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If to concern the questions of modern Ukrainian spiritual space and, in particular, concepts of emotional, intellectual, and cultural spheres, the lists of key concepts will certainly include such words as “people”, “community”, “citizen”, “father”, “respect”, “duty”, “resilience”, “holy shrine”, “holy order”, “basis”, “praise”, “glory”, “to magnify”, “wisdom”, “village”, “home”, “gift”, “food”, “healing”, and many others. Each real Ukrainian nowadays would probably agree with this statement. However, only few intellectuals are able to elaborate on the origin of these terms. And as for the age of the above mentioned terms, only single connoisseurs would be able to correctly identify it. The same will be observed if to name less significant language units of the Ukrainian lexicon. Huge clusters of the Ukrainian-language concepts, including conceptual terms, even now, in the first quarter of the 21st century, constitute the category of orphans. However, the author has established that the origin of the above mentioned words must be searched for in the ancient Hurrian language. Thus, Ukrainian must be considered one of the direct descendants of this prehistoric language, forgotten by all and dead for three thousand years. Modern dictionaries of the Ukrainian language give such a name of this prehistoric ethnic group: Hurrians. However, we find this form of writing in Ukrainian awkward. After all, the world’s lead orientalists claim today that the lexeme “Hurrian” (this is the correct form of conveying the name of the specified people in Ukrainian) has derived from the Akkadian geographic appellation Ḫurri and its ethnic derivative Ḫurri. According to the cuneiform texts on clay tablets, discovered by archaeologists at different times, this name was well known to other peoples of the ancient Near East. The name “Hurrian” can be found in the then (prehistoric) documents of royal archives: compare the Hittite “ᵁᴿᵁḪur-ri” (used for the first time by the ruler Ḫattušiliš I) and Ugaritic “ḫry”. We should also mention Hurrian “ᴷᵁᴿḪur-ru-u-ḫé” and “ᴷᵁᴿḪur-wu-u-ḫé”; Egyptian “Ḫu-ru” (used for the first time by Pharaoh Thutmose III). The Egyptian rendering of this name was “Ḫʒ-rw”. It is also found in their written records. The Hurrian form of the name shows that the ethnonym is built on the root “ḫur-”. This can be said, incidentally, about the ethnonym “Croats”. The author will return to this topic in his next research.

The Dutch Royal Archives (Koninklijk Huisarchief - KHA) at The Hague holds a number of enciphered letters written by French diplomats in Holland in the 17th and 18th centuries, including a letter, from January 9, 1684, from Jean-Antoine de Mesmes (1640 – 1709), Comte d’Avaux, the French ambassador at The Hague from 1678 to 1689, to Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715. In this article, we show how we deciphered the letter, and identified the historical plaintext as a letter intercepted and deciphered by the Spanish authorities in the Southern Netherlands. The letter was also published by the Prince of Orange, to expose d’Avaux secret contacts with deputies of the city of Amsterdam. D’Avaux claimed that the decryption was intentionally modified to harm France’s image, but the modern decipherment demonstrates that the historical decryption was in fact fully accurate.

Queen Charlotte kept a diary in which she recorded her daily activities as well as those of George III and other members of the royal family. Only her volumes for 1789 and 1794 survive, in the Royal Archives at Windsor Castle. Her 1789 diary shows how the king’s illness and recovery impacted upon their lives. Both diary volumes provide hitherto unpublished information about court life and the royal family. Volume 4 of the Memoirs of the Court of George III.

Since the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, the Hall of Mental Cultivation has become the most commonly-used living quarters for emperors dealing with government affairs in the Forbidden City. The hall’s eastern chamber, also known as the Eastern Nuange, was where the emperors handled state affairs and fasted. It was also the site where the dowager empresses dictated policy from “behind the scenes” 垂帘听政 after emperor Xianfeng, so it was one of the most important political centers of the late Qing Dynasty. In order to meet evolving needs, Eastern Nuange’s interior space has been changed several times, although it typically reflects the features of imperial interior design in the Qing dynasty. Besides the current remains of the building, the architectural drawings and the documents kept by the Qing Yangshi Lei family from the thirtieth year of Daoguang’s reign (1850) to the thirteenth year of Tongzhi’s reign (1874) have recorded and preserved the details of the building’s survey and design. This provides us with detailed first-hand materials to reconstruct the renovation processes of Eastern Nuange’s interior space. This article combines the existing Yangshi Lei files, royal archives from the Qing dynasty and data from a field survey in order to faithfully restore the changes of interior patterns and the design process of the Eastern Nuange in different historical periods. It also explores the design methods used by the designer in this case, including how to plan the program, and how to express it through drawings, vocabulary and methods.

