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Copyright of Historia i Polityka is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ameryka Łacińska Kwartalnik Analityczno-Informacyjny is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Luridica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Luridica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Luridica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Luridica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Terroryzm: Studia, Analizy, Prewencja is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Artykuł jest próbą krótkiej analizy rosyjskojęzycznej nowo zimnowojennej narracji, celem wychwycenia percepcji wpływów językowych na odbiorców informacji (multi)medialnej w szczególności w przestrzeni rosyjskiej. Zbudowany przez rosyjską agitacyjną i propagandową machinę językowy obraz świata niekoniecznie występuje w symbiozie z pozajęzykowym obrazem rzeczywistości, jednak ma określony wpływ na jego „budowę”, nawet w sposób pośredni. Niektóre językowe obrazy uzasadnień działań wojennych są w sprzeczności nawet z rosyjską rzeczywistością, jednak są na tyle sugestywne i tak skutecznie opierają się na fundamentach propagandowych zbudowanych podczas poprzedniego zimnowojennego okresu, iż od razu znajdują akceptację wśród rosyjskich/rosyjskojęzycznych odbiorców (Russian Field, 2022; Levada-Centr, 2022; WCIOM, 2022). Zatem można konkludować, iż determinantą końca postzimnowojennego porządku jest często rosyjski powrót do ww. sowieckiej terminologii agitacji i propagandy, zgodnie z (świadomymi i podprogowymi) terminami zapożyczonymi z poprzedniego okresu zimnowojennego „porządku” z lat 1947–1991. Są to terminy dobrze wypróbowane/sprawdzone zarówno w teorii, jak i w praktyce, w szczególności z okresu postfaszystowskiego – chodzi o percepcję świata językowego i pozajęzykowego szeregowego Rosjanina, czyli aktora/gracza/uczestnika obecnego przeciwstawiania się postzimnowojennemu porządkowi. Od 1945 r. do teraz tak potężna jest antyfaszystowska propaganda i straszenie Rosjan (także ludzi radzieckich) faszystowskim zagrożeniem (i zgniłym kapitalizmem Zachodu), iż korzystanie z tej terminologii jednoznacznie kojarzy się ze strachem wojny, mordów, gwałtów itd.

The article attempts to analyze the politics of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the Central and Eastern Europe during the war conflict in Ukraine, 2022. The aim of the study is to describe the tactic and strategic approach of the IRI to the abovementioned problem in order to answer the question about the power shift in Central Asia. An additional aim is to show the image of the USA and NATO as created by the IRI, and to point to the role of Poland in the IRI’s tactical actions to sustain positive relations with Europe. The role of Russia, one of the most influential actors both in the European and in the Eurasian areas cannot be omitted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political Science Review / Przegląd Politologiczny is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of KUL Journal of Legal Studies / Studia Prawnicze KUL is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lubin / Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of KUL Journal of Legal Studies / Studia Prawnicze KUL is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lubin / Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia i Polityka is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Media Research / Zeszyty Prasoznawcze is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Artykuł ma na celu przybliżyć czytelnikowi postać Aleksieja Stanczinskiego oraz pokrótce scharakteryzować jego twórczość. Tekst podzielony jest na trzy części. Część pierwsza jest opisem kontekstu społecznego i kulturowego w którym artyście przyszło tworzyć. Jest to opis Rosji jako państwa, społeczeństwa i środowiska artystycznego na przełomie wieków XIX i XX. Część druga zawiera rys biograficzny kompozytora, którego choroba, nieszczęśliwe życie i w konsekwencji przedwczesna śmierć miały fundamentalny wpływ na pozostawioną twórczość. Część trzecia stanowi próbę klasyfikacji i charakteryzacji twórczości Stanczinskiego w oparciu o dostępne materiały oraz własne przeprowadzone badania.

