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Rivers serve as a significant habitat and water sources for diverse organisms, including humans. An important environmental and public health concern is the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and genes (ARGs) in aquatic ecosystems brought about by excessive pollutant flow. The research highlighted that river water, which is receiving discharge from wastewater treatment plants, is harbouring multidrug-resistant bacteria. River water samples were collected in January, April, July and October 2022 from three separate locations of each Gomti and Ganga river. A total of 114 bacteria were isolated from Gomti as well as the Ganga River. All the isolates were tested for their resistance to various antibiotics by disc diffusion method. The isolated bacteria were tested for the antibiotic resistance genes using PCR and were identified by 16s rRNA sequencing. The ARBs percentages for each antibiotic were as follows: ampicillin (100%); cefotaxime (96.4, 63.1%); erythromycin (52.6, 57.8%); amikacin (68.4, 50.8%); tetracycline (47.3, 54.3%); nalidixic acid (47.3, 45.6%); streptomycin (68.4, 49.1%); gentamycin (43.8, 35%); chloramphenicol (26.3, 33.3%); neomycin (49.1, 29.8%) and ciprofloxacin (24.5, 7.01%). Further, antibiotic resistance genes in Gomti and Ganga water samples disclose distinctive patterns, including resistance to ermB (25, 40%); tetM (25, 33.3%); ampC (44.4, 40%) and cmlA1 (16.6%). Notably cmlA1 resistant genes were absent in all bacterial strains of the Gomti River. Additionally, gyrA gene was not found in both the river water samples. The presence of ARGs in the bacteria from river water shows threat of transferring these genes to native environmental bacteria. To protect the environment and public health, constant research is necessary to fully understand the extent and consequences of antibiotic resistance in these aquatic habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable development of arid regions is significantly constrained by the availability of water resources, which play a crucial role in this context. It is necessary to deeply investigate and analyze the hydrochemical characteristics and major ion sources. This study, which was based on data from 183 water samples collected from the Jinghe River Basin, provided a comprehensive analysis of the river water hydrochemistry. The results show that the average TDSs (total dissolved solids) was measured at 49.8 mg·L−1. HCO3− (82.4%) and Ca2+ (77.1%) were the ions present in the highest abundances. The river water was classified as the HCO3−-Ca2+ hydrochemical type. The Gibbs diagrams indicated that the ion composition was primarily influenced by rock weathering. Additionally, the Na-normalized molar ratio diagrams suggested that the chemical composition was primarily governed by the weathering and dissolution of silicate rocks, while the carbonate rock dissolution played a lesser role. This study demonstrates a critical aspect of water resources quality evaluation, which is of great significance for the sustainable development, utilization and environmental protection of regional water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study fractionated pollution sources and investigated the impacts of seasonal and tidal variations on Saigon River’s surface water quality. Ninety-six water samples were collected across dry and rainy seasons, covering ebb and flood tides, and analysed for 19 parameters. During the dry season, ebb tide showed higher levels of electrical conductivity, sulfate, chloride, sodium, and potassium. During the rainy season, ebb tide exhibited greater concentrations of ammonium, total nitrogen, and phosphorus. The water quality index was significantly lower during the dry season’s ebb tide compared to the flood tide but remained similar in both tidal phases during the rainy season. Four primary pollution sources were quantified, with seawater intrusion and agricultural activities contributing 62.68% and 28.54%, respectively, to water quality degradation. Briefly, the river’s surface water quality was inferior during the dry season compared to the rainy season, primarily due to seawater intrusion and agricultural activities, requiring remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations have revealed the presence of microplastics in both soil and groundwater, but the migration characteristics from soil to groundwater remain incompletely understood. In this study, two sampling sections consisting of soil-groundwater-river water were established near Lianxi Bridge and Xilin Bridge along the Jiuxi River in Xiamen. A total of 22 soil samples, 36 groundwater samples, and 18 river water samples were collected. Microplastics were detected in all samples with an abundance range of 392–836 n/kg in soil (mean, 655 ± 177 n/kg), 0.58–2.48 n/L groundwater (mean, 1.23 ± 0.42 n/L), and 0.38–1.80 n/L in river water (mean, 0.86 ± 0.41 n/L). Flakes predominantly constituted the shape of microplastics found in soil, while fibers dominated those present in water. Black, yellow, and red were the dominant color types. Polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE) were the main components of microplastics within soils, whereas polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), and PA prevailed within water. Microplastic particle sizes ranged from 39 to 2498 μm in soils, mainly from 29 to 3394 μm in water. The upstream section displayed higher abundances of microplastic compared to the downstream, revealing the soil particles having an intercepting effect on microplastics. The distribution and migration of microplastics in soil and groundwater are affected by many factors, including natural and anthropogenic factors, such as soil depth, soil properties, pore structure, hydrodynamics, hydraulic connections between groundwater and surface water, the extensive utilization and disposal of plastics, irrational exploitation of groundwater, and morphology and types of microplastics. These research findings contribute to a better understanding of the pathways, migration capacity, and influencing factors associated with microplastic entry into groundwater, thereby providing valuable technical support for the development of strategies aimed at controlling microplastic pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal pollution, especially in freshwater, is a serious problem for aquatic organisms and human health. In this study, the scales of Capoeta capoeta living in the Karasu River (Turkey), which is estimated to be contaminated with pollutants, especially heavy metals, were examined for structural anomalies. Two stations on the river were selected for this purpose. Fish and surface water samples were taken at the stations. The heavy metal analyses were carried out in the water and the fish tissue. Heavy metal pollution was detected in the surface water. It was also observed that some heavy metals (As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Mn, Pb, Ni, Zn) accumulate in the fish tissue. Significant structural differences were observed on the dorsal surface of the scales, such as interrupted primary radii, damaged circuli, damaged focus, damaged anterior scale margin, broken focus, deformed scale structure, scattered chromatophores, dilatation of primary radii, loss of focus, damaged annuli, symmetry shift in the lateral line canal, eroded circuli, damaged posterior scale margin, double focus, branching in the primary radii, asymmetric circuli, incomplete annuli and interrupted secondary radii in each of the fish collected from the contaminated site. Heavy metals are suspected to be responsible for the structural anomalies in the scales. Based on these observations, it can be said that fish scales can be used as an effective indicator of water quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, ferrate was synthesized and applied as a green and multi-purpose agent for simultaneous coagulation, oxidation, and disinfection to remove turbidity, TSS, COD, UV254, and pathogens from Hau River water. Statistical analyses showed that pH, ferrate dose, and their interaction significantly affected the removals of turbidity, COD, UV254, and coliforms. While ferrate provided the highest removal efficiencies of disinfection, COD, and UV254 at low pH (pH 5), suggesting its role in the oxidation process, it is necessary to raise pH (pH 9) to achieve high turbidity removal via sweep flocculation. The single use of ferrate at pH 5 and 5 mgFe/L resulted in the removal efficiencies of 75% of turbidity, 92% of COD, and 100% of coliforms. The combination of ferrate with alum (2.5 mgFe/L, 8 mgAl/L, and pH 7) followed by sand filtration achieved 95% removal of COD and 100% removal of both turbidity and coliform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive use of antibiotics causes serious environmental pollution, and luminescence sensing can easily and quickly detect trace antibiotic residues in water systems. In this paper, a nanoporous 2D robust Zn-MOF (LCU-126) and its mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) were well fabricated with N-rich functional sites for detecting iota norfloxacin (NOR) by a significant luminescence enhancement effect. The efficient luminescence sensing performance incorporates high selectivity and sensitivity, good anti-interference and recycling stability, fast response time, and a very low detection limit (LOD) of 0.1007 and 0.1706 ppb in real river water solutions for LCU-126 and its MMMs, respectively. Moreover, the luminescent test strips and latent fingerprint visualization further expanded its practical application in more convenient, fast, and real-time naked eye monitoring of NOR. Multiple experiments and DFT calculations reveal a possible photoinduced electron transfer (PET) luminescence enhancement sensing mechanism. These results evidence that LCU-126 is an advanced luminescent sensing material for detecting and monitoring NOR antibiotic residues in complex real water media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of using centrifugation in the separation of suspended forms from dissolved and colloidal forms in the chemical analysis of river waters is demonstrated in the case of rivers in the south of the Russian Far East. The concentrations of colloidal and suspended particles in nonfiltered water, as well as in centrifugates and filtrates, were characterized with the use of the method of dynamic light scattering (DLS). The comparison of DLS intensity in centrifugates and 0.45-µm filtrates was used to calculate the native density of pelitic and coarse colloidal particles of river suspension, which made it possible to correlate the centrifugation regimes with the size of settling particles within the range from 0.45 to 3 µm. Chemical analysis of supernatants of river water, obtained at different centrifugation regimes was used to evaluate the distribution of chemical elements between dissolved/colloidal (<0.45 µm), coarse-colloidal (0.45–1 µm), and pelite (1–3 µm) fractions. A significant linear relationship was found between the DLS intensity and the concentrations in centrifugates of Fe, Al, Ti, Th, Sc, REE, i.e., chemical elements with a high fraction of coarse colloidal and suspended forms, which confirms the possibility to assess the concentration of colloidal particles in centrifugates by the intensity of DLS. A disadvantage of centrifugation is that it is difficult to use in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bench-scale study of river water treatment using composite polyethersulfone (PES) membrane was carried out. Polyethylene glycol-silver nanoparticles (PEG-AgNPs) additive was designed to support the simultaneous filtration and disinfection performance of PES membranes via in situ incorporation. Significant improvements in the PES membranes after modification with PEG-AgNPs were observed. The experimental results showed that the PEG-AgNPs increased the PES membrane water flux from 2.87 to 172.84 L/m2·h. The anti-fouling test of the PES membrane toward humic acid molecules after the addition of PES/PEG-AgNPs increased the reversible fouling and decreased the irreversible fouling. In terms of filtration performance, the PES/PEG-AgNP membranes showed high filtration performance, with a water disinfection ability of 99.99 %. Moreover, the leach of silver particles from the PES membrane forced by ultrasonication was

