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UNLABELLED: Motility promotes biofilm initiation during the early steps of this process: microbial surface association and attachment. Motility is controlled in part by chemotaxis signaling, so it seems reasonable that chemotaxis may also affect biofilm formation. There is a gap, however, in our understanding of the interactions between chemotaxis and biofilm formation, partly because most studies analyzed the phenotype of only a single chemotaxis signaling mutant, e.g., cheA. Here, we addressed the role of chemotaxis in biofilm formation using a full set of chemotaxis signaling mutants in Helicobacter pylori, a class I carcinogen that infects more than half the worlds population and forms biofilms. Using mutants that lack each chemotaxis signaling protein, we found that chemotaxis signaling affected the biofilm initiation stage, but not mature biofilm formation. Surprisingly, some chemotaxis mutants elevated biofilm initiation, while others inhibited it in a manner that was not tied to chemotaxis ability or ligand input. Instead, the biofilm phenotype correlated with flagellar rotational bias. Specifically, mutants with a counterclockwise bias promoted biofilm initiation, e.g., ∆cheA, ∆cheW, or ∆cheV1; in contrast, those with a clockwise bias inhibited it, e.g., ∆cheZ, ∆chePep, or ∆cheV3. We tested this correlation using a counterclockwise bias-locked flagellum, which induced biofilm formation independent of the chemotaxis system. These CCW flagella, however, were not sufficient to induce biofilm formation, suggesting there are downstream players. Overall, our work highlights the new finding that flagellar rotational direction promotes biofilm initiation, with the chemotaxis signaling system operating as one mechanism to control flagellar rotation. IMPORTANCE: Chemotaxis signaling systems have been reported to contribute to biofilm formation in many bacteria; however, how they regulate biofilm formation remains largely unknown. Chemotaxis systems are composed of many distinct kinds of proteins, but most previous work analyzed the biofilm effect of loss of only a few. Here, we explored chemotaxis role during biofilm formation in the human-associated pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori. We found that chemotaxis proteins are involved in biofilm initiation in a manner that correlated with how they affected flagellar rotation. Biofilm initiation was high in mutants with counterclockwise (CCW) flagellar bias and low in those with clockwise bias. We supported the idea that a major driver of biofilm formation is flagellar rotational direction using a CCW-locked flagellar mutant, which stays CCW independent of chemotaxis input and showed elevated biofilm initiation. Our data suggest that CCW-rotating flagella, independent of chemotaxis inputs, are a biofilm-promoting signal.

This paper examines the effect of rotation on thermal instability under Hele-Shaw cell saturated by Casson nanofluid using both linear and nonlinear ways. The nanofluid model incorporates Brownian and thermophoresis diffusion. While conducting an analysis of nonlinear stability numerically using the truncated Fourier series method, analysis of linear stability is performed analytically using the normal mode methodology. The outcomes are all displayed graphically. The results demonstrate that the rotation has dual effect on Hele-Shaw parameter as well as Casson parameter, for higher value of rotation it has destabilizing effect and it stabilizing  the system for lower values of rotation. Lewis number and concentration Rayleigh number promote the onset of convective motion within the system. On the other hand, rotation stabilize the system. Understanding the behavior of heat and mass transportation, the concentration of nanoparticles and fluid phase, utilize the Nusselt number when Nusselt numbers are assessed as a function of time, it is found that the variation of the rotation, Hele-Shaw and Casson parameter has a major influence on the heat and mass transfer. Both steady and unsteady weakly nonlinear analyses are performed to understand the heat transport in the system. It is concluded that the Casson nanofluid parameter has both stabilizing and destabilizing impact depending upon the rate of rotation and therefore this work can be possibly utilized in both places, where heat removal and heat conservation are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop diversification offers numerous synergistic advantages over intensive monocultures via belowground interspecific interactions. The plant–soil–microbiome interactions that trigger cascading effects underpin the benefits of crop diversification. Unlocking the potential of cascading effects in diversified cropping systems can alleviate common obstacles in intensive monoculture farming. Strategically selecting species and varieties that complement and facilitate one another can enhance agricultural productivity with fewer agrochemical inputs. Crop diversification practices offer numerous synergistic benefits. So far, research has traditionally been confined to exploring isolated, unidirectional single-process interactions among plants, soil, and microorganisms. Here, we present a novel and systematic perspective, unveiling the intricate web of plant–soil–microbiome interactions that trigger cascading effects. Applying the principles of cascading interactions can be an alternative way to overcome soil obstacles such as soil compaction and soil pathogen pressure. Finally, we introduce a research framework comprising the design of diversified cropping systems by including commercial varieties and crops with resource-efficient traits, the exploration of cascading effects, and the innovation of field management. We propose that this provides theoretical and methodological insights that can reveal new mechanisms by which crop diversity increases productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation deals with the deformation of a non-homogeneous thermoelastic half space under hydrostatic initial stress for the Green–Naghdi model III. The medium is supposed to be rotating with a constant angular velocity. The non-homogeneous properties of the material are along the x-direction. At the first instance, the problem has been solved analytically to obtain stress and displacement components. Further, the numerical values of these expressions are evaluated using a computer program for a particular medium. The numerical values obtained are then presented graphically to show the effect of initial stress parameter and non-homogeneity parameter on the quantities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the development and assessment of a neuroimaging curriculum for neonatology fellows. The curriculum is focused on topics that are relevant to the practice of neonatology and employs contemporary teaching methods, such as flipped classroom, learner engagement, and spaced repetition. Since its implementation 2018 the curriculum has been appreciated by our trainees and demonstrated improvements in trainee knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studies the vibrations and instability of a rotating three-layer beam under aerodynamic forces consisting of two functionally graded (FG) composite surfaces and a porous intermediate layer. Linear poroelasticity theory is used for modeling the porous layer while Young's modulus and density vary along the thickness. Equivalent coefficients of the graphene nanoplatelets-reinforced composite (GPLs) are extracted by modified Halpin-Tsai theory, according to five different configurations. The equations of motion in the GPL-porous multi-layered beam are derived using the Euler–Bernoulli beam (EBB), Timoshenko beam (TB), and Reddy's higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) theories, as well as the energy method and Hamilton's principle. The most important results show the effect of reinforcements and their different configurations, porosity and its distribution, speed of rotation on natural frequency, critical flutter point, and loss factor for a GPL-porous multi-layered beam. The unique properties of GPL-reinforced porous materials facilitate the design of components capable of effectively managing dynamic loads and resisting aeroelastic instabilities. This results in more efficient, reliable, and durable systems across various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of several secure boot architectures with a focus on