W dniu 24 lutego 2022 r. wojska Federacji Rosyjskiej przekroczyły granice Ukrainy, suwerennego i samodzielnego państwa europejskiego. Wojna, która przyszła po pandemii COVID-19, wstrząsnęła podwali­nami całego świata, który nagle przestał istnieć w takim wymiarze, w jakim współczesne społeczeństwa znały go wcześniej. Agresja rosyjska przyniosła nie tylko pełnoskalową wojnę, lecz także nieznane od 1945 r. okru­cieństwa, obejmujące masowo popełniane zbrodnie prawa międzynarodowego, w tym zbrodnię ludobójstwa, a w każdym razie – uzasadnione podejrzenie ich popełnienia. Nad światem znów zawisło widmo globalnego konfliktu, a przed cywilizowaną jego częścią stanęło wyzwanie rozliczenia bezmiaru krzywd i nieszczęść wy­rządzonych przez funkcjonariuszy Federacji Rosyjskiej i sił z nimi sprzymierzonych. Odpowiedzią na zbrodnie popełniane w Ukrainie stało się wydanie przez Międzynarodowy Trybunał Karny w Hadze nakazu aresztowania osób bezsprzecznie za nie odpowiedzialnych. Trybunał ten podjął stanowcze działania, są one jednak ograni­czone prawnymi ramami wyznaczonymi dla jego kompetencji. Niemniej ramy te zdają się niewystarczające dla ścigania winnych pożogi wojennej w Europie. Z tego powodu konieczne jest powołanie międzynarodowego trybunału karnego dla osądzenia zbrodni prawa międzynarodowego popełnionych w Ukrainie, który zostałby wyposażony w uprawnienia służące skuteczniejszemu ściganiu zbrodni inspirowanych przez Kreml i zajmują­cych go przedstawicieli reżimu Władimira Putina. To właśnie tym zbrodniom oraz potrzebom efektywniejszego ich zwalczania i przeciwdziałania poświęcony jest tekst niniejszy. Przedmiotem badań jest zatem przeprowa­dzenie analizy aktualnego stanu międzynarodowego sądownictwa w sprawach karnych, ustalenia ich sku­teczności i przydatności dla osądzenia zbrodni popełnionych w Ukrainie oraz przedstawienie podstawowych pojęć, w tym pojęcia ludobójstwa, tytułem rozważań wstępnych. Celem artykułu jest wykazanie konieczności powołania nowego trybunału karnego. W studium zastosowano metodę historycznoprawną z elementami me­tody historyczno-filozoficznej, metodę analizy logicznej i pojęciowej instytucji prawnych (z uwzględnieniem eksplanacji funkcjonalnej), metodę aksjologiczną (z uwzględnieniem eksplanacji teleologicznej) oraz metodę systemową. Ze względu na charakter pracy metoda dogmatyczna (formalno-prawna) wykorzystana została w ograniczonym, lecz wystarczającym dla osiągnięcia celów badawczych zakresie.

Na przełomie lipca i sierpnia 1914 r. w głąb Rosji ewakuowano struktury administracji celnej z terenu Królestwa Polskiego z powodu groźby wybuchu wojny. Do wewnętrznych guberni Imperium Rosyjskiego wywieziono personel administracyjny wraz z rodzinami oraz majątek urzędów celnych. Władze rosyjskie zakładały, że przymusowy pobyt poza Królestwem Polskim będzie krótkotrwały licząc na sukcesy militarne armii carskiej. Jednak z powodu utracenia inicjatywy strategicznej przez armię rosyjską urzędy te nigdy nie powróciły do Królestwa Polskiego. Na podstawie zachowanych materiałów źródłowych przedstawiono proces ewakuacji w 1914 r. i zjawisko funkcjonowania rosyjskich struktur administracji celnej przebywającej na ewakuacji do chwili upadku monarchii Romanowów w marcu 1917 r.

NEW CONTEXTS IN THE POLICY OF POLAND, THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND LITHUANIA TOWARDS TAIWAN FOLLOWING RUSSIA’S AGGRESSION AGAINST UKRAINE The article presents the actions of Poland, Lithuania and the Czech Republic towards Taiwan in the context of Russian aggression against Ukraine over the course of last year. Although each of these countries supports the subjectivity of Taiwan in the face of the political escalation of China’s activities, their reaction is varied, especially with regard to further relations with the People’s Republic of China. At the same time, each of the countries recognizes the importance of developing relations with Taiwan in the face of US policy, as well as the continued involvement in supporting Ukraine or strengthening NATO’s eastern flank. Therefore, no significant changes should be expected in these countries’ approach to Taiwan, although Lithuania and the Czech Republic will be among the strongest promoters of, for example, a greater involvement of the EU in relations with Taiwan.

