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Impaired healing wounds do not proceed through the normal healing processes in a timely and orderly manner, and while they do eventually heal, their healing is not optimal. Chronic wounds, on the other hand, remain unhealed for weeks or months. In the US alone, chronic wounds impact ~8.5 million people and cost ~USD 28-90 billion per year, not accounting for the psychological and physical pain and emotional suffering that patients endure. These numbers are only expected to rise in the future as the elderly populations and the incidence of comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity increase. Over the last few decades, scientists have used a variety of approaches to treat chronic wounds, but unfortunately, to date, there is no effective treatment. Indeed, while there are thousands of drugs to combat cancer, there is only one single drug approved for the treatment of chronic wounds. This is in part because wound healing is a very complex process involving many phases that must occur sequentially and in a timely manner. Furthermore, models that fully mimic human chronic wounds have not been developed. In this review, we assess various models currently being used to study the biology of impaired healing and chronic non-healing wounds. Among them, this paper also highlights one model which shows significant promise; this model uses aged and obese db/db-/- mice and the chronic wounds that develop show characteristics of human chronic wounds that include increased oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, damaged microvasculature, abnormal collagen matrix deposition, a lack of re-epithelialization, and the spontaneous development of multi-bacterial biofilm. We also discuss how important it is that we continue to develop chronic wound models that more closely mimic those of humans and that can be used to test potential treatments to heal chronic wounds.

Chronic use of nicotine is known to dysregulate metabolic signaling through altering circulating levels of feeding-related hormones, contributing to the onset of disorders like type 2 diabetes. However, little is known about the acute effects of nicotine on hormonal signaling. We previously identified an acute increase in food intake following acute nicotine, and we sought to determine whether this behavior was due to a change in hormone levels. We first identified that acute nicotine injection produces an increase in feeding behavior in dependent rats, but not nondependent rats. We confirmed that chronic nicotine use increases circulating levels of insulin, leptin, and ghrelin, and these correlate with rats' body weight and food intake. Acute nicotine injection in dependent animals decreased circulating GLP-1 and glucagon levels, and administration of glucagon prior to acute nicotine injection prevented the acute increase in feeding behavior. Thus, acute nicotine injection increases feeding behavior in dependent rats by decreasing glucagon signaling.

Somatosensory coding in rodents has been mostly studied in the whisker system and hairy skin, whereas the function of low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) in the rodent glabrous skin has received scant attention, unlike in primates where the glabrous skin has been the focus. The relative activation of different LTMR subtypes carries information about vibrotactile stimuli, as does the rate and temporal patterning of LTMR spikes. Rate coding depends on the probability of a spike occurring on each stimulus cycle (reliability), whereas temporal coding depends on the timing of spikes relative to the stimulus cycle (precision). Using in vivo extracellular recordings in male rats and mice of either sex, we measured the reliability and precision of LTMR responses to tactile stimuli including sustained pressure and vibration. Similar to other species, rodent LTMRs were separated into rapid-adapting (RA) or slow-adapting based on their response to sustained pressure. However, unlike the dichotomous frequency preference characteristic of RA1 and RA2/Pacinian afferents in other species, rodent RAs fell along a continuum. Fitting generalized linear models to experimental data reproduced the reliability and precision of rodent RAs. The resulting model parameters highlight key mechanistic differences across the RA spectrum; specifically, the integration window of different RAs transitions from wide to narrow as tuning preferences across the population move from low to high frequencies. Our results show that rodent RAs can support both rate and temporal coding, but their heterogeneity suggests that coactivation patterns play a greater role in population coding than for dichotomously tuned primate RAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annual outbreaks of Lassa fever have resulted in a public health threat in Nigeria and other endemic countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. While the Lassa Virus (LASV) is endemic in rodent populations, zoonotic spillover to humans causes annual outbreaks. This study reviewed the burden of Lassa fever (LF) in Nigeria between 2020 and 2023 and conducted a cross-sectional survey of Nigerians to evaluate their risk perceptions of LF. During the period under review, 28,780 suspected and 4,036 confirmed cases of LF were reported from 34 of the 37 states of Nigeria. These cases resulted in 762 deaths (a CFR of 18.9%). The overall case positivity rate was 14% (4,036/28,780), with more positive cases in 2020 (17.5%, n = 1,189/6,791). A total of 2,150 study participants were enrolled in the prospective cross-sectional study, with most of them (87.5%, n = 1,881/2,150) having previously heard of Lassa fever (LF). The numerical scoring system revealed that 35.43% (n = 762/1,881) of those aware of LF have poor knowledge of its preventive measures, route of transmission, and control measures. Approximately 6.84% (n = 147/2,150) of them were at a high risk of contracting LF, with 27.6% (n = 584/2,150) of study participants feeling concerned about contracting LF because of the presence of rodents in their immediate vicinity, occupational exposure to healthcare workers, and the probability of contamination of food by infected rodents without necessary food safety measures. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that tertiary education was associated with an increased likelihood of better LF knowledge (OR: 17.32; 95% CI: 10.62, 28.26; p < 0.01) and a lower risk of contracting LF when compared to respondents with no formal education. In addition, study participants who reside in low-burden states have lower LF perception than those residents in high-LF-burden states (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.38–0.91; p = 0.049). On the other hand, study participants with poor risk perception (knowledge) of LF had a higher likelihood (RR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.53; p < 0.01) of contracting LF when compared to those with good knowledge of LF. Similarly, those residents in low LF burden states were less likely (OR: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.05,0.17; p < 0.01) to contract LF when compared to those residents in high burden states. There is a need to improve LF diagnostics capacity, infection prevention and control measures, and implementation of the One Health approach to controlling LASV from animal reservoirs. In addition, public enlightenment campaigns to address fundamental knowledge gaps are crucial to mitigating the ongoing and future impact of LF in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosavirus is a newly discovered member of the family Picornaviridae that was initially detected in wild rodents and subsequently in children with diarrhoea. Nevertheless, there is a significant gap in our understanding of the geographical distribution, phylogenetic relationships, evolutionary patterns, and transmission of rosaviruses. To address these issues, we analysed 434 rodents and shrews from five different species that were collected in southern China. Using PCR screening of faecal samples, we detected rosaviruses in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and identified two previously undocumented host species: tanezumi rats (Rattus tanezumi) and Asian house shrews (Suncus murinus). Rosaviruses were particularly common in these animals, with an overall prevalence rate of 32.49% (141/434). For genetic and evolutionary analyses, we selected six representative positive samples to amplify the complete genomes of rosaviruses. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis suggested that our sequences clustered within the genus Rosavirus, where genotype B sequences are the closest relatives. The elevated nonsynonymous-to-synonymous ratios observed in rosavirus B may be attributed to relaxed selection pressures driven by virus spillover events. On the basis of the available data, it is hypothesized that the genus Rosavirus may have originated from Norway rats around the year 1339. In summary, these findings provide valuable insights into the complex evolutionary history of rosaviruses and underscore the urgent need for ongoing surveillance of this virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rodent scavenging of human remains is repeatedly documented in literature. However, most of this documentation is based on single‐case examples. While this information is valuable, it does not provide an in‐depth understanding of scavenger behavior in a single environment. Mouse scavenging data, in particular, lack larger sample sizes and data representing the full duration of scavenging activity. In documented cases, mice scavenge primarily the hands, the feet, and the head without significant progression into the rest of the body. At the Forensic Investigation Research Station in Whitewater, Colorado, deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus group) scavenged tissue from 11 human donors. Motion activated game cameras and regular field photography documented scavenging progression and deer mouse behavior. Deer mice generally showed a preference for skin and fat, rarely consuming enough muscle to expose bone. The most scavenged sections of the body were the limbs and deer mice generally ignored the hands, the feet, and the head, unlike previous documentation. In a few cases, deer mice consumed tissue on the limbs in a distinct trail pattern. Most of the scavenging began in spring. This sample greatly expands on the existing documentation of mice overall and contributes much