key rotation. It expands on a practitioner note that the authors submitted to the 2023 IEEE Secure Development Conference. Key rotation is important due to the frequency of lost signing keys and the difficulty of managing secret keys for the long lifetimes of Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT) devices. Key rotation is not simple for IIOT due to limited resources during a secure boot process and the constraints of the firmware utilities that come from the chip vendors. This paper reviews and compares five common architectures for a secure boot that are seen across the IIOT community. For each architecture, it provides some key strengths and weaknesses associated with that architecture. The paper then provides a detailed comparison and analysis of the architectures to convince the IIOT community to move towards a strong use of certificates (instead of the traditional use of raw public keys). The intent of this paper is to provide a practitioner's perspective on these challenges and the tradeoffs in hopes of inviting comments from chip vendors and the broader community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A genuine technological issue–the thermal convection of liquid in a rotating cavity–is investigated experimentally. The experiments are conducted within a horizontal annulus with isothermal boundaries. The inner boundary of the annulus has a higher temperature, thus exerting a stabilising influence on the system. It is shown that when the layer rotation velocity diminishes, two-dimensional azimuthally periodic convective rolls, rotating together with the cavity, emerge in a threshold manner. The development of convection is accompanied by a significant intensification of heat transfer through the layer. It is shown that the averaged thermal convection excitation in the form of a system of two-dimensional rolls occurs against the background of oscillations of a non-isothermal fluid in the cavity reference frame caused by the gravity field. The excitation threshold and the structure of convective rolls are consistent with the results of the earlier theoretical studies by the authors performed using the equations of "vibrational" convection obtained by the averaging method. Furthermore, the experiments have revealed a new type of averaged flow in the form of a spatially periodic system of toroidal vortices. It is shown that a steady streaming, excited by the inertial oscillations of the fluid, is responsible for the generation of the toroidal vortices. These flows develop in a non-threshold manner and are most clearly manifested in a case of resonant excitation of one of the inertial modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, research on magnetic coupling resonance‑wireless power transmission (MCR‑WPT) primarily concentrates on dual‑transmitter single‑load and triple‑transmitter single‑load systems in a stationary state. This article explores the dual‑transmitter multi‑load low‑speed rotating system. By establishing a theoretical model for the dual‑transmitter multi‑load system and utilizing COMSOL software for simulation, we have constructed a two‑dimensional omnidirectional magnetic resonance wireless energy transmission experimental platform for the rotating receiving end. This platform allows us to verify the impact of various factors on the energy transmission efficiency of the rotating system, including different phase differences of orthogonal transmitting coils, varying numbers of receiving coils and alterations in coil relative positions. The results indicate that when there is a 90° phase difference between the orthogonal dual‑transmitter coils, the system can maintain stable magnetic field transmission characteristics within a fixed distance from the receiving coil. As the number of load coils increases, the fluctuation range of the system’s overall transmission efficiency changes. Notably, the fluctuation is minimal when there are four load coils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of spinning systems plays a question of interest in several research branches in physics. It allows the understanding of simple classical mechanical systems but also provides us with tools to investigate a wide range of phenomena, from condensed matter physics to gravitation and cosmology. In this contribution, we review some remarkable theoretical aspects involving the description of spinning quantum systems. We explore the nonrelativistic and relativistic domains and their respective applications in fields such as graphene physics and topological defects in gravitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this manuscript is to examine the thermodynamical disturbances in a rotating nonlocal transversely isotropic thermoelastic solid half-space. The enunciation is applied to Lord–Shulman model of generalized thermoelasticity with Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory. The formulation is subjected to a mechanical load. The expressions for the displacement components, stresses and temperature field are obtained by using normal mode technique and the numerical computations have been carried out with the help of MATLAB software for zinc crystal-like material. The comparisons are made among the results obtained by taking into account the different values of rotation parameter $ (\Omega =0.0, 0.1, 0.3) $ (Ω = 0.0 , 0.1 , 0.3) , nonlocal parameter $ (\varepsilon =0.195\times 10^{-9}, 0.195\times 10^{-4}, $ (ε = 0.195 × 10 − 9 , 0.195 × 10 − 4 , $ 0.195\times 10^{-1}) $ 0.195 × 10 − 1) and time $ (t=0.1, 0.3, 0.5) $ (t = 0.1 , 0.3 , 0.5). The outcomes point out a strong impact of the rotation, nonlocality and time on the physical quantities and agree with the boundary conditions. Although various studies exist in the literature for local and isotropic thermoelastic medium, but the current results are presented in an anisotropic and nonlocal thermoelastic rotating medium, which have not been studied so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrodynamic instability of a magnetized, self-gravitating rotating anisotropic plasma is analyzed in the collisionless approximation and considering the heat flux vector based on the modified Chu–Goldberger–Low equations. A dispersion relation is obtained, on the basis of which simplified cases of propagation of low-amplitude disturbance waves and the derivation of modified criteria for hydrodynamic instability are discussed. Using the obtained dispersion relation, three simple cases are treated when the disturbance wave propagates across, along, and obliquely to the magnetic field vector. It is shown that the anisotropy of pressure and heat flow not only changes the classical criterion of the Jeans instability, but also leads to the appearance of new wave modes and causes the appearance of new unstable domains. It has been found that the presence of uniform rotation of the plasma reduces the critical wave number and has a stabilizing effect on the criterion of gravitational instability when the disturbance wave propagates transversely, without having an effect in the case of longitudinal propagation. These results are important for developing evolutionary magnetohydrodynamic models of astrophysical collisionless plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of average convection in a rotating cavity subjected to modulated rotation is an interesting area for the development of both fundamental and applied science. This phenomenon finds application in the field of mass transfer and fluid flow control, relevant examples being crystal growth under reduced gravity and fluid mixing in microfluidic devices for cell cultures. In this study, the averaged flow generated by the oscillating motion of a fluid in a planar layer rotating about a horizontal axis is experimentally investigated. The boundaries of the layer are maintained at constant temperatures, while the lateral cylindrical wall is thermally insulated. It is demonstrated that libration results in intense oscillatory fluid motion, which in turn produces a time-averaged flow. For the first time, quantitative measures for the instantaneous velocity field are obtained using the Particle Image Velocimetry technique. It is revealed that the flow has the form of counter-rotating vortices. The vortex circulations sense changes during a libration cycle. An increase in the rotation rate and amplitude of the cavity libration results in an increase in the flow intensity. The heat transfer and time-averaged velocity are examined