Hilary Ballon was an outstanding scholar, teacher, curator, and administrator who stood at the top of her field both nationally and internationally. She demonstrated her prowess repeatedly during a thirty-year career through her pioneering books and articles, the exhibitions she curated, the institutions she served, and her active engagement with teaching and community service. Ballon's profile in the field of architectural history is exceptionally broad. Her abiding interest was the formation of cities, and in particular the figures who shaped them. Trained in history at Princeton and architectural history at MIT, Ballon brought to each of her books a deep understanding of the political, social, and economic forces that historical planners must negotiate in shaping great urban design. Her first two books were dedicated to the formation of seventeenth-century Paris. In The Paris of Henri IV: Architecture and Urbanism (1991), Ballon traced the difficult rise of Henri of Navarre to the throne of France following the death of Henri III and the end of the Valois dynasty.1 To gain control over France in the period of the religious wars, Henri converted to Catholicism and rebuilt Paris as a capital city. To tell the story of his urban initiatives (the Place des Vosges and the Place Dauphine among others), Ballon had to find the papers. Previous scholars had been stumped because they sought the records in the royal archives. Ballon understood the pragmatic side of Henri and his minister the Duke of Sully and looked instead in the city archives, the Minutier central , correctly surmising that Henri would pass construction costs on to the merchants and the nobles. The book that came out of this research mapped the formation of the Paris we visit today and the shrewd strategies that underlie its present form. Describing her goal, which she …

To date, no unequivocal textual reference to the Great Sphinx has been identified prior to Egypt’s New Kingdom. Here, we present evidence that the monument we now know as the Great Sphinx was called Mehit and that this name was part of an exclusive title held only by the highest officials of the royal Egyptian court going back to at least early dynastic times, i.e. prior to the time of the Great Sphinx’s generally presumed construction during the 4th Dynasty. Furthermore, the symbolic origins of this title precede the 4th Dynasty by at least five centuries, going back to the very cradle of writing during the earliest dynastic era of the early Nile civilization. Based on this philological evidence corroborating geological and archeo-astronomical evidence previously published, we conclude that a lion-like stone monument existed on the Giza Plateau long before the Great Sphinx is generally believed to have been made and that early dynastic Egyptians referred to it in writing.

In the period 1770-1914 wallpaper became the premier decoration in Western interiors. Until recently, it has been studied in terms of style. Yet we continue to know little about wallpaper as a material object. Here, the full context surrounding wallpaper is under consideration: the manufacturer, the design studio, the workshop, how and to whom it was sold, and how it was hung. Beneath the style of wallpaper are the cultural foundations which give it meaning. During the eighteenth century, wallpaper was a relatively well-documented, elite product. Some questions about its context are answered by the royal archives and the extensive record-keeping of N. Dollfus & Company in Mulhouse. During the nineteenth century the consumption of wallpaper of all types increased with mechanization. This study concentrates on the better-documented products of the Zuber company in Rixheim such as panoramics and decors which were intended for elite markets. Wallpaper, often misinterpreted, is established here as a fundamental element of the culture of the interior at every level of society.

In the period 1770-1914 wallpaper became the premier decoration in Western interiors. Until recently, it has been studied in terms of style. Yet we continue to know little about wallpaper as a material object. Here, the full context surrounding wallpaper is under consideration: the manufacturer, the design studio, the workshop, how and to whom it was sold, and how it was hung. Beneath the style of wallpaper are the cultural foundations which give it meaning. During the eighteenth century, wallpaper was a relatively well-documented, elite product. Some questions about its context are answered by the royal archives and the extensive record-keeping of N. Dollfus & Company in Mulhouse. During the nineteenth century the consumption of wallpaper of all types increased with mechanization. This study concentrates on the better-documented products of the Zuber company in Rixheim such as panoramics and decors which were intended for elite markets. Wallpaper, often misinterpreted, is established here as a fundamental element of the culture of the interior at every level of society.

The purpose of this paper is to present the conditions which have prevailed during the rise of the cane-plantation and the transformation of the sugar-cane into the Kingdom of Valencia during the XVth century. The analysis is based on a rich material extracted from the royal archives and notarial documents concerning companies to exploit sugar-mill. agreements between peasants and landlords etc. The paper reveals the crucial role of the local muslim community in the culture of sugar-cane. Emphasis is put on the fact that the competition with the cane-sugar producted in the Atlantic islands has brought the definitive decline of the cycle of the cane-plantation in Valencia on a large scale. On discussing the technological problems and relations of production, references are made on the main questions developped by the historiography about cane-sugar production in the Mediterranean area during the Middle Ages. Le propos de cette contribution est de présenter les conditions qui ont prévalu lors de l'essor de la culture de la canne à sucre et de sa trans­formation dans le royaume de Valence aux XVe-XVIe siècles. Cette analyse est basée sur des sources inédites extraites des archives royales et de docu­ments notariés, concernant les compagnies exploitant les moulins sucriers, les contrats entre seigneurs et fermiers, ce travail révèle le rôle crucial que les communautés musulmanes locales ont joué dans ce cycle. Il montre aussi comment la concurrence du sucre des îles atlantiques amène le déclin définitif de cette culture a Valence. En discutant les problèmes de technolo­gie et de rapport de production, il est fait référence à des questions soule­vées par l'historiographie sur la production sucrière en Méditerranée.

