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Machine learning models can potentially provide alternative options in the field of architecture as aesthetic judgment tools, owing to their high capacity and data-driven environments. If a machine learning model can produce aesthetic evaluation results similar to those of humans, the process may be highly promising for further applications in architectural decision-making. In this study, we propose a series of interconnected workflows for a rigorous comparison, including data collection, machine learning, parametric designs, robotic fabrication, and human surveys, to test the compatibility between human judgment and machine learning models in the aesthetic assessment of architectural objects on the same design objects. We observed a wide gap between the aesthetic judgments of the two groups. We discuss certain drawbacks and current limitations to improve the vulnerability of the study process and conclude by providing an outlook for the subsequent direction of a similar study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTExtrusion-based 3D concrete printing (3DCP) is a promising technique for fabricating complex concrete elements without formwork, offering advantages like cost reduction and enhanced design flexibility by decoupling manufacturing costs from part complexity. However, this extended formal freedom is still constrained by the fabrication process and material properties. This paper presents a novel method for applying topology optimisation internally i.e. preserving the external boundaries of the concrete element while reducing material use and weight. This method adapts the extrusion thickness along the part according to the expected stresses, reducing the material use while enhancing structural performance. To validate this method, three different unreinforced 3DCP beams are tested in three-point bending. Results show that beams with optimised material distributions presented a higher strength-to-weight ratio, averaging 47% and 63% compared with the conventional 3D printed beam. This paper demonstrates the potential of internal topology optimisation for improving the efficiency and sustainability of 3DCP.

Architected porosity in masonry structures can be created by transforming stock materials into a lattice of interlocking units through an automated batch process. Porous masonry forms numerous enclosed cavities for thermal performance and reduces material usage while maintaining structural integrity. This work investigates the potential and limits of digital tectonics of porous masonry through a complete process of design, manufacturing, and construction. The confluence of digital fabrication with tectonic exploration opens new dimensions unattainable by traditional stereotomy. Interlocking materials inspired by Abeille vault and digital stereotomy have made rapid progress. Following the theory of poetic construction, this work proposes that masonry construction should evoke visual or haptic enhancement through the fulfillment of pragmatic functions. We formulated a design challenge for a confined dry masonry wall for the envelope of the 2226 building. It assumes batch-cutting bespoke units out of large blocks of high-strength foam. Through a process of cutting and reassembling, the stock material is topologically expanded into a porous structure. A series of prototypes were developed to explore novel articulation, structural and thermal performance, and economical manufacturing. One can perceive the logic of porous construction through visual and haptic empathy. The materialization process interacts with the design masonry units and the interlocking mechanism. For future practice in masonry, the porosity should be planned at multiple scales (molecular scale, aggerate scale, construction scale) across the life cycle of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the circular bioeconomy principles, alternative ways of utilizing biomass waste streams are considered viable approaches to reaching sustainability goals. Accordingly, a growing body of literature is exploring new materials utilizing biomass in 3D-printing applications. This article presents early-stage research that initially investigates the usability of bamboo fibers and dust with bio-based binders in 3D printing towards its use in the design and production of the built environments. The research delves into solutions through a material tinkering approach to develop a bio-based composite material that can be used in fused deposition modeling (FDM). It includes mechanical strength analyses of printed specimens to understand the effects of different infill designs on the structural performance of objects printed using bamboo-based composite. Then, it demonstrates a design-to-production workflow that integrates a mechanically informed infill pattern within a self-supporting wall design that can be produced by 3D printing with bamboo. The workflow is presented with a partial demonstrator produced through robotic 3D printing. The article concludes with discussions and recommendations for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a robot is printing a sequence of non-horizontal goal poses, its joint values often undergo significant variations, resulting in challenges such as singularities or exceeding joint limits. This paper proposes two new methods aimed at optimizing goal poses to solve the problem. The first method, employing an analytical approach, modifies the goal poses to maintain the 4th joint value of a 6-axis industrial robot at zero. This adjustment effectively reduces the motion range of the 5th and 6th axes. The second method utilizes numerical optimization to adjust the goal poses, aiming to minimize the motion range of all joints. Leveraging the analytical method to obtain one good initial value, numerical optimization is subsequently applied to complete the entire path optimization, creating an optimization workflow. It is also possible to use only analytical methods for computational efficiency. The feasibility and effectiveness of these two methods are validated through simulation and real project case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a case study on the use of 3D concrete printing (3DCP) to qualify rocky pontoons with spaces for recreational use—namely sitting areas, circulation trails and fishing spots—and biodiversity protection—providing habitat and refuge for native marine species—with a focus on the challenges and opportunities associated with 3DCP prefabrication for such a complex topographical context. We first discuss the benefits and disadvantages of 3DCP over traditional methods for retrofitting strategies with the support of state-of-the-art literature review. We then present a methodology and an experimental case study, organized in three stages: (1) a photogrammetric survey and digital reconstruction of the site´s rocky landscape, (2) the creation of a tool to generate and optimize custom-fit slabs based on their location on site, intended use and role in the protection of the natural ecosystem, and (3) the robotic fabrication of these slabs through 3DCP. Finally, we present our key findings, revealing that 3DCP offers a viable and more efficient alternative for appropriating and revitalizing sites with a disorderly and highly complex topography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, digital fabrication techniques have captured the attention of many architects and makers due to their ability to challenge traditional construction techniques and complex forms that were hard to apply in the past. Digital fabrication has bridged the gap between the architectural design and construction processes by creating a direct digital link to the appropriate fabrication machines. Nevertheless, integrating digital fabrication techniques in the architectural design processes is still a major challenge to creating a culture of digital building all over the world. In this regard, this paper has arranged 10 key questions and their answers with a particular focus on how to integrate digital fabrication techniques into the architectural design process. It provides an overview of digital fabrication concepts and processes, computer software, material selection, the most popular digital fabrication techniques and their architectural applications such as free-form geometries, façades design, buildings, bridges, pavilions as well as structures like columns, walls, and slabs, along with the most significant challenges and opportunities facing the widespread use of these techniques in architecture. In an effort to identify new research trends, this paper concludes by discussing the state of the art in architecture-related digital fabrication research and research potential gaps, which will be beneficial to further research and scientific investigations in this field. Hence, a conceptual framework is suggested as a guideline for numerous architects, fabricators, and researchers to follow for integrating digital fabrication techniques into the architectural design process in order to take advantage of this strategy at scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary design practices, the conflict between initial design approaches and subsequent manufacturing and construction stages presents a notable challenge. To address this disparity, our study aims to establish a comprehensive digital design workflow, bridging these gaps. The authors introduce a conceptual framework that seamlessly integrates the imperatives of LEED with the realm of robotic manufacturing, specifically tailored for construction sites. The proposed methodology encompasses four distinct iFOBOT modules: iFOBOT-environment, iFOBOT-design, iFOBOT-construct, and iFOBOT-monitor. The integration of these modules allows for a holistic approach to design and construction, fostering efficient collaboration between multidisciplinary teams. To validate the efficacy of the author’s approach, we conducted an empirical study involving the creation of a double-skin facade panel perforation using this integrated process. Initial findings emphasize the enhanced constructability achieved through simulated robotic interventions utilizing a heuristic function. Moreover, this research presents a functional prototype as a tangible embodiment of the method’s practical application and potential impact on the field of architectural design and construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary design practices, the conflict between initial design approaches and subsequent manufacturing and construction stages presents a notable challenge. To address this disparity, our study aims to establish a comprehensive digital design workflow, bridging these gaps. The authors introduce a conceptual framework that seamlessly integrates the imperatives of LEED with the realm of robotic manufacturing, specifically tailored for construction sites. The proposed methodology encompasses four distinct iFOBOT modules: iFOBOT-environment, iFOBOT-design, iFOBOT-construct, and iFOBOT-monitor. The integration of these modules allows for a holistic approach to design and construction, fostering efficient collaboration between multidisciplinary teams. To validate the efficacy of the author’s approach, we conducted an empirical study involving the creation of a double-skin facade panel perforation using this integrated process. Initial findings emphasize the enhanced constructability achieved through simulated robotic interventions utilizing a heuristic function. Moreover, this research presents a functional prototype as a tangible embodiment of the method’s practical application and potential impact on the field of architectural design and construction.

This paper describes an innovative methodology allowing upcycling production waste into legitimate construction material for spatial structures, with minimal change to elements` shape. The system is based on interlocking joints between the boards. The plates are organized around nodes, creating a three-dimensional reciprocal system guaranteeing the stability of the entire structure, without any fasteners. We use an inversed, data-driven design process, in which unique components are defining the form of the structure. The design-to-production workflow consists of measuring and labeling of the elements, creating a data file, data-driven generation of the structure with a custom form-finding algorithm, structural optimization of the form, robotic processing of the scraps and manual assembly. The proposed methodology was tested in public spaces as a temporary pavilion and three wood-clay composite sitting elements, thus practically demonstrating the feasibility of our approach.

The convergence of innovative 3D printing technology and high-performance concrete mixes introduces a potential paradigm shift in architectural design and the entire Architecture Engineering Construction (AEC) industry, addressing important issues like the implementation of Construction 4.0 (the equivalent of Industry 4.0 for construction) and Sustainability The ongoing research project forms part of an articulated interdisciplinary and international endeavour at the intersection of Architecture and Civil Engineering, with three funded projects aiming to define firstly a rationale for the industrial applications of 3D-printed concrete (3DPC) and secondly the architectural value of this relatively new technology. The research is conducted in collaboration with an industrial partner specializing in large-scale concrete 3D printing, making it possible to assess the feasibility of the research outcomes at the industrial scale. This article reports on the first phases of the research, consisting in the production and testing of 3DPC specimens with different types of concrete mix, and explores the transformative impact of 3DPC on the architectural language, considering its aesthetic, functional, and cultural dimensions. Through a literature review, examining case studies, theoretical frameworks, and prototyping, this paper opens a reflection on the implications of applying this innovative technology to architectural expression and spatial configurations.

