphor of fate, the metaphor of love and in some cases loneliness, etc. The author demonstrates the romantic orientation of the poetess: many motifs of her lyrical works are borrowed from the romantics (thunderstorms, mountains, road, way up, fall), but at the same time, there is no sharp opposition in her works, no distinct antitheses, no strong emotions of denials. Khaindrova does not make experiments in poetry, does not taste various meters and rhythms, and does not shock the reader with frightening images – her poetry is quiet, calm and unsophisticated.

Copyright of Papers of Hungarian Studies / Hungarologiai Kozlemenyek is the property of Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the activities of emigrant zemstvo organizations in the context of their preservation of the traditions of the pre-revolutionary Russian zemstvo. The Russian post-revolutionary emigration caused by the October Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent Civil War numbered up to two million refugees who settled mainly in the countries of Central Europe, Slavic countries, newly formed border states, and the Far East. Many of the former zemstvo officials of various levels who had significant experience in organizing humanitarian assistance to refugees and the wounded during the First World War and the Civil War also emigrated. The article traces the continuity of emigrant zemstvo organizations, primarily the Russian Zemstvos and Towns Relief Committee of Russian Citizens Abroad and its branches, in relation to pre-revolutionary zemstvo institutions, such as the All-Russian Zemstvo Union. Russian emigrant organizations continued their former zemstvo activities, focusing on education (secondary and higher education), employment of Russian refugees (labor exchanges), medical care, and preservation of Russian culture in the new conditions, among other things, by means of organizing and holding the days of Russian culture as well as founding archives and libraries. To prove the idea of continuity of zemstvo organizations, the author considers the structure and composition of the Russian Zemstvos and Towns Relief Committee of Russian Citizens Abroad and its most significant offices in Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. The article is mainly based on the materials from the Russian Historical Archive Abroad (RZIA) stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Archives of the Prefecture of Police of Paris, and publications of the Zemgor.

Based on the new archival documents and literature in English, the paper presents the biography of Mikhail Sergeevich Smirnov, representative of the Russian diaspora in Yugoslavia and researcher of a new branch of international law, which began to develop in 1957 with the launch of the fi rst artifi cial Earth satellite. He was a secondgeneration Russian refugee, who was forced to leave his homeland as a little boy. He settled in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes / Kingdom of Yugoslavia alongside his family. He graduated from Law School in the state capital, Belgrade, then from Paris Law School, where he obtained his doctorate, and then from Paris Law School’s Institute for Higher International Sciences. After the launch of the fi rst satellite in 1957, Mikhail Smirnov, an aviation law expert, started paying more attention to the new aspects of aviation law associated with space exploration: he spoke at a number of international meetings of specialists in this fi eld of law. His works were published in domestic and international journals and his papers were cited by many authors. The scientist became a member of the International Astronautical Academy, the International Astronautical Federation, and the first president of the International Institute of Space Law. Smirnov was even a Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts corresponding member candidate. Nevertheless, he was almost completely forgotten in Serbia.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the essay of the famous Russian emigrant of the “third wave”, critic and publicist Peter Vail’s essay “Abram Terts, the Russian filibuster” (1997), to discover the intertextual layers in the text, and to realize their artistic functions and connection with the genre nature. The main research methods used in the study include the combination of the cultural-historical, biographical, intertextual, structural-semantic, and metapoetic. The integrated approach used in the work allows the authors to discover new facets of the creative originality of Vail’s literary essays. The study result in a new analytical understanding of Vail’s journalistic strategies in the process of creating the image of the emigrant writer Andrei Sinyavsky (Abram Terts), and traces the methods of forming a memorial essay created at the intersection of traditional practices of literary essays, interviews, journalistic reporting, personal diary, archival notes, etc. The authors argue that Vail models a mixed polygenre of essayistic narration arising on the basis of interaction between traditional genre formations. As a result, Vail’s intertext of essayistic narration acquires an external and visualized character – the essay appears mainly in the form of a chronicle of events. In the essay, Vail does not offer detailed reflections, does not comprehend events, but fixes them; he offers not a thought, but a look. However, from the point of view of the authors of the article, it is this fact that constitutes the peculiarity of the essayistic form of Peter Vail.

The paper examines the attitudes of monarchist Russian émigrés towards pro-Soviet tendencies in a refugee setting through the case of discovering the plans to establish a communist party in the First Russian Cadet Corps “Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich” in the town of Bela Crkva in 1934. The investigation, subsequent hearings and sentences handed down to the cadets reveal the attitudes and ideas typical of this community in the interwar period, which would influence the political and ideological positioning of Russian émigrés in the Second World War.

