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Turbulence within the tropical cyclone boundary layer plays a crucial role in the exchange of heat, moisture, and momentum between the surface and the atmosphere. This study investigates the characteristics of coherent structures, specifically streaks and rolls, using large eddy simulations. Our results highlight significant differences across the three radius cases, with smaller radius exhibiting more intense and organized turbulence and streak/roll structures. Our analyses reveal that thermodynamic conditions significantly impact the timing of initial streak/roll development but do not affect their intensity in the steady state. Wind structures closer to the tropical cyclone center lead to stronger and more rapidly developing streaks/rolls, indicating their critical role in determining the intensity and formation of these features. Sensitivity tests on the Coriolis parameter (f) and radial decay parameter of tangential wind (n) show minimal impact on the development of streaks/rolls, suggesting these factors are less influential compared to wind and thermodynamic conditions.

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To increase the intake of fruits and vegetables, especially among young people, the food industry is trying to develop new, ready-to-eat products, such as snacks and breakfast spreads. Nowadays, consumers are choosing their foods based not only on sensory attributes but also on nutritional/functional properties. Fig is the one of the oldest plants cultivated on the earth which is rich in phytochemicals and minerals. The present study was designed to analyze three sun-dried Fig varieties named Afghani, Irani and Turkish for nutritional composition including proximate and minerals (mg/100 g) content and to develop value-added products such as Fig rolls and honey to increase the utilization of Figs in the daily routine. For this purpose, the Fig roll was prepared by filling Fig paste (which was changed gradually from 0 g, 2 g, 3 g, 4 g and 5 g in different treatments) in the chickpea-based dough. Whereas Fig honey was prepared by gradually replacing honey (commercially available) with prepared Fig liquid (from 0%, 20%, 40%, 80%, 100%) in different treatments. Results revealed that the Afghani Fig has the highest protein (4.96%), ash (5.29%), potassium (1148.13), magnesium (198.37) calcium (122.80) and zinc (2.80), whereas the Turkish Fig has a high fiber content (9.38%). However, Fig rolls have 3 g Fig paste filling and the Fig honey prepared with 60% Fig liquid paste was well accepted by consumers for their appearance (8.30, 8.07), flavour (8.53, 7.43), and overall acceptability (8.42, 7.80 respectively) assessed by 9-hedonic scale. The nutrition fact of Fig rolls and honey was also calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of a study of the influence of parameters of the temper rolling process of hot-rolled strips under the conditions of continuous pickling unit no. 4 of PJSC Severstal with an assessment of the formation of their surface roughness are presented. Patterns of changes in strip roughness during temper rolling were obtained depending on the mileage of work rolls prepared using electrical erosion texturing. Based on an assessment of the stressed state of the metal in the deformation zone, the patterns of influence of the parameters of the temper rolling process of hot-rolled pickled strips on the degree of transfer of roll roughness to the surface of the strip are determined. Recommendations for choosing rational tempering regimes are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the problems of poor flexibility of conventional roll forming of circular tubes, the UDF (USTB-Durable F) flexible roll forming method was used to model and simulate five kinds of thin-walled circular tubes with different thicknesses and the same outer diameter, so as to verify the applicability of UDF flexible roll forming method. In order to realize the commonality of UDF rolls, according to the roll positions of seven kinds of thin-walled circular tubes with different outer diameters and thicknesses within the specification range, mathematical models between tube specifications and corresponding roll position parameters were established. Combined with the actual parameters of the thin-walled circular tube roll forming unit, the UDF forming process suitable for the flexible forming of thin-walled circular tubes was obtained and compared with the conventional process by finite element simulation. Results show that the edge molding quality of the UDF process is better than that of the conventional process, and the amount of springback is less and the accuracy of the outer diameter of the section is high. The establishment of the roll position mathematical model and the special process parameters of the UDF flexible roll forming method provides a reference for the development of flexible production of roll forming of circular tubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove the existence of domain walls for the Bénard–Rayleigh convection in the case of "rigid–free" boundary conditions. In the recent work (Haragus and Iooss in Arch Ration Mech Anal 239:733–781, 2021), we studied this bifurcation problem in the cases of "rigid–rigid" and "free–free" boundary conditions. In the three cases, for the existence proof we use a spatial dynamics approach in which the governing equations are written as an infinite-dimensional dynamical system. A center manifold