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Solid dispersion materials of abietic acid (ABA) were prepared with methylcellulose (MC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) using a conventional solvent evaporation method. In these materials, ABA was incorporated in an amorphous form. During dissolution tests, ABA from ABA/MC and ABA/HPMC solid dispersion materials initially rapidly dissolved, followed by a decrease in the dissolution rate before eventually plateauing. The dissolution of ABA from ABA/CMC-Na solid dispersion materials was similar, although it increased slightly with an increased shaking time over a long period. ABA from ABA/MC solid dispersion materials exhibited a higher dissolution rate compared with ABA from both ABA/HPMC and ABA/CMC-Na solid dispersion materials. The amount of undissolved material from ABA/cellulose derivative solid dispersion materials was lower compared with ABA/cellulose nanofiber and ABA/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber solid dispersion materials. In addition, both ABA/MC and ABA/HPMC solid dispersion materials exhibited good growth-inhibitive effects against Trametes versicolor, a representative of white-rot fungus, compared with ABA/CMC-Na, ABA/cellulose nanofiber and ABA/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber solid dispersion materials. Consequently, MC proved to be the most effective water-soluble carrier for ABA in water among the cellulose derivatives tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise in environmental and health concerns has led to increasing attention to nature‐derived materials. Natural resin (NR) is secreted by pine trees, and it is a great monomer source for synthesizing biopolymers. The objective of this study is to produce terpene rosin phenolic resin (TRPR) from NR, turpentine, and phenol by applying a novel polymerization technique. An environmentally friendly and reusable catalyst (Amberlyst15) was chosen instead of traditional ones. TRPR samples were chemically characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. The average molecular weight (Mw) of TRPR was detected as 560 g/mol. Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling was designed with three inputs (pressure, temperature, and terpene/NR ratio) and four outputs (reaction yield, acid value, saponification value, and softening point). The highest TRPR yield was obtained with a terpene/NR ratio of (1/2) at 80°C and under 3 atm. The lowest acid and saponification values were calculated as 90.54 and 100.11 mg KOH/g, respectively. The softening point of TRPR reached 80°C and it was suggested for use in the paper, ink, and adhesive industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing environmental problems, interest in natural polymers that have less toxic effects on the environment and are biodegradable is increasing day by day. Natural resin is a promising and valuable renewable non-wood forest product and is used as a natural resource in the production of many biochemical products. In this study, it is aimed to synthesize terpene-rosin phenolic resin (TRFR) from crude wood resin, turpentine and phenol in the presence of AlCl3 with an innovative polymerization technique. Before proceeding to the synthesis stage, the raw resin was separated into turpentine and rosin by distillation and characterized with a gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) device. The synthesized TRFR samples were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR), acid number, saponification number and softening point analyses. Moreover, the modeling of synthesis reactions Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was designed with 2 inputs (temperature and turpentine/crude wood resin ratio) and 4 outputs (reaction yield, acid value, saponification value and softening point). The highest reaction efficiency was found in the sample produced at 60°C with a turpentine/crude wood resin ratio of 1/2. The lowest acidity and saponification values were calculated as 90.79 and 103.79 mg KOH/g, respectively. The highest softening point was found to be 79°C.

Due to its rich chemical composition including unique biologically active compounds the gold root (Rhodiola rosea L.) is still of interest to researchers all over the world. However, deficiency of the raw material base and metabolome variability are determination the modern development ways of pharmacologically active substances in vitro obtaining. The article summarizes and systematizes the information about of Rhodiola rosea biologically active compounds obtaining, which are most often obtaining from callus tissues. Callus tissue is usually obtaining from leaf explants, and Murashige and Skoog medium with plant growth regulators in various combinations and concentrations is most commonly used for its induction. At the same time, the tissue growth efficiency and target compounds accumulation depends on the intact plant genotype, the precursors presence of these compounds in the medium, elicitors, as well as external influence factors. Recently, a promising direction is the transgenic hairy roots cultivation, which reveals new aspects of synthesis, accumulation and secondary metabolites production regulation. Biosynthesis genetic regulation of significant secondary metabolites is also a promising direction. Numerous studies have demonstrated that salidroside biosynthesis depends on the expression of the TyrDC gene encoding tyrosinedecarboxylase. Consequently, understanding the molecular and genetic mechanisms opens up opportunities for its regulation and metabolic engineering. In this regard, biotechnological methods may be a