accordingly as a function of the dimensionless oscillation frequency, and resonant excitation of heat transfer and average oscillation velocity are revealed. The threshold curve for the onset of the averaged convection is identified in the plane of control parameters (dimensionless rotational velocity and pulsation Reynolds number). It is found that an increase in the dimensionless rotational velocity has a stabilizing effect on the onset of convection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we focus on the free-surface deformation of a one-dimensional elastic semiconductor medium as a function of magnetic field and moisture diffusivity. The problem aims to analyze the interconnection between plasma and moisture diffusivity processes, as well as thermo-elastic waves. The study examines the photo-thermoelasticity transport process while considering the impact of moisture diffusivity. By employing Laplace's transformation technique, we derive the governing equations of the photo-thermo-elastic medium. These equations include the equations for carrier density, elastic waves, moisture transport, heat conduction, and constitutive relationships. Mechanical stresses, thermal conditions, and plasma boundary conditions are used to calculate the fundamental physical parameters in the Laplace domain. By employing numerical techniques, the Laplace transform is inverted to get complete time-domain solutions for the primary physical domains under study. Reference moisture, thermoelastic, and thermoelectric characteristics are employed in conjunction with a graphical analysis that takes into consideration the effects of applied forces on displacement, moisture concentration, carrier density, stress due to forces, and temperature distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of elastic waves upon encountering the boundary between two elastic media is investigated in the present work. Whereas the top medium is thermoelastic isotropic porous, the below medium is thermoelastic rotating porous diffusive. There is an uncoupled transmitted SV -wave propagating through the medium, and the lower medium is rotating with some fixed angular frequency. When the incident wave hits the boundary, it produces four transmitted waves and five coupled quasi-reflected waves. The system is divided into longitudinal and transverse components using the Helmholtz decomposition theorem. Analytical computations of speed and reflection coefficients for transmitted and reflected waves are performed using LS theory. The outcomes are graphically represented for a particular material subject to nonlocal and fractional-order influences. Wave characteristics, such as speed and reflection coefficients for transmitted and reflected waves, are plotted versus angular frequency and angle of incidence using MATLAB programing. The conservation of energy has also been verified. In the absence of rotation, hall current, voids, viscoelasticity, and diffusion in the medium, the previous results in the literature are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malawi smallholder farmers are facing climate-induced challenges that have increased food and nutrition insecurity in the country, thus sustainable intensification practices has been widely recommended. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of cropping systems with improved varieties on total system productivity and nutrition under different environments. The study involved on-farm experiments in ten communities in Central and Southern Malawi, incrementally established from 2005/2006 to 2018/2019 cropping seasons. Each community had six demonstration plots with three main treatments: conventional ploughing (CP): sole maize grown on seasonally constructed ridges and furrows; no-tillage (NT): sole maize grown on retained ridges with minimum soil disturbance and residue retained; and Conservation agriculture (CA): maize intercropped either cowpea, pigeon pea or groundnut on retained ridges as in NT. Our results show that total system nutrition was higher in CA treatments than NT and CP. The yields of maize were at least 800 kg ha−1 higher in CA and NT than CP despite the variety that was grown. Legume yields were also higher under CA and NT than CP. High protein yield was observed in CA systems (at least 100 kg ha−1 higher than CP) where maize and legume intercrops were rotated with grain legumes. Our results show nutrients and energy gains in CA and NT systems that can be invested in practices that increases the resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change. Conservation agriculture and NT systems have more influence on productivity of smallholder farms, despite the genotypes used (hybrids or OPVs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In snowboard freestyle disciplines, the amount of rotation is commonly determined as the sum of rotations around all board axes and is the most important indicator of the trick difficulty across all snowboard freestyle disciplines. Based on the type of rotation, tricks can be classified as flatspins, corks and flips. It is not yet known whether the type of rotation of a trick can influence the actual amount of rotation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the amount of deviation, defined as difference between measured and assumed amount of rotation as a function of trick classification, using kinematic motion analysis. The amount of deviation was positive for flatspins (median: 21°; min: −4°; max: 49°) and negative for corks (median: −25°; min: −89°; max: 12°) and flips (median: −28°; min: −94°; max: 13°). Our results demonstrate that there are ways of execution where riders perform corks and flips with a shortcut and flatspins with a detour. This should be taken into account by judges, coaches and riders. Further research is needed to investigate how the shortcut can be influenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theory of large-scale flows of rotating partially ionized space and astrophysical plasma in the approximation of the Hall magnetohydrodynamics is developed. Partially ionized rotating plasma describes large-scale processes in the exoplanetary atmospheres of hot Jupiters, the thermospheric–ionospheric system of planets and the Earth, in the protoplanetary disks, along with many other objects of heliophysics and space physics. The derived equations contain nontrivial terms describing the influence of rotation on the Hall current and ambipolar plasma diffusion in addition to the traditional Coriolis force acting upon momentum of the plasma's center of mass. Linear flows are analyzed in the simplest case when gravity is neglected. The dispersion relations for modified Alfvén waves, rotating fast and slow acoustic waves, along with modified whistler waves, are obtained. The slow acoustic waves represent a new type of flows driven by the Coriolis force. The fast acoustic waves correspond to conventional acoustic waves in the absence of rotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring soil quality and the use of indicators for its evaluation is a worldwide challenge. In Garrotxa Volcanic Zone Natural Park (northeastern Spain), different parameters related to oribatid mites as indicators of soil quality were evaluated under different land uses: forest, pasture, and a biennial double-crop rotation of forage crops. In forage crops, previous fertilization management (one based on mineral fertilizers, three on cattle manure, and one using both types) was also evaluated. Three samplings (April, June, and September) were performed over one season. Fifty-four oribatid species belonging to 28 families were identified. Abundance was the lowest in June for all land uses (average of 1184 individuals m−2). In the study period, abundance, diversity (Shannon index, H'), and dominance (Berger–Parker index, d) varied with different land uses, with the highest values of abundance and H' in forests (9287 individuals m−2 and 2.19, respectively) and the lowest dominance in forests (d = 0.29) without differences between the other uses. Additionally, in the studied parameters, no differences were associated with previous fertilization management in forage crops. Hypochthoniella minutissima, Xenillus (X.) tegeocranus characterized the forest system, Epilohmannia cylindrica minima the forage crops, and Tectocepheus sarekensis the pasture. In pasture, the dominance of the parthenogenetic species Tectocepheus sarekensis raises concerns about potential management constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive stars play a major role in the evolution of their host galaxies and serve as important probes of the distant Universe. It has been established that the majority of massive stars reside in close binaries and interact with their companion stars during their lifetimes. Such interactions drastically alter their life cycles and complicate our understanding of their evolution, but are also responsible for the production of interesting and exotic interaction products. Extensive observation campaigns with well-understood detection sensitivities have enabled the conversion of observed properties into intrinsic characteristics, facilitating a direct comparison to theory. Studies of large samples of massive stars in our Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds have unveiled new types of interaction products, providing critical constraints on the mass transfer phase and the formation of compact objects. The direct detection of gravitational waves has revolutionized the study of stellar mass compact objects, providing a new window to study massive star evolution. Their formation processes are, however, still unclear. The known sample of compact object mergers will increase by orders of magnitude in the coming decade, which is vastly outgrowing the number of stellar-mass compact objects detected through electromagnetic radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The F1-ATPase enzyme is the smallest-known molecular motor that rotates in 120° steps, driven by the hydrolysis of ATP. It is a multi-subunit enzyme that contains three catalytic sites. A central question is how the elementary chemical reactions that occur in the three sites are coupled to mechanical rotation. Various models and coupling schemes have been formulated in an attempt to answer this question. They can be classified as 2-site (bi-site) models, exemplified by Boyer's binding change mechanism first proposed 50 years ago, and 3-site (tri-site) models such as Nath's torsional mechanism, first postulated 25 years ago and embellished 1 year back. Experimental data collated using diverse approaches have conclusively shown that steady-state ATP hydrolysis by F1-ATPase occurs in tri-site mode. Hence older models have been continually modified to make them conform to the new facts. Here, we have developed a pure mathematical approach based on combinatorics and conservation laws to test if proposed models are 2-site or 3-site. Based on this novel combinatorial approach, we have proved that older and modified models are effectively bi‒site models in that catalysis and rotation in F1-ATPase occurs in these models with only two catalytic sites occupied by bound nucleotide. Hence these models contradict consensus experimental data. The recent 2023 model of ATP hydrolysis by F1-ATPase has been proved to be a true tri-site model based on our novel mathematical approach. Such pure mathematical proofs constitute an important step forward for ATP mechanism. However, in what must be considered an aspect with great scientific potential, the power of such mathematical proofs has not been fully exploited to solve molecular biological problems, in our opinion. We believe that the creative application of pure mathematical proofs (for another example see Nath in Theory Biosci 141:249–260, 2022) can help resolve with finality various longstanding molecular-level issues that arise as a matter of course in the analysis of fundamental biological problems. Such issues have proved extraordinarily difficult to resolve by standard experimental, theoretical, or computational approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bernoulli pads are traditionally used for noncontact pick-and-place operations in industry. The normal force produced by a Bernoulli pad allows it to adhere to an object or workpiece. In addition to the normal force, the pad produces shear forces, which allows it to clean a workpiece without contact. A direct relationship between the inlet fluid power and the shear losses motivates us to explore other methods of providing power to the system with the objective of increasing shear forces and thereby improving cleaning efficacy. Here, we numerically investigate a system in which additional mechanical power is added by rotating the Bernoulli pad. The rotating system provides additional fluid forces (normal and shear) for the same inlet fluid power. For a specific pad that we investigated, the maximum wall shear stress increased by ≈15% and the normal force changed from +1.4 N (repulsive) to -6.6 N (attractive) for change in the rotational speed by 60 rad/s. Also, for a given normal attractive force, a stable equilibrium configuration can exist for two mass flow rates, with the higher mass flowrate resulting in a higher stiffness of the flow field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the framework of fractional-order thermoelasticity, the propagation of elastic waves in non-local isotropic rotating medium has been considered. The frequency dispersion relation is derived by solving the governing equations in the x y -plane for the given problem. Three coupled quasi-waves have been seen to move through this kind of medium at different rates. The Helmholtz decomposition theorem has been used to decompose the system into longitudinal and transverse components. Analytical computations are made for the waves' related amplitude ratios and their speed. The amplitude ratios for the reflected waves are computed with the help of suitable boundary conditions. The impact of fractional order, rotational frequency, and non-local parameters on propagation speed and amplitude ratios has been studied and the same has been plotted graphically. In the absence of rotation, the prior findings mentioned in the literature are obtained as a specific case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic problems with moving structures are considered. For objects moving at a uniform velocity, the most popular technique used in the literature consists of a change of the reference frame and the utilization of Lorentz transformation of Maxwell's electric and magnetic fields and Voigt-Lorentz transformations of space and time variables. In order to account for non-uniform motions, a numerical approach based on the finitedifference time-domain (FDTD) method is used. In this approach, Maxwell's equations are applied without modification and the motion of objects is implemented by changing their positions in the FDTD time loop. Three types of movements are considered: vibration, rotation, and acceleration. Full-wave numerical results are reported for different objects in motion: observer, source, and reflecting electromagnetic surface. In all the problems analyzed, interesting results are obtained and these results are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freak waves have caused numerous accidents resulting in the collapse of ship structures due to structural plasticity, buckling, and instability, leading to the loss of life and property. Consequently, there is a growing academic interest in understanding ship structural collapsed responses induced by freak waves. This paper presents both numerical and experimental investigations on the structural collapse response of a ship model caused by freak waves. The study uses the Peregrine breather solution theory based on the Nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation to generate a theoretical freak wave, and the nonlinear time-domain wave elevation and velocity field are obtained. The theoretical history of wave elevation is transferred into the wave maker of the wave tank to create experimental freak waves, and the velocity field of the freak wave is defined in a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver to generate 3D numerical freak waves. A similar hydroelasto-plastic model is designed, and a hydroelasto-plastic experiment is conducted to observe experimental freak waves and large rotational deformations. The theoretical velocity field from the Peregrine breather solution theory, based on the NLS equation, is defined in a CFD platform to generate 3D numerical freak waves. A two-way Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) numerical hydroelasto-plastic approach coupling of CFD with a nonlinear Finite Element Method (FEM) solver is applied. Co-simulation of wave pressures and the structural collapsed response of the ship model caused by freak waves is performed. The wave elevation of