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This article explores Arab-Jewish intercommunal interactions in Rural Mandatory Palestine. The relations between Zionist settlers and Arab inhabitants in Palestine is an oft-told story of mostly-tense encounters that peaked in the War of 1948 and the Nakba. Starting with the settlement of the Arab villagers of Khirbat ʿAzzun and the Zionist colonists of Raʿanana in Palestine’s coastal plain, this article offers close, mutually contradictory yet complementary perspectives on these neighborly interactions. Such micro-historic inspection casts a focused light on the fine threads that made up the fabric of Arab-Zionist relations in Palestine’s extensive rural areas during the decades before the Nakba and the foundation of the State of Israel. It shows how common interests encouraged dynamic instability and delicate coexistence, while considerable gaps triggered confrontations. These confrontations, however, were a local matter, not a national one, unpleasant but bearable in the context of rural intercommunal interactions in Palestine’s changing countryside.

This article explores the history of Hamama, an Arab village in the Gaza Sub-District during the Late Ottoman and British Mandate period c. 1750–1948 CE, combining the often-disparate fields of Ottoman/Levantine archaeology and Ottoman/Palestinian history for tracing its rise from an ordinary village into the Sub-District’s third largest settlement. Ethnographic sources and historical evidence testify that the village of Hamama had been inhabited continuously from the Mamluk period until 1948. The paper uses the case of Hamama to argue that the detailed history of specific villages and towns cannot be reconstructed out of a synchronous (specific point-in-time) reading of the sources without considering the influence of previous stages in their socioeconomic development. Using a vast array of primary sources and archaeological materials, this study explores the interaction between local topography and existing social fabrics with broader transformative processes on the regional and trans-regional levels. It shows how the region of Hamama underwent a significant economic growth and settlement expansion. In the 1860s, local administrative re-structuring took hold as part of the implementation of the tanzimat reforms at the district level. The establishment of the “quarter system”—the division of village land between the groups of families—led to considerable economic development, which was evident in village land uses by the early 20th century. Later, British town plans and building permits testify to the involvement of the colonial administration in the architectural and spatial planning of the Arab countryside. These were local manifestations of globalization and the modernization efforts of the Ottoman Empire and later the British Mandate.

This paper provides a social and geographic account of al-Lajjun (Jenin Sub-district), a prominent Palestinian village during the British Mandate period (1918–1948). It portrays a countryside in renewal, encapsulated in the story of Umm al-Fahm’s expansion and Lajjun’s resettlement. In contrast to existing scholarship, the present work contextualizes the site within the wider diachronic, longue durée, history of the region, and the synchronous, shifting pattern of settlements in Marj ibn ‘Amir (Jezreel Valley), Bilad al-Ruha (Ramot Menashe), and Wadi ‘Ara (Nahal ‘Iron). It focuses on the development of the physical outlines of the (re)new(ed) village, with the development of three “Lajjuns” reflecting its founders’ Hebronite/Khalīlī patterns of settlement. Furthermore, it explores Lajjun’s diversified economy and its metamorphosis from a derelict hamlet into a hub of utilities and transportation infrastructure of regional importance under the British Mandate of Palestine (1920–1948).

