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HIV and substance abuse are common among young men, associated with a cluster of risk behaviors. Yet, most services addressing these challenges are delivered in setting underutilized by men and are often inconsistent with male identity. This cluster randomized controlled trial aimed to reduce multiple risk behaviors found among young men township areas on the outskirts of Cape Town, South Africa. Young men aged 18-29 years (N = 1193) across 27 neighborhoods were randomized by area to receive HIV-related skills training during either: (1) a 12-month soccer league (SL) intervention; (2) 6-month SL followed by 6 months of vocational training (VT) intervention (SL/VT, n = 9); or 3) a control condition (CC). Bayesian longitudinal mixture models were used to evaluate behaviors over time. Because we targeted multiple outcomes as our primary outcome, we analyzed if the number of significantly different outcomes between conditions exceeded chance for 13 measures over 18 months (with 83%, 76%, and 61% follow-up). Only if there were three significant benefits favoring the SL/VT over the SL would benefits be significant. Outcome measures included substance use, HIV-testing, protective sexual behaviors, violence, community engagement and mental health. Consistent participation in the SL was typically around 45% over time across conditions, however, only 17% of men completed SL/VT. There were no significant differences between conditions over time based on the number of study outcomes. These structural interventions were ineffective in addressing young men's substance abuse and risk for HIV.Clinical Trial Registration: This trial was prospectively registered on 24 November 2014 with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02358226).

In this article, I will examine the role of risk in the risky nature sports. Risky nature sports are identified as nature sports where participants may reckon with the possibility of severe injury or death if things go wrong. The first part of the article identifies some evolutionary, historical, and conceptual characteristics of nature sports and risk. In the second part of the article, I discuss the concept of risk and its meaning in risky nature sports. Additionally, I address questions concerning the moral tone and context of risk-taking. In most academic disciplines, risk is typically understood as something negative that should always be avoided. But risk also includes positive possibilities, which may, such as in risk sports, outweigh the negative or can even be inherently positive and a value in itself. In the third part, I discuss how important risk is in nature sports. Is it a defining core or more peripheral? This leads to the question of the value. Does the risk element add to the value of the sport? I finally discuss how risk sports can be meaningful parts of the participants' lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study examines gender differences in parental attitudes toward risky play for 5- to 11-year-old boys and girls in Britain. Methods: Analyses use data from the cross-sectional, nationally representative British Child Play Survey. Survey respondents were caregivers of primary-school-aged children living in Britain. Parent self-reported their risk tolerance in play via the Tolerance for Risk in Play Scale (TRiPS) and the Risk Engagement and Protection Survey (REPS). The REPS includes subscales that assess caregiver attitudes around "Protection from Injury" (PFI) and "Engagement with Risk" (EWR) in relation to children's play. Multiple linear regression compared caregiver gender differences in TRiPS, REPS-PFI, and REPS-EWR at the item level, and overall. Associations between child gender and these scales were also examined. Results: Among 1919 caregivers, no significant gender differences emerged in mean TRiPS (P =.72), REPS-EWR (P =.58), and REPS-PFI (P =.34) scores. Activity-specific differences were evident in caregivers' tolerance for individual risky play activities (15/31 activities). Parents of boys exhibited higher risk tolerance (B = −4.48, P <.01) and willingness for their child to engage in risky play (B = −0.63, P <.01) than parents of girls. Conclusions: While there was no difference between male and female caregivers overall attitudes, gender differences were prominent for specific play activities and attitudes, with male caregivers demonstrating higher tolerance for the riskiest activities. Parents of boys expressed more permissive attitudes toward engagement in risky play. Further work is needed to identify why there is gender-related variation in these attitudes and should be considered in interventions that support parents in enabling adventurous play opportunities for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence has been characterized as a period of risky and possibly suboptimal decision-making, yet the development of decision-making in autistic adolescents is not well understood. To investigate decision-making in autism, we evaluated performance on 2 computerized tasks capturing decision-making under explicit risk and uncertainty in autistic and non-autistic adolescents/young adults ages 12-22 years. Participants completed the Game of Dice Task (32 IQ-matched participant pairs) to assess decision-making under explicit risk and the modified Iowa Gambling Task (35 IQ-matched pairs) to assess decision-making under uncertainty. Autistic participants overall made riskier decisions than non-autistic participants on the Game of Dice Task, and the odds of making riskier decisions varied by age and IQ. In contrast, the autistic group showed comparable levels of learning over trial blocks to the non-autistic group on the modified Iowa Gambling Task. For both tasks, younger autistic participants performed poorer than their non-autistic counterparts, while group differences diminished in older ages. This age-related pattern suggests positive development during adolescence on risk assessment and decision-making in autism but also implies differential developmental trajectories between groups. These findings also suggest differential performance by the risk type, with additional complex influences of IQ and fluid cognition, which warrants further investigations.