needed data on the progression of scavenging. Scavengers can have a significant impact on a death scene, so detailed documentation of different scavengers in a variety of environments can prove useful in the investigation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental time travel is the projection of the mind into the past or future, and relates to experiential aspects of episodic memory, and episodic future thinking. Framing episodic memory and future thinking in this way causes a challenge when studying memory in animals, where demonstration of this mental projection is prevented by the absence of language. However, there is good evidence that non-human animals pass tests of episodic memory that are based on behavioural criteria, meaning a better understanding needs to be had of the relationship between episodic memory and mental time travel. We argue that mental time travel and episodic memory are not synonymous, and that mental time travel is neither a requirement of, nor an irrelevance to, episodic memory. Mental time travel can allow improved behavioural choices based on episodic memory, and work in all species (including humans) should include careful consideration of the behavioural outputs being measured. This article is part of the theme issue 'Elements of episodic memory: lessons from 40 years of research'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life-cycle of Amblyomma calcaratum was evaluated experimentally under laboratory conditions using birds (Serinus canaria, Gallus gallus) and rodents (Calomys callosus) as hosts for immatures and a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as host for adults. Developmental periods of the non-parasitic stages were observed in an incubator at 27 °C and 90% RH. The passerine S. canaria was the most suitable host for larvae and nymphs whereas the rodent C. callosus was not suitable to both immatures; only one engorged larva was recovered. The suitability of S. canaria for larvae and nymphs of A. calcaratum supports field data regarding passerine birds as main hosts for A. calcaratum immatures. Among the Amblyomma species which life cycle has been evaluated under laboratory conditions, A. calcaratum is one with the longest off-host developmental periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wuzhuyu decoction (WZYD) is a well-known classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription and has been widely used to treat headache, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, etc. However, little published information is available about its safety. Our aim was to investigate the acute and subacute oral toxicity of WZYD extract in rats following the technical guidelines from China's National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) for single and repeated doses toxicity studies of drugs. Acute oral toxicity was assessed in rats via oral administration of WZYD extract at 4 g/kg three times within a day followed by a 14-day observation period. To evaluate the subacute toxicity, rats were orally administered with WZYD extract at doses of 0, 0.44, 1.33, and 4 g/kg for 28 days. The items examined included clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, hematological and biochemical parameters, bone marrow smear, organ index, and histopathology. After the rats were administered with 12 g/kg (3 × 4 g/kg) WZYD extract, no mortality and toxic effects were observed during the observation period. In the subacute toxicity study, WZYD extract did not cause any significant treatment-related abnormality in each examined item of rats, so the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of WZYD extract for 28 days orally administered to rats is considered to be 4 g/kg, which is approximately 80-fold of its clinical proposed dosage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological studies concerning salivary glands have emerged as an exciting tool to understand feeding habits. In this sense, this study aimed to describe capybara salivary glands morphology to understand potential morphological associations to this species feeding habits. Macroscopic dissections and microscopic analyses were performed on eight specimens. The findings indicate that capybaras have three pairs of major (parotid, mandibular and sublingual) and two pairs of minors (dorsal and ventral buccal) salivary glands. The parotid gland, the largest, is irregularly shaped, forming small macroscopic lobes. The mandibular gland is rounded and found syntopically alongside the mandible angle and arranged medially to the ventral projection of the parotid gland. The sublingual gland is a compact elongated and semicircular mass. The dorsal and ventral buccal glands are located in the buccal portion of the buccinator muscle. Histologically, the parotid and mandibular glands are composed of serous acini, while the sublingual and buccal (dorsal and ventral) glands consist of mucous tubules containing serous demi‐lunes at their periphery. Capybara salivary glands reveal morphological associations with a predominantly herbivorous diet. The parotid gland, for example, notably developed in size and volume, suggests a specialisation for increased saliva production, necessary for chewing, forming the food bolus, swallowing fibrous foods, and protecting the oral cavity ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rodents are reservoir hosts for zoonotic pathogens that cause tropical diseases, many of which have been overlooked. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of viral lymphocytic choriomeningitis and hantavirus infections, bacterial tularaemia and leptospirosis, and parasitic leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis in rodents that are likely to carry and spread zoonotic agents, by using molecular methods. Methods: A total of 498 voles collected from 20 counties of Erzurum province. Conventional PCR was used for pathogen search. PCR‐positive samples were subjected to sequence analysis. Results: Hantavirus (4.8%, 24/498) and tularaemia (0.8%, 4/498) positivity were detected. However, no positivity was detected for other selected pathogens. Conclusions: Rodents, which are pathogen carriers and potential risk factors, are thought to may act as reservoirs for hantavirus and tularaemia in the study area. A preliminary study has been carried out at the point of detection of these diseases of global importance. The extent of the distribution of the infections, alternative hosts and the consequences of human exposure needs to be clarified through further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the rediscovery of Microtus bavaricus in Germany, a small mammal that had not been recorded here in more than 60 years. Between 2012 and 2014, a citizen science project addressed cat owners and farmers to collect rodents killed by cats and traps. Until 2017, we conducted 3,432 live trap nights to rediscover the species in and around the area of its discovery. However, only a three-step approach (screening large areas for the occurrence of pine voles using camera trapping, live trapping for collecting genetic material, DNA-barcoding) allowed for the rediscovery of this elusive species near Mittenwald in 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Krill oil (KO) has been described as having the potential to ameliorate the detrimental consequences of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the aging brain, though the magnitude and mechanism of this benefit is unclear. We thus hypothesized that dietary KO supplementation could counteract the effects of cognitive aging and an HFD on spatial learning, neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, and synaptic density in the cortex and hippocampus of aged rats. Sixteen-month-old Sprague Dawley rats were fed for 12 weeks while being divided into four groups: control (CON); control with KO supplementation (CONKO); high-fat diet (HF); and high-fat diet with KO supplementation (HFKO). We measured food consumption, body mass, spatial memory (Morris water maze), microglia, neurogenesis, cytokine concentrations, and synaptic markers (post-synaptic density-95 and synaptophysin). Predictably, an HFD did induce significant differences in body weights, with the high-fat groups gaining more weight than the low-fat controls. However, KO supplementation did not produce significant changes in the other quantified parameters. Our results demonstrate that the dietary KO dose provided in the current study does not benefit hippocampal or cortical functions in an aging model. Our results provide a benchmark for future dosing protocols that may eventually prove to be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rodent management involves the use of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). This use has resulted in the selection of numerous resistance alleles in the Vkorc1 gene, encoding the target enzyme of ARs. In Africa, although rodents are a major problem as a consequence of their transport and transmission of zoonotic pathogens, and damage to crops, the use of ARs and the spread of resistance alleles are poorly documented. We attempted to address both issues in Chad which is one of the largest countries in Africa. Owing to its location at the crossroads of central and northern Africa, Chad is representative of many African countries. Methods: Using a sampling of nearly 300 rodents composed of invasive and endemic rodents collected in six of Chad's largest cities, exposure to ARs was analyzed by their quantification in the liver; the spread of AR resistance alleles was analyzed by Vkorc1 sequencing. Results: We demonstrate the use of both ARs generations in Chadian cities and report the total sequencing of the Vkorc1 for 44 Mastomys natalensis with detection of two different haplotypes, the sequencing of the Vkorc1 for two other endemic rodent species, M. kollmannspergeri and Arvicanthis niloticus, and finally the detection of three new missense mutations – V29E, V69E and D127V – in R. rattus, potentially associated with resistance to ARs. Discussion: These results should argue for the implementation of a reasoned management of rodent populations in Africa to avoid the spread of ARs resistance alleles. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Continuously growing teeth are an important innovation in mammalian evolution, yet genetic regulation of continuous growth by stem cells remains incompletely understood. Dental stem cells responsible for tooth crown growth are lost at the onset of tooth root formation. Genetic signaling that initiates this loss is difficult to study with the ever-growing incisor and rooted molars of mice, the most common mammalian dental model species, because signals for root formation overlap with signals that pattern tooth size and shape (i.e., cusp patterns). Bank and prairie voles (Cricetidae, Rodentia, Glires) have evolved rooted and unrooted molars while retaining similar size and shape, providing alternative models for studying roots. Results: We assembled a de novo genome of Myodes glareolus, a vole with high-crowned, rooted molars, and performed genomic and transcriptomic analyses in a broad phylogenetic context of Glires (rodents and lagomorphs) to assess differential selection and evolution in tooth forming genes. Bulk transcriptomics comparisons of embryonic molar development between bank voles and mice demonstrated overall conservation of gene expression levels, with species-specific differences corresponding to the accelerated and more extensive patterning of the vole molar. We leverage convergent evolution of unrooted molars across the clade to examine changes that may underlie the evolution of unrooted molars. We identified 15 dental genes with changing synteny relationships and six dental genes undergoing positive selection across Glires, two of which were undergoing positive selection in species with unrooted molars, Dspp and Aqp1. Decreased expression of both genes in prairie voles with unrooted molars compared to bank voles supports the presence of positive selection and may underlie differences in root formation. Conclusions: Our results support ongoing evolution of dental genes across Glires and identify candidate genes for mechanistic studies of root formation. Comparative research using the bank vole as a model species can reveal the complex evolutionary background of convergent evolution for ever-growing molars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides constitute a major threat to biodiversity, but our understanding of the complex interactions between local and landscape factors influencing their distribution in agroecosystems remains limited. We conducted a pioneering study where we screened spiders, rodents, plants and soils for multiple pesticide residues in perennial crops (orchards and vineyards) managed under organic (N = 8) and integrated pest management (N = 8) systems. We then quantified the proportional representation of major habitat types in surrounding landscapes. Additionally, we conducted interviews with farmers to gain precise insights into pesticide applications. We expected that landscape factors would be more important for mobile entities (i.e. spiders and rodents), while management type would be relatively more important for the sedentary entities (i.e. soils and plants). We detected various pesticides within studied crop types, including several forbidden in the European Union. We found that pesticide distribution in spiders was influenced by the proportion of semi‐natural habitats in the landscape, with pesticide concentration decreasing as the proportion of semi‐natural habitats increased. Additionally, we observed that the spectrum of pesticides in spiders increased with the dominance of web‐building spiders. In contrast, pesticide levels in rodents were not affected by either landscape composition or local management type. For plants, pesticide distribution was affected by the proportion of forests and shrublands and, to some extent, by local management practices. In the case of soil, pesticide distribution was primarily determined by local management. This study marks an effort in demonstrating that both local and landscape factors play crucial roles in shaping pesticide distribution within perennial crops. Importantly, the relative importance of these factors varied across the four matrices investigated. Synthesis and applications: To comprehend the factors that determine pesticide distribution in crops, it is crucial to monitor diverse ecosystem components rather than focusing on a few model species. This approach underscores the necessity for ecologically sensitive management at landscape scale. Such management should involve the preservation and enhancement of (semi)natural habitats around crops. These combined insights can form the foundation for conservation and management initiatives aimed at mitigating the impact of pesticides on biodiversity within crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Brucellosis is one of the most important zoonoses worldwide, primarily affecting livestock but also posing a serious threat to public health. The major Brucella species are known to cause a feverish disease in humans with various clinical signs. These classical Brucella species are (re‐)emerging, but also novel strains and species, some of them transmitted from rodents, can be associated with human infections. As a result of our review on rodent‐borne brucellosis, we emphasise the need for more comprehensive surveillance of Brucella and especially Brucella microti in rodent populations and call for further research targeting the ecological persistence of rodent‐associated Brucella species in the environment, their epizootic role in wild rodents and their virulence and pathogenicity for wildlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adverse effects observed in some cancer patients treated with erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents such as erythropoietin (EPO) might be due to the latter's well‐known immunosuppressive functions. Here, we used a mouse model of syngeneic triple‐negative breast cancer to explore EPO's immunomodulatory role in a tumour setting. Our results showed that EPO treatment promotes tumour growth, exacerbates the 'immune desert', and results in a 'cold tumour'. EPO treatment changed the immune cell distribution in peripheral blood, secondary lymphoid organs, and the tumour microenvironment (TME). Our in‐depth analysis showed that EPO mainly impacts CD4 T cells by accelerating their activation in the spleen and thus their subsequent exhaustion in the TME. This process is accompanied by a general elevation of CD39 expression by several immune cells (notably CD4 T cells in the tumour and spleen), which promotes an immunosuppressive TME. Lastly, we identified a highly immunosuppressive CD39+ regulatory T cell population (ICOS+, CTLA4+, Ki67+) as a potential biomarker of the risk of EPO‐induced tumour progression. EPO displays pleiotropic immunosuppressive functions and enhances mammary tumour progression in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paramyxoviridae is one of the most well known and largest virus families, including some animal and human pathogens, such as the Hendra, Nipah, and Rinderpest viruses, with a high potential for the emergence of human diseases. Based on recent phylogenetic analyses, two new genera (Narmovirus and Jeilongvirus) have been described. The newly recognized genus Jeilongvirus has rapidly increased in number and has grown to 15 species from 7 a few years ago. However, little is known about the diversity, host range, or evolution of Jeilongvirus. As a well-known host reservoir for many pathogens, rodents have always been the focus for characterizing their pathogenic potential. In this study, we isolated a Tailam virus strain (RN-JH-YN-2022-1) belonging to the genus Jeilongvirus from Rattus norvegicus in Yunnan Province, China. The virus presented a near-complete genome (19,046 nucleotides). Similar to other members of the genus Jeilongvirus, the genome of RN-JH-YN-2022-1 contains eight basic genes (3′-N-P/V/C-M-F-SH-TM-G-L-5′) with 88.88% sequence identity to Tailam virus (TL8K). Additionally, we discuss the pattern of genus Jeilongvirus diversity and the possible route of spread of the Tailam virus, which could provide new clues into the host range, virus diversity, and geographical distribution of the genus Jeilongvirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rodent is a reservoir of various zoonotic pathogens. Wanzhou section of the Three Gorges reservoir region (TGRR) is a superior habitat for rodents, and the situation of rodent-borne zoonotic pathogens in this region has not been surveyed in recent years. Materials and Methods: Rodents were night trapped with mousecage or mousetrap in urban and surrounding towns' indoor or outdoor areas of the Wanzhou section of the TGRR, and nucleic acid was extracted from their lung or a mixture of liver, spleen, and kidney. Commercialized qPCR kits for pathogenic Leptospira spp., Rickettsia typhi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella spp., Orientia tsutsugamushi, and Francisella tularensis and qRT-PCR kits for hantavirus (HV), and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) were used for the detection of associated pathogens in collected rodents. Results: From 2021 to 2023, 604 rodents belonging to 10 species were collected. HV and pathogenic L. spp. were detected positive, with infection rates of 0.66% (4/604) and 1.32% (8/604), respectively. B. spp. were detected positive with an infection rate of 4.73% (19/402) in the rodents trapped in 2022 and 2023. Other five pathogens were all detected negative. Conclusion: This study showed that the Wanzhou section of the TGRR had HV, pathogenic L. spp., and B. spp. co-circulation in rodents. Hence, more attention should be paid to the prevention and control of associated rodent-borne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Animals Studied Procedures Results Conclusions To determine the impact of chronic dental disease on the nasolacrimal duct of chinchillas using contrast CT dacryocystorhinography.Two 12‐year‐old female chinchillas with uni‐ or bilateral ocular discharge and a history of chronic, moderate (Chinchilla 1, one‐year) or severe (Chinchilla 2, three‐years) dental disease.Contrast CT dacryocystorhinography was performed to identify abnormalities in the nasolacrimal duct and dentition, and to correlate those changes.Chinchilla 1 had a focal soft tissue attenuating expansion of the maxillary bone rostral to the first left premolar interpreted as possible abscessation causing deviation of the nasolacrimal duct over its dorsomedial margin. The right nasolacrimal duct appeared normal. Chinchilla 2 had periapical abscessation of a retained subgingival left maxillary incisor fragment which extended into the nasal cavity causing focal narrowing and distal dilation of the left nasolacrimal duct. Complete contrast infusion of the right nasolacrimal duct could not be completed on Chinchilla 2. A focal