By the end of the 19th century, shifts in forest property rights and associated forest uses by rural communities in Europe had affected both rural livelihood conditions and ecological functioning of forests. This was the case in the Landes of Gascony in France and Western Galicia in Poland—two European regions that became major international suppliers of forest products in the second half of the 19th century. In this context, we developed an original approach inspired by socio-ecological metabolism studies. We investigated how ecological resources could meet the social needs of rural livelihoods by constructing a new dataset. This dataset includes livestock requirements for feed and bedding, as well as the local resources available to meet these requirements over the 1875–1910 period. This approach allowed us to highlight that in the Landes of Gascony, forest litter played only a minor role in rural livelihood conditions. Quite the contrary, the expansion of forest area occurred to the detriment of moorland, which was actually the main resource for livestock breeding. By contrast, in Western Galicia, forest litter played a slightly secondary yet meaningful role, as the absence of forest litter would have further intensified the already severe pressure on local rural livelihood resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grazing livestock in uplands was a widespread practice in late Medieval and early modern Europe, but there can be uncertainty about the date and function of archaeological sites associated with herding. This paper reviews fieldwork on such sites in northern and northwestern Europe and reports on the excavation of a hut and enclosure in the mountains of southwestern Ireland. The hut was found to have been built in the 16th or 17th centuries a.d. and was probably used to oversee dairy animals (likely cows). The enclosure was dated to the early 18th or early–mid-19th century a.d. and is more likely associated with goat milking. The excavations demonstrate that construction dates can be obtained for pastoral sites in uplands of northwestern Europe. Furthermore, with careful reading of features in the surrounding landscape and consideration of documentary and ethnographic evidence, fieldwork can help determine the nature of pastoral economies over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On August 25, 1879, nineteen-year-old Eliza Francis Levesay, the daughter of a tenant farmer, and twenty-five-year-old William Miers, the son of a prosperous landowner and farmer, traveled from rural Decatur County, Indiana, to the county seat of Greensburg. Eliza was pregnant, and local dentist Columbus C. Burns performed an abortion on the young woman. Eliza miscarried the pregnancy in her parents' home days later, and Miers and Burns were charged by the Decatur County Court with procuring an abortion and second-degree murder. The trial garnered local, regional, and national attention. Using long-unknown court documents—including Eliza's deposition, taken by the mayor of Greensburg—author Madeleine Boesche recounts a story of premarital sex and out-of-wedlock pregnancy, community standards and secrets, social class, and the practice of abortion in the nineteenth-century rural Midwest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to explore past and present trends in the study of the Palestinian countryside, as reflected in Israeli and Arab-Palestinian scholarship about the Plain of Sharon—a key section of Palestine’s coastal plain. The article presents a detailed exposition of the different schools of thought, and by establishing the drawbacks of each school, it argues the need for an integrative approach to the subject and sources at hand. Scholars must therefore consider all the relevant primary sources and secondary literature. Furthermore, they should discuss their object of inquiry from both the perspective of the village and that of the region as a whole.Before 1948, Palestinians lived in a predominantly rural society. Therefore, a systematic treatment of the Palestinian countryside is vital for conducting any thorough discussion of the country’s history. Indeed, the social, economic, and demographic history of the Palestinian countryside during the Ottoman and British Mandate periods has received a significant scientific attention. Historians, archaeologists, anthropologists, sociologists, economists, demographers and material-culture researchers all long participated in a lively scholarly discourse in English, Hebrew, Arabic, Turkish, and more, mainly European languages. This attention reflects not only an interest in the ongoing Palestinian-Zionist conflict, but—more importantly—the accelerated pace of digitization of archival materials. The digital revolution, with the internet and social networks, removed previous political, geographical and financial barriers to scholarly exchange, and provided direct access to primary sources in various languages and from a wide variety of archival collections in