priority to obtaining salidroside, rosin and their derivatives at higher or at least comparable levels with wild type or cultivated plants. Among the various biotechnological strategies used to increase the accumulation of salidroside and glycosides of cinnamic alcohol in cells and cultures of Rhodiola organs, the approach with the addition of the metabolic precursors to the nutrient medium proved to be the most effective. In vitro cultures, a significant increase in the production of rosin and its derivatives was observed when precursors (cinnamic alcohol, cinnamic acid and cinnamic aldehyde) were added to the medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, rosin polyethylene glycol ester was prepared by the reaction of natural rosin with PEG-400. It was modified with acrylic acid to prepare water-based ink binders. The results show that the reaction is carried out for 3 h at a molar ratio of rosin to PEG-400 of 1:4 and a catalyst and filler (Al2O3) of 30 wt%/RO. Products with high fixed content (83.4 wt%), low acid value (27.0 mg NaOH/g), high esterification rate (83.0%), good printability, and fast drying and flow rates are obtained. The key steps of the study include preparing polymers using natural rosin and PEG-400, esterification reaction, and modifying rosin polyethylene glycol ester emulsions. The focus of the study is to analyze the effect of the molar ratio of rosin to PEG-400, the type and content of the catalyst (filler), and the reaction time on the product to obtain the optimum process conditions. This study proposes a new method for the production of environmentally friendly water-based inks and provides valuable insights into future ink production and environmental technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polymer Materials Science & Engineering is the property of Sichuan University, Polymer Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract The tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng was unearthed in 1978 at Leiguudun in Suizhou City, Hubei Province, China. This is the largest wooden coffin in rock pit and vertical cave in the Warring States period in China. The large wooden coffin components provide reliable material data for the study of the feudal burial system in the pre-Qin period and have high value. In this paper, the wooden coffin excavated from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng was studied. By understanding the composition of wood, studying the weight gain rate, shrinkage rate, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and compression resistance, the wood reinforced by rosin and epoxy resin was compared, and the reinforcement effect and principle of the two reinforcement methods were discussed. The study found that the wood properties of rosin reinforced group were better than those of epoxy reinforced group in the aspects of compressive strength, weight gain rate and volume shrinkage rate, and the mechanical properties of wood were significantly improved. In addition, methanol or ethanol can be used to dissolve the rosin shellac in this strengthening process, which can achieve reversible strengthening treatment. The results provide valuable examples and research ideas for the selection of different conservation techniques of large wooden cultural relics unearthed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the Warring States Period.

In the paper, five quaternary ammonium salts derived from rosin were synthesized, characterized and their antifungal activities against different molds were studied. Choline quaternary ammonium salt and tetramethylammonium hydroxide were synthesized from dehydroabietic acid and the rosin ethanolamine ester quaternary ammonium salts which are new compounds were synthesized from propylene pimaric acid. Their structures were confirmed by FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and high resolution mass spectrometry. The antifungal activities of the synthesized quaternary ammonium salts from rosin acid were tested by Oxford cup method, and their minimum inhibitory concentration was determined. The results show that quaternary ammonium salts derived from rosin acid have inhibitory effects on bamboo slices to some extent. Among them, propylene pimaric acid ethanolamine ester quaternary ammonium salts (A1 and A2) showed obvious antifungal activity in the Oxford cup test. The Oxford cup activity test and anti-mildew effect of quaternary ammonium salts (B1 and B2) synthesized from rosin acid are significant, and there are almost no mould growth on bamboo slices. It can be inferred that A1, A2, B1 and B2 are expected to be used as bamboo mildew inhibitors. Five quaternary ammonium salts derived from rosin were synthesized and characterized; and their antifungal activities against different molds were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: To further develop potential natural fungicides, two series of new acrylopimaric acid triazole derivatives were synthesized, and their antifungal activities were tested and evaluated. RESULTS: In vitro antifungal activity results indicated that compound 5m exhibited significant inhibitory activity against Rhizoctonia solani with an half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of 1.528 mg/L. Its antifungal effect was comparable to that of the commercially available fungicide fluconazole, epoxiconazole and propiconazole (EC50 values of 1.441, 0.815 and 1.173 mg/L). Subsequently, in vivo studies were conducted on compound 5m, which revealed its significant protective and curative effects against R. solani. In addition, physiological and biochemical studies showed that compound 5m could disrupt the morphology and ultrastructure of R. solani mycelium, increase cell membrane permeability, inhibit ergosterol synthesis, and enhance the activity of defense enzymes in rice plants. Three‐dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D‐QSAR) studies revealed that the molecular structure significantly influenced the binding of compound 5m to the receptor, thereby enhancing its antifungal activity. CONCLUSION: Compound 5m exhibits excellent antifungal activity against R. solani, making it a promising candidate fungicide for the prevention and control of R. solani. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chemistry & Industry of Forest Products is the property of Chemistry & Industry of Forest Products Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng was unearthed in 1978 at Leiguudun in Suizhou City, Hubei Province, China. This is the largest wooden coffin in rock pit and vertical cave in the Warring States period in China. The large wooden coffin components provide reliable material data for the study of the feudal burial system in the pre-Qin period and have high value. In this paper, the wooden coffin excavated from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng was studied. By understanding the composition of wood, studying the weight gain rate, shrinkage rate, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and compression resistance, the wood reinforced by rosin and epoxy resin was compared, and the reinforcement effect and principle of the two reinforcement methods were discussed. The study found that the wood properties of rosin reinforced group were better than those of epoxy reinforced group in the aspects of compressive strength, weight gain rate and volume shrinkage rate, and the mechanical properties of wood were significantly improved. In addition, methanol or ethanol can be used to dissolve the rosin shellac in this strengthening process, which can achieve reversible strengthening treatment. The results provide valuable examples and research ideas for the selection of different conservation techniques of large wooden cultural relics unearthed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the Warring States Period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico, there is a deficit in the production of pine resin, because it relies on natural forests only. Therefore, it is necessary to select provenances and phenotypes of potential species such as P. oocarpa. The objective was to determine the difference between provenances and the variation in resin components and quality, as well as the effect of geographic and climatic factors. Resin from five provenances was collected from southern Mexico. The percentage of rosin, turpentine and water was obtained, as well as the acidity and saponification index. P. oocarpa resin had 80.94% rosin, 7.7% turpentine and 11.49% water. The saponification and acidity index was 125.47 and 117.49 mg KOH.g−1, respectively. All variables showed differences (p ≤ 0.0001) between provenances. The provenance contributed between 6.44 and 11.71% to the total variance, the error contributed between 88.29 and 93.56%. Geographic and climatic variables only had an effect on the percentage of turpentine; the correlation was negative with altitude and longitude, but positive with temperature and precipitation. The results allow defining seed collection sites for resin plantations and orienting the selection for a P. oocarpa improvement program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycerol rosin ester (GRE) is extensively used in paint, coating, and adhesives. This study investigated the impact of reaction time, temperature, zeolite-type catalysts, dose and rosin-to-glycerol ratio on esterification of pine rosin. FTIR spectroscopy and acid number measurements confirmed the rosin ester. The highest conversion of 98 % was achieved by natural zeolite catalyst at 250 °C, reaction time 6 hours, catalyst dose of 0.5 %-mass, and rosin to glycerol ratio of 1:1. A higher proportion of strong acid sites in the natural zeolite produced higher conversion compared to ZSM-5, and the catalyst was separable from GRE by high temperature filtration.

Sonya Jamal Hamalaw, Fadil Abdulla Kareem, Arass Jalal Noori Department of Pedodontics and Community Oral Health, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, IraqCorrespondence: Sonya Jamal Hamalaw, Sulaimaniyah, 46001, Iraq, Tel +9647705049108, Email sonya.hamalaw@univsul.edu.iqPurpose: Antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) mixture assessed against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), in addition to examining MgONPs varnish impact on the preservation of the tooth color and inhibition of methylene blue diffusion to the enamel.Methods: MgONPs mixture was prepared in deionized water (DW), absolute ethanol (E), and rosin with ethanol (RE), named varnish. The antibacterial and antibiofilm capacities of MgONPs mixtures were tested by agar well diffusion, colony-forming unit (CFU), and biofilm inhibition microtiter methods in triplicate and compared to sodium fluoride varnish (NaF) and chlorhexidine mouthwash (ChX). A spectrophotometer was used to record basic tooth color. The artificial demineralization was initiated for 96 h. Then, experimental materials were applied to the corresponding group, and 10-day pH cycles proceeded. Then, the color was recorded in the same ambient environment. The methylene blue diffusion was evaluated by staining the samples for 24 h. After that, the diffusion test was calculated by a digital camera attached to the stereomicroscope.Results: The agar well diffusion test expressed a significant inhibition zone with