To meet climate change goals and respond to increased global urbanisation, the building industry needs to improve both its building technology and its design methods. Constrained urban environments and building stock extensions are challenges for standard timber construction. Co-design promises to better integrate disciplines and processes, promising smaller feedback loops for design iteration and building verification. This article describes the integrated design, fabrication, and construction processes of a timber building prototype as a case study for the application of co-design methods. Emphasis is placed on the development of design and engineering methods, fabrication and construction processes, and materials and building systems. The development of the building prototype builds on previous research in robotic fabrication (including prefabrication, task distribution, and augmented reality integration), agent-based modelling (ABM) for the design and optimisation of structural components, and the systematisation of timber buildings and their components. The results presented in this article include a functional example of co-design from which best practises may be extrapolated as part of an inductive approach to design research. The prototype, with its co-designed process and resultant flat ceilings, integrated services, wide spans, and design adaptability for irregular column locations, has the potential to expand the design potential of multi-storey timber buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an increasing interest in fabricating complex structures in architectural design, the concept of porosity has become a vital topic, opening up new avenues for tectonic thinking and functional demands in architecture. Porous structures typically consist of minute interstices or modular structural grids that allow fluids to pass through and are typically present on a micro scale. By adopting a biomimetic approach, which moves from the micro to the macro scale, the application of digital tools has enabled the design of functional building elements. For example, the 30 St Mary Axe tower by Foster and Partners imitates the shape and porosity of a Venus Flower Basket Sponge, resulting in enhanced endurance capabilities. Furthermore, porous structures can improve the building's thermal, light, and air circulation conditions. However, porous structures have a highly complex topology that poses a challenge for the fabrication process, and is primarily limited to 3D printing and CNC milling manufacturing approaches, with the addition of casting and chemical processes depending on the material. In this research, we propose a novel design and manufacturing approach for porous structure fabrication that uses a hot knife tool with an industrial robot to cut expanded polystyrene materials. This approach offers a faster and more efficient way to fabricate porous structures than additive or milling techniques, with an integrated design approach that enables a range of design scenarios to be explored. Additionally, our method provides hands-on experience and practical testing of a large-scale prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design and artwork driven by image sampling processing has a half-century tradition in contemporary art and computer graphics. In the past two decades, a similar approach has been used for the fabrication of abstract surface patterns for building facades. Recent advances in digital manufacturing based on industrial robots have reignited the interest toward developing new design-to-fabrication techniques which can possess intriguing visual and tectonic properties of the facades, based on image sampling processing and abstract image representation. The aim of the paper is to investigate the different strategies for creating surface patterns, based on image sampling and applying industrial robots as fabrication tools. In this paper, three different robotic fabrication strategies for generating surface patterns driven by image sampling are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a project that explores the potential of Additive Manufacturing (AM) for designing and fabricating multi-functional building components for improved climate performance. In this project, an innovative façade wall design was developed by using a computational method in an attempt to integrate a displacement ventilation system into the wall. A robotic AM solution is integrated into the workflow as a potentially feasible fabrication method for the resulting wall design with an intricate geometry. Clay is proposed as the AM material, being a potential low-carbon building material. To this end, a material exploration of clay was conducted to develop an appropriate composite for AM. A displacement ventilation system was developed to achieve better indoor air quality by using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. Subsequently, an AM solution was integrated into the workflow to automate the fabrication phase. Finally, a partial prototype of the design was made through AM with clay to demonstrate the feasibility and observe the material qualities of the final product. The proposed workflow proves applicable, highlighting directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robotic coreless filament winding using alternative material systems based on natural fibers and bio-based resin systems offers possible solutions to the productivity and sustainability challenges of the building and construction sector. Their application in modular, prefabricated structures allows for material-efficient and fast production under tightly controlled conditions leading to high-quality building parts with minimal production waste. Plant fibers made of flax or hemp have high stiffness and strength values and their production consumes less non-renewable energy than glass or carbon fibers. However, the introduction of natural material systems increases uncertainties in structural performance and fabrication parameters. The development process of coreless wound composite parts must thus be approached from the bottom up, treating the material system as an integral part of design and evaluation. Existing design and fabrication methods, as well as equipment, are adjusted to emphasize material aspects throughout the development, increasing the importance of material characterization and scalability evaluation. The reciprocity of material characterization and the fabrication process is highlighted and contributes to a non-linear, cyclical workflow. The implementation of extensions and adaptations are showcased in the development of the livMatS pavilion, a first attempt at coreless filament winding using natural material systems in architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]