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Agritourism has often been framed as a means to revitalize a declining rural economy by improving and diversifying household incomes, forestalling rural flight, and preserving agrarian cultures. We argue, however, that it can also have the propensity to create a different kind of rural revitalization, one that accentuates the production of spectacle, at times at the expense of food production. We draw from qualitative field research to examine the growing agritourism movement in the Philippines, a country with a struggling rural sector. We observe that agritourism sites in the Philippines negotiate space and work in multiple ways and highlight the tensions that farmers increasingly perceive on the ground. Some farmers persist in maintaining the production of food, while others shift more towards the staging of experience and spectacle to serve urbanite imaginations of the rural. We present various tendencies in the process of transitioning from farm to agritourism and argue that attention to the production of rural spectacle is important in understanding agrarian transitions at the farm and community level, and ultimately agritourism’s implications on rural revitalization.

RESUMEN: Dentro de los diversos grados de ruralidad existentes, este artículo fija el análisis en un área de ruralidad extrema del interior montañoso del norte de España, que reúne los caracteres propios de un espacio rural declinante. El texto encierra un doble objetivo, consistente en analizar, por un lado, los efectos de la práctica frecuente del commuting entre algunos de sus habitantes, y, por otro lado, examinar si tras esta práctica se esconde una segmentación de género. La metodología empleada ha sido característicamente cualitativa, con enfoque de estilo de vida y de género. El artículo descubre una rica variedad de tipos de commuters, tanto con origen como con destino en este espacio rural de montaña. Como forma de vida, el commuting representa una migración diaria y contante, que, simultáneamente, puede suponer una sólida alternativa a la migración definitiva tradicional, con el consiguiente arraigo de la población. El fenómeno, esperanzador por su capacidad para generar expectativas de futuro, y por incidir favorablemente en la cohesión territorial, muestra, sin embargo, importantes debilidades, porque descubre un acceso desesperado de los residentes rurales a los mercados de trabajo extralocales, compatible con una creciente globalización y con una acusada brecha de género. ABSTRACT: Within the various existing degrees of rurality, this article sets the analysis in an area of extreme rurality in the mountainous interior of northern Spain, which brings together the characteristics of a declining rural space. The text contains a double objective, consisting of analyzing, on the one hand, the effects of the frequent practice of commuting among some of its inhabitants, and, on the other hand, examining whether a gender segmentation hides behind this practice. The methodology used has been characteristically qualitative, with a lifestyle and gender approach. The article discovers a rich variety of types of commuters, both with origin and destination in this rural mountain area. As a way of life, it represents a daily and constant migration, which, simultaneously, can be a solid alternative to the traditional permanente migration, with the consequent roots of the population. The phenomenon, promising for its ability to generate expectations for the future, and for having a favorable impact on territorial cohesion, shows, however, important weaknesses, because it reveals a desperate access of rural residents to extra-local labor markets, compatible with a growing globalization and with a marked gender gap. Proyecto CSO2015-68696-P (MINECO/FEDER) “Cambios sociales y mundos de vida rurales: hacia la sostenibilidad social y la cohesión territorial”. Programa Estatal de Excelencia I+D (2016-2019).

Carbon-based payments for ecosystem services solely consider afforestation and reforestation to assess sequestration. However, political ecology researchers demonstrate that tropical forest...

In this article, we focused on the importance of education in the socio-economic development of the country. We analyzed the government statistics of the Russian Federation, the experience of other countries, and the scholarship of Russian and foreign researchers. Based on this analysis, we established the basic differences in the level of educational service in the rural and urban areas of the Republic of Bashkortostan. We concluded that even though the government objective is to increase the birth rate and keep young professional workers in rural areas, the number of pre-school educational institutions in rural areas is declining, and the infrastructure of rural pre-school education lags behind the urban one. The difference in education quality of rural and urban schools creates unfavorable conditions for rural university applicants. The dire state of rural education increases the rate of rural flight. Young people move from rural areas to the cities of Bashkortostan, other regions (especially to Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Kazan), and other countries. This contributes to brain drain and creates serious issues in the socio-economic development of rural areas of Bashkortostan.