The Cirasea River can provide water for both the Bandung basin and agricultural irrigation. Intensive agriculture, industry, and land use changes could have an impact on water quality. The purpose of this study is to look at the origins of heavy metals in riparian water resources. Heavy metal analysis was performed on 13 groundwater and river water samples. Heavy metals in water sources were compared with sediment and soil. The samples were analyzed for heavy metals using an AAS instrument. The research method employs statistical, geographical, and heavy metal pollution index (HPI). The HPI for river water was 131, whereas groundwater was 93. River water with an HPI value of more than 100 is highly polluted, indicating that it is unsafe for human consumption and has negative health consequences. Data verification with heavy metals in sediments reveals the presence of heavy metals coming from geogenic circumstances in various locations in the upstream area. Heavy metals in downstream areas result from geological factors and anthropogenic activities in the surrounding area. The long-term effects of heavy metal pollution along the riparian zone will become apparent. More research is needed on communities that depend on groundwater supplies along the Cirasea watershed.

Background: Dukku and Kalgo rivers in Kebbi, Nigeria, provide essential ecosystem services such as drinking and domestic water, fishing, and farming. However, the safety of these rivers in terms of microplastic pollution has not been investigated. This study aimed to characterize and determine the concentration and associated risks of microplastics in both rivers. Methods: Microplastics were extracted from water samples through filtration and analyzed using spectroscopy and microscopy. Results: Significant concentrations of microplastics were detected in both rivers. Dukku River samples showed concentrations ranging from 125.00 to 160.30 particles/liter, while Kalgo River ranged from 119.30 to 134.70 particles/liter. Both rivers predominantly contained microplastic fibers and fragments, with fibers comprising the highest percentages (61% in the Dukku River and 56% in the Kalgo River). Microplastics in Kalgo River were predominantly sized between 0 and 100 μm, whereas in Dukku River, sizes ranged from 500 to 1000 μm. Polyamide was the dominant polymer, constituting 50% in the Dukku River and 42.50% in the Kalgo River, followed by polyethylene (34% in the Kalgo River and 25.60% in Dukku River), and polyvinyl alcohol (24.40% in Dukku River and 23.50% in Kalgo River). The predominant risk level posed by these polymers was level III (moderate risk), although polyamide posed a level IV risk (high risk). The pollution load index (PLI) for both rivers exceeded one, indicating a high risk. Conclusion: Microplastic pollution in these rivers poses ecological and health risks. Identifying and mitigating sources of microplastic entry into the rivers is crucial to reducing exposure levels.