experimental and numerical freak waves and the large rotational deformation of the buckling hinge are analyzed and compared, revealing a good agreement between the experiment and calculation. The maximum simulation rotational angle is 38.9°, while the maximum experimental rotational angle is equal to 42.3° for a typical wave case H2, which means numerical model accuracy and performance are acceptable for the simulating hydroelasto-plastic problem. The findings demonstrate that the numerical approach proposed in this study can effectively solve the hydroelasto-plastic response of ship structures in freak waves, offering a valuable tool for evaluating ship strength in these conditions and guiding future ship structural design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Facet fractures are frequently associated with clinically observed cervical facet dislocations (CFDs); however, to date there has only been one experimental study, using functional spinal units (FSUs), which has systematically produced CFD with concomitant facet fracture. The role of axial compression and distraction on the mechanical response of the cervical facets under intervertebral motions associated with CFD in FSUs has previously been shown. The same has not been demonstrated in multi‐segment lower cervical spine specimens under flexion loading (postulated to be the local injury vector associated with CFD). Methods: This study investigated the mechanical response of the bilateral inferior C6 facets of thirteen C5‐C7 specimens (67±13 yr, 6 male) during non‐destructive constrained flexion, superimposed with each of five axial conditions: (1) 50 N compression (simulating weight of the head); (2‐4) 300, 500, and 1000 N compression (simulating the spectrum of intervertebral compression resulting from neck muscle bracing prior to head‐first impact and/or externally applied compressive forces); and, (5) 2 mm of C6/C7 distraction (simulating the intervertebral distraction present during inertial loading of the cervical spine by the weight of the head). Linear mixed‐effects models (α = 0.05) assessed the effect of axial condition. Results: Increasing amounts of intervertebral compression superimposed on flexion rotations, resulted in increased facet surface strains (range of estimated mean difference relative to Neutral: maximum principal = 77 to 110 με, minimum principal = 126 to 293 με, maximum shear = 203 to 375 με) and angular deflection of the bilateral inferior C6 facets relative to the C6 vertebral body (range of estimated mean difference relative to Neutral = 0.59° to 1.47°). Conclusions: These findings suggest increased facet engagement and higher load transfer through the facet joint, and potentially a higher likelihood of facet fracture under the compressed axial conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background and Aims Cotton-peanut rotation is a sustainable farming practice that enhances land utilization and promotes the sustainable development of agriculture. Crop rotation can reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, as different crops have varying levels of resistance to such threats. Additionally, by alternating the types of crops grown, the soil environment is changed, which can lead to the elimination of favorable conditions for pathogens and pests, thereby alleviating the impact of these issues. Furthermore, cotton-peanut rotation can improve soil fertility.To investigate the effects of different crop rotation systems on crop yield, soil nutrients, and soil microbial communities. Methods: Using high-throughput sequencing technology, investigate the soil microbial diversity in the root zone after cotton-peanut rotation.Various planting patterns, including cotton continuous cropping (MC), peanut continuous cropping (HC), peanut-cotton-peanut rotation (HR), and fallow (X), were established to assess variations in crop yield, soil nutrients, and soil microbial diversity. Results: Significant differences were observed in crop yield, soil nutrients, and soil microbial community structure among different planting patterns. The HR system significantly increased the output compared with the HC and MC systems. Additionally, HR exhibited significantly lower total nitrogen (N) and basic nitrogen (BN) contents than HC and MC, whereas MC showed lower total potassium (K) and available potassium (AK) contents. HR led to a decrease in soil bacterial diversity but an increase in fungal diversity, with Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota being dominant. Various bacteria (Chloroflexi, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteriota) associated with organic matter degradation and nutrient cycling were found across different planting systems, enhancing material cycling efficiency. Furthermore, Planctomycetota bacteria related to crop nutrient synthesis and Glomeromycota bacteria aiding plant nutrient absorption were significantly higher in the MC system than in the HR or HC systems. Redundancy analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between crop rotation and soil fungal community, whereas Ascomycota exhibited a significant negative correlation with organic matter.Conclusion: Peanut-cotton rotation can mitigate soil nutrient loss, enhance beneficial microorganism diversity, suppress harmful bacterial populations, stabilize ecosystems, and boost crop yield.

Abstract Background Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a widely performed procedure that significantly enhances patients’ quality of life by reducing pain and improving daily function. While the traditional tibial plate design used in TKA has been symmetrical, there has been a recent trend towards using asymmetrical designs. Our study aimed to compare symmetrical and asymmetrical tibial designs, focusing on outcomes related to overhang, malrotation, and tibial coverage. Methods This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases was carried out up to January 22nd, 2024, to identify comparative studies on symmetrical and asymmetrical designs, as well as those reporting postoperative functional and clinical outcomes. The risk of bias in the included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Results This systematic review included 587 patients from seven comparative studies that met the inclusion criteria. Our findings indicate that asymmetrical tibial components generally provided better outcomes in terms of tibial coverage, malrotation, and overhang. Asymmetrical designs provided greater tibial coverage and reduced posterolateral overhang compared to symmetrical designs, which is essential for minimizing complications like soft tissue irritation and patellar maltracking. Additionally, asymmetrical components were associated with less severe tibial malrotation. Conclusion This systematic review showed that asymmetrical tibial implants offer better tibial coverage, with less overhang and fewer rotational issues compared to symmetrical implants. As a result, asymmetrical designs in TKA may lower complication rates, enhance patient satisfaction, and improve quality of life post-surgery.

Background: Bite mark identification is based on the individuality of a dentition and helps in identifying the perpetrator. The use of three-dimensional (3D) analysis of forensic evidence is highlighted in comparison with traditional methods. CBCT has been used in registering bite mark on food material. To our knowledge this is the first study where CBCT is used to register bite mark from human forearm. Aims and Objective: To signify the potential of CBCT in registering and analysing the bite mark on human skin and to analyse various identifying parameters. Materials and Method: 60 subjects of either sex were asked to bite their own forearm and alginate impression of the maxillary and mandible dentition was taken and cast was poured. Both bitemark and cast was subjected to CBCT scanning and parameters like arch shape, inter canine width, mesio distal dimension of anterior teeth, and individual characteristics like rotation, buccal/lingual tilting of teeth was noted and compared and assigned a score using simplified version of ABFO scoring system. Results: Highly significant result with 56.6% definite match, 26.66% probable match and 16.66% possible match were obtained using CBCT. Conclusion: CBCT is a non-destructive, accurate, efficient, objective and reproducible method. Out of all parameter mesio-distal dimension of teeth is the best parameter to judge the bitemark on skin.