A film proposal on D.W. Griffith letterhead exists, virtually unknown, in the Royal Archives of HRH Prince Paul of Romania. This film proposal centers on the Odessa marriage and tragic aftermath of Crown Prince Carol II of Romania and Ioana Marie Valentino Lambrino. While the film was never made, the backstory of the contract is marked by the intersection of radical shifts in the film industry, due to transatlantic activity and industrialization, and in political dynasties in the face of Republican sentiments. This contract proposal furthers The Griffith Project’s investigation into the European interests of the American director at a time when he was becoming out of step with the industry he helped to create. It reinforces the important role of film in the writing of history, as it recuperates and also influences one of the buried stories of passion, a story not only of love but of casualties of war, dramatic intrigue and governmental cover-ups.

Most ancient Near Eastern prophetic texts were found in royal archives, and therefore, they largely deal with the figure and person of the king in his interaction with the world around him. There is a great emphasis on war and succession, two key crisis moments for ancient Near Eastern monarchs. While the Neo-Assyrian oracles focus on these two areas using a lot of metaphors, the Old Babylonian texts from Mari also show an interest in the diplomatic relationships of the king.

One of the most contentious cultural property stories of the early 21st century is the restitution of displaced treasures, from Nazi-stolen artwork to looted archeological finds to rare manuscripts. "Replevin," according to lawyerarchivist Menzi L. Behrnd-Klodt, "is one of several ancient common law remedies used to recover wrongfully taken personal property from whomever took it or holds it unlawfully."1 When analyzed in simple terms, returning stolen objects to the rightful owner clearly is the right thing to do. In 2012, newspapers reported that Barry H. Landau, a once respected presidential historian, was convicted of removing manuscripts from archives. His finds included letters by Marie Antoinette, Karl Marx, and Franklin Roosevelt. He was sentenced to seven years in jail and forced to pay $46,525 in restitution to dealers who had bought manuscripts from him in good faith. Several thousand documents were recovered from his residence and returned. More displaced documents are currently being traced. By all accounts, justice has been served.2Several spectacularly successful replevin and restitution actions have recently wrested valued acquisitions from well-funded museums.3 In 2007, after years of legal wrangling and public controversy, the J. Paul Getty Museum of Los Angeles returned 40 ancient masterpieces to Italy including a massive statue of Aphrodite. The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York, which in 1972 acquired a rare, classic painted vase called the Euphronios krater, returned it to Italy in 2008 after lengthy and contentious negotiations. The United States government has cooperated with the government of Mongolia to reclaim and repatriate a dinosaur skeleton, eight feet high and twenty-four feet long, removed from the Gobi desert for sale in the United States. The Mongolian police, Interpol, and the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement were all involved. Through the process of restitution litigation, the long-dead dinosaur has become a celebrated symbol of national pride in Mongolia, and its return scheduled for 2013 is cause for a hero's welcome.4 Treasures occasionally, although less frequently, travel in the opposite direction across the Atlantic. In 2006, the Osterreichische Galerie Belvedere in Vienna was forced to surrender five masterpieces by Gustav Klimt, paintings restituted to distant heirs now living in the United States, again after a protracted court battle.5Like paintings, antiquities and fossils, archives are cultural property and many of the same principles apply. If anything, public records, as a nation's memory, have a stronger claim to inalienability than artwork. This claim has been recognized in treaties for hundreds of years.6 Leopold Auer has identified dozens of international disputes over archival collections. Many such disputes have festered for decades.7 In 1866, France seized 297 volumes of Korean royal archives, which ended up in the Bibliotheque nationale de France where they were cataloged as Chinese manuscripts. Then in 1993, President Mitterand returned one volume to South Korea. The remaining 296 went back home in 2011, after 145 years.8 Books and manuscripts have long had a revered place in Korean culture, which produced the first book printed with moveable metal type in 1377, long before Gutenberg. Some curators claim that the pendulum has swung too far in the direction of returning displaced cultural property, to the extent that scholarship is inhibited, the public is deprived of educational experiences, and the objects themselves are endangered.9 Can well intentioned restitution efforts simply result in manuscripts being displaced a second time, with all the attendant hazards? In the international arena, the current debate pits collectors such as museums and archives in the receiving countries against aggrieved parties in the source countries. Both sides have strong justifications for their claims.Because laws can be changed and reinterpreted, and judicial decisions are frequently inconsistent, this essay will focus on the moral and ethical arguments and justifications, not the legal ones. …

The history of the medieval city of Buda (Ofen in German) comprises the life and events of 300 years.1 Both the beginning and the end were the outcome of decisive events: two crushing military defeats of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1241 and 1541, which exerted a distinctive influence on both the foundation and the destruction of the city. The 150 years of Ottoman rule completely and irreversibly did away with Buda’s medieval population and its traditions along with its written heritage. To the detriment of history writing the most important archives were destroyed in the course of the years of war. The town archives vanished completely and, except for a few examples, the documents of the guilds have gone too. The main part of the royal archives, which could have supplemented the missing archives of the city, was also lost. Thus not only was the tradition transmitted by local people interrupted repeatedly, but the number of written documents of the past also decreased significantly. In fact, today just crumbs remain, mainly accidentally preserved fragments, which can only offer us an obscure and deformed picture.2