AbstractThis study explored the elimination of petroleum from river water using matrix-bound composites of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) decorated on biochar with immobilized hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria (HCB) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP) at 10%v/v pollution levels. The beads containing biochar and IONPs (BCNP) showed better pollutant removal than those with biochar alone (BC). The treatment with beads containing biochar, IONPs, HCB and MAP had the highest removal efficiency for TPH (98.5%) and PAH (93.7%) and the lowest biodegradation half-lives. The removal efficiency for TPH and PAH was greater in the treatment microcosms than in the controls with significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between the two groups. TPH and PAH elimination levels differed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) between systems with the BC bead and those with the BCNP beads. The study revealed a steady increase in the abundance of the total cultivable heterotrophic bacteria and cultivable hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria in the treatment microcosms after an initial decline, with strong negative correlation between bacterial abundance and TPH and PAH concentrations based on r values (0.5 − 1.0) and shared variances obtained. Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella pneumoniae dominated as the drivers of the bioremediation process while organic acids and esters (25.0%) and ketones (14.3%) were the main biodegradation metabolite groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most rivers in South Africa, particularly in rural areas, are contaminated and serve as a breeding ground for potential disease-causing microorganisms such as Vibrio cholera. Contaminated river sources could endanger the health of those communities that rely on them for domestic, agricultural, and recreational purposes. The aim of the study was to examine the presence of V. cholera and toxigenic V. cholera water samples from river sources collected in the Vhembe Municipal District during a three-month period. Physicochemical parameters, culture dependent and molecular techniques were used to identify V. cholerae in the samples. Majority of the physiochemical parameters were within the acceptable limit with exception of electrical conductivity readings in the Mvudi, Livuvhu, Dzindi, Nzhelele, Mutale, Shingwedzi, Tshinane and Nwedi rivers which were above the acceptable standard limit of 0–70 μS/cm. Most of the river samples tested positive for the presence of V. cholera, particularly on the downstream samples. Toxigenic V. cholerae was detected in four of the 12 samples that originally tested positive for V. cholera. The study revealed poor water quality and significant health concerns to consumers, emphasizing the importance of implementing river basin management measures to ensure the long-term sustainability of these rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than two billion people across the world do not have access to potable water. Communities globally are struggling with epidemic level disease outbreaks, limited water supply among other large-scale public health risks. Water is essential for life and several regions across the world have poor infrastructure for the management of potable water resources and lack critical wastewater treatment facilities. As the population of the Earth grows rampantly, the demand for water resources is increasing exponentially. Large-scale critical infrastructure chains are required to produce potable water from raw water sources, and developing countries continue to struggle economically and cannot afford the same treatment chains as the developed world. This research project evaluated the feasibility of two photocatalytic / photo-Fenton solar reactors on their capabilities to breakdown water contaminants present in natural hydro-systems and freshwater resources namely rivers in Chatham, Kent, England between September 2015 and August 2017. The photo-Fenton reaction and solar-photochemical reactors were designed, constructed, and tested for the removal efficiencies of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), ammonia, nitrates, nitrites, and phosphates via LCK curvetted tests, in addition to turbidity and colour. The water quality analysis and results showed that oversaturation of the photoFenton reagents reduces the effectiveness of the reaction, and that finding the correct chemical balance has a greater impact on the removal efficiencies of the five pollutants than the use of ultraviolet (UV) light catalyst. Under the conditions set by this research project, a smaller diameter of piping yields the best removal efficiencies of pollutants. The optimal photochemical balance of H2O2: Fe2+ has more of an impact on the effectiveness of treatment than the use of UV radiation. The ideal H2O2: Fe2+ ratio for the treatment of river water is close to 100:1 mg/L. The impact of semivariables such as diameter of pipe and UV influx on the effectiveness of treatment are not noticeable compared to the effect of changing the photo-Fenton chemical ratio. Moreover, the photo-Fenton process’ removal efficiency is directly proportional to the remaining H2O2 concentration, as the photochemical reaction proceeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the technique of hardness removal by using a novel reactor performing an electrocoagulation (EC) process. The variation of alkalinity is also recorded. Continuous flow experiments were conducted for Total Hardness (TH) removal using a transparent plastic reactor using aluminum plate electrodes that have holes so that the water flows through the plates in a zigzag way. The influence of various operating parameters such as the number of plates (two and four), flow rate (600, 1000 L/h), and water type (Tigris River & rejected water from Reverse Osmosis system RO) was investigated. The results showed that an increase in the number of electrodes led to an increase in the total hardness removal efficiency. In addition, the increase in the flow rate led to a decrease in the removal efficiency. For the rejected RO water type, the highest hardness removal rate was 16.16% for 4 plates electrodes and 600 L/h flow rate while for the river water was 29% for 4 plates electrodes and 1000 L/h [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-Acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL) play a major role in the communication of Gram-negative bacteria. They influence processes such as biofilm formation, swarming motility, and bioluminescence in the aquatic environment. A comprehensive analytical method was developed to elucidate the "chemical communication" in pure bacterial cultures as well as in the aquatic environment and engineered environments with biofilms. Due to the high diversity of AHLs and their low concentrations in water, a sensitive and selective LC-ESI-MS/MS method combined with solid-phase extraction was developed for 34 AHLs, optimized and validated to quantify AHLs in bacterial conditioned medium, river water, and treated wastewater. Furthermore, the developed method was optimized in terms of enrichment volume, internal standards, limits of detection, and limits of quantification in several matrices. An unanticipated variety of AHLs was detected in the culture media of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in total 8 AHLs), Phaeobacter gallaeciensis (in total 6 AHLs), and Methylobacterium mesophilicum (in total 15 AHLs), which to our knowledge have not been described for these bacterial cultures so far. Furthermore, AHLs were detected in river water (in total 5 AHLs) and treated wastewater (in total 3 AHLs). Several detected AHLs were quantified (in total 24) using a standard addition method up to 7.3±1.0 µg/L 3-Oxo-C12-AHL (culture media of P. aeruginosa). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrochemical sensor based upon a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT-PSS) co-polymer film with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified microelectrode is reported for the determination of Fe(III). Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the AuNPs were immobilized on gold (Au) microelectrode by formation of a nanofilm with PEDOT-PSS. The individual particles and their cluster-like aggregates provide a larger active electrochemical area and higher conductivity, which facilitates the determination of Fe(III). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows the AuNPs/PEDOT-PSS/Au microelectrode possesses high conductivity. A low detection limit of 0.01 µM Fe(III) was obtained using the modified microelectrode by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) due to its large specific surface area, high conductivity, and the presence of more active sites. The optimized pH of the supporting acetate buffer was 2.0. The AuNPs/PEDOT-PSS/Au provided a linear range from 0.0119 μM to 7.14 μM. The modified electrode was successfully employed for the the determination of total dissolved iron in river water from Three Gorges with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Priority 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were examined in the surface water from urbanized rivers and drains. The concentration in the Hindon River, Yamuna River, and drains, respectively, varied from 1.64 to 73.4, 1.98 to 93.0, and 1.99 to 67.4 µg L−1. Total concentrations of PAHs in winter were 4.1, 2.9, and 3.6 times higher than in summer, respectively. Naphthalene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, (low molecular weight compounds) and chrysene contributed 62.3% to 74.4% and 17.7% to 24.8%, respectively, to the overall concentration. Their predominance suggested emissions from the combustion of industrial oil, wood, and grass. Due to the impact of waste water discharges, the spatial distribution was unpredictable. In comparison to the lower section of the rivers, the upper stretch had a low concentration. This suggested that it came from sources of urban emissions. Emission sources from unintentional spills and auto shops, along with local emissions and long-range atmospheric transport, were found in the source apportionment analysis. Locations where some PAHs surpassed chronic values could be hazardous to aquatic life. A thorough investigation was necessary because there are relatively few studies on persistent organic contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in surface waters from the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of β-blocker drugs in aquatic environments worldwide has caused increasing attention to their threat to human health in recent years. It is essential to monitor these widely prescribed pharmaceuticals in natural waters and sediments, helping us investigate their potential risk to humans and ecosystems. In this study, a passive sampling technique, diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT), was systematically developed for eight frequently detected β-blockers. The effective capacities of target compounds were large enough for the devices to deploy for several weeks. The uptake of all compounds was linearly correlated with deployment times during the 7-day laboratory experiment and agreed well with the theoretical line, except for several compounds (e.g., ATL) due to their relatively slow uptake rate. The performance of most compounds was independent of varying pH values and organic matter contents; only a few compounds were affected, while the application in high-salinity environments needs to be conducted with caution. Field deployments of DGT to detect β-blockers in situ in rivers and sediments proved that DGT is an effective tool to monitor β-blocker drugs and their fate in the natural aquatic environment, while DGT probes can provide information for us to investigate the biogeochemical processes occurred in sediment, especially at the sediment–water interface. This novel approach will help us understand the behaviour of β-blocker drugs in the aquatic environment, assess their risks, finally protect human health and maintain the sustainable development of the ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on the presence of hydrochemical anomalies in river water in Murmansk region are presented, contrast hydrochemical anomalies are identified, and hydrochemical series are formed. The least number of anomalous values was recorded in the concentrations of magnesium, calcium, and organic matter in river water, and the largest number, for metal compounds. Most of the identified hydrochemical anomalies are positive and low-contrast. Contrast anomalies are most often in manganese compounds. Most of the identified anomalies in terms of manganese compounds in river water are of mixed genesis (in the Pechenga River basin). Hydrochemical anomalies in the water of ecologically safe reaches of the Lotta and Ura rivers are of natural origin and are caused by geochemical features of the catchments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics residues even low concentrations increases human health risk and ecological risk. The current study was conducted with the aims of meta-analysis concentrations of antibiotics in river water including amoxicillin (AMX), tetracyclines (TCN), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), trimethoprim (TMP), azithromycin (AZM) and amoxicillin (AMX) and estimates human health and ecological risks. Search was performed in databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Science direct, Cochrane, Science Direct, Google Scholar were used to retrieve scientific papers from January 1, 2004 to June 15, 2024. The concentration of antibiotics residues was meta-analyzed using random effects model in water river water based on type of antibiotics subgroups. Human health risk assessment from ingestion and dermal contact routs was estimated using target hazard quotient (THQ), total target hazard quotient (TTHQ), carcinogenic (CR) and ecological hazard quotient (EHQ) of antibiotics in river water was estimated using monte carlo simulations (MCS) model. Sixty-two papers on antibiotics in river water with 272 data-reports (n = 28,522) were included. The rank order of antibiotics residues in river water based on pooled concentration was SMX (66.086 ng/L) > CIP (26.005 ng/L) > TCN (17.888 ng/L) > TMP (6.591 ng/L) > AZM (2.077 ng/L) > AMX (0.029 ng/L). The overall pooled concentration of antibiotics residues in river water was 24.262 ng/L, 95 %CI (23.110–25.413 ng/L). TTHQ for adults and children due to antibiotics in water was 2.41E-3 and 2.36E-3, respectively. The sort of antibiotics based on their quota in TTHQ for adults and children was AMX > CIP > TMP > AZM > TCN > SMX. Total CR in adults and children was 2.41E-03 and 2.36E-03, respectively. The sort of antibiotics based on percentile 95 % EHQ was SMX (7.70E+03) > TCN (7.63E+01) > TMP (7.03E-03) > CIP (2.86E-03) > AMX (5.71E-04) and TEHQ values due to antibiotics in river water in China was equal to 7.78E+03. Current study suggests that conduct effective monitoring and water quality control plans to reduce concentration of antibiotics especially SMX, TCN, and CIP in river water of China.