This paper examines why individuals invested in the nascent and underregulated Chinese P2P lending market based on the categorization theory in marketing studies. Using a unique account-level database of investors from a large P2P platform, we find that investors from regions with better-developed FinTech products that involve financial intermediaries invested more and took more risks in P2P lending. The effect is stronger among investors with a lower level of generalized trust or less investment experience in P2P lending. Our results suggest that category-based evaluation may occur when individuals decide whether to invest in a new risky financial market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private investors are an increasingly important voice in sustainability challenges. We examine investors' attitudes and behavior toward sustainable investing through a survey of 5030 Finnish private investors. We document that 60 percent of all respondents consider environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors when making investment decisions. Our results indicate that women and millennials are more likely to follow sustainable investment strategies than investors on average. We also find that language background, location, and education levels influence investment behavior. Moreover, our findings suggest that both sustainable and traditional investors are willing to take risks in their investment strategy. We also report the effects of the COVID pandemic on investor behavior and find that investors who started investing during the pandemic are less likely to choose traditional investment strategies. Our findings have implications for financial market participants and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the digital economy, the enabling role of fintech for commercial banks deserves in-depth study. Based on unbalanced panel data of 174 rural banks from 2016 to 2020, this study uses Python technique to measure the fintech adoption index of rural banks and uses ordinary least squares (OLS) and stepwise regression to test the impact of fintech adoption on loan size of rural banks and the mechanism of its effect. The study shows that the impact of fintech applications on loan size of rural banks shows an inverted U-shaped trend of rising and then falling. The mechanism analysis finds that risk-taking plays a nonlinear mediating role between fintech adoption and rural bank loan size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) performance of European agri‐food companies is crucial amidst sustainability challenges. Employing property rights and agency theory, we investigate the influence of firm ownership structure on ESG performance, and the mediating role of risk‐taking and time horizon. A recursive system of equations is employed to test the model using data from 936 European firms. The findings indicate that investor‐owned firms (IOFs) outperform family firms and cooperatives in terms of ESG performance. Family firms demonstrate a longer time horizon, while IOFs exhibit greater risk‐taking. Risk‐taking and time horizon are positively and negatively associated with ESG performance, respectively. However, we find no evidence of a mediation effect. This paper contributes to the agency and property rights literature by exploring the implications of ownership structure for other firm characteristics and ESG performance, and outlines implications for policymakers and managers in the development of focused interventions towards sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of digital finance is reshaping the business model of the traditional bank industry and bringing challenges to it as well. Based on an unbalanced panel of data constructed by 36 banks in Malaysia from 2006 to 2020, this study examines the impact of financial technology on banks' stability and efficiency. We find that, compared with Islamic banks, FinTech innovation significantly improves the stability of commercial banks. Additionally, it improves the entire sample banks' efficiency calculated by the data envelopment analysis‐Malmquist method, which can capture the efficiency changes from a dynamic perspective. These baseline results are affirmed by the generalized method of moment approach to mitigate potential endogeneity issues. Furthermore, the impacts of FinTech innovation on banks are heterogeneous. The high‐profit banks enjoy the benefits of improving their stability level from FinTech development. However, for the small‐sized and low‐profit banks, FinTech innovation contributes more to improving their efficiency. Our analysis provides empirical evidence for Malaysia and similar developing countries that are receptive to FinTech development but have relatively less advanced technology infrastructure. It can also shed light on the FinTech investment decisions of bank management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk studies have rapidly expanded in the last few decades. Yet this growth is characterized by fragmentation in the literature despite it being a central concept for a vast array of organizations, where their success or failure to manage risk is considered central to thriving, surviving or collapsing. We take this opportunity provided by the Perspectives format to engage with a selection of six diverse papers published in Organization Studies over four decades. Drawing from these papers, we trace the evolution of risk research in relation to its epistemic bases in either metrics or values and the strategic focus on risk as either harm or opportunity. Inspired by the tensions between