In June 2011, France returned to South Korea nearly 300 volumes of Korean royal archives from the Joseon Dynasty. French forces had seized them in an 1866 military campaign, and the volumes had resided in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) ever since. The return is not a legally permanent restitution, but rather a five-year renewable loan. The compromise followed years of unsuccessful negotiations and a noteworthy decision of a French administrative tribunal that found that the seized Korean archives constituted inalienable French property. The legal debate over the Korean manuscripts illustrates the unique complexities of treating archives as a form of cultural property in armed conflict. In the end, the imperfect compromise satisfies neither side: The BnF is deprived of custody of items that have formed part of its collections for more than 140 years while technically, and perhaps uselessly, retaining formal legal title; South Korea, meanwhile, has physical custody of the archives while suffering the indignity of being denied ownership over its own national heritage.

This article analyses and 'dissects' the Urkunden of the eparchos of Nobadia according to the rules, applied in the Byzantine diplomatique, thereby examining the Nubian Archives of Qasr Ibrim and referring to the Nubian chancelleries. A comparison is made not only with the late-Roman and Byzantine prototypes, but also with aspects of the Urkunden issued in other parts of the Byzantine periphereia. In this article we wish to examine the compositio of the Urkunden of the eparchos of Nobadia, the royal Nubian "governor" of the Northern part of the medieval Christian Kingdom of Makouria and Nobadia. One of the eparchos' main duties was this of head of the royal archives in Qasr Ibrim. These documents, mainly of financial and cadastral nature form a unique collection in the heritage and history of the Afro-Byzantine medieval Sudanese Kingdoms.

The friendship of Thomas Cranmer with the Polish humanist and diplomat Bishop Johannes Dantiscus is one of the most interesting among Cranmer's European-wide circle of acquaintance. Although it was extremely episodic and petered out in religious disagreement, it was a vivid and early illustration of the international cast of mind of this central figure of the English Reformation. So one of the archival discoveries which pleased me most in writing my biography of Thomas Cranmer was a pair of letters from Cranmer to Johannes Dantiscus. I learned of these letters through the generosity of Dr Stephen Ryle, who sent me an unsolicited letter about them while I was actually reading the proofs of my book, and supplied me with photocopies of the originals in the Czartoryski Library in Kraków, preserved amid other fragments of the Polish royal archives. As I hastened to read these, in a frighteningly brief window of opportunity before my proofs had to be completed, I found a beguilingly and startlingly novel addition to Cranmer's career, which necessitated last-minute alterations to my text. The letters were dateable to early summer 1527. The first letter was written from Bilbao on the Basque coast, while the writer was waiting for a ship to England, and passed on greetings to Dantiscus from a number of mutual acquaintances in diplomatic circles at the emperor's court in Spain.

La actividad musical anterior al siglo XVI en la catedral de Valencia es muy poco conocida. El presente estudio trata de avanzar en el conocimiento de la cuestión dirigiendo el foco de atención hacia los colectivos de personas que desempeñaron los diferentes oficios catedralicios con responsabilidad en la organización y la práctica de la música en este templo en el período 1480-1505, que enmarca el magisterio del tratadista Guillem de Podio en las escuelas de canto. La perspectiva que se ofrece es la aportada por la prosopografía, a partir de datos procedentes tanto de la misma institución como de otras similares, así como de fuentes de características diferentes tales como las notariales, las diocesanas y las conservadas en archivos civiles y reales. Por otra parte, el trabajo también ha permitido presentar suficientes evidencias para poder descartar la hipótesis de identificación, hasta ahora considerada, entre el compositor Juan Rodríguez de Sanabria y el cantor de Isabel la Católica Juan Rodríguez de la Torre. En apéndice se incluye un catálogo prosopográfico de todos los personajes estudiados. [ca] L’activitat musical anterior al segle XVI a la catedral de València és molt poc coneguda. El present estudi tracta d’avançar en el coneixement de la qüesti. dirigint el focus d’atenció cap als col·lectius de persones que exerciren els diferents oficis catedralicis amb responsabilitat en l’organització i la pràctica de la música en aquest temple en el període 1480-1505, que emmarca el magisteri del tractadista Guillem de Podio en les escoles de cant. La perspectiva que s’ofereix és aportada per la prosopografi a, a partir de dades procedents tant de la mateixa institució com d’altres semblants, així com de fonts de característiques diferents com ara les notarials, les diocesanes i les conservades en arxius civils i reials. D’altra banda, el treball també ha permés presentar sufi cients evidències per poder descartar la hipòtesi d’identificació, fins ara considerada, entre el compositor Juan Rodríguez de Sanabria i el cantor d’Isabel la Catòlica Juan Rodríguez de la Torre. En apèndix s’inclou un catàleg prosopogràfic de tots els personatges estudiats.