Study region: The middle and lower reaches of the Fuji River system, Central Japan Study focus: The increase in turbidity over the last decade is considered a major cause of habitat degradation of aquatic organisms in the Fuji River and the adjacent coastal area of Suruga Bay. This study identifies the source and fate of suspended solids (SS) in the Fuji River system based on an investigation of the isotopic composition of strontium (87Sr/86Sr) in river water, SS, and fluvial sediments. New hydrological insights for the region: The Sr isotope mass-balance model revealed that the strong turbidity (SS > 500 mg L−1) observed in a major tributary system—the Hayakawa River—accounted for 65 % of riverine SS in the Fuji River; however, the Hayakawa River water contributed only 24 % to the total river water flow in the Fuji River. In contrast, riverbed sediments in the Fuji River contained only 11 % of the sediments derived from the Hayakawa River system. These results suggest that the Hayakawa River SS could be a major source of turbidity in the Fuji River but most of it flowing into Suruga Bay without significant sedimentation. The present Sr isotope ratio, depends on host rock types in geologically heterogeneous catchments, can be used for fingerprinting of fluvial SS and improving ecosystem management planning in watersheds susceptible to frequent soil erosion and landslides.

Background:Moringa oleiferais a fast-growing, long-lived plant that blooms throughout the year and can withstand extreme arid conditions. Objective:This study aims to examine the effectiveness of Moringa oleiferaseed powder in reducing nitrate levels in river water. Method:The research method employed in this study involved analysis using the Paired Sample Statistical Test. Result:The statistical test results revealed a significance value of 0.017 (p < 0.05) and a mixing time variation significance of 0.011 (p < 0.05). These values indicate that the null hypothesis (H0: there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables) is rejected, while the alternative hypothesis (Ha: there is a relationship between the independent and dependent variables) is accepted. This implies a significant difference in the reduction of nitrate levels between the pretest and posttest data, demonstrating that the use of Moringaseed powder is effective in reducing nitrate levels. Conclusion:This study concludes that the administration of Moringaseed powder at a dose of 400 mg/L, with a mixing time of 2 minutes at a fast speed (80 rpm) and 20 minutes at a low speed (40 rpm), is most effective in significantly reducing nitrate levels in river water. Keywords:Moringa oleifera; nitrate levels; river water; Indonesia

Conventional agriculture and the need to satisfy the demand for food, cause different types of pesticides to be used indiscriminately, causing them to be dispersed into ecosystems by wind and water currents, representing a serious environmental problem. For this reason, it is important to apply effective technologies for the elimination of pesticides from water bodies. In the present research, heterogeneous photocatalysis using ZnO as a photocatalyst was applied to evaluate the degradation of methamidophos in contaminated water prepared in ultrapure water and river water. Considering the working parameters of 3 g/L of zinc oxide, a concentration of 50 mg/L of methamidophos, with constant agitation of 300 rpm, temperature 25 ± 2 °C and a natural pH, methamidophos degradation percentages of 86.66 % and 57.96 % were achieved in ultrapure water and river water, respectively. The chloride, sulfates, nitrates, and nitrites anions present in the river water could be responsible for the decrease in the effectiveness of the photocatalytic process. The mathematical models that best describe the degradation process were the pseudo-second order model and the Elovich model.