each of these bases, our review of the selected articles illustrates the dynamic entanglement of these ostensibly distinct and polarized strategic and epistemic bases of risk studies. We then develop a conceptual framework to map the field of risk research and propose avenues for future research. Our framework enables us to propose a stronger focus on risk taking for opportunity, warn against becoming overly focused on the metrics for controlling harm especially in the face of enticing visualizations of harmful risk, and strongly assert values as an important epistemic basis for risk studies. As these values may be hidden or visible, we emphasize the importance of understanding whose values are foregrounded in proposing a research agenda for reclaiming societal benefit. This latter focus is a neglected area of risk studies yet is vitally important in addressing the big societal issues of our time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing a panel data set consisting of 144 Middle East and North African (MENA) banks covering the period 2014–2021, this study (a) explores the correlation between CEO narcissism and insolvency risk (risk‐taking) and (b) investigates whether certain CEO attributes can moderate this association. We identify a significant positive relationship between CEO narcissism and insolvency risk, shedding light on the dark side of CEO narcissism as elucidated within the upper echelons theory. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the presence of returnee CEOs or politically connected CEOs strengthens the aforementioned relationship by increasing the likelihood of narcissistic CEOs contributing to amplify insolvency risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Circadian rhythm disturbances have long been associated with the development of psychiatric disorders, including mood and substance use disorders. Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable time for the onset of psychiatric disorders and for circadian rhythm and sleep disruptions. Preclinical studies have found that circadian rhythm disruption (CRD) impacts the brain and behavior, but this research is largely focused on adult disruptions. Here, we hypothesized that adolescent CRD would have a greater effect on psychiatric-related behaviors, relative to adult disruption. Methods: We determined the long-term behavioral and neurobiological effects of CRD during early adolescence by exposing mice to 12 h shifts in the light/dark cycle. Adult mice were exposed to the same CRD paradigm. Behavior testing began approximately 4 weeks later for both groups. To identify possible mechanisms, we also measured gene expression in brain regions relevant to circadian rhythms, mood and reward. Results: CRD during early adolescence, but not adulthood, persistently increased exploratory drive (risk-taking behavior) and cocaine preference when tested later in life. Interestingly, we found sex differences when intravenous cocaine self-administration was tested. While female mice with a history of adolescent CRD had a greater propensity to self-administer cocaine, as well as increased motivation and cue-induced reinstatement, male adolescent CRD mice had reduced motivation and extinction responding. Importantly, we found that transcripts in the SCN were affected by adolescent CRD and these were largely distinct across sex. Conclusion: Overall, adolescent CRD in mice caused persistent increases in risky behavior, cocaine reward and cocaine self-administration, which suggests that CRD during adolescence may predispose individuals toward substance use disorders. Future research is required to elucidate how adolescent CRD affects behaviors relevant to mood-and substance use-related disorders across the 24-h day, as well as to identify intervention strategies to alleviate disruption during adolescence and novel therapeutic approaches once symptoms have begun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adolescence is a critical developmental phase characterized by increased risk-taking behaviors, which are not inherently maladaptive. According to life history theory, individuals raised in harsh and unpredictable environments are more likely to adopt faster life history strategies, favoring immediate rewards over long-term benefits. Yet, limited empirical research explore the psychological mechanism about how early-life environmental stresses influence adolescents' risk-taking. In rural China, left-behind children face economic and social vulnerabilities due to parental migration to urban areas for employment. This study's first goal was to identify the specific elements of early-life environmental stresses that impact adolescents' risk-taking tendencies from a developmental evolutionary perspective. The second goal was to construct and test a synthesized model of how objective and subjective environmental stresses influence adolescents' risk-taking. Methods: A total of 610 middle school students in rural China completed questionnaires assessing early-life environmental stresses and risk-taking tendencies. The sample included 318 left-behind adolescents, 120 single-left-behind adolescents with one parent, and 138 non-left-behind adolescents. Structural equation modeling tested the hypothesized model, examining direct and indirect effects of environmental stresses on risk-taking. Results: Objective early-life environmental stresses, such as low socioeconomic status (SES), high mortality cues, and high mobility cues, predicted faster life history strategies, marked by shorter future orientation and increased risk-taking