O presente artigo busca analisar a importância da produção material da agricultura familiar na região central de Minas Gerais, nos municípios de Conceição do Mato Dentro, Alvorada de Minas e Dom Joaquim, e como o projeto minerário “Minas Rio”, levado a cabo pela multinacional Anglo American desde 2008, compromete a disponibilidade de recursos das comunidades atingidas, interferindo nos processos de desenvolvimento rural em bases familiares. Este trabalho é resultado de pesquisa interdisciplinar desenvolvida entre 2015 e 2016 que teve como objetivo assessorar entidade de apoio à agricultura familiar na região a partir da caracterização das comunidades atingidas. As coletas de dados foram realizadas por meio de entrevistas realizadas nas unidades de produção familiares, bem como de agentes de desenvolvimento rural nos três municípios pesquisados. O conjunto de resultados encontrados mostrou que apesar da região ser caracterizada pela presença marcante da agricultura familiar, com potencial para alavancar o desenvolvimento em bases sustentáveis, através de produção rica e processos de beneficiamento tradicionais, o projeto minerário na região afetou as famílias agricultoras no que toca ao acesso aos recursos naturais, sobretudo hídricos, bem como provocou um esvaziamento do campo, alterando drasticamente os rumos do desenvolvimento rural em bases sustentáveis e territoriais. Há, contudo, uma indicação no resultado do estudo de que as famílias desenvolvem estratégias e diversas maneiras de resistir e permanecer em suas terras.

���Das Werden des l��ndlichen Seins��� ist eine akademische Arbeit, welche w��hrend eines einj��hrigen Studien- und Recherchenaufenthaltes in der Volksrepublik China, auf der Tongji-Universit��t in Shanghai durchgef��hrt wurde, im Rahmen des zweifachen Diplom-Programms mit der TU in Wien. Und w��hrend der Titel Ideen exzessiver Dimensionen suggerieren k��nnte, handelt es sich tats��chlich um eine Auseinandersetzung mit einem gegenw��rtigen Thema globaler Relevanz den unwiderruflichen Ver��nderungen in der allgemein etablierten Wahrnehmung l��ndlichen Lebens und l��ndlicher Kultur. Aufgrund der enormen Dynamik und Ver��nderungen in der gegenw��rtigen Realit��t der VR China, k��nnte dieses Land der passende Kontext sein um sich mit Themen auseinanderzusetzen, welche kontempor��re Angelegenheiten globaler Ausma��e betreffen, und am besten in extremen und radikalen Bedingungen zu veranschaulichen sind Angelegenheiten welche Ver��nderungen und Entwicklungen innerhalb der Gesellschaft in einer Geschwindigkeit und Radikalit��t erfahren, welche selten so in der Menschheitsgeschichte erfolgt sind., "The Becoming of Countryside" is an academic work conducted at Tongji University in Shanghai, during a one-year-stay in the Peoples Republic of China, for the purposes of the double-degree-programme with the TU in Vienna. And while its caption might suggest ideas of excessive dimensions, it is indeed the engagement with a current subject of global relevance the irrevocable changes of the commonly established perception of rural life and culture. Due to the currently enormous dynamics, changes and shifts within the reality in PR China, this country might be a suitable context to start engaging with a topic that concerns contemporary issues on a global scale, which might be exemplified best in conditions that are extreme and radical, and that are experiencing changes and developments within society in a speed and radicality that have rarely been seen in the history of mankind.

The rapidly developing economy and growing urbanization in China have created the largest rural-to-urban migration in human history. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the pattern of rural flight and its prevalence and magnitude over the country is increasingly important for sociological and political concerns. Because of the limited availability of internal migration data, which was derived previously from the decennial population census and small-scale household survey, we could not obtain timely and consistent observations for rural depopulation dynamics across the whole country. In this study, we use aggregate location-aware data collected from mobile location requests in the largest Chinese social media platform during the period of the 2016 Chinese New Year to conduct a nationwide estimate of rural depopulation in China (in terms of the grid cell-level prevalence and the magnitude) based on the world’s largest travel period. Our results suggest a widespread rural flight likely occurring in 60.2% (36.5%-81.0%, lower-upper estimate) of rural lands at the grid cell-level and covering ~1.55 (1.48–1.94) million villages and hamlets, most of China’s rural settlement sites. Moreover, we find clear regional variations in the magnitude and spatial extent of the estimated rural depopulation. These variations are likely connected to regional differences in the size of the source population, largely because of the nationwide prevalence of rural flight in today’s China. Our estimate can provide insights into related investigations of China’s rural depopulation and the potential of increasingly available crowd-sourced data for demographic studies.

