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In situ bags made from microfiber fabrics have a greater surface area and filtration efficiency that retains the fine particles and reduce the variation in the results. Also, it is more durable than that made from traditional fabrics. This work aimed to study the effect of filament denier on the performance of in situ bags. Two polyester microfilaments with 0.4 and 0.7 deniers were used in manufacturing of four fabrics. Physical and mechanical properties of manufactured fabrics were measured before and after incubation to show the efficiency of the manufactured samples. In vitro trail was conducted to estimate ruminal degradability after 24 and 48 hours for three feedstuffs using three cannulated rams as replicates. The mechanical properties of manufactured in situ bags were significantly affected with both denier per filament and weft densities. According to the statistical analysis of radar chart, sample 2 remarked the highest value which achieved the acceptable ruminal dry matter disappearance compared with Ankom bags in different incubation times. In situ bags made from microfiber fabrics have a greater surface area and filtration efficiency that retains the fine particles and reduce the variation in the results. Also, it is more durable than that made from traditional fabrics. This work aimed to study the effect of filament denier on the performance of in situ bags. Two polyester microfilaments with 0.4 and 0.7 deniers were used in manufacturing of four fabrics. Physical and mechanical properties of manufactured fabrics were measured before and after incubation to show the efficiency of the manufactured samples. In vitro trail was conducted to estimate ruminal degradability after 24 and 48 hours for three feedstuffs using three cannulated rams as replicates. The mechanical properties of manufactured in situ bags were significantly affected with both denier per filament and weft densities. According to the statistical analysis of radar chart, sample 2 remarked the highest value which achieved the acceptable ruminal dry matter disappearance compared with Ankom bags in different incubation times.

Objetivou-se avaliar a degradabilidade ruminal in situda matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro de silagens de capim-elefante aditivadas com farelo de milho e inoculante da microbiota autóctone. Para as silagens foi utilizado esquema fatorial 4x2 (quatro níveis de farelo de milho - 0, 5, 10 e 20 dag/kgx com e sem inoculante) e cinco repetições, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. No ensaio de degradabilidade, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas, no qual os três animais representaram os blocos; as silagens representam os sete tempos de incubação dos alimentos no rúmen (0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 e 144 horas), as subparcelas. Houve acréscimo da fração solúvel nas silagens com adição do farelo de milho, sendo que no tratamento com 20dag/kg proporcionou o maior resultado, com 31,49 e 29,02%, para os tratamentos sem e com inoculante, respectivamente. A fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável, da matéria seca, foi maior nas silagens com 20dag/kg de farelo de milho. Na fibra em detergente neutro, os maiores valores fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável foram observados nas silagens sem farelo de milho, 56,52 e 57,19%, respectivamente, nas silagens de capim sem e com inoculante da microbiota autóctone. A adição de farelo de milho em silagens de capim-elefante melhora a degradabilidade da matéria seca das silagens e diminui a da fibra em detergente neutro. This study aimed to evaluate the in situ degradability of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber of elephant grass silage with corn bran and inoculation of autochthonous microbiota. For the silages used a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement (four levels of corn bran - 0, 5, 10 and 20dag/kg x with and without inoculation) and five replications, in a completely randomized design. In degradability trial, the experimental design was a randomized block, split plot in which three animals represented the blocks; silages represent the treatments, and the seven incubation times of food in the rumen (0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 144 hours), the subplots. With the addition of corn bran was increase the soluble fraction in the silages, and so treatments with 20dag/kg of corn bran resulted in higher values of the soluble fraction of the dry matter, 31.49 and 29.02%, for treatments with and without inoculant, respectively. The insoluble potentially degradable fraction of dry matter was higher in silages with 20 dag/kg of corn bran. In neutral detergent fiber, higher values of insoluble potentially degradable fraction were observed in the silage without corn bran, 56.52 and 57.19%, respectively, in the silages with and without inoculation of autochthonous microbiota. The addition of corn bran of elephant improves dry matter degradability of silages and decreases of neutral detergent fiber.