The word millennium offers a daunting prospect in that most human beings? Methusaleh, perhaps, excepted?do not live to see it.1 Some have outlived a century, and some have even straddled two centuries in their own lifetimes. Some straddle two millennia. Julius Caesar did not manage this, although Pontius Pilate did. Brian B?ruma, or Brian Boru, repeated this feat a millenni um later, and we now find ourselves on the threshold of doing so. What, then, may lie ahead for any language in the next millennium? Predicting is a precarious activity at the best of times, but prophesying over a millennium's length seems foolhardy in the extreme. Hittite, the earliest of any attested Indo-European language, was on the crest of a wave at the turn of the second millennium b.c. when speakers ofthat language conquered the region of Asia Minor in what that they would call Hatti and found an empire in roughly 1900 b.c. centered around Hattusha, near modern Bogazk?y, and, extending over areas of Anatolia, Turkey, and northern Syria. The Hittites* reign ended by 1000 b.c., and their the language lay in obscurity for three mil lenia until the Hittite texts of the royal archives were uncovered following excavation in a.d. 1906. In the first millennium b.c., Celtic-speaking people enjoyed a preeminent position in continental Europe, as Proinsias Mac Cana has outlined

The fifth in a series of articles examining how and why courts preserve, destroy and edit their archives

The third in a series of articles examining how and why courts preserve, destroy or edit their archives.

The first in a series examining how and why courts preserve, destroy or edit archives.

This second volume of John C. G. Röhl's definitive biography of Kaiser Wilhelm II is a hybrid between narrative history and a documentary collection. The narration is buttressed by and interspersed with lengthy quotations from documents, especially unpublished ones from the Royal Archives in Windsor and General Count Alfred von Waldersee's diaries, hitherto available in print only in the falsified edition by Heinrich O. Meisner. This richly detailed account rarely alludes to secondary sources; the reader without previous knowledge of German domestic and foreign policy might well be overwhelmed by the level of detail; however, Röhl's argument is clear. He aims to restore Wilhelm in historiography as “the powerful and pernicious ruler that he actually was, a kind of missing link … between Bismarck and Hitler” (p. xiii). This volume succeeds in showing how Wilhelm built up and used his immense power from his accession in 1888 to the high point of personal regime from 1896 to 1900.

G Sir Henry Ponsonby was the nineteenth-century proto.type of the modern private secretary. Schooled by the Prince Consort and Baron Stockmar, Ponsonby himself, in his tum, trained the man who would be George V's longest-serving private secretary, Lord Stamfordham. Among these advisers to the Crown, Ponsonby deserves special attention not only because he was a model for his successors, but also because he served the Queen during a critical stage of the country's shift to a more democratic constitution. Ponsonby's wife, Mary, is of equal interest. A fonner Maid of Honour and long a friend of the Queen, she had one foot in the Household and the other in a bohemian world of radicals, writers and freethinkers. In their letters and diaries, preserved in the Royal Archives at Windsor, she and her husband both left an unusually articulate record of the daily routine and atmosphere of Queen Victoria's court. That record forces us to revise some of our stereotypes about the character of life at court in the second half of the century. Further, because the monarchy is once again under scrutiny in Britain today, a study of the Ponsonbys offers opportunities to see how intelligent late-Victorian insiders might have answered the question, "Why is the monarchy worth having?" Henry Ponsonby's main associations were with the Army, Ireland and the Whigs. He was the son of a general who had fought with Wellington in the Peninsular Campaign and at Waterloo. His grandfather, the third Earl of Bessborough, was an Irish landowner. His mother was a Bathurst and on both sides of the family there were multiple connections to the families who dominated government during the eighteenth century. As a young man, Ponsonby obtained a commission in the Grenadier Guards, served as A. D. C. or private secretary to five Lords Lieutenant of Ireland and was decorated for fighting in the Crimea. He first came to court as equerry to the Prince Consort in 1856. Following the prince's death and a brief spell in Canada, Ponsonby returned as equerry to the Queen, and succeeded General Grey as the Queen's private secretary in 1870. After a quarter of century in office, he had a stroke at Osborne in 1895 and died, aged 70, some months later. Ponsonby's wife, Mary, was the daughter of John Crocker Bulteel, M. P., and a granddaughter of the Lord Grey who brought in the Great Reform Bill. She first came to court as Maid of Honour in 1853, and served until her marriage in 1861. Her husband succeeded her uncle Charles

Quelques remarques a propos des grands nombres inscrits dans les archives royales assyriennes. Selon l'auteur, il ne faut pas negliger leur utilisation dans un but d'hyperbole numerique et d'embellissement des faits rapportes par les scribes.

The article gives an account of the efforts being made by the royal family and the Matsieng Board of Trustees to safeguard and preserve royal archives and what has been achieved so far, and the challenges and prospects towards the digitization of these records as a means of preserving them. Among the root causes of the problem is poor management of records in Lesotho which has affected the development of archival services as a whole. The National Archives was established in 1957 during the colonial period under the office of the Government Secretary, but the archives service as a whole is still at the rudimentary stage. For a long time the National Archives did not have accommodation and was operating with limited resources. The outdated legislation, the Archives Act of 1967, also contributes to the problems of archival development in the country, making the climate for archives sector gloomy.