The essay examines the memory of the ‘great transformation’ of Italy from an agricultural to an industrial economy in the postwar years by focusing on the case of the rice belt located around the city of Vercelli in Piedmont. Between 1945 and 1965, a society that for more than two centuries had been organized around the culture of rice experienced abrupt and all-embracing change. The mechanization of farming and the introduction of herbicides overlapped with the exodus of rural workers to the city and factories, transforming a local world – from the natural landscape and built environment to the structures of production, division of labor, and everyday domestic, social and cultural life. Based on interviews with former rice farmers and workers, the essay sheds light on the subjective experience of this far-reaching transition. Its aim is to delineate the contours of a collective representation of historical change. What emerges from these personal narratives of the Vercellese rice fields is a com...

Demographic change suggests substantial effects on future societal demands on agricultural landscape use and thus on rural areas. Demographic change is thereby defined as both the decrease of the population and the shift in the age distribution ("aging") and in the spatial distribution ("rural flight" particularly of young people). The exploration of the research object is based on the starting hypothesis that the demands and preferences of an aging and urbanizing population are changing and have effects on the controlling state interventions, which are also reflected in the agricultural use of landscapes. After a short description of demographic change, a conceptual politico-economic model, which describes the transmission of demographic change on land use, through the analysis of group (age groups, groups of residences) demands on agrarian landscape use is presented. The focus is on the demand for land use related non-commodity outputs (NCO). The starting hypothesis is then examined using selected studies. The literature suggests that urban-rural dichotomy is likely to be greatly diminished. In addition, the urbanization of preferences is expected while preferences differentiated against heterogeneous cultural lifestyles seem to become even more important. However, without further research on the related topics, the basic issues cannot be clearly dealt with. Assumptions are finally made regarding changing societal demands for agrarian landscapes due to demographic change. The limitations of the selected approach and the identification of further research needs will be discussed in closing.

Just before the First World War, German agricultural economists and social-welfare experts constructed a new social category – rural female youth, whose mobility provoked growing alarm. Framing rural flight in terms of gender and generation allowed experts to focus on its demographic, economic, and moral threats, and rural female youth became a target for reform. These debates presaged a wave of popular anxiety over rural female youth that expanded dramatically during the Weimar Republic. However, prewar court testimonies of runaway maids in rural Saxony suggest that some rural girls understood their mobility in terms of ‘getting ahead’, and resisted efforts to restrict their occupational, social, and spatial horizons.

In 1919 Ernst May became the head of rural housing for the province of Silesia in eastern Germany. Silesian agriculture had long suffered from rural flight. The situation worsened in 1922 when the partition brokered by the Allies brought chaos in the mining industry and a flood of refugees. As head of the provincial stabilization effort called interior colonization, May was in charge of settlement programs to aid three constituencies of special concern: the farmworkers, the miners, and the refugees. Between 1919 and 1923, Germany's national rural housing effort employed a contradictory strategy of modernization set within corporative ideology, a "third way" that trumpeted a quasi-feudal social order as a path to political accord. May's Silesian work chronicles the impact of Modernism and corporatism on early Weimar housing: his settlements for farmworkers and miners celebrated their unique cultural traditions, while he experimented in rationalization techniques to increase housing production and reduce costs. With corporatism's decline after Germany's return to economic stability in 1924, modernization was increasingly accepted as an unalloyed virtue, and the veil of corporatism lifted. In 1924, challenged by the circumstances of the refugee housing program just at the moment the corporative compromise came to an end, May engaged in a series of experiments in polychromy, prefabricated construction, mass production, and standardization that reflected a more purely modern approach to the housing problem.