Israel/Palestine and abroad.Jewish ethnographic accounts of the Palestinian countryside were inspired by everyday contacts with Palestinian society during the British Mandate period and influenced by available Western studies. Later, Zionist intelligence officers, like Ezra Danin, Tuvia Ashkenazi, and Ya‘akov Shimoni, documented land ownership patterns, structures of power and high politics for the purposes of the Jewish Yishuv. Following the establishment of the State of Israel, Israeli geographers like David Amiran, Yehuda Karmon and Gidon Golani of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, working in the service of the Israeli state planning apparatuses, presented a spatial perspective of the ‘Arab Village’. They utilized geographical tools and also based their work on field work and official statistics. Early Israeli scholarship about the ‘Arab village’ (Heb. Ha-kfar ha-‘Aravi) reflected Jewish perceptions of the Arab-Palestinian ‘Other’. More specifically, it embodied the ways in which Israeli scholars, most of whom of European origin, conceived the ‘Arab Village’ in light of general Orientalist perceptions of the East, and specific Zionist national preoccupations. Their studies of the ‘Arab village’ were motivated by the need to understand, to contain and to control Israel’s Arab citizenry. With few exceptions, early Jewish scholars like Karmon and Amiran regarded the ‘Arab village’ as an Oriental, traditional, backward, unorganized settlement form, constrained by the limitations of the environment. Jewish settlements, on the other hand, were hailed as a Western, modern, advanced, planned and prosperous settlement form, which overcame nature for the benefit of humanity.This dichotomy of settlement forms manifested Jewish ethnocentric, temporal and spatial conceptions about the Land of Israel (Heb. Eretz Israel), encoded in Zionist doctrine and praxis. Zionist scholars, officials and educators, formulated, in scholarly terms, a ‘Theory of Settlement Decline.’ For them, the perceived miserable condition of the ‘Arab Village’ proved the decline of the Land of Israel after the exile of the Jewish People. The previous condition of the country could only be reversed, they argued, by the return of the chosen people to their ancestral home.This narrative served to marginalize and de-legitimize traditional Arab forms of settlement, as well as ownership, possession and use of land. More severely, it served Israeli functionaries as justification for the appropriation of vast swaths of privately-owned Arab-Palestinian land for exclusive Jewish use. The importance that Israel’s state apparatus and the security establishment attached to this legitimizing work is evident in the material support they extended to researchers who carried out these studies on their behalf. This trend has diminished since the 1970s, especially because of the more scientifically rigorous and less ideologicallyminded scholarship of a new generation of geographers, led by David Grossman of Bar Ilan University, and fellow colleagues from Tel Aviv University and the University of Haifa.Arab-Palestinian scholarship, for its part, embodies a national discourse whose aim is to secure, perpetuate and confirm the Palestinian Right of Return, and to highlight the Arab-Palestinian character of the land against Israeli attempts to ‘Judiaize’ it. Arab-Palestinian scholarship focuses mainly on the socio-cultural aspects of individual villages, and pays little attention to the geographical, or wider regional, dimensions. In the hundreds of ‘village books’ written since the 1940s, the claim of Palestinian historical continuity and autochthonous existence since Canaanite times stands in sharp contrast to the more recent reported origin of village families from other parts of the Levant.Since the 1980s, Sharif Kana‘ana’s team scholars from Bir Zeit University, followed by their colleagues from Al-Najah University in Nablus, made an indispensable contribution to the understanding of the history of the Palestinian countryside. They were the first to make extensive use of previously untapped local and Ottoman sources, including the oral accounts of village residents. Later, Arab Palestinian residents of Israel, educated in Israeli universities, made steps towards bridging the gap between Palestinian and Israeli scholarship. They utilized their linguistical proficiencies and access to archives on both sides to present a more rigorous account on the history of the Palestinian countryside than ever before. The main gap between Israeli and Arab-Palestinian scholarship is thus an ideological one, a state worsened by the often selective and non-exhaustive use of different corpora of sources. Researchers are now able to re-evaluate existing scholarship in light of the new data as well as insights gleaned from archaeology, ethnography, the history of the Ottoman Empire, the history of nomadic societies, oral history, cartography and digital mapping (GIS studies), as discussed in the article.