Summary Archives were the byproducts of scribal bureaucracies which developed in the Iberian peninsula especially in the twelfth century. In the heartland Crown of Castile-Leon, the beginning of systematic record keeping can be traced as a development parallel to the growth of the monarchy from a traveling court to a network of regional capitals and coordination by the royal chanceries. The kinds of records and their formats are surveyed in this essay, with special attention to edited and published records for the study of Castile-Leon in the Middle Ages. The main foci are on the royal chancery, monastic and cathedral archives, records of the military orders, municipal archives, and the origin of royal archives. Legal sources documenting more conscientious record keeping are important, as are registers attesting actual practices. Finally, the main archival depositories of Spain are discussed, especially regarding their holdings of medieval and early modern records.

This article aimed to give an overview of the early attestations to prophecy in the Ancient Near East (ANE) in order to stimulate reflection on what could be understood by ‘prophetism’. The most extant sources for prophetic oracles in the ANE were uncovered at the royal archives of Mari and Nineveh, therefore some evidence of these sites has been indicated. Consequently the distinction between ‘inductive’ and ‘non-inductive’ forms of divination was also discussed. Furthermore it was questioned whether the critique against ANE-prophecy as ‘Heilsprophetie’ (‘salvation’) as opposed to the ‘Unheilsprophetie’ (‘doom’) of Old Testament can still be upheld. Finally some notes of caution were raised with regard to the careless appropriation of the term ‘prophetism’ in the 21st century.

The ‘unknown’ Charter survives in the Archives Nationales in Paris where it is classified as J. 655 in the Archives du Royaume. It was printed by Teulet in his edition of the Layettes in 1863, but was not known to English historians until it was discovered by J. H. Round in 1893:2 hence its name. It has formed part of the French royal archives since the thirteenth Century along with two copies of the Magna Carta of 1216. The document consists of a copy of the Charter of liberties of Henry I to which certain concessions by John have been added. The provenance of the document and the form ‘Edouardus’ suggest that it was the work of a Frenchman. When he produced it is uncertain, but, whatever the date, it is clear that he was copying for he made errors of repetition in transcribing which he subsequently corrected. Whether he was copying from a document which already associated Henry I's Charter with additional concessions by John, or whether the copyist himself associated the two for the first time in this document cannot be determined. His errors were not limited to repetition. His text of Henry I's Charter contains several omissions and variants. This must be kept in mind in evaluating the second part of the document. AUTHENTICITY The main objection to accepting this document as an authentic grant or even as a memorandum of an authentic grant lies in the archaism of the language used in listing John's concessions.

In a peripheral room of the Administrative Quarter of the Royal Palace G at Ebla, Early Bronze IVA (ca. 2400-2300 BC), two miniature statues of females were found on the floor: one is a standing figure of silver, steatite, and wood, and the other one is a seated figure of gold, steatite, limestone, and wood. These nearly intact images are masterpieces of the miniature art of the very end of Early Dynastic IIIB, and probably belonged to a precious ceremonial standard of an Ebla queen. The proposal is that the standard represented the homage paid by queen Tabur-Damu, the last Ebla king Ishar-Damu's wife, to a funerary statue of the deceased queen mother Dusigu.

In the past twenty years there has been a renaissance in Jacobite studies in Britain and North America. It started with the publication in 1970 of Romney Sedgwick's The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1715-1754, in which the post-1715 Tory party was resurrected from the untimely death to which earlier historiography had consigned it in the face of the so-called Whig hegemony under Walpole and his successors. This section of Sedgwick's volumes was the work of Eveline Cruickshanks, who not only showed that there had been an active Tory party under Walpole, but also claimed that it had been essentially a Jacobite party. Dr. Cruickshanks has, since 1970, produced a book, several articles, and essays expanding her thesis. She has been joined in the quest for Jacobites by many others, and the flow of work on Jacobitism seems unabated. This body of work has, however, left other historians with a good deal of unease, not only over the conclusions reached, but also the methodology used and the sources upon which these conclusions are based (most notably the uncritical use of the Stuart Papers in the Royal Archives at Windsor Castle).' No one can deny that the evaluation of Jacobitism in Britain poses for the historian one of the most difficult of tasks. Men engaged in a treasonable conspiracy against a well-entrenched government naturally did not leave behind well-ordered, unequivocal evidence. As for the Jacobites themselves, they were generally unable to judge their following accurately, and often deliberately exaggerated their support in order to gain foreign help or deluded themselves into believing that they did appeal to a large section of the population. The flawed evidence they left behind (largely in the Stuart Papers, which are far from complete, and the State Papers, which are equally filled with a mixture of fact, speculation, and distortion, the product of as much paranoia on behalf of the