Les anciens Oudmourtes vivaient en grandes familles dans des villages plus ou moins grands. Ce mode de vie a trempé leurs caractères et donné naissance à une vision du monde, un système de vie et une philosophie. Le mode de vie urbain était pour eux bizarre, incompréhensible. Pourtant, ville et village ne peuvent évoluer en vase clos, ils sont étroitement liés et se développent de concert. Depuis les toutes premières œuvres, la littérature oudmourte reflète le point de vue des Oudmourtes sur leur lieu de naissance et sur la ville. Celui-ci a changé progressivement : dans la poésie, les premiers poèmes sont romantiques, la ville y est représentée comme une grande machine. Au milieu du xxe siècle, la ville est vue en poésie comme un grand jardin qui grandit, s’épanouit et montre le chemin. Dans les années 1970, les couleurs s’assombrissent : les poètes oudmourtes commencent à sentir les côtés sinistres de la ville, qui nie l’individu. Dans les années 1990, le héros poétique montre comment il arrive à fuir, à s’échapper : dans cette période, les poèmes expriment la nostalgie du village, de la langue maternelle, d’une enfance heureuse au sein de la nature. The Udmurt from ancient times have lived in big families in small and large villages, helping each other and keeping each other’s lives in front of their eyes. From this way of life their characters become stronger, developing and forming a world view, an order of life and philosophy. The urban lifestyle was far from them, strange and incomprehensible. Nevertheless, the city and the village couldn’t evolve separately from one another from ancient times and today they are closely related and develop together. When talking about these close relations, it is necessary to understand the advantages and disadvantages of both: on the one hand, the city sup­presses small villages, swallows people from villages giving them possibilities, and cuts off their return; on the other hand, generally speaking, cities are developing thanks to villages, which supply them. Udmurt literature from its first books shows the point of view of the Udmurt individual about his or her birthplace and the city. This opinion has gradually changed: the first poems are full of romance in which the city is represented as a huge machine, changing village life. In the poems of the middle of the 20th century, the city is represented as a growing, blooming garden directing the way. In the 1970s the colours gradually become dark as the Udmurt poets started to notice the city’s bad side, rejecting individuals. In the 1990s, the lyrical hero shows his mood to escape, to run away forever; poems of this period miss the village – one’s mother tongue, a happy childhood, the proximity of nature. Today the tra­gedy of a-man-in-a-cage-between-the-village-and-the-city is understandable to the majority of the Udmurt. Az udmurtok mindig is nagy családokban éltek, kisebb és nagyobb falvakban, egymásnak segítve és szem előtt tartva egymás életét. Jellemük, világnézetük, filozófiájuk évszázadokon keresztül ennek az életmódnak köszönhetően formálódott. A városi mindennapok nagyon távol álltak tőlük, az ipari környezetben folyó élet idegen és érthetetlen volt számukra. Mindezek ellenére a városok soha nem tudtak a falvaktól függetlenül fejlődni, és mind a mai napig szoros kapcsolat fűzi őket össze. Itt ambivalens kapcsolatról van szó: egyrészt a város alárendelt helyzetbe hozza a kis falvakat, különböző lehetőségeket kínálva, nyújtva magába csábítja a falusi embereket, elzárja az ő visszaútjukat, másrészt viszont az ipari területek sok szempontból a falvaknak köszönhetően fejlődnek, a vidék ellátja őket. Az udmurt irodalom a kialakulásától kezdve az udmurt emberek vidékhez és városhoz fűződő kapcsolatát és érzelmeit tükrözi. Ez a kapcsolat az évtizedek folyamán megváltozott: az első versek, amelyek bemutatják a két szférát, tele vannak romantikával, a város ezekben a művekben a szegény, elmaradott életet megváltó nagy gépre hasonlít. A XX. század közepén született versekben a városról szóló sorok folyamatosan növekvő, virágzó, előre utat mutató kertre utalnak. Ezek a színek az 1970-es évektől kezdve fokozatosan sötét árnyalatokba borulnak, ugyanebben az időszakban az udmurt írók először hozzák szóba a város rossz, embert nyomasztó, életet keretek közé szorító oldalát. Ha az 1990-es években megjelent verseket nézzük, ott a lírai alanynak egyenesen a menekülni vágyása lepleződik le előttünk, a múlt század végén világot látott művek tele vannak hiányérzetekkel – a hősök fizikailag és lelkileg is távol állnak az anyanyelvüktől, boldog gyermekkoruktól, a tőlük karnyújtásnyira lévő természettől. A falu és város közötti ketrecbe került hősök tragédiája napjainkban egyre több udmurt ember számára válik személyes, mindennapi érzéssé.