Reconstructing extensive defects in the hip and groin region is challenging. Although the technique of wrapping the flaps is often chosen, achieving effective coverage of defects is difficult because of the tissue bulge in the center, and a skin graft is frequently required. We herein report a case of successful hip “corner” reconstruction using a pedicled oblique rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap with division and rotation of the skin paddles after squamous cell carcinoma resection. The patient had a history of immunosuppressive treatment, radiation therapy, and surgeries on the ipsilateral thigh. Our technique minimized the sacrifice of the flap donor site, achieved primary closure, and resulted in a favorably shaped reconstruction with respect to three-dimensional morphology. The patient's postoperative quality of life was ultimately improved.

PURPOSE: We used automated image analysis of scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) to investigate mechanical strains imposed on disc, and retinal and choroidal vessels during horizontal duction in adults. DESIGN: Deep learning analysis of optical images. METHODS: The peripapillary region was imaged by SLO in central gaze, and 35° abduction and adduction, in younger and older healthy adults. Automated image registration was followed by deep learning-based optical flow analysis to track determine local tissue deformations quantified as horizontal, vertical, and shear strain maps relative to central gaze. Choroidal vessel displacements were observed when fundus pigment was light. RESULTS: Strains in the retina and disc could be quantified in 22 younger (mean ± SEM, 26 ± 5 years) and 19 older (64 ± 10 years) healthy volunteers. Strains were predominantly horizontal and greater for adduction than for abduction. During adduction, maximum horizontal strain was tensile in the nasal hemi-disc, and declined progressively with distance from it. Strain in the temporal hemi-retina during adduction was minimal, except for compressive strain on the disc of older subjects. In abduction, horizontal strains were less and largely confined to the disc, greater in older subjects, and generally tensile. Vertical and shear strains were small. Nasal to the disc, choroidal vessels shifted nasally relative to overlying peripapillary retinal vessels. CONCLUSIONS: Strain analysis during horizontal duction suggests that the optic nerve displaces the optic canal, choroid, and peripapillary sclera relative to the overlying disc and retina. This peripapillary shearing of the optic nerve relative to the choroid and sclera may be a driver of disc tilting and peripapillary atrophy.

The vibrations of rotating joined conical–conical shells with classical supported conditions have been studied extensively. As a matter of fact, in some cases, these classical boundary conditions cannot exactly model actual situations. Moreover, theoretical frameworks on them are still limited. This research aims to investigate the fundamental frequencies and dynamic mode shapes of the traveling wave of the rotating porous metal material joined conical–conical thin shells (PJCS) with elastic supports. By utilizing artificial spring technology, arbitrary elastic supported boundary conditions and classical boundary conditions are achieved efficiently. A new dynamic model has been formulated with the help of the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and Hamilton's principle. By employing the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method along with stress boundary conditions and generalized eigenvalues, various factors such as porosity, semi-vertex angles and stiffness are analyzed for their impact on the fundamental frequencies of forward wave (FW), backward wave (BW) and mode shapes. The presented results are validated through the convergence and comparison studies from literatures. The interesting and novel results indicate that the in-plane displacement constraints have the most significant impact on the critical speed, while the lateral displacement constraint has the least effect. The vibrations are more easily excited for the part with a larger half vertex angle. Rotating PJCS with Type 1 has the biggest critical rotating speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The applications of swirling interfaces with heat and mass transfer are diverse and impactful, spanning industries from energy and manufacturing to healthcare and environmental protection. This study focuses on the stability of such interfaces where a viscous fluid interacts with a Rivlin–Ericksen (RE) viscoelastic fluid, undergoing heat and mass transfer. In this paper, the fluids are enclosed between two cylinders, one stationary and the other rotating. Mathematical equations are solved using potential flow theory. The interface stability is assessed using a normal mode procedure, leading to a second-order polynomial equation. The study finds that swirling flow reduces perturbation amplification, especially when heat and mass transfer occur simultaneously. However, the viscoelastic nature of the Rivlin–Ericksen fluid destabilizes the interface. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into complex fluid behavior with applications across industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given integers n , k , ℓ such that 0 < k < n , 1 < ℓ and an integer vector x = (x 1 , ... , x n) , denote by m = m (x) the number of entries of x that are multiple of ℓ. Choose n − k entries of x as follows: if m (x) ≥ n − k , take n − k smallest entries of x that are multiple of ℓ ; if n − k > m (x) , take all m such entries, if any, and add n − k − m largest entries of x. In one step, the chosen n − k entries (bears) keep their values, while the remaining k (bulls) are reduced by 1. Repeat such steps getting the sequence S = S (n , k , ℓ , x 0) = (x 0 → x 1 → ... → x j → ...). We prove that it is "quasi-periodic". More precisely, there exists a number N = N (n , k , ℓ , x 0) such that for all j ≥ N we have m (x j) ≥ n − k and r a n g e (x j) ≤ ℓ , where r a n g e (x) = max (x i ∣ i ∈ [ n ]) − min (x i ∣ i ∈ [ n ]) with [ n ] = { 1 , ... , n }. Furthermore, after N steps, the system "moves like a screw". Assuming that x 1 ≤ ⋯ ≤ x n , introduce the cyclical order on [ n ] considering 1 and n as neighbors. Then, bears and bulls partition [ n ] into two intervals that are shifted by k with every ℓ steps. Then, after every p = ℓ n / G C D (n , k) = ℓ L C M (n , k) / k steps all entries of x are reduced by the same value δ = p k / n , that is, x i j − x i j + p = δ for all i ∈ [ n ] and j ≥ N. We prove that N (n , k , ℓ , x 0) ≤ (ℓ + r a n g e (x 0)) ⌈ n / k ⌉ and give an algorithm computing N in time polynomial in n , k , ℓ , and log (1 + r a n g e (x 0)). Furthermore, x j , for any j ≥ 0 , can be computed in time polynomial in n , k , ℓ , log (1 + r a n g e (x 0)) , and log (1 + j). In case k = n − 1 and ℓ = 2 such screw dynamical system are applicable to impartial games; see Gurvich, Martynov, Maximchuk, and Vyalyi, "On Remoteness Functions of Exact Slow k -NIM with k + 1 Piles", https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.06498 (2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider one variant of stable assignment problems in a bipartite graph endowed with nonnegative capacities on the edges and quotas on the vertices. It can be viewed as a generalization of the stable allocation problem introduced by Baïou and Balinsky, which arises when strong linear orders of preferences on the vertices in the latter are replaced by weak ones. At the same time, our stability problem can be stated in the framework of a theory by Alkan and Gale on stable schedule matchings generated by choice functions of a wide scope. In our case, the choice functions are of a special, so-called mixed , type. The main content of this paper is devoted to a study of rotations in our mixed model, functions on the edges determining "elementary" transformations between close stable assignments. These look more sophisticated compared with rotations in the stable allocation problem (which are generated by simple cycles). We efficiently construct a poset of rotations and show that the stable assignments are in bijection with the so-called closed functions for this poset; this gives rise to a "compact" affine representation for the lattice of stable assignments and leads to an efficient method to find a stable assignment of minimum cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the