This bibliography details women's history articles that have appeared in the Indiana Magazine of History during its 120 years of publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al-Sheikh Muwannis, where Tel Aviv University was later established, was one of four villages founded in the Ottoman period next to the shores of the Sharon (along with the villages of Ijlil, Al-Haram Sidna ‘Ali and Umm Khalid). The article traces the village's history within its social and spatial contexts. At the historiographical level, the establishment of Al-Sheikh Muwannis as discussed in the article demonstrates that the expansion of settlement in the southern Sharon was the result of the internal expansion of the core settlement by residents of the mountainous highlands of Samaria, and not by Egyptian ‘penetrators’ as previously claimed. Furthermore, the article outlines the complex relationships that developed between the original village population, new migrants, and nomadic populations camping on its lands; relationships that were exploited to further the growth and crystallization of Jewish settlement in the Yarkon Basin and around Tel Aviv. The close proximity of al-Sheikh Muwannis to the countryside of the Sharon and to Tel Aviv-Jaffa, led to the development of a space expressing architectural, social, linguistic and technological concepts derived from both countryside and city alike. The rich and complex picture presented in this paper can provide a framework to understand the development of other villages like al-Haram Sidna ‘Ali, Jalil, al-Jammasin, Sumayil (al-Mas‘udiya) and Salama.

Jindās was the nearest village to Lydda, situated by the town’s northern entrance. Although Lydda remained, to a large extent, an agricultural town until 1948, its rural hinterland has received little scholarly attention thus far. In this article, I sought to redress this disparity by reconstructing the history of Jindās, based on Ottoman tax records, waqf endowment deeds, registers of the Sharia courts and even oral testimonies. Jindās is mentioned in the 15th , 16th and early 17th centuries as a flourishing village whose lands belonged to different religious endowments. In the 18th and 19th centuries the village was abandoned several times. The desertion of Jindās, as well as of its neighbors Sibtāra, Kafr Jinnis, Beit Qūfa, and Shīhā, reflects the unsettled conditions around Lydda as a result from the migrations of nomadic groups and local manifestations of the Qays and Yaman rivalry.From a broader historiographical perspective, the article underlines a key point: the abandonment of villages did not necessarily result in an overall demographic decline. Just as the inhabitants of Jindās were scattered throughout Palestine’s central hill country, residents of other abandoned villages relocated, for the most part, to other regions, expanding and changing their existing patterns of settlement. In addition, the lands of these villages were not left abandoned, but continued to be cultivated by other populations. Thus, the lands of Jindās were cultivated by the inhabitants of Beit Nabālā and Lydda, and while they became the target of early Zionist settlement initiatives starting in the late 19th century, Ottoman reassertion of Jindās’ status as a waqf estate forestalled the land acquisition initiatives.

During much of the Ottoman period, the subdistrict of Lydda (Lod) was a large administrative unit that stretched from the present-day city of Modi’in in the south to the present-day city of Elad in the north; from the foothills in the east, through the Lod Valley to the outskirts of Jaffa in the west. This area was home to thousands of inhabitants in about 20 villages, who had at their disposal tens of thousands of hectares of prime agricultural land. The changing balance of power between the economic strength of Lydda and the influence of the neighboring administrative center in Ramla governed Lydda’s degree of administrative autonomy. As an economic space, however, Lydda’s hinterland remained relatively stable throughout the Ottoman period. Lydda Sub-district was united with Ramla Sub-district in the early 16th century but by the early 18th century, it was reestablished within similar boundaries to those that existed in the early 16th century. Lydda’s proximity to the grain basket of the Lod Valley, its location on the mainland trade routes and its proximity to the port of Jaffa, all contributed to its economic prosperity even in times of security instability. Lydda’s economy relied on the olive industry (oil and soap), cotton cultivation and trade. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, Waqf officials and European merchants managed much of this economic activity, while from the late 18th century this role was played mainly by local urban merchants (similar to the situation in Nablus and other Levantine cities). The nomadic incursions of the 17th and 18th centuries depopulated some villages in Lydda’s area. During the 19th century, the defeat of the Bedouins by the Abu Ghosh peasant alliance, and the increasing control of the Ottoman state on its internal security, facilitated the renewed expansion of settlement in the lowlands by the inhabitants of the highlands, in parallel with the extensive settlement of immigrants from Egypt in the coastal plain. The development of Lydda thus accelerated, reaching its peak during the British Mandate period.