theorem shows that bifurcating domain walls lie on a 12-dimensional center manifold, and can be constructed as heteroclinic solutions connecting periodic solutions of the restriction of the dynamical system to this center manifold. The existence proof for these heteroclinic connections then relies upon a normal form analysis, the construction of a leading order heteroclinic connection, and the implicit function theorem. The main difference between the case of "rigid–free" boundary conditions considered here and the two cases in Haragus and Iooss (2021), is the loss of a vertical reflection symmetry of the governing equations. This symmetry was exploited in Haragus and Iooss (2021) to show that bifurcating domain walls lie on an 8-dimensional invariant submanifold of the center manifold. Consequently, the heteroclinic connections were found as solutions of an 8-dimensional, instead of a 12-dimensional, dynamical system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an algorithm based on Continuous Morlet Wavelet Transform (CMWT) is developed to detect Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer (MABL) rolls using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. Here wavelet variance maps are generated to delineate the MABL rolls feature from the data on the basis of an exceedance probability threshold. The main challenge here was to select the most energetic wavelet variance map. Through this study, automatic identification of MABL roll features was carried out for the first time over the Bay of Bengal (BOB) region which is the hub of interesting atmosphere–ocean interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—Two technological processes of electroslag cladding onto rolls in a current-carrying mold are considered. It is shown that when cladding with a discrete material, both manufacturing and reductive cladding can be performed with the use of any method for relative motion of the mold and the roll under cladding. The lectroslag cladding with the use of liquid metal is carried out according to a pattern for extracting the roll under cladding from a permanently fixed mold. Technological equipment used for both cladding processes is presented. It is noted that the equipment is similar for these processes with the exception of dosing units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model for the heat exchange of roll fittings rolls with a rolled piece and cooling water is considered. This thermal model can be used to determine the temperature of the rolls both in their volume and on the working surfaces. To model the thermal state of the rolls, a three-dimensional heat conduction equation is derived and boundary conditions are selected. The formulated system of equations is solved using the FlowVision program by the finite difference method, by introducing a three-dimensional mesh on a roll and using the operator splitting method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formation mechanisms of the stress-strain state (SSS) of rolls of the cold-rolled strips during heating, isothermal tempering and cooling during annealing in bell furnaces have been studied. Detailed analysis of the influence of annealing temperature ramping conditions on the appearance of critical inter-windings pressures in the rolls resulting in the strips surface "kinks" ("breaks") and other types of defects have been provided. Shown here are the possibilities of influencing the roll' SSS during annealing by controlling the duration of isothermal exposure and the rate of subsequent roll cooling under the furnace muffle. Thus, the influence of the cold rolling on the rolls' SSS is considered as well. Optimized temperature ramps regimes are recommended for the thin strips' roll annealing in the production of the cold-rolled steel intended for highly complex stretching, providing prevention of adhesion-welding of the adjacent windings of the rolls and delivering high quality finished products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the boundary conditions of heat transfer in steel manufacturing is a very important issue. The heat transfer effect during contact of two solid bodies occurs in the continuous casting steel process. The temperature fields of solids taking part in heat transfer are described by the Fourier equation. The boundary conditions of heat transfer must be determined to get an accurate solution to the heat conduction equation. The heat flux between the tool and the object processed depends mainly on temperature, pressure and time. It is very difficult and complicated to accomplish direct identification and determination of the boundary conditions in this process. The solution to this problem may be the construction of a process model, performing measurements at a test stand, and using numerical methods. The proposed model must be verified on the basis of parameters which can easily be measured in industrial processes. One of them is temperature, which may be used in inverse methods to determine the heat transfer coefficient. This work presents the methodology for determining the heat flux between two solid bodies staying in contact. It consists of two stages – the experiment and the numerical computation. The problem was solved by using the finite element method (FEM) and a numerical program developed at AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow. The findings of the conducted research are relationships describing the value of the heat flux versus the contact time and surface temperature.