The solar sterilization treatment innovation method can be implemented within households to address water pollution, especially those contaminants caused by microorganisms that may lead to waterborne illnesses. During review, water sources in the local area were assessed for turbidity and microbial quality. It was found that river water had turbidity levels of less than 30 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) during the dry season and typically up to 50 NTU during the wet season. This review aimed to understand the impact of these findings on the local area and its technological context. This study researched the utilization of sun-based radiation to clean the microbial mass tracked down in untreated water. Temperature and length of the openness are the two normal factors that were distinguished. The first water with a microbial heap of 40–55 (CFU) was presented to solar radiation at a temperature of above 44.5 °C outcome 0 (CFU) at the openness season of 6 h. The size and kind of materials utilized for this process were PET bottles of 1.5 L capacity with a half-dark tone. The factual examination at a 95% certainty information stretch has a p-value of

Abstract Progesterone receptor (PR)-interacting compounds in the environment are associated with serious health hazards. However, methods for their detection in environmental samples are cumbersome. We report a sensitive activity-based biosensor for rapid and reliable screening of progesterone receptor (PR)-interacting endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The biosensor is a cell line which expresses nuclear mCherry-NF1 and a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged chimera of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) N terminus fused to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of PR (GFP-GR-PR). As this LBD is shared by the PRA and PRB, the biosensor reports on the activation of both PR isoforms. This GFP-GR-PR chimera is cytoplasmic in the absence of hormone and translocates rapidly to the nucleus in response to PR agonists or antagonists in concentration- and time-dependent manner. In live cells, presence of nuclear NF1 label eliminates cell fixation and nuclear staining resulting in efficient screening. The assay can be used in screens for novel PR ligands and PR-interacting contaminants in environmental samples. A limited screen of river water samples indicated a widespread, low-level contamination with PR-interacting contaminants in all tested samples.

Background: The pollution of water bodies is a serious concern in most rural areas in low- and middle-income countries due to anthropogenic activities which pose the greatest risk of human hepatitis viruses to public health. The aim of the study was to determine the probability of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection associated with human consumption of water from River Owena, Nigeria. Methods: Water samples were collected from points with intense anthropogenic activities during dry and wet periods. Loads of enteric bacteria and HAV were determined using culture-based method and molecular technique. Risks of HAV infection was estimated using dose-response model, and probabilities of clinical illness and mortality were also determined. Results: Results revealed that the levels E. coli and faecal coliforms were greater during the wet period than the dry period (p< 0.05). Concentration of HAV was greater during the dry period than the wet period (p< 0.05). Risks of HAV infection were higher during the dry period than the wet period, and were all above the US EPA acceptable risk limit. Risk of clinical illness and mortality due to HAV were higher during the dry period than the wet period. Conclusions: Ingestion of water from the river may result into liver inflammation, morbidity or death. Development of active water management plans to reduce pollutant fluxes and address contamination threats must be established.

Clean water quality is a problem, especially for developing countries in Asia. Their efforts to maximize various sectors to become a developed country, for example in industrial activities, result in negative environmental impacts, especially for water quality. Wastewater that is directly discharged into river bodies without any treatment causes river water quality to become increasingly worse. The Water Quality Index (WQI) is one of the tools used to assess river water quality. There have been many studies that examine river water quality in Asia, but there are still few studies that discuss river water quality as a whole in Asia, especially for developing countries where industrial activities are massive. This study discusses trends in river water quality in developing countries in Asia. The results obtained show that most river water quality in Asia falls into the medium to poor category, even poor in some situations, especially areas with dense populations in areas around rivers which are full of domestic and industrial activities. For this reason, there is a need for a more advanced WQI assessment which is carried out using scientific analysis using fuzzy logic so that the WQI value can be more accurate and QGIS can provide broader information. There needs to be cooperation and good relations between the community, stakeholders and the government in an effort to overcome river pollution which will become even worse by providing stricter regulations, establishing proper water treatment so that industrial or domestic waste water does not directly enter water bodies, and create appropriate policies. Therefore, it is important to be able to develop a river water quality assessment system such as WQI to be more accurate so that these actions can be carried out.