La tenda per banchetti fatta erigere da Tolomeo II nei palazzi di Alessandria è descritta da Ateneo di Naucrati (in un passo qui nuovamente tradotto), operante alla fine del II d.C., che si basa sul racconto di Callissino di Rodi, vissuto probabilmente negli ultimi decenni del III a.C.; questi a sua volta si sarebbe basato sui documenti dell’archivio regale, consistenti sia in atti scritti sia, si ipotizza qui, in materiali figurativi. L’apparato, eretto verosimilmente in occasione dei primi Ptolemaia nel 279-278 a.C., era destinato a un numero limitato di convitati: i dignitari di corte, ma soprattutto gli ambasciatori provenienti da tutta l’oikoumene e probabilmente i settanta traduttori ebrei del Pentateuco, in un’ambizione di enciclopedismo culturale e di universalità politica. La lettura del significato della tenda si integra con quello della processione, volta invece alla popolazione greca di Alessandria e della chora, e porta a collocare ipoteticamente lo stadio, dove essa aveva luogo, non troppo distante dai palazzi. La tenda, forse collegabile a Sostrato di Cnido progettista del Faro e inventore dei portici a due piani, costituisce l’approdo ideologico delle tende persiane e di quella di Alessandro a Susa; tuttavia la valutazione degli apadana e delle sale ipostile greche prova l’indipendenza tipologica e funzionale della tenda tolemaica da tali edifici, spesso invocati come modelli., LANX. Rivista della Scuola di Specializzazione in Archeologia - Università degli Studi di Milano, N° 1 (2008)

The ‘State’ of the House of Commons reproduced here from the original in the Royal Archives at Windsor was prepared during July 1780 by John Robinson, secretary to the treasury under Lord North.Its purpose was to forecast the likely results of an immediate general election. This copy was provided for the information of George III, who had been urging the advisability of a dissolution of parliament for some weeks and who was keenly interested in the possibilities of political advantage to be gained from such a step. There is a presumption that Robinson retained another workingcopy in his office at the treasury for the use of himself and Lord North; but if this was indeed the case, it was not preserved among his papers, which are therefore much less informative about the general election of 1780 than they are about the run-up to the dissolution of 1784.

799 “IF HE CONSTANTLY TWISTShis fingers and his eyes are protruded . . .”—so reads a fragment from an ancient cuneiform tablet from a Mesopotamian medical handbook. These two symptoms raise the possibility that the disease being described is hyperthyroidism. These words were written in Akkadian, an ancient Semitic language distantly related to Hebrew and Arabic. They were written on a clay tablet using cuneiform signs. The words read “summa ubānātiIsu uzâr o nāsI u ittanaqapa.” Writing was invented by the end of the fourth millennium B.C. in ancient Sumer, which is present day Iraq, and then spread throughout the fertile crescent to other peoples who had contact with the Sumerians. The oldest cuneiform medical text found to date is from the third millennium, unearthed in a vast royal archives in northern Syria; it was written in two languages—the Sumerian language and a variation of the Akkadian language called Eblaite. The Sumerians disappeared from history around 2000 B.C. but their traditions and legacy, including medical knowledge, were carried forward and further developed by Akkadian speakers such as the Babylonians and the Assyrians. The Akkadians did not develop their own script but instead adapted their own language to the Sumerian cuneiform writing system. By the Middle Babylonian and the Middle Assyrian periods (c. 1430–1050 B.C.), there was sufficient elaboration of medical knowledge to allow the preparation of a separate diagnostic handbook. By the reign of Marduck-apla-iddina—the biblical Merodach-Baladan 721–710 B.C.—this handbook had grown to more than 40 tablets. Of this series, we have a little less than half and that is largely because of the scholarly interests of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (668–627 B.C.) who collected medical and other scientific texts in his famous library. The fragment quoted here is from the diagnostic handbook.

J. Oelsner published the first article on the royal titulature in cuneiform literature during the Hellenistic period in Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie some 40 years ago. 1 The following article intends to focus especially on the Diadoch Antigonus Monophthalmus and the kings of the Seleucid dynasty, because a lot more cuneiform material for these periods is now available. Because Babylonia was a part of the Hellenistic state of the Seleucids, I will first outline the practice in Greek documents in the Seleucid Empire and the royal titles (both Greek and local) in other Hellenistic realms. Finally the cuneiform tradition concerning royal titulature will be considered.

N i rO politician was more convinced of the need to prevent the breakup of the first British empire than King George III. Loss of the American colonies, he was sure, would be a political and economic disaster that would consign Britain to "a very low class among the European states."1 Nor did anyone in I782 concede the inevitability of American Independence with more reluctance or greater bitterness. The king could barely bring himself to accept Lord North's resignation, and his aversion to what he characterized as a baseless rebellion continued unabated. How strongly and stubbornly he clung to these attitudes was so well known that in March I782 he suffered the indignity of being compelled to promise the marquis of Rockingham that he would not veto a treaty recognizing the United States of America.2 For these reasons, his contemporaries would have been astonished to read a brief aide memoire he composed in January or February I783 on British alternatives after the loss of the thirteen colonies. This untitled paper, which is in the king's distinctive handwriting, is in the Royal Archives at Windsor, filed among a miscellaneous collection of essays, notes, and exercises done by George from the mid-I75os to

It had a population of 260,000. It spoke a language close to Hebrew. Its greatest king bore a name cognate with Eber, the ancestor of the Hebrews (Gen 10:21). It worshipped a god named Ya. Canaanit...