Aim of study: To propose a methodology to establish motivations underlying wildland fire episodes by analyzing both the socioeconomics of the affected territory and the geographical distribution of the wildfire.Area of study: The wildfires occurred during 2006 in Galicia, in the NW of Spain, were analyzed and compared regard to the previous years.Material and methods: The proposed methodology in this study is divided into four steps: (a) definition of the forest context, (b) fire episode and socioeconomic data collection, (c) geospatial representation through map production, and (d) joint analysis and data interpretation. A combined analysis of the spatial and temporal coincidence of wildfire and the socioeconomic activities is performed.Main results: A combined analysis of the spatial and temporal coincidence of wildfire dynamics and the socioeconomic activitiesallow us to assess and to interpret wildfire causes and motivations of socioeconomic groups. In our area study, a broad analysis indicates that wildfire recurrence within this region is related to an accelerated rural flight process which exacerbates the conflict between rural and urban models.Research highlights: The socio-geographical analysis of a territory’s wildfire dynamics enables us to establish possible causes and motivations of their origins. Providing the specific contextual and socioeconomic information, this methodology has potential applicability across varied study locations.Key words: forest; wildfires’ causes; geographical distribution; socioeconomic analysisAbbreviations: FAA (Forest Affected Area); IFN (Inventario Forestal Nacional); GIS (Geographical Information Systems); IGE (Instituto Galego de Estadística); IGN (Instituto Nacional de Estadística); MVMC (Montes Vecinales en Mano Común)

Houve, em Portugal, nas últimas décadas, um forte investimento em infra-estruturas comunicacionais e a uma redução significativa das distâncias relativas que ligam os diversos pontos do país, sobretudo, o litoral ao interior. Ainda que esse progresso comunicacional tenha sido apologizado como uma forma de mitigação das dinâmicas de desertificação e do despovoamento, que acentuam as disparidades demográficas e económicas entre litoral e interior, essas tendências não se inverteram. Este estudo relaciona a questão do progresso comunicacional com essas dinâmicas de mobilidade num concelho do interior português (concelho de Mação), explorando a relação entre a evolução positiva do concelho em termos comunicacionais e as suas tendências demográficas recessivas, recorrendo a horizontes teóricos do campo da teoria da comunicação e das teorias da sociedade em rede, em particular. Foi realizado um diagnóstico da situação do concelho, com base em procedimentos de planeamento estratégico, e uma série de dez entrevistas em modelo semi-directivo a indivíduos que se deslocaram do concelho, procurando-se perceber quais as motivações da sua saída e as suas percepções sobre a sua experiência no concelho, sobre o seu desenvolvimento e a sua situação comunicacional. Os resultados indicam uma significativa mutação dos sentidos dos trajectos pessoais, do seu planeamento e dos mecanismos de construção de uma identidade pessoal e colectiva associada ao concelho. O progresso comunicacional permite uma construção identitária à distância, nos destinos de deslocação, e a diminuição da distância entre o concelho e outros espaços / oportunidades ajuda a compreender as razões da não inversão das tendências demográficas recessivas. Portugal suffered, over the last decades, a strong investment on communicational infrastructures, with a meaningful reduction of the relative distances between various areas of the country, especially the coastal and interior ones. Even though that communicational progress has been presented as an effort to mitigate the desertification and rural flight dynamics, those weren‟t reversed. This study relates the issue of communicational progress with these dynamics on a specific area of the Portuguese interior (concelho de Mação), exploring the relationship between the positive evolution of its communicational situation with the recessive demographic tendencies, based on theoretical contributions of the communication theory and, particularly, of the network society propositions. Using strategic planning procedures, a diagnosis of the concelho‟s situation has been built, along with a group of ten semi-directive interviews to people to people who left Mação, in order to understand the motivations the led to that itineration and how they perceive their life experience on the concelho, its development and communicational evolution. The results point towards a significant change on the meaning of each personal change experience, the way it is planned, and also of the instruments that are used to built an individual and collective identity that connects these people to the concelho. The communicational progress allows the strengthening of that identity at distance, and the decrease of the distance between the concelho and other places / opportunities is an important clue to understand the reasons of the contemporary recessive demographic tendencies.