p.65-71 Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2015-03-23T14:46:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho.pdf: 190729 bytes, checksum: 07eea017ab40532e9c1240e90e2776a3 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva (sivalda@ufba.br) on 2015-04-08T18:36:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho.pdf: 190729 bytes, checksum: 07eea017ab40532e9c1240e90e2776a3 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-08T18:36:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho.pdf: 190729 bytes, checksum: 07eea017ab40532e9c1240e90e2776a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 Two digestion trials, one with sheep and another with goats, were conducted to evaluate the long-term bias (LTB) of the indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) internal markers. The study used eight Santa Inês castrated male sheep (average body weight of 16.6 kg) distributed in two 4×4 Latin squares and eight Saanen castrated male goats (average body weight of 22.6 kg) distributed in two 4×4 Latin squares. The experiments were conducted simultaneously, and the animals were housed in 1.2 m2 individual pens with wood-battened floors equipped with individual feeders and drinkers. The animals received isonitrogenous diets that were offered ad libitum and contained 14% crude protein and 70% sugar cane (with 0, 0.75, 1.5 or 2.25% CaO, in natural matter percentage), corrected with 1% urea and 30% concentrate. The experiment consisted of four experimental periods of 14 d each, with the feed, leftovers and feces sampled on the last four days of each period. The marker concentrations in the feed, leftovers and fecal samples were estimated by an in situ ruminal incubation procedure with a duration 240 h. The relationship between the intake and excretion of the markers was obtained by adjusting a simple linear regression model, independently from the treatment (diets) fixed effects and Latin squares. For both the sheep and goats, a complete recovery of the iDM and iNDF markers was observed (p>0.05), indicating the absence of LTB for these markers. However, the iADF was not completely recovered, exhibiting an LTB of −9.12% (p

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:06:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982002000400013.pdf: 1077952 bytes, checksum: 8a664689615fd6da482a7aa0fc8572ec (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:06:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982002000400013.pdf: 1077952 bytes, checksum: 8a664689615fd6da482a7aa0fc8572ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-04-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:10:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982002000400013.pdf: 1077952 bytes, checksum: 8a664689615fd6da482a7aa0fc8572ec (MD5) S1516-35982002000400013.pdf.txt: 34715 bytes, checksum: c74982a31ce4e4f928e35f328998acac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-04-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:18:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982002000400013.pdf: 1077952 bytes, checksum: 8a664689615fd6da482a7aa0fc8572ec (MD5) S1516-35982002000400013.pdf.txt: 34715 bytes, checksum: c74982a31ce4e4f928e35f328998acac (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:18:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982002000400013.pdf: 1077952 bytes, checksum: 8a664689615fd6da482a7aa0fc8572ec (MD5) S1516-35982002000400013.pdf.txt: 34715 bytes, checksum: c74982a31ce4e4f928e35f328998acac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-04-01 O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da idade sobre o potencial de degradação dos diferentes tecidos da lâmina foliar e do colmo de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens), capim-gordura (Melinis minutiflora) e capim-tifton 85 (Cynodon sp). Foram amostradas a 7ª (capim-braquiária e capim-gordura) e a 11ª (capim-tifton 85) lâminas foliares, no dia da exposição da lígula e 20 dias após. Por meio de observações ao microscópio foram estimadas a extensão da digestão in vitro dos tecidos da lâmina e do colmo e a redução na espessura da parede de células do esclerênquima do colmo. Lâminas foliares e segmentos de colmos jovens apresentaram maiores áreas digeridas. Permaneceram intactos os tecidos com células de parede espessada e lignificada, a bainha parenquimática dos feixes, o esclerênquima, o xilema e a epiderme do colmo. Tecidos com células de parede delgada, normalmente não-lignificada, o mesofilo, o floema e o parênquima, desapareceram completamente. O avanço na idade reduziu a digestão do mesofilo, em lâminas de capim-braquiária e capim-gordura, e do parênquima em colmos, principalmente de capim-gordura. A epiderme na lâmina foliar foi parcialmente digerida, independentemente da idade e da espécie. Embora aparentemente intactas, células esclerenquimáticas do colmo sofreram redução da espessura da parede com a incubação em líquido ruminal. A porcentagem de redução variou de 7 a 37% e a taxa de redução da espessura de 0,007 a 0,018 µm/h. A trial was carried out