The aim of the article is to reveal foreign Russian language publications as the main sources of the formation of the bibliographic repertoire of books in Russian published abroad, reflected in the bibliographic database «Books published in Russian abroad, 1927–1991», compiled by the staff of Research department of bibliography of Russian State Library. The specific features of the database and special cases associated with the requirements for the repertoire of the publications included in the database are characterized. Information on auxiliary indexes adjacent to the database, reflecting that of about the persons involved in book publications, keywords, geographic names and the names of organizations associated with publications is given. The main sources are outlined, within the framework of which the selection of the bibliographic repertoire corresponding to the topic of the main database is carried out: 1) editions of the Russian emigration circles in different countries; 2) editions of the socialist countries; 3) foreign editions. Each of the sources is considered and characterized, the specifics of the ways of organizing the publishing process, depending on each of them, are highlighted. Based on the requirements of the maximum possible practical verification of the material covered by the database de visu, the author considers the specifics of the search and analysis of the material, depending on a source of the bibliographic repertoire formation. The variety of bibliographic resources dictated by such specifics is noted, the variety of ways of referring to them by a bibliographer in his practical search and reflection of bibliographic material in the database.The fundamental differences between the considered sources are highlighted. There are raised questions related to the quantitative ratio within the database of publications corresponding to the indicated sources of its formation.

This article investigates how one of the most eminent Byzantinists of the twentieth century, André Grabar (1896–1990), constructed his own methodology in a balanced dialogue between texts and images. At the very core of this study is his monograph L'empereur dans l'art byzantin (1936), which can be seen as emblematic of Grabar's approach. However, this article investigates not only Grabar's methodology but also his personal cultural background. I believe that this approach is necessary in the context of the epistemology of art history, since, as has been proven in other important studies, the interplay between history, social situations, and scholarship is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the problem of fantasy in first-wave Russian émigré literature, using Vasily Yanovsky's prose as an example. The author tries to show that fantasy in Yanovsky's prose has a multifaceted character. The writer uses science fiction motifs and introduces supernatural themes. Regardless of the nature of the fantasy motif, it always becomes a contribution to more serious social and moral considerations. These considerations are based on on studies of literary fantasy by Tzvetan Todorov and Roger Callois. The interpretation also shows that Yanovsky's texts are full of intertextual references to the works of other authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the article is due to the fact that in the modern world, various utopian concepts do not lose their ideological strength, which for more than two centuries have significantly influenced public consciousness and have caused significant transformations in the socio-cultural life of mankind. The connection among social utopias and Christian eschatology has been noticed for a long time, and the thoughts expressed on this occasion by Protopresbyter Alexander Schmemann in articles and diary entries can contribute to a better understanding of deep cognitive processes that largely determine modern social realities. The purpose of the study was based on the analysis of the works of this worthy representative of the philosophy of the Russian diaspora, comparing the traditional religious eschatological "prototype" and later views on the "end of history". These views contributed to the development of utopianism and ideologism in the public mind. The authors focus attention on the antinomical nature of Christian eschatology, in contrast to the various socio-utopian modifications that define social ideals in a field transcendental to everyday human activities. The striving of religious thinking towards the "non-worldly" ideal, as Protopresbyter Alexander Schmemann believed, made it possible to form a Christian's attitude to earthly life, which inevitably required a qualitative transformation corresponding to the notion of the ultimate goal. However, over time, the Christian faith paid less and less attention to the eschatological dimension of human life, which contributed to the formation of new eschatologies seeking their social ideals in the immediate givenness of earthly life and affirming the belief in the possibility of their empirical achievement. The authors of the article come to the conclusion that the most important factor in the formation and development of the "ideological faith" in the public consciousness, the concept of which is defined in the most general terms in the works of Protopresbyter Alexander Schmemann, was the isolation of the dominant ideological structures based on social utopian ideas, from traditional faith grounds. Thus, ideologies ceased to be functional aspects of concrete historical religions, lost their official character and themselves became the foundation for pseudo-religious creativity.

The aim of this paper is to present the publishing idea of a Russian émigré, which proved to be an exceptional contribution to Serbian culture. This publishing endeavour was a rather unique one given the fact that unlike the abundant publishing activity of Russian emigration, which was primarily intended for Russian readers, the Narodna Prosveta Publishing House was primarily focused on Serbian culture, on two bases: it was made up of Serbian cultural activists and, above all, intended for Serbian readers. The status of the Narodna Prosveta in the history of Serbian book publishing has been burdened by unfounded charges against its founder A. I. Pritzker on suspicion of collaboration with the German occupier, as well as the absence of a well-deserved critical register - which is an additional motive to restore the Narodna Prosveta after a long period of silence to its rightful place - at the core of the interwar publishing and cultural activities.