The theme of the articles in this issue is increasing profitability in farming, whether it is increasing the markets for agricultural products due to improved transportation, reduction of farm labor, ice cold storage on the Canadian farm, or improving the quality of egg production. Also printed in this issue is a short story by Stephen Leacock, and the annual public speaking contest prize winning speech. Campus events are the At Home promenade, and the sports of baseball, basketball, hockey, and an indoor meet. The Macdonald column features a poem called the Charge of the Mac Brigade. Additional content of the column is an article about whether the students are interested in the women's suffrage movement, the results of the At Home promenade, and the initiation of the new students. The Schools' and Teachers' Department column contains the fourth lesson in woodworking. Alumni news, including wedding and birth announcements, is in the Alumni column. Our daily butter Driftwood The reason why An Everyday Creed Practical ice cold storage on the Canadian farm Annabel Lee The Great Election in Missinaba County The Road to Happiness The improvement of farm eggs Queries Schools' and Teachers' Department Eastern philosophy The work of the District Representative Editorials Athletics Macdonald Much ado about nothing Alumni Play the Game Student life at Yale Locals advertising

The highlight of this issue for the O. A. C. students would be the examination results and grade standings. The agricultural education articles include a review of the Nova Scotia Agricultural College and the benefits of agricultural education in the public schools. Agricultural articles address the safe preservation of eggs, the necessity of horse breeding during wartime, and milking regulations at various agricultural colleges. Other agricultural articles pertain to the potential in farming in Northern Ontario, growing potatoes for the domestic market, and the farm labour problem due to rural flight. The Alumni column contains the entire list of student and alumni enlistments in the military, letters from the front that encourage the young men to enlist, and other alumni activities. The Macdonald Institute column comments of the women's initiation. While the Locals column provides campus humour. What is farming? The Nova Scotia Agricultural College Preserving eggs Definite aims in horsebreeding Milking regulations Experimenting in Ontario's Northland Growing potatoes for home and market Farm labor Relationship of the school garden to the class room The O. A. C. examination results The Requirements of a Good Farmer are Four Who'd be a farmer What are we going to do about it? Editorials Alumni Macdonald Locals advertising

Societal changes influence the articles published in this issue as they pertain to the use of motor cars on the farm, and the problem of rural flight. Agricultural articles feature cheese making in Ontario, the Ontario Provincial Winter Fair, the opportunities of being a plant breeder, marketing potatoes, and winter poultry production. Campus news highlights the Christmas examination results, the new skating rink, and a visit from the Governor-General, Duke of Devonshire. The Macdonald column contains alumnae news and an article on the uniforms of the Macdonald Institute. The Alumni column contains alumni news including additions to the honour roll of those killed in action, and letters from the Front. One alumnus contributed an article on the 56th O. A. C. Battery. Motor cars on the farm The situation of the cheese maker in Ontario Rural exodus and one of its causes A little talk on artillery Judging competition, Winter Fair 1916 The forest dollar Christmas examinations 1916 Be a plant breeder! The Winter Fair Marketing potatoes The wool exhibit at the Winter Fair The flock in winter Editorial Alumni Athletics College life Contentment Macdonald Locals

Several articles in this summer issue focus on agricultural education in Canada and the United States. The agricultural articles in this issue pertain to the development and conformation of Holstein Friesian cattle, atmospheric temperature, small livestock in Europe, the problem of rural flight, and preparing vegetables for exhibition. There are reviews of fruit growing in the Annapolis Valley and horticulture on the Canadian Prairies. Farm improvement articles feature the work of a drainage surveyor and electric lighting. The president of Western University provided an article on academic freedom. The Macdonald Institute column contains nutrition articles on school lunches and salads. Forefront in the Alumni column is the creation of War Memorial Hall to commemorate the over one hundred O. A. C. men who did not return from World War 1. In this issue is a listing of all O. A. C. graduates who have a surname beginning with the letter "B". The Month of Ripeness The Holstein Friesian Agriculture as education Temperature of atmosphere Vocational agricultural education in Minnesota Trials and tribulations of a drainage surveyor Small livestock of England, France, Belgium, and Prussia A review of fruit growing in the Annapolis Valley Agricultural education in the United States "Horticulture in the Canadian North West" Thicker Than Water Academic freedom Conceit versus modesty The Review story competition "Rural Social Problem" "Passing Rich" Preparing vegetables for exhibition Farm power Editorial Alumni Macdonald College life Locals advertising

