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There are significant ruby formations across the world that have been commercialized. In Türkiye there are many mineralogical formation regions with gemological features of high quality. However, there is not enough information in the literature about the formation of ruby in Türkiye, and its usability as a precious stone. In contrast to previous studies, this paper was conducted to reveal the gemological properties of Doğanşehir (Malatya province) rubies and to investigate the usability of polished and cut ruby samples as gemstones. Ruby corundum formations of gemstone quality have recently been discovered in Göksun ophiolites in the Doğanşehir district of Türkiye. These ruby formations take place in greenish and grayish amphibolites in the Göksun ophiolites. The ruby crystals are observed in colors ranging from pink to red and sizes ranging between 2 × 10 mm and 30 × 50 mm. The tectonic position, geological environment, petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical, and gemological characteristics of Doğanşehir crystals indicate that they can be classified as rubies and can be likened to those gems formed in amphibolites in Tanzania. This indicates that Doğanşehir rubies have gemological and mineralogical parameters that are competitive with rubies existing in other places across the world after polishing and cutting. Examples of Doğanşehir rubies prepared by polishing and cutting show that these rubies may feature in the global market in the coming years. Doğanşehir rubies are suitable for COBACORE (community based comprehensive recovery) cutting mostly in large sizes and amounts. Thus, it is a potential gemstone source. Samples prepared by polishing and cutting indicate their suitability as gemstones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the period 2021-2022, the dynamics of ripening and the phenolic content of grapes from the varieties Cabernet Sauvignon, Gamza and Rubin, grown in the region of the town of Pleven, were studied. The changes in the meteorological indicators throughout the vegetation period were monitored. During the winter months, significantly low temperatures for the vine plant growth were not registered in the region. The onset of the vines’ vegetative development was in the middle (2021) or the early (2022) April. During the grapes ripening period, the dynamics of sugars and total acids were monitored. The Rubin variety showed the fastest sugar accumulation while maintaining a relatively high acidity rate. The Gamza and Cabernet Sauvignon varieties were later ripening and revealed a gradual increase in sugars and a decrease in total acids. The highest sugar accumulation in the Rubin and Gamza varieties was found in 2021, while for Cabernet Sauvignon - in the grapes from the 2022 harvest. Both the weather conditions during the year and the varietal characteristics, specifics and potential had an impact on the phenolic content in the structural elements of the cluster. The varieties had different reserves of total, flavonoid and non-flavonoid phenolic compounds, which increased in the order of berries < skins < rachis < seeds. The Rubin variety had the highest values of the studied phenolic components, followed by Cabernet Sauvignon, and the lowest were in Gamza. The anthocyanin content of the varieties changed in the same sequence. In all three varieties, the anthocyanin content in the skins was significantly higher compared to the berries. During the period 2021-2022, the dynamics of ripening and the phenolic content of grapes from the varieties Cabernet Sauvignon, Gamza and Rubin, grown in the region of the town of Pleven, were studied. The changes in the meteorological indicators throughout the vegetation period were monitored. During the winter months, significantly low temperatures for the vine plant growth were not registered in the region. The onset of the vines’ vegetative development was in the middle (2021) or the early (2022) April. During the grapes ripening period, the dynamics of sugars and total acids were monitored. The Rubin variety showed the fastest sugar accumulation while maintaining a relatively high acidity rate. The Gamza and Cabernet Sauvignon varieties were later ripening and revealed a gradual increase in sugars and a decrease in total acids. The highest sugar accumulation in the Rubin and Gamza varieties was found in 2021, while for Cabernet Sauvignon - in the grapes from the 2022 harvest. Both the weather conditions during the year and the varietal characteristics, specifics and potential had an impact on the phenolic content in the structural elements of the cluster. The varieties had different reserves of total, flavonoid and non-flavonoid phenolic compounds, which increased in the order of berries < skins < rachis < seeds. The Rubin variety had the highest values of the studied phenolic components, followed by Cabernet Sauvignon, and the lowest were in Gamza. The anthocyanin content of the varieties changed in the same sequence. In all three varieties, the anthocyanin content in the skins was significantly higher compared to the berries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of Giovanni Falconi's career and his vaccination campaigns is two hundred years old. It is however very relevant today because of the widespread negative social opinion against vaccination at that time, opinions which seem to have re-emerged even in the current century. In his very important role of "Vaccine Conservator" (a sort of national supervisor for the quality of vaccinations), he clashed with the prejudice of the people and with the anti-scientific attitudes of some of his illustrious colleagues. He investigated how to simplify the procedure with a smallpox needle that became known as "Falconi's Needle" or "Falconian Needle". Falconi also made several experiments on smallpox vaccine preparation and was a supporter of the use of "animal" and "humanized" formulas despite the prejudice regarding the latter. Due to his profound anatomical knowledge and the strength of mind that characterized him, he was able to follow evidence-based scientific principles in his methods. Thanks to this he managed to convince people not to oppose vaccinations. He also succeeded in bringing the number of vaccinated people to exceed the number of newborns, a great achievement that led to remarkable progress in Italy and the rescue of thousands of lives throughout Europe. Unfortunately, it was not possible to find a copy of this instrument, which required the author to have the needle reconstructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Das Kapital Marx presents a relation established in the core of the modern bourgueois society: the commodity fetishism. For long time this term remained on disregard and “the development of Marx’s ideas about commodity fetishism did not attract particular attention” (Rubin, 1980, p. 68). The present paper starts from the observation of fetishism as a theory and a contribution to the critics of classical economics and modernity. From the contribution of the text by Roger Sansi, the work brings a history of the term over time, from its use and initial designation to Marx’s use, as a critic to tradition-modernity. Once this is done, it will be shown how the rhetorical coup used by Marx from the inversion of the use of the term is presented as a contribution to his critics to modernity-modernity.

In “The Ends of an Idiom: ‘Sexual Difference’ in Translation,” Anne Emmanuelle Berger reflects on the different uses and meanings of the notion of “sexual difference” in the Francophone and Anglophone worlds. “Sexual difference” was elevated to the status of a quasi-concept by psychoanalysis and became subsequently one of the key terms in thinking about sex and gender. Looking at the pluralization of its uses and the inflection of its meaning in North-American gender and queer theory, the author stresses its “becoming-queer” and ponders over the contemporary queering of feminist thought. Through her examination of the unending differentiations of the meaning of “sexual difference”, she seeks to bring out the conceptual heterogeneity – in her eyes as irreducible as it is productive – of the theoretical field of gender studies. This is also a way of interrogating the modes of constitution of the Franco-Anglo-American theoretical axis, which has dominated feminist thought in the 20th century.