In the first years after World War I, about 60,000 citizens of tsarist Russia, refugees from the civil war and the changes caused by the October Revolution, joined the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenians. Most of them were members of the middle and upper classes: mostly officers and members of the civic elite with university degrees. Some moved on soon after, to the west, and about 40,000 decided to stay in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenians. Their contribution to Serbian and Yugoslav society, science, art, culture, and other spheres of life is mostly known and well documented, as are their lives and the issues of refugee and emigrant life. There are numerous books, monographs, newspaper articles, films, and other material that testifies to the life, work, and contribution of Russian emigration to Serbia and Yugoslavia. However, even to the present day, untold stories about their lives can be revealed, such as the one we present in this article. The story of the work and contribution of Russian emigrants to the Military Geographic Institute in Belgrade is the subject of the present paper. These were mostly officers of the Russian Military Geodetic Service (Corps of Military Topographers). These findings were made thanks to a recent study by the Military Geographic Institute, whose comprehensive results are being presented to the general professional public for the first time. According to previous information, it was estimated that there were about thirty officers in the Russian Imperial Army. This research determined the number of at least 99 emigrants who worked at the Military Geographic Institute. Some worked for only a few months, others for several years, and some for more than 35 years. The research revealed that some of them became officers of the Yugoslav Army. Some of those who served in the Military Geographic Institute also gave a broader contribution to the geodetic service in Serbia and Yugoslavia.

The article is dedicated to a story from the literary life of Russian emigration related to the anniversary of Boris Zaitsev of 1926. The article introduces hitherto unknown archival material that demonstrates how Alexey Remizov worked to cover this literary event in the pages of the European press. Archival documents (fragments of a hitherto unpublished emigrant period correspondence of Remizov and Zaitsev) and unknown print sources have allowed me to describe the nature of the relationship between two writers sharing similar literary biographies in the context of the literary situation of 1926. The anniversary celebration as a factor of public recognition for Remizov became an occasion for integrating significant phenomena of Russian literature into European literature and culture. The article contains obscure biographical information about Remizov’s correspondents.

The article examines the history of Russian immigrants on the Philippine Island of Tubabao, where they fled from China in 1948 to avoid repatriation to the USSR. The refugees lived on the island for four years, a period the local population remembers as Tiempo Russo. The authors goal was to examine how Filipinos saw the Russians by interviewing older islanders who had had direct contacts with the emigrants. The survey focused on three topics: 1) Fears of the Russians when they arrived on the island; 2) Formal and informal social means of communication between natives and Russians; 3) The level of respondents' trust in Russian refugees. The interviews revealed that the large number of refugees (6,000) who arrived on the island initially aroused apprehension among the local population. However, the Russians good behavior, friendliness and openness eventually dispelled all fears. The Russians and the islanders developed stable links as they bartered products and carried out leisure activities together, among others. At the same time, the islanders were introduced to Russian everyday culture: playing the piano, watching movies, drinking alcohol (coconut wine). In general, the local population saw their temporary positive effects. They made an impression as open, friendly, hospitable people, who loved to drink and treat others very well.

In the 1920s–1940s poetics became the main aspect of the study of The Adolescent both in the USSR and in Russian emigration. Of particular importance is the work on the handwritten corpus of the novel. The review examines the publications of the surviving manuscripts and the main studies devoted to their analysis. The stages of poetics studies and textual criticism on The Adolescent are traced in chronological order. The review consists of three sections: studies on the poetics and textual studies of The Adolescent in 1920s USSR (L.P. Grossman, N.P. Antsiferov, R.V. Ivanov-Razumnik, V.L. Komarovich, M.G. Davidovich, B.M. Engelgardt, S.A. Askoldov, S.N. Durylin, M.M. Bakhtin); Russian emigration about the poetics of The Adolescent in 1920s-1940s (I.I. Lapshin, R.V. Pletnev, A.L. Bem, P.M. Bicilli, K.V. Mochulsky); studies on the poetics of The Adolescent in 1930s-1940s USSR (G.I. Chulkov, A.S. Dolinin). The main issues that occupied Soviet and emigrant scholars of the 1920s and 1940s are highlighted: the ideological and artistic continuity of the novels The Devils, The Adolescent, and The Brothers Karamazov as the development of the idea of the plan for The Life of a Great Sinner; Dostoevsky’s creative method in the novel The Adolescent; the creative history and type of the novel; plot-compositional features and narrative strategies; motives and symbols; typology and characterology of heroes, including reminiscences from Griboedov and Pushkin, artistic polemics with L.N. Tolstoy and “duality”; prototypes of characters; speech style. The chapter on the novel in the book Dostoevsky. Life and Works by the emigrant scholar K.V. Mochulsky (1947) is recognized as the pinnacle of the study of The Adolescent in the first half of the 20th century, as it absorbed practically the entire research discourse on both sides of the USSR border and gave a complete picture of its problems and poetics. At the same time, the book is free from the traces of ideological coercion that Soviet scholars experienced in the 1930s and 1940s.