This issue's agricultural articles pertain to dairy farming in Western Canada, marketing fruit to the Prairie Provinces, crop rotation for livestock forage, summer insect pests, and the improvements in fruit stockbreeding. Poultry articles include the profitability of raising turkeys, and considering poultry farming as a source of revenue. Professor Reynolds addresses the rural problem of the farm labor shortage. The Macdonald column features an article, with photographs, of the May Day celebrations, and reminiscences of the graduating class. Campus news contains a list of the winners of the scholarships and medals, cricket game schedule, rugby prospects for the 1913 season, and graduate employment announcements. The Alumni column concludes the biographies of alumni who had won medals while they were students. Dairying in the Canadian West Billy Brad and the Forbidden Fruit Opportunity The rural problem A college man's ideals Macdonald Much ado about nothing Could You Imagine Marketing Canadian fruit in the Prairie Provinces The scholarships awarded Turkeys - how and why Crop rotations for live stock farming in Ontario The Calf Path Editorials A Woodland Wedding Summer insect pests Cricket at the College Rugby football - 1913 season The amelioration of our fruits Alumni Carnegie scholarship in entomology Our graduates, 1913 Poultry on the farm The student's council advertising

The highlight of this issue is the examination results for the O. A. C. students. Two articles focus on the search for summer employment and potential employment in journalism. Agricultural articles pertain to poultry club work in New Brunswick, and rearing queen bees for the apiary. A student provides an essay on traveling to Netherswell Manor in England, while Professor Unwin comments on British imperialism. The editorial addresses the progress on the building of War Memorial Hall. Campus news reports on the athletic awards, the final dances and dinners for the school year, and the awarding of the Bits O' Bronze scholarship. Alumni updates are provided in the Alumni column. This issue does not contain a Macdonald column. Now the Lilac Tree's in Bud Summer employment Education in journalism Poultry club work in New Brunswick Imperial development Queen rearing in the commercial apiary At Netherswell Manor Editorial College life Athletics Alumni Locals advertising

This issue begins with an article encouraging subscribers to contribute funds for the building of War Memorial Hall. Agricultural articles address the problems of rural flight, economical feeding of hogs, maximizing egg production in poultry, selecting profitable dairy cows, and producing sugar in Canada. Other articles feature agriculture in Northern France and a travel diary about Grand Pre, Nova Scotia. Farm improvement articles feature the construction of silos, results of the Farm Management Survey for Oxford and Dundas Counties, and advice of when to invest in a tractor. Campus news highlights the opportunity of building a memorial hall and the O. A. C. examination results. The Macdonald Institute column provides photographs for the graduating women of 1919 and class photographs for the Junior Housekeepers, Junior Normals, and Junior Associates. The Alumni column contains alumni updates and a wartime biographical sketch also featured in the Guelph Mercury. A Memorial Hall for the O. A. C., Guelph Notes on the agriculture of Northern France A new rural community The land of Evangeline By their works are they known Problems of rural reconstruction Economical feeding of hogs Every hen should produce at least 120 eggs per year The requirements of an ideal silo Can you recognize the good dairy cow? Co-operation will do it The dairy farming business in Ontario Two new records Farm power Can you blame her - or him? Editorial Alumni Macdonald College life advertising

This slim issue begins the school year with an article on a successful alumnus - G. R. Lane. Agricultural articles pertain to the problem of an agricultural education contributing to rural flight, reforestation affecting farming in Quebec, and the profitability of lamb and wool. Other articles address the occupation of a proofreader, and insectivorous plants in Canada. Campus news reports on the new buildings constructed on campus, an obituary for Miss Annie Hallett, and new units of linear measurement. The Macdonald Institute column highlights the Dominion Fruit and Vegetable Exhibit at the Calgary Stampede designed by an alumna, and alumnae activities. While the Alumni column provides alumni updates. Another progressive O. A. C. grad. Too well educated Errors in proof-reading Some common insectivorous plants Reforestation and the farmer of Quebec Editorial Letter to the editor News and views Alumni Macdonald Locals advertising