all MgONPs mixtures (p = 0.000), and maximum inhibition zone diameter associated with MgONPs-RE. The same finding was observed in the CFU test. Additionally, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% MgONPs-RE varnish showed strong biofilm inhibition capacity (p = 0.039) compared to NaF and ChX groups that inhibit biofilm formation moderately (p = 0.003). The study shows that the 5% MgONPs-RE varnish maintains basic tooth color with minimal methylene blue diffusion compared to NaF varnish (p = 0.00).Conclusion: Evaluating MgONPs as a mixture revealed antibacterial and antibiofilm capacity against S. mutans with a higher effect of MgONPs-RE varnish. Also, examining the topical effect of MgONPs-RE varnish on the preservation of the tooth color after pH cycle challenges and methylene blue diffusion to enamel confirmed the high performance of MgONPs-RE varnish at 5%. Keywords: fluoride, chlorhexidine, methylene blue, rosin, biofilms, dental enamel

Background: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) has been reported as an adverse effect from the use of several glucose sensors and insulin pumps from different manufacturers. Isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) has been identified as a major culprit sensitizer, but also other acrylates and (modified) colophonium have been reported as causes of ACD. Objectives: To report the two first cases diagnosed with ACD caused by the Dexcom G7 (DG7) glucose sensor. Patients and Methods: Two children with suspected ACD from DG7 were patch tested with our medical device series with an addition of selected test preparations including two variants of modified colophonium – methyl hydrogenated rosinate (MHR) and glyceryl hydrogenated rosinate (GHR). Both patients were also tested with acetone extracts made from different parts of the DG7 sensor. The extracts were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results: Both patients tested positive to IBOA, hydroabietyl alcohol and GHR. In addition, patient 1 had a positive reaction to MHR and patient 2 had a positive reaction to colophonium. The GC–MS analyses showed the presence of IBOA and colophonium‐related substances in the DG7 extracts. Conclusions: Both patients were diagnosed with contact allergy to well‐known medical device‐related sensitizers. The presence of IBOA and (modified) colophonium in a newly introduced (on the Swedish market in 2023) glucose sensor is remarkable and indicates an inadequate toxicological assessment of the materials used in the sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iso-amyl ester rosin was synthesized and investigated for its potential utilization in medium density fiberboard (MDF) production. The isoamyl alcohol, the main starting material for the synthesis of isoamyl ester rosin, was obtained through the fractional distillation of fusel oil, a byproduct of bioethanol production. The optimum condition for the iso-amyl ester rosin synthesis was determined as: rosin (165 mmol), isoamyl alcohol (413 mmol), P-TSA/rosin 1.5% (w/w), and commercial additive/rosin 0.15% (w/w). The esterification reaction was followed by FT-IR and mass analysis. For MDF production, a water-repellent material, commercial paraffin (1.5% w/w relative to the dry fiber weight), iso-amyl ester rosin (1.5% and 2.0%; w/w), and unmodified rosin (1.5% and 2.0% w/w) were separately used. In addition, fresh wood fibers, 10% w/w urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive (relative to the total dry fiber weight), and a 25% aqueous solution of ammonium chloride (as the hardening agent for the UF adhesive, at 0.5% w/w based on the solid adhesive content) were used. MDFs underwent various physical and mechanical tests. Isoamyl ester rosin showed promising results based on the analysis. The results showed that the isoamyl ester rosin can be considered as an alternative to paraffin in sustainable and environmentally friendly MDF production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a phenomenological kinetic modeling of the disproportionation of rosin with a well-known antioxidant and bleaching agent, antioxidant 300, also known as 4,4′-thio-bis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) under thermal conditions adequate for rosin esterification with polyols such as glycerol or pentaerythritol, is studied. The temperature was varied in the 260–280 °C range, while the catalyst was either absent or added till a 2% w/w amount relative to rosin. The composition of the reaction liquid was followed by GC-MS to identify the rosin acids present in each sample and GC-FID to quantify them. Gas chromatography analyses indicated that abietic acids were involved in dehydrogenation, isomerization and disproportionation reactions, while pimaric acid underwent a number of isomerization reactions, dehydroabietic acid being the main product of the disproportionation process, while abietic acid almost disappeared in the more reactive conditions. Several kinetic models featuring direct hydrogenation, disproportionation, isomerization, and dehydrogenation reactions were proposed and fitted, step by step, to all relevant data. Physicochemical and statistical discrimination allowed for the selection of the most adequate model, which includes abietic, neoabietic and palustric acid dehydrogenation to dehydroabietic acid, abietic acid disproportionation to di- and dehydroabietic acid, and pimaric acid isomerization. In any case, a model with isomerization of all abietic-type acids towards abietic acid before its further transformation via dehydrogenation and disproportionation reactions seems statistically valid as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chemistry & Industry of Forest Products is the property of Chemistry & Industry of Forest Products Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a severe hemorrhagic disease in pigs, leading to up to 100% case fatality. The virus May persist on solid surfaces for long periods; thus, fomites, such as contaminated clothing, footwear, farming tools, equipment, and transport vehicles, May contribute to the indirect transmission of the virus. Here, a plastic surface functionalized with tall oil rosin was tested against ASFV. The rosin-functionalized plastic reduced ASFV infectious virus titers by 1.3 log10 after 60 min of contact time and killed all detectable viruses after 120 min, leading to a ~ 6 log10 reduction. In contrast, the infectious virus titer of ASFV in contact with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic reduced

Iso-amyl ester rosin was synthesized and investigated for its potential utilization in medium density fiberboard (MDF) production. The isoamyl alcohol, the main starting material for the synthesis of isoamyl ester rosin, was obtained through the fractional distillation of fusel oil, a byproduct of bioethanol production. The optimum condition for the iso-amyl ester rosin synthesis was determined as: rosin (165 mmol), isoamyl alcohol (413 mmol), P-TSA/rosin 1.5% (w/w), and commercial additive/rosin 0.15% (w/w). The esterification reaction was followed by FT-IR and mass analysis. For MDF production, a water-repellent material, commercial paraffin (1.5% w/w relative to the dry fiber weight), iso-amyl ester rosin (1.5% and 2.0%; w/w), and unmodified rosin (1.5% and 2.0% w/w) were separately used. In addition, fresh wood fibers, 10% w/w urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive (relative to the total dry fiber weight), and a 25% aqueous solution of ammonium chloride (as the hardening agent for the UF adhesive, at 0.5% w/w based on the solid adhesive content) were used. MDFs underwent various physical and mechanical tests. Isoamyl ester rosin showed promising results based on the analysis. The results showed that the isoamyl ester rosin can be considered as an alternative to paraffin in sustainable and environmentally friendly MDF production.

Gum rosin is an important agricultural commodity which is widely used as a raw material for various industries. However, gum rosin has low stability, crystallizes easily, and tends to oxidize. This is due to carboxyl groups and conjugated double bonds in gum rosin’s structure. Therefore, to reduce these weaknesses, it is necessary to modify the rosin compound to achieve better stability via the esterification process. This paper surveys esterification agents such as glycerol, pentaerythritol, methanol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (PEG), allyl group, and starch Rosin ester. The product is used in the manufacture of pressure-sensitive adhesives, drug delivery, solder flux for electronic devices, as a plasticizer, and as a coating agent in fertilizers. In general, the esterification reaction between alcohols and carboxylic acids is very slow without a catalyst. Heterogeneous catalysts have the advantage of controlling size, structure, spatial distribution, surface composition, thermal-chemical stability, and selectivity. Among the catalysts for gum rosin esterification are ZSM-5, Fe3O4, ZnO, Calcium, TiO2, Kaolin, and Al2O3, among others. Different catalysts and esterification agents can produce various physical and chemical properties of rosin ester and will result in specific rosin ester products, such as glycerol ester, pentaerythritol ester, methyl ester, glycol ester, allyl ester, and acid starch-based rosin.

Copyright of Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society is the property of Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) caused by antimicrobial-resistant ESKAPE pathogens are a significant concern for the healthcare industry, with an estimated cost of up to $45 billion per year in the US alone. Clostridioides difficile is an additional opportunistic pathogen that also poses a serious threat to immunocompromised patients in hospitals. Infections caused by these pathogens lead to increased hospital stays and repeated readmission, resulting in a significant economic burden. Disinfectants and sporicidals are essential to reduce the risk of these pathogens in hospitals, but commercially available products can have a number of disadvantages including inefficacy, long contact times, short shelf lives, and operator health hazards. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of Rosin (a natural substance secreted by coniferous trees as a defence mechanism against wounds in tree bark) and its commercial derivative Rosetax-21 as disinfectants and sporicidal against the six ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Enterobacter species) and spore preparations from C. difficile. Methods and Results Both Rosin and Rosetax-21 were tested under simulated clean and dirty conditions [with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)] against the ESKAPE pathogens, and C. difficile spore preparations. In clean conditions, Rosin (5% weight/volume: w/v) demonstrated significant efficacy against five of the ESKAPE pathogens, with A. baumannii and Enterococcus faecium being the most susceptible, and K. pneumoniae the most resistant, showing only a 1-log reduction after a 5 min treatment. However, in dirty conditions, all pathogens including K. pneumoniae exhibited at least a 3-log reduction to Rosin within 5 min. Rosetax-21 (5% w/v) was found to be less effective than Rosin in clean conditions, a trend that was exacerbated in the presence