Present work aims at sensitizing the failure analysts about the importance of visiting the site of failure and careful visual observations of the failed components as well as the system in totality. The crucial role of visual observations is illustrated using two case studies on failures of (i) expansion bellow of gas cleaning system of an iron blast furnace and (ii) set of work roll and back-up roll. In the former case, visual observations alone could help in arriving at the most probable cause of failure and taking corrective actions that prevented any subsequent failure. In case of failure of rolls, the chronology of failure could be established. It was concluded from the visual observation itself that the fatigue failure of the work roll was followed by catastrophic brittle fracture of the back-up roll. Thus, visual observations can provide important guidelines for subsequent in-depth metallurgical analysis to delve deeper into the mechanism of failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The flattening process is used to intensify the grinding of grain during varietal milling of wheat, while the optimal gap between the rolls of the ivy system remains uncertain. Materials and methods. Flattening was carried out in a laboratory ivy machine with a roller diameter of 144.0 mm; 68.4 mm and a rotation speed of 14.6 s-1. Grinding of wheat grain was carried out in a roller mill. The length of the rollers is 70 mm; the number of rifts per 1 cm circle of rollers is 6, the slope of the rifts is 12%, the ratio of circular speeds is 1:2, the speed of rotation of the high-speed roller is 3.93 m/s, the diameter of the rollers is 150 mm, the interdependence of the rifts is the back on the back, the angles of exacerbation of the rifts are 35°/70°. The mode of grinding wheat grain in the ivy machine and in the roller mill was determined by sifting the products obtained through a sieve with holes of 1.0 mm. Granulometric analysis of crushed products was determined by sifting on a standard set of sieves with module Δ≈1.21. Result and discussion. When grinding ivy products in a roller mill, the total yield of intermediate products is nonlinear in nature and can be approximated by the equation of the second degree. The optimal distance between the rollers of the ivy machine is 1.4 mm, provided that small products after flattening were previously isolated from the mixture of the flattened product. The total product of intermediate products after flattening and grinding in the roller mill has a complex nonlinear nature, which did not allow to establish the optimal value of the gap value between the rollers of the ivy system. The total product of intermediate products obtained in total during flattening and grinding is 2.9 % greater than the total product product yield obtained only in the roller mill with small ivy products previously removed. Differential curves are polymodal and have 5 maximums. Integral curves have an S-shaped appearance. When grinding whole grain, the total yield of intermediate products is greater than when grinding flattened grain in a roller mill under the same conditions. When crushing flattened grain, a greater number of large fractions of products are formed due to small ones. Conclusion. In the range of the established optimal clearance between the rolls of the flattening machine, there are no significant differences between the two methods of grinding wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article shows the unique capabilities of the physical non-destructive magnetoelastic method by the example of creating a small atlas of the principal stresses trajectories fields (isostat) during electric arc deposition. The object of the research is two plates from steel St3 with dimensions of 500x400x8 and 400x200x8 mm, attached along the edges. Six deposition variants are carried out on their surface using a semiautomatic device in a carbon dioxide environment: 'Parallel rolls', 'Circles', 'Fork', 'Arcs', 'Cross', 'Angle', imitating common weld seams. The work presents the sequence of the isostat detection process: drawing a coordinate net on a sample, determining the inclination angles values of tangents related to the trajectories of the greatest principal stresses in the net knots, graphic constructions. The magnetoelastic method is implemented through the use mechanical stress metre – MSM-4 M with a sensor base of 5 mm, an operating frequency of 1000 Hz, an inclinometer error of ±2 degrees. An atlas of typical isostat fields is created on the basis of control at 1900 net knots on the surface of a compact steel sample. Visualization of power flows is provided, which makes the steel appear to be 'transparent' and opens up additional opportunities for researchers and production engineers to optimize deposition and welding technologies, and to evaluate the effectiveness of reducing residual stresses in various ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of News of Kazakhstan Science / Novosti nauki Kazahstana is the