The historiography of labour in pre-industrial Iceland has commonly portrayed it first and foremost as life-cycle service in rural households and has suggested that, in a European context, the Icelandic system of compulsory service – or vistarband – was exceptionally harsh due to its broad scope and inflexibility. This approach has been built primarily on demographics and a normative analysis of legal sources. Less attention has been paid to the everyday practices of workers and their employers (or the state) as they manoeuvred within and around the labour legislation to establish working relationships to make ends meet. Similarly, ambiguities within the legislation and discrepancies between law and practice have rarely been explored, nor has people's understanding of the principal concepts of the labour laws, concepts such as 'household', 'farm' and 'servant', been scrutinized. This article invokes such questions and provides a microhistorical analysis of two court cases which illustrate the nuances and ambiguities of putting such a broad-reaching set of regulations into practice in a pre-industrial rural setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the period of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867-1914) the agrarian population of banal Croatia reacted to their changing living conditions with revolts and riots roughly once in a decade. The abundant historigraphical coverage has identified two basic causes in the background of these tensions: some of a social nature such as the years of low yields and the increase of peasant duties, and some stemming from the growing national consciousness of the peasantry and the emotions thereby stirred up. Alongside these causes, the present paper intends to include a third source of conflict that has rarely been analysed so far: namely the modernising intervention of the state, whose presence, with a force that had not been experienced previously, resulted in a profound subversion of the rural world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the 19th century, various business entities pressed the Chilean State to advance in higher levels of food independence, to maintain the economic progress derived from the nitrate economy. The business groups pointed to a massive concession of public land for the installation of cattle, and one of the areas indicated was the Province of Llanquihue. Using preferentially official documents and publications of business groups, this article aims to delve into both the arguments used by national business groups to carry out livestock concessions and the legal strategies used by the State to implement them, indicating, likewise, the reaction and accommodation of local people to the concessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article observes the main trends in GPR research through a bibliometric analysis of a large corpus of contributions published between 1996 and 2021. This review aims to identify the scope of a flourishing methodology that has changed with technological advances and improvements. GPR research is at a similar development stage to other geophysical analysis techniques. Among archaeologists and historians interested in applying new techniques, the use of GPR has emerged as a critical tool to review historical themes. Covering from a new perspective with possibilities of success to the extent that there is active collaboration with experts who bring to the research experience an appropriate multidisciplinary prism. This allowed us to highlight positive experiences and errors that help us improve and move forward. This article is presented in two distinct but ultimately complementary parts. First, bibliometric analysis of the use of GPR in archaeology is addressed based on Publish or Perish Software. Second, we narrow the discussion using GPR results applied to rural/urban archaeological contexts from Roman times and how they can contribute to the knowledge of past societies, being an essential resource for understanding the historical expression of the occupation, management, and uses of the territory and landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bayyārat Shannīr is one of Lydda’s mostrecognizable neighborhoods in the eyes of the general public. However, its rich social and architectural history has yet to receive sufficient scholarly attention. In this article, the second of our series about the Bayyāras (orchard\well houses) in Lydda (Sasson 2019a), we seek to enrich the recent academic work about the modern history of Lydda by presenting a local micro-historical case study. Our sources include relevant academic publications in Arabic, Hebrew and English, diverse archival sources, a field survey of the site and oral testimonies gathered from the elderly residents of Lydda. In our