of BSA. Additionally, both Rosin and Rosetax-21 at 2.5% (w/v) achieved complete eradication of C. difficile spores when combined with 0.5% glutaraldehyde, though their standalone sporicidal activity was limited. Conclusions The findings from this study highlight the potential of Rosin and Rosetax-21 as both bactericidal and sporicidal disinfectants, with their efficacy varying based on the conditions and the pathogens tested. This presents an avenue for the development of novel healthcare disinfection strategies, especially against HAIs caused by antimicrobial-resistant ESKAPE pathogens and C. difficile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosin-based polyurethane microspheres (5-Fu / RPUMs) are prepared by suspension polymerization using 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) as the model drug rosin-based polyurethane (RPU) synthesized by prepolymerization, and extension and neutralization method as the carrier single factor experiment is used to optimize drug-loaded conditions. Infrared spectrometer X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer are used to characterize drug-loaded microspheres. The in-vitro release performance and drug release kinetics model of drug-loaded microspheres are studied. The results show that 5-Fu / RPUMs are successfully prepared with an average particle size of 35. 0 μm and a smooth, rounded surface with holes. The optimal loading conditions are ρ5-Fu = 120 mg / mL and n-butanol / toluene as pore-forming agent. Under these conditions, the encapsulation rate of RPU to 5-Fu reaches 63. 35% and the drug loading is 7. 60%. 5-Fu / RPUMs is pH sensitive showing different sustainable release at different pH. In PBS buffer solution with pH= 6. 8, the cumulative release rate after 264 h is 65. 80%, showing a long-acting sustainable release effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pine resin is a product obtained from plants belonging to the Pinaceae family and traditionally used in the treatment of wounds. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of pine resin in corneal wounds. Material-Methods: In this study, three groups of 7 male Wistar Albino rats (n=7), each 2 months old, were established. To create the corneal wound model, the rats were anesthetized and the borders of the wound to be created on the corneal surface were determined using a 3 mm punch biopsy, then the first two layers of the cornea were removed with a corneal knife. Then, the first group was considered as the control group and no treatment was performed. The second group was determined as the pine resin group and applied once a day. The third group was considered as the drug group and was administered once a day. Fluorescein staining was performed every day for three days and the results were recorded. Results: Pine resin group showed the fastest recovery. On the third day, the rats were euthanized, and their eyes were enucleated. The collected eyes were sent for histopathologic examination and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The lesions in the examined specimens were evaluated under microscope for hyperemia, vascularization, cellular infiltration and corneal edema. Conclusion: As a result of the study, ulceration was observed in the pine resin group. The study concluded that pine resin reduces clinical symptoms and promotes healing in corneal wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dehydroabietyl polyethylene glycol glycidyl ether-grafted hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) polymer surfactant (DA (EO)5GE-g-HEC) was prepared using ring-opening polymerization with biobased rosin and hydroxyethyl cellulose as feedstocks. Dehydroabietyl polyethylene glycol glycidyl ether (DA(EO)5GE) was formed by condensation of dehydroabietyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (Rosin derivative: DA(EO)5H) and epichlorohydrin. The grafting degree of DA(EO)5GE-g-HEC was manipulated by adjusting the mass ratio of HEC and DA(EO)5GE and confirmed by EA. According to the formula, when m(HEC)/m(DA(EO)2GE) was 1:1~1:5, the grafting rate of DA(EO)5GE in DA(EO)5GE-g-HEC varied from 34.43% to 38.33%. The surface activity and foam properties of DA(EO)5GE-g-HEC aqueous solution were studied. The results showed that with the increase in grafting rate, the critical micellar concentration (CMC) in aqueous solution changed from 1.28 to 0.96 g/L. The results of the thermogravimetric analysis showed that the temperature range of the main stage of mass loss of DA(EO)5GE-g-HEC was 310°C~410°C, and the thermal decomposition processes of the samples with five mass ratios were similar. An oil in water emulsion was prepared by choosing cyclohexane as the oil phase and DA(EO)5GE-g-HEC as the emulsifier. The effect of DA(EO)5GE-g-HEC mass fraction on emulsion particle size and stability was analyzed. The results suggested that when the oil-water ratio was 8:2 with 0.4% emulsifier, the emulsion droplets were the smallest in terms of particle size and were the most stable. The rheological test results showed that the apparent viscosity decreased with the increase in shear rate and showed a typical elastic gel phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinus pinaster forestry occupies >20% of the forest ecosystem area in the continental territory of Portugal with a high impact on the national economy. This species' major derived non-wood product is oleoresin, the raw material for rosin production. Rosin comprises mainly a blend of resin acids and has broad industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Oleoresin production in Portugal has been progressively reduced due to low-cost producers in