area of superficial corneal fibrosis ipsilateral to the obstructed nasolacrimal duct was also identified in Chinchilla 2. Treatment consisted of occlusal adjustments to correct the coronal elongation, systemic antibiotics (metronidazole and either marbofloxacin or azithromycin), and topical tear replacement therapy and diclofenac as needed. Ocular discharge decreased in both chinchillas but did not resolve long‐term in either animal.Chronic dental disease including periapical abscessation in chinchillas can obstruct the nasolacrimal duct, leading to impaired tear drainage. Management of dental disease is crucial to maintain patency of the nasolacrimal duct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although significant progress has been made in developing preclinical models for metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), few have encapsulated the essential biological and clinical outcome elements reflective of the human condition. We conducted a comprehensive literature review of English‐language original research articles published from 1990 to 2023, sourced from PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, aiming to collate studies that provided a comparative analysis of physiological, metabolic, and hepatic histological characteristics between MASLD models and control groups. The establishment of a robust metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver rodent model hinges on various factors, including animal species and strains, sex, induction agents and methodologies, and the duration of induction. Through this review, we aim to guide researchers in selecting suitable induction methods and animal species for constructing preclinical models aligned with their specific research objectives and laboratory conditions. Future studies should strive to develop simple, reliable, and reproducible models, considering the model's sensitivity to factors such as light–dark cycles, housing conditions, and environmental temperature. Additionally, the potential of diverse in vitro models, including 3D models and liver organ technology, warrants further exploration as valuable tools for unraveling the cellular mechanisms underlying fatty liver disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Heterakis spumosa Schneider, 1886 is a parasite commonly found in rodents, primarily associated with the black rat Rattus rattus and the brown rat R. norvegicus, two global invasive rodent species, and the house mouse Mus musculus. This parasite originated probably from Asia, and has been reported in various rodent species, but molecular information from its putative native region is still lacking. Our sampling efforts across Southeast Asia allowed us to collect and analyze this species from two localities in Lao PDR and five localities in Thailand. Additionally, specimens from Europe were included in the analysis. All specimens were analyzed using mtCOI gene and nuclear ribosomal ITS1. Our findings revealed the presence of two distinct clades of H. spumosa, with no discernible association with hosts and geographical localities. Heterakis spumosa, a parasitic worm infecting rodents, is globally prevalent in black rats, brown rats, and house mice. It is hypothesized to originate from Asia due to its widespread presence in Southeast Asia in various Murinae. Previous molecular studies focused on European, African, and Japanese specimens, but none included samples from the putative native range. Rodents were collected between 2008 and 2015 across various localities in Southeast Asia and Europe, identified by morphology or genetic barcoding. Viscera were examined or preserved for later inspection. DNA was extracted from H. spumosa. PCR amplification targeting the mtCOI gene and ITS1 region was conducted in this study using newly designed primers (based on Heterakis reference sequences). PCR amplicons were subsequently sequenced and analyzed. In this study, the phylogenetic analysis using ITS1 sequences revealed that Heterakis samples from Thai and Laotian rodents belong to the species H. spumosa, exhibiting low genetic variation compared to samples from other regions. Genetic distance calculations using mtCOI sequences confirmed the marked distinction of H. spumosa from other Heterakis species. Our phylogenetic analyses using partial mtCOI and ITS1 sequences have significantly enhanced our comprehension of the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of the nematode H. spumosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neural mechanisms of motor planning have been extensively studied in rodents. Preparatory activity in the frontal cortex predicts upcoming choice, but limitations of typical tasks have made it challenging to determine whether the spatial information is in a selfcentered direction reference frame or a world-centered position reference frame. Here, we trained male rats to make delayed visually guided orienting movements to six different directions, with four different target positions for each direction, which allowed us to disentangle direction versus position tuning in neural activity. We recorded single unit activity from the rat frontal orienting field (FOF) in the secondary motor cortex, a region involved in planning orienting movements. Population analyses revealed that the FOF encodes two separate 2D maps of space. First, a 2D map of the planned and ongoing movement in a self-centered direction reference frame. Second, a 2Dmap of the animal's current position on the port wall in a world-centered reference frame. Thus, preparatory activity in the FOF represents self-centered upcoming movement directions, but FOF neurons multiplex both self- and world-reference frame variables at the level of single neurons. Neural network model comparison supports the view that despite the presence of world-centered representations, the FOF receives the target information as self-centered input and generates self-centered planning signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sound‐source localization is based on spatial cues arising due to interactions of sound waves with the torso, head and ears. Here, we evaluated neural responses to free‐field sound sources in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CIC), the medial geniculate body (MGB) and the primary auditory cortex (A1) of Mongolian gerbils. Using silicon probes we recorded from anaesthetized gerbils positioned in the centre of a sound‐attenuating, anechoic chamber. We measured rate‐azimuth functions (RAFs) with broad‐band noise of varying levels presented from loudspeakers spanning 210° in azimuth and characterized RAFs by calculating spatial centroids, Equivalent Rectangular Receptive Fields (ERRFs), steepest slope locations and spatial‐separation thresholds. To compare neuronal responses with behavioural discrimination thresholds from the literature we performed a neurometric analysis based on signal‐detection theory. All structures demonstrated heterogeneous spatial tuning with a clear dominance of contralateral tuning. However, the relative amount of contralateral tuning decreased from the CIC to A1. In all three structures spatial tuning broadened with increasing sound‐level. This effect was strongest in CIC and weakest in A1. Neurometric spatial‐separation thresholds compared well with behavioural discrimination thresholds for locations directly in front of the animal. Our findings contrast with those reported for another rodent, the rat, which exhibits homogenous and sharply delimited contralateral spatial tuning. Spatial tuning in gerbils resembles more closely the tuning reported in A1 of cats, ferrets and non‐human primates. Interestingly, gerbils, in contrast to rats, share good low‐frequency hearing with carnivores and non‐human primates, which may account for the observed spatial tuning properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) usually have different infection routes, and coinfection is relatively rare. This study examines the clinical and etiological characteristics of coinfection by these two pathogens to provide important references for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Blood samples from 22 clinically diagnosed patients with HFRS were collected for molecular detection of HFRS and common tick and mouse borne diseases. Inoculate the blood of six severe and critically patients into cells to isolate and proliferate potential viruses, and retest the cell culture to determine the pathogen. In addition, complete data were collected from these 22 HFRS and concurrent SFTS patients, and white blood cells (WBCs), platelet (PLT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) and other data were compared and analyzed. A total of 31 febrile patients, including 22 HFRS patients and 9 SFTS patients, were collected from September 2021 to October 2022. Among these HFRS patients, 11 were severe or critical. Severe and critical HFRS patients were characterized by rodent exposure history, pharyngeal and conjunctival hyperemia, abnormal WBC and PLT counts, and elevated BUN and Cr values. Virus isolation and molecular detection on blood samples from 6 patients showed that three of the six severe patients were positive for hantaan virus (HTNV), and two of the three HTNV positives were also positive for SFTS bunyavirus (SFTSV). The two coinfected patients exhibited different clinical and laboratory characteristics compared to those infected by either virus alone. Coinfection of HTNV and SFTSV leads to severe and complex hemorrhagic fever. Laboratory characteristics, such as the indicators of WBC, PLT, BUN, and Cr, may differ between HFRS and SFTS. These findings have implications and provide references for the diagnosis and treatment of coinfected cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer is a very common cancer in men, affecting approximately 1.40 million men worldwide in 2020. To improve the quality of life and survival of both animals and humans, effective therapeutic approaches have been developed and evaluated using animal models. The rat model of prostate cancer induced by a multi-step protocol that consists of a sequential administration of flutamide, followed by testosterone propionate, then the administration of Nmethyl-N-nitrosourea, and finally subcutaneous implantation of tubes filled with crystalline testosterone, is one of the most frequently used for prostate cancer research. However, the lack of standardization in procedures for prostate cancer induction, sample collection, and analysis represents a challenge for researchers. To address this issue, we aim to provide investigators with a detailed, step-by-step guide to implementing a rat model of prostate cancer, based on our extensive experience in this field. First, we briefly review the prostate cancer-induced protocols found in the literature, then we provide a detailed description of the prostate cancer rat model implemented by our team. After, we explore the rats' prostate monitoring during the experiment protocol through imaging modalities, such as ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. We also describe animal welfare monitoring based on a table of humane endpoints, as well as data collection, such as biological variables and prostate samples. In sum, this article will ensure the quality of results and enable their comparison among different researchers using this rat model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Gastrointestinal (GI) helminthic infections pose substantial public health threat, particularly in northern Thailand, with a heightened concern in Nan province. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of GI helminthic infections in Nan province and identify associated risk factors in local population. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2022. Fecal specimens were collected and examined using Kato-Katz technique and Formalin Ethyl-Acetate Concentration Technique (FECT). Univariate analysis employed the Chi-square test to explore correlations, while logistic regression was defined risk factors associated with parasite infections. Results: Among 739 individuals surveyed, 14.34% were revealed GI helminthic infections. Notably, infection rates were higher in males (20.40%) compared to females (8.95%), with a notable prevalence among individuals aged ≥ 60 (17.78%) and high infection rate was demonstrated in Kiew Chan village (21.67%). The most commonly detected helminths were minute intestinal flukes (MIFs) (10.01%) and Capillaria spp. (3.11%). Males were significantly associated with GI helminthic infections, while individuals aged 40–49 and aged 50–59 commonly displayed of parasite infections. Additionally, Kiew Chan village exhibited a significant association with GI helminthic infections, followed by Sop Puen village. Furthermore, fecal specimens of 13 rodent specimens were frequency revealed Strongyloides spp. (92.30%) and mostly exposed Ancylostoma caninum (41.93%) among 93 canines. Conclusion: These findings highlight the imperative for immediate public health interventions in Nan province and analogous areas in northern Thailand. Implementing strategies to enhance sanitation infrastructure and promote hygiene education can significantly contribute for reducing the prevalence of GI helminthic infections and improve overall community health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Annual outbreaks of Lassa fever have resulted in a public health threat in Nigeria and other endemic countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. While the Lassa Virus (LASV) is endemic in rodent populations, zoonotic spillover to humans causes annual outbreaks. This study reviewed the burden of Lassa fever (LF) in Nigeria between 2020 and 2023 and conducted a cross-sectional survey of Nigerians to evaluate their risk perceptions of LF. During the period under review, 28,780 suspected and 4,036 confirmed cases of LF were reported from 34 of the 37 states of Nigeria. These cases resulted in 762 deaths (a CFR of 18.9%). The overall case positivity rate was 14% (4,036/28,780), with more positive cases in 2020 (17.5%, n = 1,189/6,791). A total of 2,150 study participants were enrolled in the prospective cross-sectional study, with most of them (87.5%, n = 1,881/2,150) having previously heard of Lassa fever (LF). The numerical scoring system revealed that 35.43% (n = 762/1,881) of those aware of LF have poor knowledge of its preventive measures, route of transmission, and control measures. Approximately 6.84% (n = 147/2,150) of them were at a high risk of contracting LF, with 27.6% (n = 584/2,150) of study participants feeling concerned about contracting LF because of the presence of rodents in their immediate vicinity, occupational exposure to healthcare workers, and the probability of contamination of food by infected rodents without necessary food safety measures. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that tertiary education was associated with an increased likelihood of better LF knowledge (OR: 17.32; 95% CI: 10.62, 28.26; p

Abstract Rosavirus is a newly discovered member of the family Picornaviridae that was initially detected in wild rodents and subsequently in children with diarrhoea. Nevertheless, there is a significant gap in our understanding of the geographical distribution, phylogenetic relationships, evolutionary patterns, and transmission of rosaviruses. To address these issues, we analysed 434 rodents and shrews from five different species that were collected in southern China. Using PCR screening of faecal samples, we detected rosaviruses in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and identified two previously undocumented host species: tanezumi rats (Rattus tanezumi) and Asian house shrews (Suncus murinus). Rosaviruses were particularly common in these animals, with an overall prevalence rate of 32.49% (141/434). For genetic and evolutionary analyses, we selected six representative positive samples to amplify the complete genomes of rosaviruses. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis suggested that our sequences clustered within the genus Rosavirus, where genotype B sequences are the closest relatives. The elevated nonsynonymous-to-synonymous ratios observed in rosavirus B may be attributed to relaxed selection pressures driven by virus spillover events. On the basis of the available data, it is hypothesized that the genus Rosavirus may have originated from Norway rats around the year 1339. In summary, these findings provide valuable insights into the complex evolutionary history of rosaviruses and underscore the urgent need for ongoing surveillance of this virus.

Abstract The beneficial effects of exercise are partly mediated via local or systemic functions of the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) system. As IGF-1 increases local brain hemoglobin beta (Hbb) transcripts, we hypothesized that exercise could have similar effects. Mice were single-housed with free access to running wheels for seven days. After sacrifice and saline perfusion, the expression of 13 genes was quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in three brain regions: the prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, and hippocampus. In addition, plasma insulin, glucose, homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR), C-peptide, and IGF-1 were investigated. We show that hemoglobin-related transcripts (Hbb and 5’-aminolevulinate synthase 2 [Alas2]) increased 46–63% in the running group, while IGF-1-related genes [Igf1 / growth hormone receptor (Ghr)] decreased slightly (7%). There were also moderate to large correlations between Hbb- and IGF-1-related genes in the running group but not in the sedentary group. HOMA-IR, plasma glucose, and insulin changed marginally and non-significantly, but there was a trend toward an increase in plasma-IGF-1 in the running group. In conclusion, seven days of running increased Hbb-related transcripts in three brain regions. Hbb-related transcripts correlated with components of the brain IGF-1 system only in the running group.

Estimating the level of stress in wild populations opens opportunities for studying various populational processes, including population dynamics, range expansions, and colonization. Over the past two decades, methods for a noninvasive assay of the glucocorticoid levels have been actively developed and widely implemented in various biological fields. They are most suitable for assessing long-term stress, but require a validation procedure for each new animal species studied. We have conducted biological and physiological validation of a noninvasive method for determination of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs) in the midday gerbil, Meriones meridianus. Both methods showed a significant increase in the concentration of FGMs after a similar time after manipulations (4–5 hours after stressful procedures or the administration of ACTH), and peak values were two times the baseline. Saline injection (control group) did not cause a significant increase in the FGM concentration, thus confirming that the noninvasive measuring of a smoothed level of FGMs is more suitable for assessing the long-term stress, in contrast to the assay of glucocorticoids in the blood. The biological validation was as effective as the physiological method, which is commonly considered more reliable. Given the low invasiveness of the biological method, the high effectiveness expands the potential for its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The genus Jeilongvirus comprises non-segmented negative-stranded RNA viruses that are classified within the Paramyxoviridae family by phylogeny. Jeilongviruses are found in various reservoirs, including rodents and bats. Rodents are typical viral reservoirs with diverse spectra and zoonotic potential. Little is currently known about jeilongviruses in rodents from central China. The study utilized high-throughput and Sanger sequencing to obtain jeilongvirus genomes, including those of two novel strains (HBJZ120/CHN/2021 (17,468 nt) and HBJZ157/CHN/2021 (19,143 nt)) and three known viruses (HBXN18/CHN/2021 (19,212 nt), HBJZ10/CHN/2021 (19,700 nt), HBJM106/CHN/2021 (18,871 nt)), which were characterized by genome structure, identity matrix, and phylogenetic analysis. Jeilongviruses were classified into three subclades based on their topology, phylogeny, and hosts. Based on the amino acid sequence identities and phylogenetic analysis of the L protein, HBJZ120/CHN/2021 and HBJZ157/CHN/2021 were found to be strains rather than novel species. Additionally, according to specific polymerase chain reaction screening, the positive percentage of Beilong virus in Hubei was 6.38%, suggesting that Beilong virus, belonging to the Jeilongvirus genus, is likely to be widespread in wild rodents. The identification of novel strains further elucidated the genomic diversity of jeilongviruses. Additionally, the prevalence of jeilongviruses in Hubei, China, was profiled, establishing a foundation for the surveillance and early warning of emerging paramyxoviruses.