property of NCSTE (JSC National Center for State Scientific and Technical Evaluations) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The piercing of billets in a helical rolling mill with guide disks is considered. The resulting sleeve sizes are shown to differ significantly from the sizes of the sleeves produced using other piercing schemes because of severe tangential deformation. As a result, the energy–force parameters of piercing are different and the results of their calculations according to the generally accepted empirical dependences are inadequate. The results of piercing simulation with the QFORM 3D software package are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formative patterns of gaps between turns of cold-rolled strips in rolls and the ways these gaps affect the stress-and-strain state (SSS) of these rolls are disclosed. The effects of surface roughness, temperature, physical mechanical properties, strain degree, and hardening of cold-rolled steel on the interturn gaps in and the roll's SSS are analyzed in detail. Possibilities of affecting the roll's SSS by adjusting the cold-rolling temperature of fine strips and tinplate are exposed. Recommendations on choosing thermal-speed modes of strip rolling and coiling are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the roller (three-roll) molding of a plate stock, based on elastoplastic bending, is investigated. Physical models of the deformation zone during the interaction of the workpiece with rolls are presented considering two stages: when the upper roll is moved without rotating the rolls and when all three rolls are rotated without moving the upper roll. The results of an experimental study of the deformation zone parameters are obtained, and they are used to determine the profile of the tubular billet during molding on a specialized bending machine, for the two stages of the bending process. The experiments showed that for the first bending stage, the billet in the zone of separation from the upper roll has a complex curvature and symmetrical three-point and four-point contacts with the rolls. The second stage of bending with the rotation of the rolls is characterized by an asymmetric deformation zone during three-point contact. Finally, the regression equations for the geometric parameters of the bent workpiece profile sections are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the production of high-strength reinforcing bars with a diameter of 9.5 mm from C86D steel, cold-formed rebar with a diameter of 9.7 mm was used, made according to the direct drawing scheme from hot-rolled coiled steel with a diameter of 16.0 mm, which was subjected to cold profiling with a dent depth of 0.20 mm in an idle three-roller stand and subsequent stabilization at a temperature of 390 ± 10°C with a specific technological tension of 480 MPa. The power parameters of the application of a periodic profile on the conversion workpiece, the maximum value of the forces acting on the rollers, as well as the values of the required pulling force, have been determined. It has been experimentally shown that a 5.0% decrease in the idle cross-section of a reinforcing bar after deposition of indentations and stabilization is compensated by an increase in σu and σ0.2 by 4.6 and 8.7%, respectively. It has been shown that correction of roll adjustment is necessary during the line riding period and development of process tension. The proposed methodological approach with the use of modeling makes it possible to design equipment for the profiling of rebar integrated into the line of the stabilization section with a pulling device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The electrospark deposition of coatings onto SPKhN–60 white cast iron samples has been undertaken in two stages. A barrier sublayer has been deposited at the first stage, using chromium and nickel electrodes, and a multifunctional protective coating was deposited at the second stage. The effect of the sublayer on coating properties upon application of STIM–40NAOKn (TiC–NiAl + ) and STIM-11OKn (TiB2–NiAl + ) electrodes is studied. The coating structures are investigated. The grain size of the refractory phase is found to be smaller than 100 nm. The application of double-layer coatings increased the wear and heat resistances of white cast iron samples. Pre-deposition of a nickel sublayer enhanced the heat resistance of STIM-11OKn coating over eightfold. The full-scale tests of the rolls strengthened using SHS electrodes were carried out and positive results were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of News of Kazakhstan Science / Novosti nauki Kazahstana is the property of NCSTE (JSC National Center for State Scientific and Technical Evaluations) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a major steel production technology, cold rolling processes have a strong influence on the final quality of rolled products. Traditionally, cold rolling mill rolls present a controlled surface topography that is