growing publication of interactive picturebooks and the use of electronic tablets by children have prompted us to revise and reconsider how children read in different media. As a material object, a reading device can trigger various actions of the reader, such as tapping, swiping, and shaking. This paper investigates a type of interactive picturebooks that prompts rotational behavior from the reader through composition and layout. The paper presents a typological survey of such books arguing that graphic design invites rotational reading by combining different orientations of texts and images on the page and the connection of back and front covers. The rotation of books takes three paths through space: planar, vertical and horizontal flipping. Rotation, as a kinetic practice during reading, unveils visual wonder, achieves a circular narrative, extends storytelling space, displays parallel narrative perspectives, and reinforces crucial plots. This article opens questions the non-linearity of reading and about how to account for the body's participation in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermodiffusion in micropolar thermoelastic material with voids rotating with a uniform angular velocity is investigated using the harmonic solution as an analytical method. The modified Ohm's Law has been motivated to discuss the temperature gradient and the charge density effects in the problem's descriptive equations. The material was subjected to initial mechanical pressure and a Dual-Phase-Lag model. Certain results are calculated numerically and presented graphically for various cases. The discussed figures in the manuscript were the distribution of the physical quantities in the studied problem; such as, the strain, the normal stress, the temperature, the concentration, the change in the volume fraction field, and the microrotation vector with the displacement coordinate. The comparisons were established for two values of rotation and two values of the coefficient connecting the temperature gradient and the electric current density in two-dimensional space. These quantities are also plotted in three-dimensional space. The results are applicable in many areas, including seismic engineering, and manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to investigate the reflection phenomena of plane waves from the free surface of an initially stressed rotating nonlocal micropolar transversely isotropic generalized thermoelastic half-space considering Lord–Shulman (LS) and Green–Lindsay (GL) theory. Closed-form expressions for the phase velocities of reflected quasi-longitudinal displacement (qLD), quasi-transverse displacement (qTD), quasi-transverse microrotation (qTM) and quasi-thermal (qT) waves are derived, and boundary conditions yield a system of algebraic equations to determine reflection coefficients. Energy ratios of the reflected waves are also calculated, and it is observed that the law of conservation of energy holds good in the entire reflection phenomena. Numerical results for phase velocity and reflection coefficients are computed using MATLAB examining the effects of initial stress, rotation and nonlocal parameters. Comparisons between micropolar transversely isotropic thermoelastic (MTIT) and nonlocal micropolar transversely isotropic thermoelastic (NMTIT) media highlight the significant influence of these parameters on wave behavior. The model is validated by reducing the problem to a specific case and matching it with established results. The findings are graphically demonstrated providing new insights into wave propagation in anisotropic micropolar thermoelastic materials and significant influences of initial stress, rotation and nonlocal parameters on phase velocity and reflection coefficients offering insights for geophysical exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subcutaneous (SC) administration of fentanyl allows for rapid dose titration to treat urgent cancer-related pain. After establishing the optimal fentanyl dose, patients typically rotate towards transdermal (TD) fentanyl patches. Continuing the SC fentanyl up to 12h after application of the patch led to elevated fentanyl concentrations and fentanyl-related toxicities. Based on these findings, and simulations using a pharmacokinetic (PK) model, SC fentanyl administration was discontinued immediately following the application of the patch. To validate the fentanyl rotation schedule by assessing the PK equivalence in fentanyl exposure before and after rotation. PK samples and clinical data were prospectively collected from 12 hours prior to rotation until 12 hours after rotation in patients with cancer-related pain undergoing fentanyl rotation. Between December 2021 and September 2023, 29 evaluable patients were enrolled in the study. The 90% confidence interval (CI) of the geometric mean ratio between the post- over pre-rotation area under the curve (AUC) fell within the prespecified 0.8–1.25 equivalence interval (90% CI 1.05–1.16). Patient-reported intensity of both nausea (P = 0.047) and transpiration (P = 0.034) decreased post-rotation. Pain intensity and other adverse events did not differ significantly pre and post-rotation. One patient needed adjustment of opioid therapy 40 hours after rotation due to fentanyl-related toxicities. The updated rotation scheme, implying a 1:1 dose conversion and discontinuation of SC fentanyl directly after rotation, resulted in equivalent fentanyl exposure pre and post-rotation. Moreover, the dosing regimen showed to be safe and efficacious during rotation. The new dosing regimen when rotating from SC to TD fentanyl can be effectively and safely implemented in routine palliative care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of dental rotational movements using clear aligners with different attachment configurations. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analysed 212 teeth from 89 patients undergoing Invisalign treatment. Digital models were analysed after the virtual treatment plan (ST1) and after the first treatment phase (ET1) to evaluate the effective clinical rotational movement. The rotational movements of incisors, canines, and bicuspids were measured using data from the Clincheck Movements Table. ST1 and ET1 were compared to determine the actual rotational movement achieved (ST1‐ET1). The presence or absence of attachments (rectangular or optimized) on teeth was analysed. The accuracy of rotational movements among attachment types was compared using the Kruskal‐Wallis test. Multiple linear regressions were conducted with accuracy as the dependent variable and tooth type, gender, and age as predictors. Results: Optimized attachments had the highest median accuracy (70%), followed by rectangular (65%), and without attachment (63%), with no significant differences (p =.5). There were no significant differences across age groups, genders, or tooth types. Baseline accuracy was 68.62% (95% CI: 56.03–81.20, p <.001). Age was a significant predictor (estimate = −0.30, 95% CI: −0.58 – −0.03, p =.032), indicating decreased accuracy with increasing age. The model's R2 was 0.046, with an adjusted R2 of 0.003, indicating minimal variance explained. Conclusion: The addition of attachment configurations to clear aligners improves rotational accuracy, but not significantly. Further advancements in these configurations are needed to enhance the performance of the aligners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Web Sketchpad is a new technology based on The Geometer’s Sketchpad software, featuring a highly simplified user interface and customizable tools, allowing learners to focus on mathematical exploration experiences to construct their own knowledge. This study integrated two dynamic mathematical representations designed on Web Sketchpad into an online course to support students in exploring the topic of Rotations in the plane. The results show that Web Sketchpad on the Moodle platform supports students well in conducting mathematical explorations related to rotations. It can serve as a cognitive tool and support different stages of mathematical problem-solving. The students in the experiment demonstrated problem-solving and creative competency, independently constructing new mathematical objects, searching for and discovering mathematical relationships. Additionally, they had the opportunity to practice self-directed learning and self-study through heuristic exploratory activities with dynamic mathematical representations.