to evaluate the change in digestion of tropical grasses leaf and stem tissues with age. The grasses were signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens), molassesgrass (Melinis minutiflora) and Tifton 85 bermudagrass (Cynodon sp). The 7th leaf of signalgrass and molassesgrass and the 11th leaf of bermudagrass were sampled by the time of their complete expansion (ligule exposure) and 20 days later. Segment of stem just below the sampled leaf was also sampled. Transversal sections of leaf and stem were examined at the microscope before and after rumen in vitro incubation. The degree of digestion of different leaf and stem tissues, as well as the cell wall thickness of stem sclerenchyma were estimated. Leaf blade and young stems showed larger digested areas. Stem tissues with thick and lignified cell wall, the parenchyma bundle sheath, the sclerenchyma, the xylem and the epidermis were not digested. Tissues with thin non-lignified cell wall, the mesophyll, the phloem and the parenchyma were completely digested. Molassesgrass and signalgrass leaves sampled 20 days after expansion had lower mesophyll digestion in relation to their recently expanded leaves. Similarly, molassesgrass stem parenchyma digestion decreased as plant aged. Regardless of age, leaf epidermis was only partially digested. Stem sclerenchyma cell wall showed percentage reduction in thickness from 7 to 37%, after in vitro incubation. The rate of reduction in thickness varied from 0.007 to 0.018 µm/h. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Gado de Leite Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brasil Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brasil Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil

Ruminal degradation of dry matter (DMD) and crude protein (CPD) for aerial biomass at the flowering stage and for the seeds of L. campestris, L. exaltatus, L. hintonii and L. montanus was determined using the nylon bag technique with two fistulated steers in five incubation times (3, 9, 12, 24 and 48 h), including a sample of soybean paste (SP). The data obtained were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS for repeated measures. The results showed interactions between species and incubation time for DMD and CPD. Among species of lupine, a high DMD and CPD of seeds were observed after three hours of incubation. At 48 h, DMD and CPD did not show significant variation between species: DMD ranged from 94.3% to 96.7% and CPD from 98.9 to 99.2%. The degradation rate of the insoluble fraction of the DM (kd) in lupine seeds ranged from 6.3 to 8.1% h-1, while that of the soluble fraction (SF) ranged from 42.3 to 57.3%, lower value that observed in SP. The DMD and CPD of aerial biomass showed statistically significant differences between species at 48 h of incubation. L. hintonii showed the lowest DMD (69.6%) and CPD (88.9%). L. montanus and L. campestris showed a lower SF and kd (kd of 5.4% h-1 in both, and 35.4 and 37.2 for SF, respectively) and high CPD of aerial biomass. It is concluded that the DM and CP of seeds and biomass of wild lupine were highly degradable as of 3 h of incubation. At 48 h, there were statistically significant differences between DMD and CPD of aboveground biomass (AGB). L. campestris and L. exaltatus showed the highest DMD and CPD of AGB and similar DMD and CPD of seeds. La degradación ruminal de la materia seca (DMS) y de la proteína cruda (DPC) en biomasa aérea durante la etapa de floración, y en las semillas de L. campestris, L. exaltatus, L. hintonii y L. montanus fue determinada mediante la técnica de la bolsa de nylon, con dos bovinos machos fistulados, en cinco tiempos de incubación (3, 9, 12, 24 y 48 h), incluyendo una muestra de pasta de soya (PS). Los datos obtenidos se analizaron usando PROC MIXED de SAS para medidas repetidas. Los resultados mostraron interacción entre especie y tiempo de incubación para DMS y DPC de la biomasa aérea y semillas. Entre especies de lupino, alta DMS y DPC de las semillas se observó desde las 3 h de incubación. A las 48 h la DMS y DPC no mostró variación significativa entre especies. DMS fluctuó de 94,3 a 96,7% y la DPC de 98,9 a 99,2%. La tasa de degradación de la fracción insoluble de la MS (kd) en semillas de lupino varió de 6,3 a 8,1% h-1; y la fracción soluble (FS) de 42,3 a 57,3%; valor inferior al de PS. La DMS y DPC de la biomasa aérea mostró diferencias estadísticas significativas entre especies a las 48 h de incubación. L. hintonii con la menor DMS (69,6%) y DPC (88,9%). Para la DPC, L. campestris y L. montanus mostraron las menores kd y FS en biomasa aérea (kd de 5,4% h-1 en ambas y 35,4 y 37,2 para FS, respectivamente) y una alta DPC. Se concluye que las semillas y la biomasa aérea de las especies silvestres de lupino presentan alta degradabilidad de la MS y PC desde las 3 h de incubación, mostrando solo diferencias estadísticas significativas entre ellas a las 48 h para la DMS y DPC de la biomasa aérea (BA). L. campestris y L. exaltatus fueron las especies que mostraron la más alta DMS y DPC de la BA y la más baja de las semillas.