Herein, Polymethyldopamin@Fe3O4 (PMDP@Fe3O4) has been synthesized using a very simple, easy, cost-effective, efficient, and fast method. First, magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) were synthesized. It was followed by accommodating polymethyldopamin (PMDP) on the prepared Fe3O4. The prepared PMDP@Fe3O4 was utilized as a sorbent in the Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction (MSPE) of six selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) including anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. The extracted model analytes were desorbed by a Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) and were analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). The method is validated according to ICH guidelines with respect to precision, accuracy, linearity, specificity, robustness, and limits of detection and quantification. Under the optimized condition, the linearity of the method was in the range of 0.1–500 µg L−1 for the selected analytes. The calibration curves showed a determination of coefficient (r2) higher than 0.9986. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were calculated to be between 0.03–0.14 and 0.09–0.46 µg L−1, respectively. The inter-day and intra-day relative standard deviations (RSDs%) were determined to be in the range of 1.7–4.2% in three concentrations. Furthermore, the enrichment factors were found to be 76, 61, 65, 78, 69, and 67 for anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, respectively. Moreover, the calculated absolute recoveries were between 61 and 78%. The results of the real sample analysis and the obtained recoveries indicated that the method was useful and applicable in complicated real samples. PMDP@Fe3O4 nanoparticles were used for the extraction and determination of PAHs. DES was synthesized and used as a desorption solvent. The prepared sorbent showed high extraction performance, high stability, satisfactory reproducibility, and easy preparation. PMDP@Fe3O4 nanoparticles revealed satisfactory extraction recoveries for the MSPE of the PAHs. The method is effective, sensitive, cost-effective, and has wide LDRs and low LODs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In emergency cases such as disasters, supplying enough safe drinking water is one of the most urgent needs for human life. This research aimed to develop a chemical- and electricity-free drinking water treatment system based on microfiltration and catalysts of Ag and Ag-TiO2-SiO2 coated on glass spheres in both dark and sunlight conditions. The system was applied to treat raw water samples taken from five rivers in Vietnam, simulated floodwater samples with high turbidity and E. coli concentration, and real flooding water samples. The results showed the filtration unit fed with simulated floodwater generated lower fluxes and shorter working durations before chemical cleaning than that fed with normal river water. However, filtrate quality was not significantly different for these five water samples with very low values of turbidity (0–0.66 NTU), total coliform (5–19 CFU (100 mL)−1), and E. coli (0–17 CFU (100 mL)−1). The catalyst units using glass spheres coated with either Ag in dark and sunlight or Ag-TiO2-SiO2 under sunlight can completely remove E. coli and coliform as well as additionally mitigate natural organic matters. This study hence suggests the combination of microfiltration and Ag-based catalytic treatment for safe drinking water supply in emergencies, especially for flooding conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progesterone receptor (PR)-interacting compounds in the environment are associated with serious health hazards. However, methods for their detection in environmental samples are cumbersome. We report a sensitive activity-based biosensor for rapid and reliable screening of progesterone receptor (PR)-interacting endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The biosensor is a cell line which expresses nuclear mCherry-NF1 and a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged chimera of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) N terminus fused to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of PR (GFP-GR-PR). As this LBD is shared by the PRA and PRB, the biosensor reports on the activation of both PR isoforms. This GFP-GR-PR chimera is cytoplasmic in the absence of hormone and translocates rapidly to the nucleus in response to PR agonists or antagonists in concentration- and time-dependent manner. In live cells, presence of nuclear NF1 label eliminates cell fixation and nuclear staining resulting in efficient screening. The assay can be used in screens for novel PR ligands and PR-interacting contaminants in environmental samples. A limited screen of river water samples indicated a widespread, low-level contamination with PR-interacting contaminants in all tested samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We construct freshwater balance in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) within a control volume (CV) bounded by 1,018 kg/m3 isopycnal surface using observations and ocean reanalysis during 2011–2015. Freshwater in CV is maximum in October–November due to monsoonal rain and river inflows, and minimum in April–May. Water lighter than 1,018 kg/m3 is not transported out of BoB, implying that freshwater lost from CV is mixed away entirely within the basin. From freshwater budget, we infer moderate diapycnal mixing rates (∼0.8 × 10−5 m2/s) in boreal spring and summer; in winter (December–January), the rate of freshwater loss to subsurface ocean is 0.015 m/day, corresponding to a median turbulent diffusivity of 4.2 × 10−5 m2/s, with standard error of 25%. We show that enhanced winter mixing across the shallow pycnocline is due to reduced shortwave radiation and subseasonal episodes of surface buoyancy loss when cool, dry northeast monsoon winds blow over BoB. Plain Language Summary: The freshwater from monsoonal rivers and rain discharged into the Bay of Bengal (BoB) forms a shallow (<10 m deep) salinity‐stratified layer which has implications for the regional air‐sea interaction. There is very limited understanding of the mixing of the freshwater owing to the absence of near‐surface turbulence measurements in BoB. It is important to understand the disappearance of the shallow fresh layer in the Bay due to it's linkages to the regional hydrological cycle and the near‐surface stratification. In this study, we infer the seasonality of basin‐scale mixing beneath the surface layer of BoB from a freshwater volume balance using a combination of observations and ocean analysis. We find that the highest rates of freshwater mixing (mean and median values of about 5.5 × 10−5 m2/s and 4.2 × 10−5 m2/s) occur during winter (December–January), mainly driven by enhanced surface buoyancy loss thereby reducing the freshwater content at a mean rate of 0.015 m/day. This study has implications for improvement of ocean and climate models, which generally have too‐high mixing rates and poor representation of the salinity‐stratified near‐surface layer in BoB. Key Points: Low‐salinity water from monsoon rain and rivers covers nearly 80% of the northern Bay of Bengal's surface in October–November, and nearly vanishes by April–MayThe freshest (salinity <30 pss) and lightest (density <1,018 kg/m3) water is not transported across the southern boundary, indicating modification or storage within the bayFreshwater balance shows that most of the rain and river water is mixed across the 1,018 kg/m3 isopycnal surface in winter during episodes of enhanced surface buoyancy loss [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endocrine‐disrupting compounds (EDCs) such as natural and synthetic hormones as well as phenolic industrial chemicals are considered contaminants of emerging concern in environmental waters. While EDCs carried through rivers may impact ecosystem health and productivity, these compounds are still not widely studied nor regulated. In the present study, we report the occurrence of EDCs in urban rivers in Mega Manila, namely, the Marikina, Pasig, Angat, and Pampanga Rivers that drain into Manila Bay. Endocrine‐disrupting compounds may have reached these rivers through domestic wastewater and industrial effluents. Water samples from the rivers were extracted by solid‐phase extraction before instrumental analysis using a liquid chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. The analytical method exhibited good linear response (>99% in the concentration range of 1–50 µg/L) and low instrument detection limits (0.14–1.46 µg/L) for the hormones estrone (E1), estradiol, ethinylestradiol, progesterone, and testosterone, and the industrial chemicals bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and octylphenol. Of the hormones, E1 was detected up to 11 ng/L. Bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and octylphenol were measured up to 54, 1878, and 62 ng/L, respectively. Endocrine‐disrupting compounds are not yet monitored in water bodies in the Philippines and there are no local guidelines yet on occurrence, pollution prevention, and mitigation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:259–266. © 2023 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pollution of water bodies is a serious concern in most rural areas in low- and middle-income countries due to anthropogenic activities which pose the greatest risk of human hepatitis viruses to public health. The aim of the study was to determine the probability of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection associated with human consumption of water from River Owena, Nigeria. Methods: Water samples were collected from points with intense anthropogenic activities during dry and wet periods. Loads of enteric bacteria and HAV were determined using culture-based method and molecular technique. Risks of HAV infection was estimated using dose-response model, and probabilities of clinical illness and mortality were also determined. Results: Results revealed that the levels E. coli and faecal coliforms were greater during the wet period than the dry period (p< 0.05). Concentration of HAV was greater during the dry period than the wet period (p< 0.05). Risks of HAV infection were higher during the dry period than the wet period, and were all above the US EPA acceptable risk limit. Risk of clinical illness and mortality due to HAV were higher during the dry period than the wet period. Conclusions: Ingestion of water from the river may result into liver inflammation, morbidity or death. Development of active water management plans to reduce pollutant fluxes and address contamination threats must be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the technique of hardness removal by using a novel reactor performing an electrocoagulation (EC) process. The variation of alkalinity is also recorded. Continuous flow experiments were conducted for Total Hardness (TH) removal using a transparent plastic reactor using aluminum plate electrodes that have holes so that the water flows through the plates in a zigzag way. The influence of various operating parameters such as the number of plates (two and four), flow rate (600, 1000 L/h), and water type (Tigris River & rejected water from Reverse Osmosis system RO) was investigated. The results showed that an increase in the number of electrodes led to an increase in the total hardness removal efficiency. In addition, the increase in the flow rate led to a decrease in the removal efficiency. For the rejected RO water type, the highest hardness removal rate was 16.16% for 4 plates electrodes and 600 L/h flow rate while for the river water was 29% for 4 plates electrodes and 1000 L/h.