tendencies. Subjective perceptions of environmental unpredictability and parental warmth mediated the influence of SES on risk-taking. Biological sensitivity moderated mortality cues' influence on perceived parental warmth. Sense of control failed to mediate the relationship between early-life stresses and risk-taking. Left-behind adolescents experienced more mobility and mortality cues, perceived greater unpredictability, and reported less parental warmth than their peers. Despite no significant difference in overall risk-taking, left-behind adolescents exhibited higher health/safety risk-taking tendencies. Discussion: This study provides a comprehensive model linking early-life environmental stresses to adolescents' risk-taking, integrating objective and subjective measures of stress. The findings offer insights into mechanisms driving risk-taking tendencies. Also, it have significant implications for developing interventions aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of early-life stress on adolescent development, particularly for left-behind children in rural China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weather and climate changes have been found to affect various socioeconomic outcomes, but the mechanisms that underlie these effects are not fully understood. This article examines the effect of temperature on risk-taking behaviour using daily weather and Powerball sales data in the U.S. The results show that a 1 degree Fahrenheit increase in daily maximum temperature, on average, leads to a 0.30% increase in the Powerball sales in the county. We also find that individuals tend to opt for riskier options on higher-temperature days. Alternative explanations for these effects, such as avoidance behaviour and the income effect, are ruled out as possible drivers of these effects. Our article provides new insights into a potential yet undiscovered channel through which temperature, or more broadly, weather and climate changes can influence socioeconomic outcomes. The findings also have important implications for policymakers concerned about weather and climate changes and their effects on human behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The current study attempted to replicate the original findings regarding the effects of power posing on testosterone and cortisol levels, risk-taking behavior, and perceived power. We further extended the investigation by testing the effect of power posing on estradiol and progesterone levels. Methods: A sample of 92 young adults (30 males; 32 females taking oral contraceptives; and 30 females not taking oral contraceptives who were in their midluteal phase) were randomly assigned to high-power-pose or low-power-pose conditions and asked about their feelings of power. They completed a risk-taking task, and their neuroendocrine levels were measured both at baseline and following the power manipulation. Results: Power posing was not found to replicate the original results regarding effects on testosterone levels or feelings of power; however, our findings partially supported the original results regarding effects on cortisol levels and risk-taking. Among high-power posers, a decrease in cortisol levels was associated with risk tolerance. Power posing was not found to influence progesterone levels. However, among females taking oral contraceptives, high-power posing increased estradiol levels. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that estradiol is influenced by short-term exposure to social cues under specific hormonal profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging research points to the importance of developing the capacities of teachers to help their students to be creative risk takers and to learn from productive failure. Facilitating this creative risk taking in learners has been shown to require expertise and a degree of risk taking on the part of both teachers and educational leaders. This article explores perspectives about leadership for creativity and risk taking, using Kurt Lewin's theory of change, especially his idea of 'unfreezing'. It is based on a case study of a school principal and six year 8 teachers at a private school in Melbourne, Australia. Using qualitative interview data, the principal's perspective about change is explored and compared to how teacher participants enacted change in their practice as reported in a focus group. Examples from classrooms are reported from the perspective of teachers. The findings suggest that enacting creative risk and productive failure as pedagogical principles is a complex area of change, embedded with tensions between the realization and idealization of a leadership vision and critically involves the disposition of students. Meaningful enactment requires support from leadership and a willingness from teachers to be open to such ideas in the multidimensional space of classrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study empirically examines the relationship between risk-taking behavior, green finance, and corporate sustainability performance. Using quantitative methods with Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis, it analyzes 99 observations from 25 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) that published Sustainability Reports during 2013-2022. The results reveal a negative, significant relationship between risk-taking and green finance, but no significant impact on sustainability performance. This suggests that risk-taking hinders green finance effectiveness but does not directly affect sustainability outcomes. The study highlights