The Golden Age of British Photography is an exhibition, a catalogue, and a book. The exhibition was directed by Mark Haworth-Booth, Assistant Keeper of Photography, Victoria & Albert Museum, London, and Michael E. Hoffman, Director, Alfred Stieglitz Center, Philadelphia. Photographs were selected from the collections of the Victoria & Albert Museum; the Philadelphia Museum of Art; the Royal Archives, Windsor Castle; the Royal Photographic Society, Bath; the Science Museum, London; and the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh. The display was sent on a major tour, beginning at the Victoria & Albert Museum from June to August 1984, and then to the Philadelphia Museum of Art; the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; the Minneapolis Institute of Arts; the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York; and ending at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston from March to May 1986. The events and the corresponding publication have been supported by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts; additional funds for the...

A gradual transformation is taking place in Morocco in the ease with which it is possible to have access to archives. In a year and a half in Morocco my research in the archives both of Rabat and of the town of Essaouira was expedited by the administrators and ministries responsible in a way that approached what is current in England, for example. Those who have done archival research in Morocco will recognize the significance of such a change.This report begins with a discussion of living accommodations in Morocco that may be of interest to those wishing to do research in the archives. Following this section I have tried to set out, first, the types of archives to be found, as well as their accessibility, and, second, the sorts of archival material likely to be found in each archive. Finally, I have appended a few suggestions about getting permission to do research in these archives. I can speak with accuracy for Rabat and Essaouira and, though it may be unwise to say they are representative of large and small towns, at least the two examples may be of some general significance.Those who can afford to stay at the Rabat Hilton may skip this section because it is targeted to those who cannot or would prefer not to spend that much money. A fairly inexpensive hotel, yet one that a North American would feel comfortable in, is fairly easy to find in most of the major cities or towns of Morocco. These would run about $20 to $30 a night for two people. In Rabat two possibilities are: BELERE (33, Av. Moulay Youssef) and LES OUDAYAS (4, Rue Tobrouk). Both are within an easy walk of the Royal Archives and the Archives of the Bibliothèque Générale.

An important source of data concerning wealth distribution for Finland in 1800 exists in the Royal Archives in Stockholm and in partial form in the National Archives at Helsinki and provincial archives throughout Finland. A major study of these records has been made by Eino Jutikkala; he particularly describes men of wealth in the urban areas and points out certain weaknesses in the records. His study gives us some grasp of the degree of inequality existing in Finland at the time by reporting the numbers of men in three wealth classes and, importantly, by telling us the occupations of Finland's urban rich. 1

The author visited the following Korean university libraries between October 1 and 9, 1984: The Seoul National University, The Ehwa Women's University, The Kyungpook National University, The Pusan National University and The Tona University. The present report describes special collections, Japanese books (Japanese influence), bibliographies, cataloging, classification systems, circulation and reference services, services to undergraduate students, graduate students and teachers, etc. The author's marked impression is that Seoul National University has such special collections as the Gyujang-gak Collection (the Royal Archives of the Yi Dynasty), the Ilsa Collection of Korean Literature, The Garam Collection of Korean Literature and Bibliographies, the Sanbaek Collection of Sociology, The Gyeongje Collection of Asian Economy, and the Seolsong Collection of Family Right Law. Activities of Korean libraries are more similar to Chinese than Japanese libraries, i. e., they provide more services to students than to research workers.

The medieval kingdoms of Portugal and Leon faced a common Muslim enemy on their southern frontiers. They also viewed each other as potential threats, along a boundary which grew in length as the Muslims were pushed back. Military preparedness was in these circumstances a major preoccupation of the monarchs in the two kingdoms. Offensive forces were needed for continued territorial expansion, and defensive forces were needed to protect lands that had already been gained, whether from Muslim counterattack or from inroads by the Christian neighbor. The towns and their militias figured prominently in royal military policy, in Portugal and Leon as elsewhere in the Iberian Peninsula. This is most evident in the charters awarded to the towns, which frequently contain provisions governing obligations for offensive and defensive military service. These provisions are pervasive enough and significant enough to provide information not only about the changing military role of the towns but also more generally about municipal legal history and royal strategies for settling and holding newly acquired territory. Municipal charters the foral in Portugal (plural forais) and the fuero in Leon, terms derived from the Latinforum survive in substantial numbers in the period between 1055 and 1279, the years which mark the limits of this study. The documentation is more complete for Portugal than for Leon, because the Portuguese royal archives have been less beset by natural and man-made disasters. The discussion accordingly gives more space to the Portuguese materials, but my purpose is comparative. In order to investigate the legal interaction between Portugal and Leon, I have attempted to summarize developments on both sides of the border to the extent that the surviving documents allow. My approach is to identify families of charters containing identical or nearly identical military law, a method well established for Leon and Castile but less