The impact of an earthquake on river water quality is massive, and the quality of life and environment typically changes as a result of a quick drop in the environment system. A 6.0 magnitude earthquake struck the Ranau area of Sabah, Malaysia, in 2015, affecting the Liwagu River’s water quality. Satellite data on earthquakes, coupled with local water quality data collecting, allows for an accurate assessment of water quality parameters. As a result, the Sabah Water Department provided secondary water quality data from Bambangan and Kimolohing on the Liwagu River. Following that, turbidity, color, pH, electric conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate (NO3−), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), alkalinity, hardness, chloride (Cl-), and sulfate (SO42−) were chosen. The investigation discovered unusually high turbidity and color in the water on June 17, 2015, as well as elevated levels of Al, Fe, and Mn. DO concentrations plummeted to 3.8 mg/L on the same day. Statistical analyses, employing the Kruskal-Wallis test, identified significant parameters—Fe (0.001) and Mn (0.001) at both stations, turbidity (0.001), and color (0.003) in Kimolohing, and Al (0.027) in Bambangan. Recovery in water quality took two weeks to two months, with iron and manganese requiring over six months for restoration. The earthquake didn’t solely dominate the impact but altered pollution sources to the river. The discussion highlights the synthesis of spatial and temporal dynamics enabled by the integration of ground and satellite data. This approach not only refines retrospective analyses but also propels us into predictive modeling, enhancing preparedness for future seismic events. The study’s holistic environmental impact assessment extends beyond water quality, unraveling cascading effects on ecosystems, soil, and vegetation. Informed decision-making for sustainable resource utilization emerges as a pivotal outcome, emphasizing the interconnectedness of seismic activity, rainfall patterns, and water quality. The study serves as a blueprint for future environmental assessments, emphasizing multifaceted approaches to understand and mitigate the complex impacts of seismic events on water resources.

Regulators in England and Wales have set new targets under the Environment Act 2021 for freshwater quality by 2038 that include halving the length of rivers polluted by harmful metals from abandoned mines and reducing phosphorus loadings from treated wastewater by 80%. In this context, an intriguing win–win opportunity exists in the removal of iron from abandoned mines and phosphate from small sewage treatment plants by coprecipitation in constructed wetlands (CWs). We investigated such a CW located at Lamesley, Northeast England, which cotreats abandoned coal mine and secondary-treated sewage treatment plant effluents. We assessed the removal of nutrients, heavy metals, organic micropollutants, and faecal coliforms by the CW, and characterized changes in the water bacteriology comprehensively using environmental DNA. The CW effectively removed ammonium-nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and faecal coliforms by an average of 86, 74, 98, and 75%, respectively, to levels below or insignificantly different from those in the receiving river. The CW also effectively removed micropollutants such as acetaminophen, caffeine, and sulpiride by 70–100%. Molecular microbiology methods showed successful conversion of sewage and mine water microbiomes into a freshwater microbiome. Overall, the CW significantly reduced impacts on the rural water environment with minimal operational requirements. HIGHLIGHTS The CW removed iron from mine water and phosphorus from wastewater by coprecipitation.; The CW effectively removed nutrients, faecal bacteria, and micropollutants.; Dissolved Cu, Zn, Mn, and total dissolved solids were not effectively removed.; The CW converted mine water and sewage microbiomes into a freshwater microbiome.; The CW simultaneously addressed wastewater and mine water pollution issues.;

Rivers are impacted by microbial faecal pollution from various sources. We report on a short-term faecal pollution event at the pre-alpine Austrian river Traisen caused by the large cultural event FM4 Frequency music festival, with around 200,000 visitors over 4 days. We observed a massive increase of the faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) intestinal enterococci during the event, while Escherichia coli concentrations were only slightly elevated. This increase poses a significant potential health threat to visitors and people recreating downstream of the festival area. A plausible explanation for the uncoupling of the two FIBs may have been a differential persistence caused by a combination of factors including water temperature, solar radiation, and the excessive presence of personal care products (PCPs) in the river water. However, a potential impact of PCPs on FIB assay performance cannot be ruled out. Our observations are relevant for other intensively used bathing sites; detailed investigations on persistence and assay performance of the FIB in response to different ingredients of PCPs are highly recommended. We conclude that for future festivals at this river or other festivals taking place under similar settings, a more effective management is necessary to reduce deterioration in water quality and minimise health risks. HIGHLIGHTS Strong impact of a cultural event on microbial faecal river pollution.; Uncoupling of E. coli and enterococci concentrations during the pollution event.; Plausible explanation for uncoupling is the differential persistence of faecal indicators.; Personal care products may significantly contribute to differential persistence of faecal indicators.;

The sustainable development of arid regions is significantly constrained by the availability of water resources, which play a crucial role in this context. It is necessary to deeply investigate and analyze the hydrochemical characteristics and major ion sources. This study, which was based on data from 183 water samples collected from the Jinghe River Basin, provided a comprehensive analysis of the river water hydrochemistry. The results show that the average TDSs (total dissolved solids) was measured at 49.8 mg·L−1. HCO3− (82.4%) and Ca2+ (77.1%) were the ions present in the highest abundances. The river water was classified as the HCO3−-Ca2+ hydrochemical type. The Gibbs diagrams indicated that the ion composition was primarily influenced by rock weathering. Additionally, the Na-normalized molar ratio diagrams suggested that the chemical composition was primarily governed by the weathering and dissolution of silicate rocks, while the carbonate rock dissolution played a lesser role. This study demonstrates a critical aspect of water resources quality evaluation, which is of great significance for the sustainable development, utilization and environmental protection of regional water resources.