The article focuses on the analysis of the attitude of Germany towards Russia as an example of political adaptation. The paper’s aim is to verify the hypothesis that Germany’s attitude towards Russia is characterized by a political adaptation process, which means that Germany strives to adjust to the changes in the regional environment as well as influence it. The author attempts to answer the following question: What strategies of political adaptation were adopted between 2005 and 2021? The article is divided into several parts. In the first one (apart from the introduction), the author discusses the concept of political adaptation. The second part focuses on describing German-Russian relations before 2005. Subsequent parts analyse the period between 2005 and 2021. The author emphasizes the turning points of 2008 and 2014. The last section is a summary and forecast for the coming years. The article was prepared on the basis of official documents, speeches and actions of politicians, press materials and analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego is the property of University of Lower Silesia / Dolnoslaska Szkola Wyzsza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeszyty Prawnicze Biuro Analiz Sejmowej is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

International relations after the Second World War were shaped by two factors: (1) the emergence of two superpowers and the ideological conflict between two blocs of states, and (2) the „hypertrophy of war” created by the development of weapons of mass destruction. The end of the „cold war” did not terminate local wars, including wars fought by great powers against weaker adversaries. Understanding such wars requires an analysis of the decision-making process, including the consequences of misperception. Russian war against Ukraine can best be understood in terms of the need to legitimize an authoritarian regime by external success. The final outcome of the war will depend on political, rather than purely military factors. Since neither side is likely to achieve a full military victory, leadership change in the Russian Federation may become the way to end the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the actions of Poland, Lithuania and the Czech Republic towards Taiwan in the context of Russian aggression against Ukraine over the course of last year. Although each of these countries supports the subjectivity of Taiwan in the face of the political escalation of China’s activities, their reaction is varied, especially with regard to further relations with the People’s Republic of China. At the same time, each of the countries recognizes the importance of developing relations with Taiwan in the face of US policy, as well as the continued involvement in supporting Ukraine or strengthening NATO’s eastern flank. Therefore, no significant changes should be expected in these countries’ approach to Taiwan, although Lithuania and the Czech Republic will be among the strongest promoters of, for example, a greater involvement of the EU in relations with Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Res Historica is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Athenaeum: Polskie Studia Politologiczne is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Security Studies Nicolaus Copernicus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ECONOMICS – POLITICS – SOCIETY: SYSTEMIC TRANSFORMATION SINCE THE OPENING TILL THE CLOSURE OF THE BORDERS – RUSSIA AFTER 1991 The article presents the breakthrough moments of the transformation of Russia as a dynamic system of interconnected elements and phenomena from the area of politics, economy and social life. The research period covered the years 1991-2021. The theoretical and methodological framework was provided by Marian Mazur’s systemic approach. It allowed to assess the system through the prism of the functionality of its main modules and the deliberate impact on the environment. As a result, a model of the system was provided. It allows to recognize, order, and predict the processes within the system. The final conclusions are the following: Since 1991, Russia, included in the system treated as the interaction of three functional modules: power, management, and information, has gone through a path that has led its inhabitants back to the Soviet-era scheme. The above-mentioned modules, functioning in democratic countries independently, in the case of Russia merged into one – previously managed. The latter took over the functions of the others, becoming the source of all information. On the one hand, it acts as a centrifugal force, generating the binding perspective of reality, and on the other hand, it has a centripetal character, attracting all resources to maintain its status quo.

Copyright of Horizons of Politics / Horyzonty Polityki is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Review / Przegląd Politologiczny is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Migracyjne Przegląd Polonijny is the property of Wydzial Studiow Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych UJ oraz Polska Akademia Umiejetnosci and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Media Research / Zeszyty Prasoznawcze is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sprawy Miedzynarodowe / International Affairs is the property of Instytut Studiow Politycznych PAN and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878 is an important element of the international relations in the 19th century, which not only constituted the rivalry between great powers to expand or secure spheres of influence, but also brought about a significant transformation of the political map of the European continent in its south-eastern part. The war, waged under the banner of the "cross against the crescent" slogan, was perceived with optimism by the Balkan nations experiencing Turkish rule, nevertheless they interpreted the Berlin Treaty ending this conflict as an attempt to limit their national goals. These issues, important from the point of view of European politics, were closely followed by the only mass medium of the time - the press. One of the newspapers that commented on the war in the Balkans was the daily newspaper "Kurjer Warszawski" that was being published in Warsaw from 1821, whose editors did not limit themselves to presenting agency reports, but also made successful attempts to critically analyze the situation at that time. Therefore, the newspaper appears to us as an interesting source of information about the events taking place in the Balkans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic & Political Thought / Myśl Ekonomiczna & Polityczna is the property of Lazarski University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Politica Polonica is the property of Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego / University of Szczecin Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)