M. Pablo-Perez, L.C. Lagunes-Espinoza, J. Ramos-Juarez, J. Lopez-Upton, E.M. ArandaIbanez, and L. Vargas-Villamil. 2014. Ruminal degradation of aerial biomass and seeds of wild species of Lupinus. Cienc. Inv. Agr. 41(1): 5-12. Ruminal degradation of dry matter (DMD) and crude protein (CPD) for aerial biomass at the flowering stage and for the seeds of L. campestris, L. exaltatus, L. hintonii and L. montanus was determined using the nylon bag technique with two fistulated steers in five incubation times (3, 9, 12, 24 and 48 h), including a sample of soybean paste (SP). The data obtained were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS for repeated measures. The results showed interactions between species and incubation time for DMD and CPD. Among species of lupine, a high DMD and CPD of seeds were observed after three hours of incubation. At 48 h, DMD and CPD did not show significant variation between species: DMD ranged from 94.3% to 96.7% and CPD from 98.9 to 99.2%. The degradation rate of the insoluble fraction of the DM (kd) in lupine seeds ranged from 6.3 to 8.1% h -1 , while that of the soluble fraction (SF) ranged from 42.3 to 57.3%, lower value that observed in SP. The DMD and CPD of aerial biomass showed statistically significant differences between species at 48 h of incubation. L. hintonii showed the lowest DMD (69.6%) and CPD (88.9%). L. montanus and L. campestris showed a lower SF and kd (kd of 5.4% h -1 in both, and 35.4 and 37.2 for SF, respectively) and high CPD of aerial biomass. It is concluded that the DM and CP of seeds and biomass of wild lupine were highly degradable as of 3 h of incubation. At 48 h, there were statistically significant differences between DMD and CPD of aboveground biomass (AGB). L. campestris and L. exaltatus showed the highest DMD and CPD of AGB and similar DMD and CPD of seeds.

Con el objetivo de mejorar el valor nutritivo de alimentos a base de residuos de la cosecha mecanizada de la caña de azúcar se estudió cuatro niveles de hidróxido de calcio (0, 3, 6 y 9%) y cuatro días de conservación (0, 20, 40 y 60 días) en un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial. Se encontró interacción en todas las variables estudiadas. El pH fue mayor a medida que se incrementó los niveles de hidróxido de calcio (Ca(OH)2), independiente de los días de conservación. La materia seca (MS) disminuyó conforme transcurrieron los días de conservación, independientemente de los niveles de Ca(OH)2. El contenido de FDN y FDA disminuyeron con la adición de los niveles de Ca(OH)2 y los días de conservación estudiados. La degradación in situ de la materia seca (DIMS) fue mayor con la adición del 9% de Ca(OH)2 a los 40 días de conservación en los horarios de incubación ruminal: 3:15, 7:15, 12:30 y 19:45 h y en los horarios 31:45 y 78:45 h fue mayor a partir del día 20. La degradación in situ de la fibra detergente neutro (DIFDN), la degradación in situ de la fibra detergente acida (DIFDA), la fracción soluble y la tasa de degradación fue mayor con la adición del 9% de Ca(OH)2 a los 40 días de conservación. Se concluye que los niveles de Ca(OH)2 incrementan el pH independientemente de los días de conservación, y que el pH disminuye conforme transcurren los días de conservación, además, la adición de 9% de Ca(OH)2 a los 40 días de conservación disminuyen la concentración de FDN, FDA e incrementa la DIMS, la tasa de pasaje, así, como la DIFDN y DIFDA. _______________ EFFECT OF THE CALCIUM HYDROXIDE IN IMPROVING THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FOOD-BASED WASTE OF MECHANICAL HARVESTING SUGAR CANE. ABSTRACT: In order to improve the nutritional value of food waste based on mechanical harvesting of sugarcane was studied four levels of calcium hydroxide (0, 3, 6 and 9%) and four days of storage (0, 20 ,40 and 60 days) in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement. Interaction was found for all variables studied. The pH was higher as increased levels of calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2, independent of retention days. Dry matter (DM) decreased as retention days elapsed, regardless of the levels of Ca(OH)2. The contents of NDF and ADF decreased with the addition of the levels of Ca(OH)2 and retention days studied. The in situ degradation of dry matter (DIMS) was higher with the addition of 9% Ca(OH)2 at 40 days of storage in ruminal incubation times: 3:15, 7:15, 12:30 and 19:45 h and 31:45 hours and 78:45 h was higher from day 20. The in situ degradation of neutral detergent fiber (DIFDN), the in situ degradation of acid detergent fiber (DIFDA), the soluble fraction and the degradation rate was higher with the addition of 9% Ca(OH)2 to 40 days of storage. It is concluded that the levels of Ca(OH)2 independently increase the pH of the days of storage, and that the pH decreases as retention days elapse further addition of 9% Ca(OH)2 to 40 days conservation decreases the concentration of NDF, ADF and increases the DIMS, the rate of passage, as well as the DIFDN and DIFDA.