discussion, we trace the history of landuses around Bayyārat Shannīr on the westernmargin of Lydda’s Late Ottoman plantation (krum) belt. Next, we trace its establishment by Ahmad Shannīr, an orange grove ownerfrom Jaffa, to the beginning of the BritishMandate. As an agricultural estate, Bayyārat Shannīr exemplifies the expansion of thecity of Lydda beyond its historical core. Subsequently, we point to the combination of circumstances in which the orchard became a haven for internally-displaced Arab peoplefrom the Abu Kishk Tribe, originally fromthe Yarkon River (Nahr al-‘Auja) basin, and from south of Israel\Palestine. Finally, the article addresses the interplay between the physical arrangement of the neighborhood and the enduring social constructs of kinship, patronage and protection in the shadow of socio-economic and political upheavals throughout the twentieth century

Copyright of Tempo (1413-7704) is the property of Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work intends to carry out a microanalysis of haunting spaces. Starting from a micro-historical perspective, from a variation in the scale of analysis and from a dense description, I traverse a trajectory full of wonders, spaces, places and fears. In these, the subjects, inhabitants of a rural area in Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, tell narratives in which they or others interact with hauntings. The analytical course is developed through the actions of each subject, configuring and reconfiguring the interactive aspects with hauntings and elements that are circumscribed in space and that fill the place practiced by the subjects. We also highlight the formation of a landscape, perceived through an expansion in the scale of analysis, which is formed through the perception and experience practiced by the subjects with the environment around them. From this relationship, a conjunction of representations of hauntings, spaces and places that together formed an imaginary of haunting spaces was perceived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sentimental ties to land in Ireland result in less than 1 percent of agricultural land being sold each year and land rental is among the lowest of countries in the European Union. The findings highlight that longer leases are associated with large farms and those with a high percentage of land rented in, but revised policies are required to encourage more landowners to rent out their land. Improved land mobility can reduce issues such as barriers to entry for farmers, the economic vulnerability of farms, low farm succession rates, low pensions and an ageing farmer population. The history of land in Ireland and the non-pecuniary benefits of farming are also discussed. • The history of agricultural land in Ireland has resulted in strong sentimental and cultural ties to land. • Low land mobility in Ireland is evidenced by the fact that less than 1 percent of agricultural land is sold each year and Ireland has one of the lowest land rental rates in the European Union. • The findings highlight that longer leases are associated with large farms and those with a high percentage of land rented in. • Policies to increase long-term lease agreements have been somewhat successful. • However, there is little possibility of most farms being able to maximise the tax relief that is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de Historia (07169108) is the property of Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article observes the main trends in GPR research through a bibliometric analysis of a large corpus of contributions published between 1996 and 2021. This review aims to identify the scope of a flourishing methodology that has changed with technological advances and improvements. GPR research is at a similar development stage to other geophysical analysis techniques. Among archaeologists and historians interested in applying new techniques, the use of GPR has emerged as a critical tool to review historical themes. Covering from a new perspective with possibilities of success to the extent that there is active collaboration with experts who bring to the research experience an appropriate multidisciplinary prism. This allowed us to highlight positive experiences and errors that help us improve and move forward. This article is presented in two distinct but ultimately complementary parts. First, bibliometric analysis of the use of GPR in archaeology is addressed based on Publish or Perish Software. Second, we narrow the discussion using GPR results applied to rural/urban archaeological contexts from Roman times and how they can contribute to the knowledge of past societies, being an essential resource for understanding the historical expression of the occupation, management, and uses of the territory and landscape.