Abstract Background Trichomonosis is a common infection in small animals, mostly manifesting in gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea. Although oral trichomonads are also known, the species found colonizing the large intestine are more frequently detected protozoa. Methods In the present study, four wildcats, 94 domestic cats, and 25 dogs, originating from 18 different locations in Hungary, were investigated for the presence of oral and large intestinal trichomonads based on the 18S rRNA gene and ITS2. Results All oral swabs were negative by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, Tritrichomonas foetus was detected in a high proportion among tested domestic cats (13.8%) and dogs (16%), and Pentatrichomonas hominis only in two domestic cats. In addition, a novel Tritrichomonas genotype was identified in one cat, probably representing a new species that was shown to be phylogenetically most closely related to Tritrichomonas casperi described recently from mice. All positive dogs and half of the positive cats showed symptoms, and among cats, the most frequent breed was the Ragdoll. Conclusions With molecular methods, this study evaluated the prevalence of oral and intestinal trichomonads in clinical samples of dogs and cats from Hungary, providing the first evidence of T. foetus in dogs of this region. In contrast to literature data, P. hominis was more prevalent in cats than in dogs. Finally, a hitherto unknown large intestinal Tritrichomonas species (closely related to T. casperi) was shown to be present in a cat, raising two possibilities. First, this novel genotype might have been a rodent-associated pseudoparasite in the relevant cat. Otherwise, the cat was actually infected, thus suggesting the role of a predator–prey link in the evolution of this trichomonad. Graphical Abstract

Introduction: Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a life-threatening disease in humans caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. Domestic animals, dogs, foxes, and small mammals constitute the circular chain of AE. To evaluate the infection, distribution, and genetic polymorphism of AE in the Ili Prefecture (Nilka, Xinyuan and Zhaosu), we conducted this survey. Methods: In June and July 2018, 267 small mammals were captured using waterinfusion and mousetrap methods. Combined pathogenic and molecular biological methods were used to observe the histopathology of Echinococcus carried by rodents, amplify the mitochondrial nad1 gene of the pathogen, and investigate the genotype and haplotype diversity of Echinococcus in rodents in Ili Prefecture. Results: Morphological identification revealed that these captured small mammals belonged to three species, with Microtus gregalis being the dominant species (183/267). Pathological and molecular biological results confirmed that E. multilocularis was the pathogen of echinococcosis in small mammals, with an infection rate of 15.73% (42/267). Among the three areas sampled, the highest infection rate of rodents was 25.45% (14/55) in Nilka County. However, there was no significant difference in the infection rates between regions (χ² = 5.119, p > 0.05). Of the three captured rodent species, M. gregalis had the highest infection rate of 17.49% (32/183), but there was no significant difference in infection rates between the rodent species (χ² = 1.364, p > 0.05). Phylogenetic analyses showed that the nad1 gene sequences obtained in this study clustered in the same clade as isolates from China. These isolates contained 21 haplotypes (Hap_1-21); Hap_2 was the most common haplotype (9/42). Furthermore, haplotype diversity (0.925 ± 0.027) and nucleotide diversity (0.01139 ± 0.00119) were higher in the Ili Prefecture than in other regions, indicating that population differentiation was high. Tajima's D and Fu's Fs tests were negative (p > 0.10), indicating that the population had expanded. The low fixation index (Fst) ranged from 0.00000 to 0.16945, indicating that the degree of genetic differentiation was different among different populations. Discussion: In summary, Ili Prefecture is a high incidence area of AE, and Microtus spp. may play an important role in the transmission of AE in this area. The results of this study provide basic data for further study of the molecular epidemiology, genetic differences, and control of E. multilocularis in the Ili Prefecture, Xinjiang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rodent models of tinnitus are commonly used to study its mechanisms and potential treatments. Tinnitus can be identified by changes in the gap-induced prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle (GPIAS), most commonly by using pressure detectors to measure the whole-body startle (WBS). Unfortunately, the WBS habituates quickly, the measuring system can introduce mechanical oscillations and the response shows considerable variability. We have instead used a motion tracking system to measure the localized motion of small reflective markers in response to an acoustic startle reflex in guinea pigs and mice. For guinea pigs, the pinna had the largest responses both in terms of displacement between pairs of markers and in terms of the speed of the reflex movement. Smaller, but still reliable responses were observed with markers on the thorax, abdomen and back. The peak speed of the pinna reflex was the most sensitive measure for calculating GPIAS in the guinea pig. Recording the pinna reflex in mice proved impractical due to removal of the markers during grooming. However, recordings from their back and tail allowed us to measure the peak speed and the twitch amplitude (area under curve) of reflex responses and both analysis methods showed robust GPIAS. When mice were administered high doses of sodium salicylate, which induces tinnitus in humans, there was a significant reduction in GPIAS, consistent with the presence of tinnitus. Thus, measurement of the peak speed or twitch amplitude of pinna, back and tail markers provides a reliable assessment of tinnitus in rodents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the puzzling aspects of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is how it commences. Changes in one key brain peptide, amyloid-beta (Aß), accompany disease progression, but whether this comprises a trigger or a consequence of AD is still a topic of debate. It is clear however that the cerebral presence of oligomeric Aß (1-42) is a key factor in early AD-pathogenesis. Furthermore, treatment of rodent brains with oligomeric Aß (1-42) either in vitro or in vivo, acutely impairs hippocampal synaptic plasticity, creating a link between Aß-pathology and learning impairments. Here, we show that a once-off inoculation of the brains of healthy adult rats with oligomeric Aß (1-42) exerts debilitating effects on the long-term viability of the hippocampus, one of the primary targets of AD. Changes are progressive: months after treatment, synaptic plasticity, neuronal firing and spatial learning are impaired and expression of plasticityrelated proteins are changed, in the absence of amyloid plaques. Early changes relate to activation of microglia, whereas later changes are associated with a reconstruction of astroglial morphology. These data suggest that a disruption of Aß homeostasis may suffice to trigger an irreversible cascade, underlying progressive loss of hippocampal function, that parallels the early stages of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to describe the anatomical bone, muscular, and nervous components of the capybara's pelvic limb, associating dissections with radiographic imaging findings. Four animals (two adult females, one adult male, and one young male) were used for macroscopic dissections, and one adult male for radiographic acquisitions. A specimen was prepared for bone descriptions using a maceration procedure. The results demonstrated an elongated thigh bone, the obturator foramen obturator, the ilial wing, and the iliac body straight. The anatomical variations of the pelvic limb of capybaras found were: in the femur, the third trochanter is absent; in the tarsal–metatarsal complex, the I tarsal and the I and V metatarsals are vestigial, and a single portion of the M. sartorius and M. gracilis muscles was demonstrated. Furthermore, variations were found in the origin and insertion of each muscle. Macroscopic musculoskeletal descriptions associated with radiographic analyses made it possible to establish a standard of comparative normality for knowledge of species examinations. The pelvic limb was innervated by nerves that emerge from the lumbosacral plexus, which gives rise to the following nerves: N.gluteus cranialis, N. gluteus caudalis, N. genitofemoralis, N. obturatorius, ischiadicus—rami musculares, N. cutaneus surae lateralis, N. cutaneus surae caudallis, N. pudendus, N. femoralis, N. saphenous, N. tibialis, and N.fibularis communis. In conclusion, the anatomy of the capybara's pelvic limb locomotor system presents particular characteristics related to its aquatic behavior and the absence of arboreal habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, is a rodent that inhabits the wetlands of South America. Despite being widely distributed and having the nuclear genomes available, there has been a lack of information regarding the mitochondrial genome. To address this, we conducted the assembly and annotation of the capybara's mitochondrial genome and reconstructed the phylogeny of Parvorder Caviomorpha. The assembly was conducted under the de novo method with GetOrganelle, while the annotation was performed with MitoZ. Analysis of relative codon synonymous usage was conducted in the mitochondrial genomes of the capybara and two other Caviidae species: Cavia porcellus and Cavia aperea. The phylogenetic inference was conducted under the Maximum Likelihood method, using the 13 protein-coding genes, including the capybara as well as other 42 Caviomorpha mitochondrial genomes. The resulting capybara mitochondrial genome consisted of 16,681 bp, 37 genes (22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and 13 protein-coding genes) and a control region. The number of genes and their arrangement corresponds to the pattern observed in most mammalian species. The capybara was recovered as a sister group of Cavia. Caviidae was reconstructed as a monophyletic group that is closely related to Cuniculidae. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the mitochondrial evolution and evolutionary relationships of the capybara. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the acoustic structure of alarm calls in a highly social rodent, the Harting's vole (Microtus hartingi) and describe the phenomenon of collective shouting of bursts of alarm calls which could be produced in synchronized series. The alarm calls of Harting's voles were recorded using an automatic device from 10 different family groups, containing from 4 to 15 potential callers, released to outdoor enclosures. Natural predators and humans served as call-eliciting stimuli. We reveal acoustic differences between urgent alarm calls, evoked by close-vicinity predators and identified from recordings by their calls and by rustle noise from the caller's escape to burrow, and other alarm calls. We also reveal acoustic parameters between alarm calls produced in bursts and other alarm calls (produced in individual series or by a few non-synchronized callers). We discuss why the alarm calls of Harting's voles are unusually high-frequency (about 17 kHz on average in the maximum fundamental frequency) among other vole species producing high-frequency alarms. Adaptive significance of producing the collective synchronized bursts of alarm calls by Harting's voles remains unclear without direct observations of vocal vigilance in this species under natural conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small mammals are very popular companion animals, and the incidence of particular tumour types in these animals is the subject of extensive research. We carried out a retrospective and comparative analysis of the incidence of reproductive tract and mammary tumours and tumour-like lesions collected from 103 pet rabbits, 75 pet rats, 71 guinea pigs, 12 mice, 11 hamsters, eight African pygmy hedgehogs, four ferrets and two chinchillas. The results indicate that uterine tumours and tumour-like lesions are common in pet rabbits, guinea pigs and African pygmy hedgehogs. In pet rabbits, the most common uterine tumour was endometrial adenocarcinoma, while in guinea pigs benign lesions predominated (ie, leiomyoma, endometrial adenoma, cystic endometrial hyperplasia and deciduoma). Uterine tumours in African pygmy hedgehogs included adenosarcomas and endometrial polyps. Ovarian lesions were found only in guinea pigs (ovarian rete adenomas, rete cysts) and African pygmy hedgehogs (mostly granulosa cell tumours), while testicular tumours were diagnosed in pet rabbits, one pet rat and one guinea pig. Mammary tumours were common in pet rabbits, pet rats, guinea pigs, mice, hamsters and African pygmy hedgehogs. In pet rats, the most common mammary tumour was fibroadenoma, while in other animals carcinomas predominated. In guinea pigs and, to a lesser extent, in pet rats, a significant percentage of mammary tumours occurred in males. Guinea pigs seem to be predisposed to mammary tumours of ductal origin. This study describes for the first time uterine angioleiomyoma in the pet rabbit and mammary spindle cell carcinoma in the Djungarian hamster and chinchilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anomaluroid rodents (i.e. Anomaluridae + Zenkerellidae) have a long evolutionary history in Africa dating back to at least the middle Eocene, but Palaeogene fossil members of the anomaluroid crown group have never been found south of the Sahara. Here, we describe the oldest crown anomaluroid from sub-Saharan Africa, Eliwourus topernawiensis (new genus and species) from the early Oligocene Topernawi Formation of northern Kenya. Bayesian phylogenetic tip-dating analysis of a combined molecular-morphological dataset places ~29.5 Ma Eliwourus as an advanced stem anomalurid, and suggests that crown Anomaluridae originated ~28.2 Ma. The gliding behaviour seen in all crown anomalurids had, therefore, likely evolved before the close of the early Oligocene. Bayesian geocoordinates analysis places the origin of crown Anomaluroidea (~47.2 Ma) in northern Africa, and identifies a stem anomalurid dispersal into equatorial eastern Africa in the latest Eocene or earliest Oligocene. We present the first quantitative analysis of the pace of anomaluroid dental evolution and confirm a remarkably slow or bradytelic rate of phenotypic change, despite significant transformations in postcranial morphology related to the evolution of gliding behaviour during the same interval. The Topernawi area was evidently sufficiently forested during the early Oligocene to support both arboreal rodents and primates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To systematically evaluate the regulatory effects of Yupingfeng polysaccharides on rodents immune function, RevMan3.5 software and Cochrane method was used to analyze. A total of 311 papers were obtained by computerized search of CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, Pubmed, Web of science and Science Direct databases on relevant literature on the effect of yupengfeng polysaccharides on the immunity of rodent, 14 papers were screened according to the inclusion criteria, and Meta-analysis was performed by using the software of RevMan3.5. Lymphocyte proliferation stimulation index (SI), interleukin 2 (IL-2), secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), molecular surface-specific marker molecule of helper T cells/cytotoxic lymphocyte molecular surface-specific marker molecule of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD4+ /CD8+ ), splenic index, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). Among them, SI, IL-2, CD4+ /CD8+, spleen index and TGF-β1, showed significant differences compared with the control group (P<0.05), while, SIgA, was not significantly altered (P>0.05) compared with the control group. Sensitivity analyses showed that the analyzed literature had stability and reliability. The publication bias results showed that IL-2 was biased, while CD4+ /CD8+ and spleen index were not. In conclusion, result indicated that Yupingfeng polysaccharide could improve the immune function of rodents to a certain extent, and more studies should be conducted to further verify its immunomodulatory effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder that is considered a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cognitive impairment can arise due to hypoglycemia associated with T2D, and hyperamylinemia associated with insulin resistance can enhance AD pathology. We explored whether changes occur in the hippocampus in aging (6-12 months old) female V-Lep◦b-/- transgenic (tg) mice, comprising an animal model of T2D. We also investigated whether an increase in vulnerability to Aβ (1-42), a known pathological hallmark of AD, is evident. Using magnetic resonance imaging we detected significant decreases in hippocampal brain volume in female tg-mice compared to wild-type (wt) littermates. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was impaired in tg compared to wt mice. Treatment of the hippocampus with Aβ (1-42) elicited a stronger debilitation of LTP in tg compared to wt mice. Treatment with an amylin antagonist (AC187) significantly enhanced LTP in wt and tg mice, and rescued LTP in Aβ (1-42)-treated tgmice. Taken together our data indicate that a T2D-like state results in an increased vulnerability of the hippocampus to the debilitating effects of Aβ (1-42) and that effects are mediated in part by changes in amylin receptor signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As both seed predators and dispersers, rodents play an important role in seed fate and seedling establishment. Therefore, investigating the activity of rodents and its influencing factors will provide us a better understanding of the effects of rodents on forest regeneration. We investigated the activity intensity of rodents in the 20 ha forest dynamic plot in Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, by infrared-camera traps (6486 camera days in total), and analyzed the effects of temperature, humidity and rainfall on the activity intensity of rodents at different time scales (including season, day and hour scales). The results showed that the activity intensity of rodents during the day in June was significantly higher than that in August and November, while the activity intensity of rodents at night in June was lower than that in August and November. At the day-scale, the activity intensity of rodents during the day increased significantly with the increase of temperature and the decrease of humidity and rainfall, while the activity intensity of rodents at night did not change significantly. At the hour-scale, temperature, humidity and rainfall had significant effects on the activity intensity of rodents during the day, but less on the activity intensity of rodents at night. Our study showed that the effects of temperature, humidity and rainfall on the activity intensity of rodents differed at different time scales. Exploring the response of rodent activity intensity to the environmental factors at different time scales will help us to better understand the activity rhythm and ecological function of rodents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Wild rodents can serve as reservoirs or carriers of E. bieneusi, thereby enabling parasite transmission to domestic animals and humans. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of E. bieneusi in wild rodents from the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region and Liaoning Province of China. Moreover, to evaluate the potential for zoonotic transmission at the genotype level, a genetic analysis of the isolates was performed. Methods: A total of 486 wild rodents were captured from two provinces in China. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify the vertebrate cytochrome b (cytb) gene in the fecal DNA of the rodents to detect their species. The genotype of E. bieneusi was determined via PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA. The examination of genetic characteristics and zoonotic potential requires the application of similarity and phylogenetic analysis. Results: The infection rates of E. bieneusi in the four identified rodent species were 5.2% for Apodemus agrarius (n = 89), 4.5% for Cricetulus barabensis (n = 96), 11.3% for Mus musculus (n = 106), and 38.5% for Rattus norvegicus (n = 195). Infection was detected at an average rate of 17.4% among 486 rodents. Of the 11 identified genotypes, nine were known: SHR1 (detected in 32 samples), D (30 samples), EbpA (9 samples), PigEbITS7 (8 samples), HNR-IV (6 samples), Type IV (5 samples), HNR-VII (2 samples), HNH7 (1 sample), and HNPL-V (1 sample). Two novel genotypes were also discovered, NMR-I and NMR-II, each comprising one sample. The genotypes were classified into group 1 and group 13 via phylogenetic analysis. Discussion: Based on the initial report, E. bieneusi is highly prevalent and genetically diverse in wild rodents residing in the respective province and region. This indicates that these animals are crucial for the dissemination of E. bieneusi. Zoonotic E. bieneusi-carrying animals present a significant hazard to local inhabitants. Therefore, it is necessary to increase awareness regarding the dangers presented by these rodents and reduce their population to prevent environmental contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Jeilongvirus comprises non-segmented negative-stranded RNA viruses that are classified within the Paramyxoviridae family by phylogeny. Jeilongviruses are found in various reservoirs, including rodents and bats. Rodents are typical viral reservoirs with diverse spectra and zoonotic potential. Little is currently known about jeilongviruses in rodents from central China. The study utilized high-throughput and Sanger sequencing to obtain jeilongvirus genomes, including those of two novel strains (HBJZ120/CHN/2021 (17,468 nt) and HBJZ157/CHN/2021 (19,143 nt)) and three known viruses (HBXN18/CHN/2021 (19,212 nt), HBJZ10/CHN/2021 (19,700 nt), HBJM106/CHN/2021 (18,871 nt)), which were characterized by genome structure, identity matrix, and phylogenetic analysis. Jeilongviruses were classified into three subclades based on their topology, phylogeny, and hosts. Based on the amino acid sequence identities and phylogenetic analysis of the L protein, HBJZ120/CHN/2021 and HBJZ157/CHN/2021 were found to be strains rather than novel species. Additionally, according to specific polymerase chain reaction screening, the positive percentage of Beilong virus in Hubei was 6.38%, suggesting that Beilong virus, belonging to the Jeilongvirus genus, is likely to be widespread in wild rodents. The identification of novel strains further elucidated the genomic diversity of jeilongviruses. Additionally, the prevalence of jeilongviruses in Hubei, China, was profiled, establishing a foundation for the surveillance and early warning of emerging paramyxoviruses. Highlights: 1. Two novel jeilongvirus strains (HBJZ157/CHN/2021 and HBJZ120/CHN/2021) were discovered and characterized. 2. The prevalence of jeilongviruses in rodents from central China was investigated, revealing that the Beilong virus is widespread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trichomonosis is a common infection in small animals, mostly manifesting in gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea. Although oral trichomonads are also known, the species found colonizing the large intestine are more frequently detected protozoa. Methods: In the present study, four wildcats, 94 domestic cats, and 25 dogs, originating from 18 different locations in Hungary, were investigated for the presence of oral and large intestinal trichomonads based on the 18S rRNA gene and ITS2. Results: All oral swabs were negative by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, Tritrichomonas foetus was detected in a high proportion among tested domestic cats (13.8%) and dogs (16%), and Pentatrichomonas hominis only in two domestic cats. In addition, a novel Tritrichomonas genotype was identified in one cat, probably representing a new species that was shown to be phylogenetically most closely related to Tritrichomonas casperi described recently from mice. All positive dogs and half of the positive cats showed symptoms, and among cats, the most frequent breed was the Ragdoll. Conclusions: With molecular methods, this study evaluated the prevalence of oral and intestinal trichomonads in clinical samples of dogs and cats from Hungary, providing the first evidence of T. foetus in dogs of this region. In contrast to literature data, P. hominis was more prevalent in cats than in dogs. Finally, a hitherto unknown large intestinal Tritrichomonas species (closely related to T. casperi) was shown to be present in a cat, raising two possibilities. First, this novel genotype might have been a rodent-associated pseudoparasite in the relevant cat. Otherwise, the cat was actually infected, thus suggesting the role of a predator–prey link in the evolution of this trichomonad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogen spillover corresponds to the transmission of a pathogen or parasite from an original host species to a novel host species, preluding disease emergence. Understanding the interacting factors that lead to pathogen transmission in a zoonotic cycle could help identify novel hosts of pathogens and the patterns that lead to disease emergence. We hypothesize that ecological and biogeographic factors drive host encounters, infection susceptibility, and cross‐species spillover transmission. Using a rodent–ectoparasite system in the Neotropics, with shared ectoparasite associations as a proxy for ecological interaction between rodent species, we assessed relationships between rodents using geographic range, phylogenetic relatedness, and ectoparasite associations to determine the roles of generalist and specialist hosts in the transmission cycle of hantavirus. A total of 50 rodent species were ranked on their centrality in a network model based on ectoparasites sharing. Geographic proximity and phylogenetic relatedness were predictors for rodents to share ectoparasite species and were associated with shorter network path distance between rodents through shared ectoparasites. The rodent–ectoparasite network model successfully predicted independent data of seven known hantavirus hosts. The model predicted five novel rodent species as potential, unrecognized hantavirus hosts in South America. Findings suggest that ectoparasite data, geographic range, and phylogenetic relatedness of wildlife species could help predict novel hosts susceptible to infection and possible transmission of zoonotic pathogens. Hantavirus is a high‐consequence zoonotic pathogen with documented animal‐to‐animal, animal‐to‐human, and human‐to‐human transmission. Predictions of new rodent hosts can guide active epidemiological surveillance in specific areas and wildlife species to mitigate hantavirus spillover transmission risk from rodents to humans. This study supports the idea that ectoparasite relationships among rodents are a proxy of host species interactions and can inform transmission cycles of diverse pathogens circulating in wildlife disease systems, including wildlife viruses with epidemic potential, such as hantavirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, there has been a steady increase in diagnosed cases of tick-borne diseases in people, most notably Lyme disease. The pathogen that causes Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, is transmitted by the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis). Several small mammals are considered key reservoirs of this pathogen and are frequently-used hosts by blacklegged ticks. However, limited studies have evaluated between-species host use by ticks. This study compared I. scapularis burdens and tick-associated pathogen presence in wild-caught Clethrionomys gapperi (southern red-backed voles) and Peromyscus spp. (white-footed mice) in forested areas where the habitat of both species overlapped. Rodent trapping data collected over two summers showed a significant difference in the average tick burden between species. Adult Peromyscus spp. had an overall mean of 4.03 ticks per capture, while adult C. gapperi had a mean of 0.47 ticks per capture. There was a significant association between B. burgdorferi infection and host species with more Peromyscus spp. positive samples than C. gapperi (65.8% and 10.2%, respectively). This work confirms significant differences in tick-host use and pathogen presence between sympatric rodent species. It is critical to understand tick-host interactions and tick distributions to develop effective and efficient tick control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]