O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar a degradação ruminal de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) de silagens de capim-elefante submetido a emurchecimento ou à adição de 0, 7, 14, 21 ou 28% de farelo de cacau (FC) durante a ensilagem. Amostras de cada silagem foram incubadas no rúmen de três vacas holandesas por períodos de 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 e 144 horas. A inclusão do farelo de cacau reduziu o potencial de degradação da MS, que foi maior nas silagens com capim emurchecido e não-emurchecido. A degradabilidade potencial da PB e da FDN, no entanto, apresentou pequenas variações e os valores médios situaram-se próximos de 80 e 46%, respectivamente. Considerando a taxa de passagem de 5%/hora, todas as silagens apresentaram elevada degradabilidade efetiva da PB (acima de 55%). Embora as estimativas da degradação ruminal das silagens com farelo de cacau tenham apresentado tendência de redução, todas as silagens apresentaram degradabilidade potencial da MS e da PB acima de 65 e 75%, respectivamente. A adição de farelo de cacau ao capim-elefante pode ser uma alternativa para rápida e abundante disponibilidade de nutrientes para o sistema ruminal. The experiment was conducted to evaluate dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ruminal degradation of elephantgrass silages wilted under the sun light for eight hours or with addition of 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28% of cocoa meal (CM) at the ensiling. Samples of each silage type were incubated in the rumen of three Holstein cows for 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours. The CM inclusion reduced the degradation potential of DM, which showed greater values for silages without CM (wilted or non-wilted). The CP and NDF potential degradability showed small variations, with mean values near 80 and 46%, respectively. Considering a passage rate of 5%/h, all silages showed high CP effective degradability (over 55%). Although the ruminal degradation estimate for silages with CM showed a reduction tendency, all silages presented DM and CP potential degradability over 65 and 75%, respectively. The CM addition to elephantgrass can be considered an alternative that offers a fast and abundant availability of nutrients to the ruminal system.

Foram determinadas as degradabilidades in situ da MS e PB dos folíolos de três leguminosas tropicais leucena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit), guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) e soja perene (Neonotonia wightii) e de folhas de outras duas forrageiras tropicais rami (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich) e mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Amostras de 3 g (guandu, soja e rami) ou 5 g (leucena e mandioca) do material foram incubadas no rúmen de quatro novilhos por períodos de 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 e 48 horas. As degradabilidades efetivas da MS e da PB para a taxa de passagem de 5% hora foram elevadas (acima de 60%). As taxas de degradação, exceto a do guandu, também foram consideradas elevadas. As forrageiras apresentaram alta digestibilidade total da proteína (acima de 88%), exceto os folíolos de guandu (69%). O guandu foi a forrageira com menor potencial de degradação da proteína. In situ DM and CP degradabilities of leaflets of three tropical legumes: leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), and glycine (Neonotonia wightii) and of leaves of two other tropical forages: ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were determined in this trial. Three grams of pigeon pea, glycine, and ramie and 5 g of leucaena and cassava were incubated in the rumen of four steers for 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 hours. Effective degradabilities of DM and CP assuming a passage rate of 5%/hour were greater than 60%. Degradation rates, except for pigeon pea, were also high in this study. Forages had high total digestibility of protein (greater than 88%), except for pigeon pea leaflets that was 69%. Pigeon pea was the forage with the lowest potential for ruminal protein degradation.