Copyright of Mundo Agrario is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes discourses that built a historicity for the municipality of Morretes, located on the coast of Paraná State, that are present in the study entitled "Morretes and its Possibilities", that was published in 1970 by the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform - INCRA. The study is part of the restructuring process of national agriculture during the Brazilian Civil-Military Dictatorship (1964-1985). The focus of our analysis is the discourses about the past, present and future of that locality that aim interventions for its social, cultural and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article analyses the pivotal moments that allowed Marxist-Stalinist historiography became the official approach in the Hungarian historical profession in the late 1940s. One of the main targets of Communist/Marxist historians were István Szabó (1898 -1969), a professor at the University of Debrecen, and his followers, who were under continuous attack from Marxist historians. It will be argued here that the main motivation behind these attacks was the fact that István Szabó challenged the "master-narrative" of contemporary Hungarian Marxist historiography, namely the concept of "second serfdom," which was also linked to a conception of the development of the Hungarian economy and Hungarian society that had "turned away" from the development of Western Europe and followed an Eastern-European path instead. Szabó challenged this account, and instead argued for Hungary's "transitional" position between Western and Eastern Europe. His ambition was to offer a "alternative third road" between capitalism and socialism. In this endeavour, he relied heavily on the legacy of the so-called "populist" writers and thinkers of the interwar period (such as László Németh, István Bibó, István Hajnal). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mundo Agrario is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the thousand years of the Middle Ages, landscape images evolve at the rate of economic growth (or decline) and environmental conditions, but also depending on changes in the value system. Wildernesses, forest and animals played distinct roles and functions over the centuries. This paper seeks to detect through literary sources evolution and modifications in the landscape perception of the medieval West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this review is to present an anthology – published in Hungarian – of significant excerpts from the work of Henri H. Stahl. This anthology was edited by the Budapest historian Ambrus Miskolczy, and is the fourth of its kind, after the ones in France, Italy, and the United States. After recalling the influence of the historian Nicolae Iorga and of the social democratic ideology on the young Henri H. Stahl, another decisive impact on Stahl was the rural sociological research led by Dimitrie Gusti, as illustrated in the fragments chosen to be included in the book. The review provides more space to Stahl’s original theory of exploring the past from the present towards the past. This approach to historical sociology led Stahl to the conclusion that the Romanian Middle Ages differed significantly from the same period in the West. The anthology also contains articles against unscientific positions, which were current in the 1930s and 1980s. The anthology itself and its introductory study – published in 1992 – remain valid to this day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ager: Journal of Depopulation & Rural Development Studies / Revista de Estudios sobre Despoblación y Desarrollo Rural is the property of Rolde de Estudios Aragoneses and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The analysis of geohistorical sources for the study of past rural seasonality and climate change has started to attract the interest of international researchers. Several scholars call for new sources for the development of a qualitative or quantitative interpretative framework. Following this line, this article presents a cartographic elaboration of a previously unknown land registry created by the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in the nineteenth century that contains a list of all agricultural products in Tuscan communities and their ripening times. The registry data were digitized and geolocalized using GIS applications. This source allows reconstruction of the spatial and temporal distribution of the weeks needed in the past for these products to ripen in different areas of Tuscany. The periods in which herbaceous and tree species reached maturity and when they were traded were mapped. Analysis shows many differences between regions that cannot be explained merely by environmental factors. By examining the periods of chestnut ripening between the nineteenth century and present day, we can study the effects of rising temperatures on ripening. We present a WebGIS portal where data may be consulted by disciplines interested in phytology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this debate article is to promote a discussion of a historiographical nature (not ideological, not political) about the meaning, place and role of gender in both the rural past and the rural historiography. The discussion revolves around a variety of questions, ranging from the relevance, the opportunity and the very history of the use of gender category in rural history, to the analysis of gender (im)balances in the community of historians working in this broadly defined field of studies, not to mention the very definition of what is meant by gender. These and other related topics, for which there are no single or definitive answers, are debated here in a roundtable format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conflict that broke out in 1295 between the inhabitants of Plaisance and the Templars of Laramet led to an unusually complex trial and offers an exceptional insight into the use of common lands in Gascony and Languedoc at the end of the 13th century. The theses of the lawyers and the statements of the witnesses show that the villagers