other countries; currently, it reaches only 2% of the existing P. pinaster trees. To support this value chain, the chemical fingerprint of rosin derived from the national forest requires focused analysis. In the present study, we collected oleoresin within seven geographically distinct pure P. pinaster forests in two consecutive collection years. A high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method was used to quantify the diversity of resin acids in the corresponding rosin samples. Overall, the acquired data highlighted that the profile of resin acids in P. pinaster rosin produced in Portugal is highly regular, regardless of the forest location, having as the major constituents abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid. The diversity of resin acids is possibly influenced, to a minor extent, by some edaphoclimatic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to reveal the effects of flexible chain lengths on rosin-based epoxy resin's properties. Two rosin-based epoxy monomers with varying chain lengths were synthesized: AR-EGDE (derived from ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether-modified acrylic acid rosin) and ARE (derived from acrylic acid rosin and epichlorohydrin). Diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) with different flexible chain lengths were used as curing agents. The adhesion, impact, pencil hardness, flexibility, water and heat resistance, and weatherability of the epoxy resins were systematically examined. It was found that when the flexible chains of rosin-based epoxy monomers were grown from ARE to AR-EGDE, due to the increased space of rosin-based fused rings, the toughness, adhesion, and water resistance of the rosin-based epoxy resins were enhanced, while the pencil hardness and heat resistance decreased. However, when the flexible chains of curing agents were lengthened, the resin's performance did not change significantly because the space between the fused rings changed little. This indicates that the properties of the rosin-based resins can only be altered when the introduced flexible chain increases the space between the fused rings. The study also compared rosin-based resins to E20, a commercial petroleum-based epoxy of the bisphenol A type. The rosin-based resins demonstrated superior adhesion, water resistance, and weatherability compared to the E20 resins, indicating the remarkable durability of the rosin-based resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio‐based alternatives for petroleum‐based epoxy resin curing agents, such as maleopimaric acid (MPA), are indispensable for sustainable fiber reinforced polymer composites with thermosetting matrices. However, previous investigations disregarded the importance of choosing the right stoichiometric ratio R between the anhydride groups in the rosin‐based curing agent and the epoxy groups in the resin. Therefore, the influence of R on the curing kinetics and mechanical properties of an epoxy resin cured with a rosin‐based anhydride is studied. Here, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) indicates that for R ⩾ 0.9 unreacted anhydride groups are present in the thermoset. Consequently, the network density decreases and the glass transition temperature Tg drops by about 40 °C. On the other hand, the steric hindrance of unreacted functional groups for R ⩾ 0.9, increases the flexural modulus and the reduced network density improves fracture toughness. The results indicate that the best R for overall high mechanical performance and good processability is preferably low (R ⩽ 0.7). Here, a low R results in a high Tg and good processability due to a low viscosity. However, the latency of the mixtures is low and therefore, the mixtures are not fit for processing via prepreg technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid dispersion materials of abietic acid (ABA) in mechanically fibrillated cellulose nanofiber (CNF), TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCNF), and partially deacetylated chitin nanofiber (ChNF) without or with aluminum sulfate (Alum) were prepared using a conventional solvent-evaporation method. ABA was retained in basically an amorphous form in the solid dispersion materials. The interactions between ABA and the nanofibers (NFs) were different between anionic NFs (CNF and TOCNF) and cationic NF (ChNF)-containing solid dispersion materials. The ABA dissolved in water from CNF- and ChNF-containing solid dispersion materials increased with an increase in shaking time and leveled off, whereas the amount released from TOCNF-containing solid dispersion materials increased rapidly, reached a maximum at the initial stage and then decreased gradually. The different behaviors might be presumed to depend on the narrowness of the NF fiber width rather than the ionic nature of the NFs. Alum basically inhibited ABA dissolution from CNF-containing solid materials, whereas it promoted ABA dissolution from TOCNF and ChNF-containing solid materials unless Alum addition was excessive. The former might correspond to a decrease of dissolved colloidal substances by Alum in acidic papermaking systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pine rosin acid or Gondorukem is a solid resin obtained from pine sap. It is yielded as residue from a high temperature distillation process. In industry, rosin acid is widely used and modified as raw material in paint, ink, adhesive, resin, thermoplastic, and thermosetting polymer. Modification process generally is undergone to generate rosin acid with specific properties and for certain purposes. This paper report, potassium permanganate oxidation reaction of pine rosin acid under acidic process at low temperature. Product identified as 13,14-seco-13-oxoabiet-7-ene-dioic acid (0.52%), 7,8-dihydroxy-abietic acid (6.62%), and 7-oxo-dehydroabietic acid (1.49%). The crude product was isolated as a pale to white solid. Under high temperature a yellowish product was resulted. In overall, the yield isolated in between 46.4% and 86.0%