imprinted onto the sheet during forming and are often coated, particularly using hard chrome deposition. However, wear of cold rolling rolls can affect tribological performance during rolling. Since the nature of tribological phenomena is highly systemic and evolve with sliding time, it is very challenging to reproduce wear in cold rolling rolls using laboratory tests. This work aimed to establish a methodology to reproduce wear mechanisms found in real cold rolling rolls. Due the high cost and dimensions of the rolls, the replication technique was used. Replicas were obtained from four major rolling mill Brazilian companies before and after a normal rolling campaign. The wear mechanisms in the replicas were evaluated using SEM and laser interferometry. To reproduce these mechanisms in laboratory, reciprocating sliding tests were used, which mimic well the change in the direction of friction force that occurs during rolling. The tests used spherical and cylindrical counter bodies under different normal loads and test times to verify which tribological conditions allowed to reproduce the wear mechanisms found in the replicas. These tests indicated the use of reciprocating sliding tests with cylindrical counter bodies in a line contact, where the evolution in wear can be assessed by tests with different test times. This methodology has a great potential to evaluate the tribological performance of different surface modifications used in cold rolling mill rolls. • Wear mechanisms were identified in industrial practice. • The replication technique was used to copy the roll worn surfaces. • Simple methodology using sliding reciprocating tests. • The laboratory tests reproduced the wear mechanisms in real cold rolling rolls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Processing of Materials / Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov is the property of Institute of Applied Physics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

New design of the mill is suggested in the work. MSC.VisualNastran 4D software of the finite element analysis was used for computer modelling of the longitudinal cold rolling process of the strip and it was calculated the stressstrain state and the vibration of the heavy-duty elements of the longitudinal-wedge mill (LWM) with bearings stands and without the bearings stands. As a result of modelling it was established that strips, rolled in the LWM without bearings stands, have longitudinal and transverse flatness, that is the consequence of the working rolls vibration. It was shown that strips, rolled in the LWM with the bearings stands, have not got any wavy surface. It was proved that during rolling in LWM the dangerous vibrations do not fall into the working space of the external loads, therefore construction of the new mill is good enough, in terms of strength at the vibrations.

In the paper, the mathematical model of the sheet metal rolls handling process was realized in the LBC Adjustment section of Arcelor Mittal S.A. Galati. Mathematical modeling is performed by statistical methods, namely active regression analysis. The modeling methods by experiment programming are very different because metallurgical processes are varied and complex. We considered as the main influencing factors (the independent variables) the following parameters of the studied process: 1 - the number of rolls - n (number of rolled steel strips / entered in the section for 8 hours); 2 - the number of cranes - m (number of cranes / conveyor bridges from the LBC fitting section). For the problem to be solved, the optimized function must have a physical meaning, be numerically expressed and show extreme values. The objective function for optimizing the flow of rolled steel strips preparation and delivery from the LBC Adjustment section is represented by the storage space with some restrictions. The best value for the objective function is found out by determining some values for the independent process variables, for which the conditions for obtaining some values imposed on dependent variables on minimum energy consumption Q are met.

A coupled heat transfer model of work rolls and an aluminum strip is established to obtain the multi-parameter coupled subsection cooling regulation characteristics of work rolls in aluminum cold rolling. This coupled model includes building the thermal conduction differential equation of the work rolls and strip,solving the strip deformation heat and friction heat,establishing the heat transfer boundary conditions,calculating the work roll thermal crown,and solving the differential equations by using a two-dimensional alternating difference method. Simulation results show that the positive and negative adjustment domains are approximately equal at the same rolling parameters,but each domain is affected by rolling parameters. The increase of rolled length,header pressure and friction coefficient has positive effect on the subsection cooling control ability,while the rolling speed is on the contrary.