could graze their animals on the common wasteland and on the common fields of their village after the harvest. But they also reveal that the inhabitants of a village could send their cattle to the fields, grasslands, moors and woods of neighbouring communities. By comparing witness statements and documentation from neighbouring villages, this article aims to show how these multiple uses were organised and controlled at a time when community organisation was still very unstable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Médiévales is the property of Presses Universitaires de Vincennes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article aims to contribute to the discussion on the causes and the trajectories of the process of industrialization and economic development between the 18th and the 19th centuries. Focusing on the case study of the Lombard Alpine area, it will test the usefulness of the concept of uneven and combined development (UCD) in order to better understand the process of economic growth. The Alpine case study is particularly interesting because, in some Lombard Valleys, it involves a shift from a very advanced economy in the Early Modern period to a demographic and economic collapse from the mid‐19th century onward, when in contrast, other mountain territories in the Italian area were moving towards industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Millars: Espai i Història is the property of Millars: Espai i Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper addresses the trade and commercialisation of oilseed cakes (residues from the extraction of oils) and press cakes in Italy and France during the last decades of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century. It tries to demonstrate that the diffusion of oilseed cakes for livestock, a distinctive sign of the intensification of breeding that involved all of Europe, or as organic fertilisers, took place at the crossroads of multiple dynamics. Trade policy of the states, industrial choices and development paths of the different rural worlds help to explain the variations in timing, spatial scale and methods used. The spread of oilseed cakes confirms that the modernisation of European agriculture happened on different and interrelated fronts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mundo Agrario is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the pre-war period problems of the Polish countryside were fragmentation and overpopulation. In spite of the land reform, the farms were mainly smaller than 5 hectares and the peasants practiced the extensive farming. Only some bigger farms, mainly in Western and Middle Poland, were modern. The Great Depression led to agricultural goods prices drop by 66%, which lasted until 1945. The Polish countryside during World War II suffered enormous material and demographic losses. After the end of the war the radical land reform was introduced, which deepened agricultural fragmentation. Some part of the land remained in the government’s possession and was transformed into State Agricultural Farm (Pl. Państwowe Gospodarstwo Rolne, PGR) The area taken up by those farms was extended systematically, particularly in the western and northern parts of Poland. In 1948 the government started to collectivize the countryside. Farmers were forced with restrain and repression to join the cooperative farms. After 1956 most cooperative farms fell apart and the policy became less strict, e.g. by reducing compulsory deliveries. The deepening depression of the 1970s led to the drop in prices and the collapse in the agricultural industry, which caused the breakdown of food supply. The bad condition of agriculture lasted until the last days of the People’s Republic of Poland. The paper was originally published as Przemiany polskiej wsi w latach 1918–1989, “Klio” 2013, vol. 26 (3), pp. 55–80; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/KLIO.2013.033.

Although its name refers to the Roman countryside, the region of Lazio from which it comes, Pecorino romano –the most exported Italian cheese until the late 20th century– is currently produced mainly in Sardinia, while that produced in Lazio is increasingly marginal and risks disappearing from the market. This evolution is partly due to factors internal to the local context, such as the profound transformation of the productive and environmental structure of the Pecorino region of origin, following the recovery of the Roman countryside during the mid-20th-century decades. This is also partly due to external factors, such as competition with other regions, where pecorino production was cheaper and less dependent on local customs. This article sets out to present the main stages of the process that saw a deep change in the link between the Pecorino romano and its territory of origin during the 19th and 20th centuries.

The article analyzes the direct transfer of land from small farmers to large landowners. The aim was to characterize the network of land sales in a valley in Chile’s central zone between 1820 and 1835 and to identify the socioeconomic position of its actors. The network was reconstructed from contemporary notarized documents processed by the UCINET software. The results show the dependence of medium-sized landowners’ network possessing a high capacity for intermediation and reception of land.

When the Callide Valley closer settlement scheme was opened in central Queensland in 1927 its design was based on a gendered rural ideal. A farming man was to be hard-working, stoic and tough, able to withstand the unpredictable climate and environmental conditions to tame the land, build the new nation and provide for his family; acts by which he could construct and demonstrate his settler masculinity, while cultivating the land. Through an analysis of settler correspondence to a Queensland government enquiry in 1934, this article problematises the myths of masculinity in this rural community to explore the emotional and mental strain on male settlers when the environment posed limits to settler economic and agricultural success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]