The emergence of vitrimer, a new class of polymer materials can address the problem of recyclability, reprocess ability and recyclability of thermosetting plastics. Rosin, a natural product, is an ideal raw material for the preparation of polymers in a more sustainable way. Nevertheless, due to the huge steric hindrance caused by the hydrogenated phenanthrene ring structure, the cross-link density of materials is frequently lowered. In this study, hydrogenated rosin was adopted for preparing hydrogenated rosin side-chain type diacids, which were reacted with mixed epoxy to obtain rosin side-chain type vitrimers. It was completely characterized by differential scanning calorimetry test, thermogravimetric analysis, shape memory test and self-healing test. The prepared vitrimers exhibited good self-healing properties, excellent heat resistance (Td = 352 °C) as well as high mechanical properties (tensile strength of 46.75 MPa). The tricyclic diterpene structure of rosin was introduced into the side chain in order to avoid the reduction of cross-link density resulting from the huge steric hindrance of the rigid tricyclic hydrophenylene skeleton. Vitrimers can undergo dynamic transesterification reaction without external catalysts due to the autocatalytic effect of tertiary amines from epoxy. Moreover, our work expanded the application field of rosin, increased the added value of rosin, and provided a novel method for preparing rosin-based vitrimers with ideal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinus pinaster forestry occupies >20% of the forest ecosystem area in the continental territory of Portugal with a high impact on the national economy. This species’ major derived non-wood product is oleoresin, the raw material for rosin production. Rosin comprises mainly a blend of resin acids and has broad industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Oleoresin production in Portugal has been progressively reduced due to low-cost producers in other countries; currently, it reaches only 2% of the existing P. pinaster trees. To support this value chain, the chemical fingerprint of rosin derived from the national forest requires focused analysis. In the present study, we collected oleoresin within seven geographically distinct pure P. pinaster forests in two consecutive collection years. A high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method was used to quantify the diversity of resin acids in the corresponding rosin samples. Overall, the acquired data highlighted that the profile of resin acids in P. pinaster rosin produced in Portugal is highly regular, regardless of the forest location, having as the major constituents abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid. The diversity of resin acids is possibly influenced, to a minor extent, by some edaphoclimatic factors.

Rosin-based fluorescent polyurethane emulsion (FPU) was prepared using isophorone diisocyanate, ester of acrylic rosin and glycidyl methacrylate, 1,5-dihydroxy naphthalene (1,5-DN), and 1,4-butanediol as the raw materials. Then, rosin-based fluorescent polyurethane microspheres (FPUMs) were successfully prepared by suspension polymerization method using FPU as the main material, azodiisobutyronitrile as the initiator, and gelatin as the dispersant. FPUMs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence spectra, and the response performance of FPUMs to pH was studied. The results showed that FPUMs were successfully prepared. With the increase of the level of 1,5-DN, the particle size of FPUMs increased gradually, and the fluorescence intensity increased first and then decreased. When the level of 1,5-DN was 3 wt.%, the average particle size was 49.3 μm, the particle distribution index (PDI) was 1.05, and the fluorescence intensity was the largest (3662 a.u.). The fluorescence intensity of FPUMs increased linearly with the decrease of pH, which can be used for pH detection in solution. Furthermore, the FPUMs exhibited good thermal stability, anti-interference and recoverability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico, there is a deficit in the production of pine resin, because it relies on natural forests only. Therefore, it is necessary to select provenances and phenotypes of potential species such as P. oocarpa. The objective was to determine the difference between provenances and the variation in resin components and quality, as well as the effect of geographic and climatic factors. Resin from five provenances was collected from southern Mexico. The percentage of rosin, turpentine and water was obtained, as well as the acidity and saponification index. P. oocarpa resin had 80.94% rosin, 7.7% turpentine and 11.49% water. The saponification and acidity index was 125.47 and 117.49 mg KOH.g−1, respectively. All variables showed differences (p ≤ 0.0001) between provenances. The provenance contributed between 6.44 and 11.71% to the total variance, the error contributed between 88.29 and 93.56%. Geographic and climatic variables only had an effect on the percentage of turpentine; the correlation was negative with altitude and longitude, but positive with temperature and precipitation. The results allow defining seed collection sites for resin plantations and orienting the selection for a P. oocarpa improvement program.