An important section of spinal biomechanics is the analysis of various types of movements in spinal segments, which are difficult to observe, and setting up experiments is quite complex. There are few articles devoted to this topic, and the methodological approaches outlined in these studies are so heterogeneous that they do not allow for a comparative analysis. In this situation, the abstract language of mathematics allows us to objectively answer the questions that arise. Aim of the study was to develop a mathematical model of a spinal segment to calculate the combination of rotation angles and lateral inclination of the vertebra, as well as to identify factors influencing these parameters. Material and methods. The developed mathematical model of the motion segment of the spine was used as the main tool for the study. The initial data for this model were the coordinates of the reference points of the vertebrae, which makes it possible to determine a number of parameters describing their complex structure. Using this model, the parameters of the combination of vertebral movement in the frontal and horizontal planes were calculated. Results and discussion. The developed model of the combination of movements in the spinal segment is adequate to the ideas about the nature of movements in the spinal segments. The coefficient of combination of lateral tilt and rotation of the vertebra for the cervical vertebrae is from 0.5 to 0.7, for the thoracic vertebrae from 0.3 to 0.5, and for the lumbar vertebrae from 0.0 to 0.1. Fluctuations in the value of this coefficient depend on the angle of inclination of the upper articular surfaces of the underlying vertebra. Reducing the size of the articular surfaces leads to a decrease in the magnitude of the angular movements of the vertebra, and their convergence leads to an increase in mobility in the spinal segments. A negative angle of inclination of the articular surfaces causes opposite rotation of the vertebra.

Abstract Background Generation and regulation (control) of linear and angular momentum is a challenge during turning while walking which may be exacerbated by age-related changes. In healthy older adults, little is known about how momentum is controlled during turns, especially within each phase of gait. Each phase of gait affords unique mechanical contexts to control momenta and regulate balance. In healthy young adults, we found that the transverse-plane linear and angular momenta generation strategies observed within specific phases of gait during straight-line gait were also used during turns. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether healthy older adults shared similar momentum control strategies specific to each gait phase during straight-line gait and turns. Methods Nine healthy older adults completed straight-line gait and 90° leftward walking turns. We compared the change in transverse-plane whole-body linear and angular momentum across gait phases (left and right single and double support). We also compared the average leftward force and transverse-plane moment across gait phases. Results We found that leftward linear momentum was generated most during right single support in straight-line gait and leftward turns. However, in contrast to straight-line gait, during leftward turns, average leftward force was applied across gait phases, with left single support generating significantly less leftward average force than other gait phases. Leftward angular momentum generation and average moment were greatest during left double support in both tasks. We observed some within-participant results that diverged from the group statistical findings, illustrating that although they are common, these momenta control strategies are not necessary. Conclusions Older adults generated transverse-plane linear and angular momentum during consistent phases of gait during straight-line gait and 90° turns, potentially indicating a shared control strategy. Understanding momentum control within each phase of gait can help design more specific targets in gait and balance training interventions.

The development of rotary files and other endodontic instrument techniques have revolutionised treatment by enhancing canal preparation and producing rounder, smoother canals that are constructed of Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) alloy. There are two types of movements in these instruments: rotary continuous and reciprocating. Rotary continuous movements involve torsion and flexion, and can cause instrument fractures. An alternative approach to avoid the issue is proposed, which involves reciprocating movement. The present literature review compares the incidence of dentinal crack formation in root canal walls when using stainless steel and NiTi rotary systems. It highlights the potential complications, such as tooth fracture and increased bacterial susceptibility due to contact between instruments and dentinal walls.

Abstract This manuscript addresses a significant research gap in the study by employing a mathematical model of photo thermoelastic wave propagation in a rotator semiconductor medium under the effect of a magnetic field and initial stress, as well as ramp-type heating. The considered model is formulated during the photothermal theory and in two-dimensional (2D) electronic-elastic deformation. The governing equations represent the interaction between the primary physical parameters throughout the process of photothermal transfer. Computational simulations are performed to determine the temperature, carrier density, displacement components, normal stress, and shear stress using the application of Lame’s potential and normal mode analysis. Numerical calculations are carried out and graphically displayed for an isotropic semiconductor like silicon (Si) material. Furthermore, comparisons are made with the previous results obtained by the others, as well as in the presence and absence of magnetic field, rotation, and initial stress. The obtained results illustrate that the rotation, initial stress, magnetic field, and ramp-type heating parameter all have significant effects. This investigation provides valuable insights into the synergistic dynamics among a magnetization constituent, semiconducture structures, and wave propagation, enabling advancements in nuclear reactors' construction, operation, electrical circuits, and solar cells.

Abstract Background The displacement and rotation of the Kirschner wire (K-wire) in the traditional tension band wiring (TBW) led to a high rate of postoperative complications. The anti-rotation tension band wiring (ARTBW) could address these issues and achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical performance of the ARTBW in treating transverse patellar fracture compared to traditional TBW using finite element analysis (FEA) and mechanical testing. Methods We conducted a FEA to evaluate the biomechanical performance of traditional TBW and ARTBW at knee flexion angles of 20°, 45°, and 90°. Furthermore, we compared the mechanical properties under a 45° knee flexion through static tensile tests and dynamic fatigue testing. The K-wire pull-out test was also conducted to evaluate the bonding strength between K-wires and cancellous bone of two surgical approaches. Results The outcome of FEA demonstrated the compression force on the articular surface of ARTBW was 28.11%, 27.32%, and 52.86% higher than traditional TBW at knee flexion angles of 20°, 45°, and 90°, respectively. In mechanical testing, the mechanical properties of ARTBW were similar to the traditional TBW. In the K-wire pull-out test, the pull-out strength of ARTBW was significantly greater than the traditional TBW (111.58 ± 2.38 N vs. 64.71 ± 4.22 N, P