Determining the boundary conditions of heat transfer in steel manufacturing is a very important issue. The heat transfer effect during contact of two solid bodies occurs in the continuous casting steel process. The temperature fields of solids taking part in heat transfer are described by the Fourier equation. The boundary conditions of heat transfer must be determined to get an accurate solution to the heat conduction equation. The heat flux between the tool and the object processed depends mainly on temperature, pressure and time. It is very difficult and complicated to accomplish direct identification and determination of the boundary conditions in this process. The solution to this problem may be the construction of a process model, performing measurements at a test stand, and using numerical methods. The proposed model must be verified on the basis of parameters which can easily be measured in industrial processes. One of them is temperature, which may be used in inverse methods to determine the heat transfer coefficient. This work presents the methodology for determining the heat flux between two solid bodies staying in contact. It consists of two stages - the experiment and the numerical computation. The problem was solved by using the finite element method (FEM) and a numerical program developed at AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow. The findings of the conducted research are relationships describing the value of the heat flux versus the contact time and surface temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain-oriented steel is produced to obtain rolled products of a texture decreasing the remagnetizing losses and a surface providing a high adhesion to electrical insulating coatings. This steel is among the most high-tech and expensive steels because it requires significant production costs. The high silicon content of the grain-oriented steel causes intensive wear of roll working surface. The article describes techniques for increasing roll wear resistance and rolled stock operational parameters. The focus is on the effect of topographic parameters of roughness, in particular, the influence of treatment trace direction on surface wear resistance and the formation of rolling texture. Topography is obtained on the roll working surface - perpendicular, inclined, cross one in respect to the roll axis. The research is conducted under laboratory and industrial conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, the mathematical model of the sheet metal rolls handling process was realized in the LBC Adjustment section of Arcelor Mittal S.A. Galati. Mathematical modeling is performed by statistical methods, namely active regression analysis. The modeling methods by experiment programming are very different because metallurgical processes are varied and complex. We considered as the main influencing factors (the independent variables) the following parameters of the studied process: 1 - the number of rolls - n (number of rolled steel strips / entered in the section for 8 hours); 2 - the number of cranes - m (number of cranes / conveyor bridges from the LBC fitting section). For the problem to be solved, the optimized function must have a physical meaning, be numerically expressed and show extreme values. The objective function for optimizing the flow of rolled steel strips preparation and delivery from the LBC Adjustment section is represented by the storage space with some restrictions. The best value for the objective function is found out by determining some values for the independent process variables, for which the conditions for obtaining some values imposed on dependent variables on minimum energy consumption Q are met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A longitudinal-wedge mill of new design is proposed. We present the analysis of the results of mathematical modeling of the elastic deformation of heavy-duty components of the stands of the new mill with the use of the procedure of computer simulation by the finite-element method in the PATRAN-NASTRAN environment. The influence of changes in the diameter of working rolls of the longitudinal-wedge mill on the elastic deformation of heavy-duty components of the stands of the mill is determined. It is shown that the new mill is characterized by a fairly high stiffness of the structure of stands and satisfies the conditions of strength. It is indicated that the process of rolling of strips on the proposed mill makes it possible to obtain finished rolled products without variations in thickness in the longitudinal and transverse directions. As a result of modeling of elastic deformation of the heavy-duty components the stands of the new mill, we develop special measures for their modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accuracy of the Ostwald-de Waele model in solving the problem of roll flow has been assessed by comparing with the "reference" solution for an Ellis fluid. As a result of the analysis, it has been shown that the model based on a power-law equation leads to substantial distortions of the flow pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel non-combustible sandwich panel is extremely fragile in manufacturing and cannot be tensioned between rolls. Previous studies on the roll-to-roll system, which mainly focused on the high-tension situations and little described the low-strength materials, are insufficient. To explore the transportation of low-strength materials, we study the tension distribution of continuous moving flexible one-dimensional materials on a steady-state track. First, we propose a numerical method to calculate the steady-state track of low-strength sheet between rolls considering the gravity, as well as size and position of rolls. Then we obtain the optimum sag at different size and position of rolls. We find out that there is a lower limit of the sheet's strength-density ratio (the Minimum Specific Strength) for a specific set of size and position of rolls. Finally, we establish a method to calculate the lower limit approximately for engineering use. Our method can be generalized in manufacturing other low-strength flexible thin-sheet materials as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New design of the mill is suggested in the work. MSC.VisualNastran 4D software of the finite element analysis was used for computer modelling of the longitudinal cold rolling process of the strip and it was calculated the stressstrain state and the vibration of the heavy-duty elements of the longitudinal-wedge mill (LWM) with bearings stands and without the bearings stands. As a result of modelling it was established that strips, rolled in the LWM without bearings stands, have longitudinal and transverse flatness, that is the consequence of the working rolls vibration. It was shown that strips, rolled in the LWM with the bearings stands, have not got any wavy surface. It was proved that during rolling in LWM the dangerous vibrations do not fall into the working space of the external loads, therefore construction of the new mill is good enough, in terms of strength at the vibrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]