This issue's articles contain a travel log of a trip through the Mediterranean, farming in Northern Ontario, a description of Irish agriculture, the profitability of wheat in Canada, and cultivating the English Gooseberry. The Poultry articles pertain to Ancona chickens and research from the O. A. C. poultry department. Campus news reports on the debate of using a nom de plume for examinations, the events of the Literary Society, the At Home promenade, local church receptions, and field day results. The Macdonald column includes a new student's impression of the college, the Y. W. C. A. reception, and the women's tennis tournament. Alumni news is available in the Alumni column. An attempt to record my impressions of a trip through the Mediterranean New Ontario Agriculture Agriculture on Ireland Experimental Wheat in Canada Horticulture The English Gooseberry Poultry Anconas for exhibition and utility Notes from the poultry department Editorial College Life Athletics Field day Alumni Macdonald First impressions of Macdonald Much ado about nothing Locals advertising

The new school year begins with several articles regarding agricultural education; reprinted from other journals. The student-authored articles pertain to professional agriculture, a course in photography, preventive farm maintenance, preparing the stable for winter, and investing in a tractor. Articles contributed by women include a city dweller's impression of the country and the farmwoman of the day. Campus news features the opening of the college and the initiation of the freshmen. The Macdonald Institute column provides a short story and a welcome to the new students. The Alumni column contains alumni updates and a listing of all O. A. C. graduates who have a surname beginning with the letter "D". The agricultural college in the present era What is Canada going to do about it? The county agent and the farm boy The farm woman of today Progress at college of agriculture, University of British Columbia A "fresh" swarm Opportunity Try this The other fellow's viewpoint Should O. A. C. graduates understand photography? Watch Yourself Go By Painted prosperity Do it now A city girl's impressions of the country Farm power Editorial Alumni Macdonald College life Locals advertising

Three articles in this issue focus on Northern Ontario and address agricultural co-operation, farming opportunities, and how trapping is evolving into fur farming. Other agricultural articles address environmental influences on fruit trees, a book review of "Canadian Dairying", the production of seed grain, hatchability of eggs for a healthy flock, how rural living contributes to a wholesome life, and concern for farming with the increase in urbanization. The Macdonald column reports on a field trip to Kitchener, sports night, and Halloween activities. College news contains updates on the athletics results, the Cosmopolitan Club dance, the Student Co-operative Society meeting, and the Union Literary meetings. The Alumni column features an article on Lucy Barker and her pioneering work in agricultural education at Moosonee, James Bay. Sites and situations for fruit growing Co-operation in the Rainy River Valley To Minnie Why go west? "Canadian Dairying" up-to-date The production of seed grain Hatchability Trapping Farming ideals Eldorado Queries Macdonald Much ado about nothing Athletics Alumni Sowing the good seed Mutual orange distributors College life Will rural democracy dwindle Various viewpoints Locals advertising

The focus of this issue is the examination results for the O. A. C. students. A leading article congratulates William J. Garnett as a recipient of a Rhodes Scholarship. Continued in this issue is a profile of College President and alumnus Dr. Leonard S. Klinck. An alumnus provides an article addressing the mandate of the O. A. C. as a college that educates farmers or a college that produces agricultural specialists. A report from the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union annual meeting is printed in this issue. The agricultural article pertains to the debate of the best implement for plowing. Updates of campus club activities are provided in the Society Notes column. While the athletic team results are located in the Sports Folio column. Departmental Notes accounts for the activities and research conducted in the departments of animal husbandry, biology, chemistry, poultry, and field husbandry. The Alumni column profiles the activities of Dr. Horace Barton and J. A. Carroll, and alumni updates. There is not a Macdonald Institute column in this issue. Editorial A Rhodes Scholarship awarded to an O. A. C. student O. A. C. men who have become College Presidents Does the College fulfill it's mission? Alumni Experimental Union holds annual meeting Plows: disc or mouldboard Society notes College life Sports folio Departmental notes Results of Christmas examinations, 1932 A Feline Silhouette advertising

There are four articles in this issue. The first article features how agricultural education and the electrification of farm labor may address rural depopulation. The second article pertains to the business side of farming and that with careful business practices, accurate record keeping, and economic co-operation, farming may be a profitable endeavor. The next article summarizes the history, curriculum, and attitudes toward agricultural education in Ontario ranging from the public school level to the post secondary level at the Ontario Agricultural College. The final article on the study of home economics outlines how proper air ventilation, good treatment of farm labor, and astute hiring practices may increase the profitability of a farm. This month's issue does not contain Alumni or Macdonald columns. Rural depopulation The business side of farming Secondary agricultural education in Ontario, Canada Studies in home economics advertising