Atrazine (ATZ) is a widely used triazine herbicide in agriculture, however, it negatively affects the environment and human health. Therefore, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was employed for the selective removal of ATZ. In this study, MIPs were produced by precipitation polymerization using ATZ as the target molecule, methacrylic acid (MAA), acrylamide (AAm), and 2‐vinylpyridine (2VP) as functional monomers and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross‐linker, respectively. MIP characterizations were performed using Fourier Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field Emission Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The batch binding study revealed that MIP (2VP) exhibited the highest rebinding efficiency (88.44 %) among the MIPs. Furthermore, MIP (2VP) was analyzed by Energy‐Dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Adsorption studies revealed that the optimum conditions for maximum adsorption efficiency were 8 ppm ATZ solution at pH 7, using 0.3 g of MIP (2VP). MIP (2VP) demonstrated higher selectivity towards ATZ than the Ametryn (AME) a competitive interferent, with a relative selectivity coefficient of 2.77. MIP (2VP) successfully removed ATZ from distilled water (95.39 %), tap water (88.16 %) and river water (86.75 %). These findings contributed for the development of MIP for the removal of ATZ, which would be helpful in the protection of ecosystem and human health in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the research, Moringa Oleifera - MO seeds were used in coagulation-flocculation processes, identifying the main properties it presents such as coagulant activity. Aims: The purpose of the research was to evaluate the coagulant and flocculating effect of moringa seed flour in the treatment of turbid water (with turbidity between 700 NTU and 800 NTU). Methods: The experimental tests were carried out under the following conditions: shelled moringa seed flour in NaCl solution, 1 M, it was observed that it has no effect on the clarification of turbid water and modifies the pH to 4.47; The mixture of moringa seed flour with aluminum sulfate (Aquapol brand) was investigated in jar tests with 300 mL of turbid water at conditions of: shelled moringa seed flour 1.02 g, 5.01 g and 10, 02 grams; with aluminum sulfate 0.1 mL, 0.5 mL, and 0.7 mL, respectively; at 200 rpm for 2 minutes, Results: Evaluating water quality after 1.5 h and 12 h of sedimentation; It was determined that the best performance was the mixture of: 1.02 g of moringa seed flour with 0.1 mL of aluminum sulfate, 200 rpm for 2 minutes, then at 70 rpm for 15 minutes and 12 h of sedimentation. Discussion: Experimental tests have been carried out using Moringa Oleifera (MO) for raw river water treatment processes in places of low economic availability and due to its abundant availability, low cost, and non-toxic. Conclusions: It was concluded that its most viable application would be as a flocculation adjuvant, since, when used with a Chemical coagulant, it reduces the concentration of the chemical coagulant with good removal results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of direct potentiometry with a fluoride ion-selective electrode was used to determine the average concentrations—0.110 and 0.082 mg/L—of dissolved fluorine in the waters of the Lena River in 1995 and 2021 at the recession and peak of the spring-summer flood. Measurement results are compared with the data of studies in 1954–1980. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of studies of internal waves in the shelf zone of the Black Sea in the water area near the mouth of the Kodor River, conducted in June 2021. Spatial surveys were carried out with the Rio Grande 600 kHz ADCP, which revealed the main characteristics of currents and the presence of internal waves generated by river inflow into the sea. Internal waves were recorded on two transects oriented along the normal to the coastline and extending to depths of 100 m. The observed waves had the features of nonlinear waves, were located on the near-surface thermocline, and had heights of up to 3–6 m. Also, short-period internal waves in the form of a wave train with an apparent period of about 3.5 min were recorded by a thermistor chain in the coastal zone of the sea. The dispersion curves and eigenfunctions of internal waves were calculated by numerically solving the internal wave equation, taking into account the velocity shift in the sea. Theoretical data are compared with experimental data. The significant influence of river inflow on the parameters of the generated internal waves moving with the flow was revealed. The experimentally observed decrease in wave periods and increase in their group and phase velocities were confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers are impacted by microbial faecal pollution from various sources. We report on a short-term faecal pollution event at the pre-alpine Austrian river Traisen caused by the large cultural event FM4 Frequency music festival, with around 200,000 visitors over 4 days. We observed a massive increase of the faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) intestinal enterococci during the event, while Escherichia coli concentrations were only slightly elevated. This increase poses a significant potential health threat to visitors and people recreating downstream of the festival area. A plausible explanation for the uncoupling of the two FIBs may have been a differential persistence caused by a combination of factors including water temperature, solar radiation, and the excessive presence of personal care products (PCPs) in the river water. However, a potential impact of PCPs on FIB assay performance cannot be ruled out. Our observations are relevant for other intensively used bathing sites; detailed investigations on persistence and assay performance of the FIB in response to different ingredients of PCPs are highly recommended. We conclude that for future festivals at this river or other festivals taking place under similar settings, a more effective management is necessary to reduce deterioration in water quality and minimise health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bodies of water are usually being polluted by wastes from domestic and industrial sources thereby making them unfit for use. Hence, this study aimed at assessing the water quality from Asa River, Ilorin, Nigeria in terms of bacteriological and physicochemical parameters. The bacteriological parameters assessed were heterotrophic bacterial count, total coliform, faecal coliform, identification of the isolates, antibiotic resistance patterns, and plasmid profile of the isolates. Whereas, the assessed physicochemical parameters were pH, total chloride, suspended solid, and total hardness. The heterotrophic bacterial count, total coliform, and faecal coliform counts ranged from 7.6 x 103 to 3.2 x 106 cfu/ml, 9 to 24000 MPN/ 100ml and 0 to 6.0 x 10³ cfu/ml respectively. Bacteriological analysis showed that the water contained arrays of bacteria heavily contaminated with pathogens. The genera of bacteria isolated were Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Brevundimonas, Enterococcus, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Proteus, Pasteurella and Aeromonas. The pH, total hardness, total chloride, and suspended solids of the water ranged from 6.2 to 7.9, 128 to 291 mg/l, 6.21 to 17.04 mg/l and 170 to 310 mg/l respectively. All the Gramnegative bacteria were resistant to cefuroxime, cefixime, augmentin, and ceftazidime. Whereas all the Gram-positive bacteria were resistant to cefuroxime, cloxacillin, augmentin, and vancomycin. The bacteria also showed multiple antibiotic resistance. The resistance of Pasteurella multocida to nitrofurantoin was plasmid mediated. After plasmid curing, Brevundimonas diminuta was susceptible to ciprofloxacin and intermediately susceptible to gentamicin, while Pseudomonas fluorescens was susceptible to ofloxacin and ceftazidime and intermediately susceptible to ciprofloxacin. It was concluded that the water from Asa River at the different sampling points was unsafe in term of bacteriological as well as some physicochemical qualities. It is recommended that this water should not be used in its present state without treatment. Discharge of industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes should be stopped; and open defecation at the bank of this river should be discouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: According to standard procedure recommended by the Water Framework Directive (WFD), dissolved concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in river water are determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in filtered (0.45 µm) and acidified (pH 2) samples. Properly prepared and stored composite samples can enhance the temporal representativity of monitoring without increasing analytical costs. For this purpose, the WFD recommends freezing, which can preserve the species integrity and prevent adsorption processes of PTEs. Methods: Low storage temperature in hard water samples can trigger precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and subsequent co-precipitation of PTEs. To test and determine to what extent co-precipitation with CaCO3 can influence the determination of PTE concentrations, composite river water samples from two case study catchments in Hungary (Zagyva and Koppány) were prepared following two different sample preservation procedures. To study the behavior of PTEs in river water during storage, in the first procedure, samples were frozen, and they were thawed, filtered, and acidified directly prior to the analysis. In the second procedure, samples were filtered on-site and acidified prior to freezing to prevent precipitation of CaCO3 and then only thawed to carry out the chemical analyses. Concentrations of PTEs were determined by ICP-MS. Results: A statistical evaluation of the results using Student's t-test revealed significant differences between the two sample preservation procedures, suggesting that PTEs were largely co-precipitated with CaCO3 if the samples were not acidified prior to freezing. Conclusion: When establishing protocols for sample preservation procedures, the phenomenon of co-precipitation of PTEs with CaCO3 should be considered if the samples were not acidified before freezing. Therefore, to prevent co-precipitation of PTEs with CaCO3, samples should be filtered and acidified before freezing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]