the need for robust risk management within sustainability frameworks, emphasizing the model's strong predictive power. It provides insights into the interplay between risk-taking and green finance effectiveness, advocating for aligning financial goals with environmental responsibilities. Practically, managers should integrate sustainability into strategic planning, adopt transparent decision-making, and incentivize eco-friendly initiatives. Collaboration with regulators and financial institutions, such as issuing guaranteed green bonds, can mitigate risks and promote green finance adoption. Balancing risk-taking with sustainability is essential to creating long-term corporate and environmental value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar dating is a complex phenomenon that unfolds on a continuum between traditional dating and sex work. Existing research shows that sugar dating is often portrayed as rife with potential physical and social risks, and from a societal standpoint, it is also often characterized as a risky activity, particularly for young individuals. In this article, we investigate the emergence of these risks and how young sugar daters strategize to minimize them. The findings demonstrate that risk in sugar dating is influenced by complex social and cultural contexts, where especially the stigmatized nature and gendered storyline of sugar dating constitute risks for young sugar daters. These risks are further shaped by the cultural construction of late-modern sexuality, which favours elusive and volatile sexual relations combined with a desire to explore while being young. The young women in this study view sugar dating as a temporary activity that they do not imagine themselves engaging in when they get older. They associate sugar dating with the phase of youth, but unlike other types of youth risk-taking, sugar dating does not occur within the social context of peers. Instead, risk management in the context of sugar dating primarily becomes an individual responsibility, as involving others is perceived as carrying substantial social risks of being labelled as sexually immoral. The study underscores that risk in sugar dating does not exist in a vacuum; rather, it is intertwined with complex social and cultural contexts surrounding sugar dating. By shedding light on these intricate factors, our research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the lived experiences and dynamics of risk management within the realm of sugar dating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of NTU Management Review is the property of NTU Management Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The belief that bank capital helps improve stability takes for granted the idea that increases in capital are an incentive to reduce risk-taking because bank owners would have more to lose (skin-in-the-game) if their banks fail. Nevertheless, given the higher cost of capital as compared to debt, it is also possible that increases in capital would lead to higher risk-taking due to the need for banks to boost their returns. In light of these contradictory possibilities, we exploit exogenous variations of capital to empirically investigate the actual effects of capital on risk-taking. Our analyses based on a sample of nearly 1900 US Banking Holding Companies in the 1990–2020 period indicate that increasing capital actually leads to higher risk-taking, which contradicts the skin-in-the-game hypothesis. We show evidence that this relationship could be explained by the consequent increase in funding costs that creates pressure for better returns, which is normally achieved by means of taking higher risk. Our main findings are robust to a number of alternative model and sample specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adolescence is a key developmental period characterized by increased maladaptive risky behaviors. Two related but distinct constructs, urgency (the tendency to act rashly in response to strong negative or positive emotions) and emotion dysregulation, are important risk factors for engaging in maladaptive risky behaviors. Thus far, research has largely agreed that these two risk factors are highly correlated. However, the causal direction between these constructs is less understood. The goal of the current study is to determine whether urgency predicts emotion dysregulation change among adolescents. Method: This project is an analysis of 544 youth (49.8% female, Mage=14.22, SD=0.52). We tested whether urgency at baseline predicts change in emotion dysregulation over a nine-week period, and whether that relationship differs across boys and girls. Results: Two multigroup latent change score path analyses found that negative, but not positive, urgency significantly predicted emotion dysregulation change (negative urgency: b = -0.57, p =0.001; positive urgency: b =0.22, p =0.06). There was no evidence of moderation by gender. Discussion: This work provides initial evidence of a temporal relationship between higher negative urgency and increased emotion dysregulation. The next step is to determine whether negative urgency imparts risk for maladaptive behaviors through its effect on emotion dysregulation. The long-term goal of this program of research is to design and test interventions to reduce the impact of negative urgency for adolescent risk-taking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do firms take more or less risk in response to performance shortfalls? Although the behavioral theory of the firm (BTOF) has been a guiding framework in this area, empirical evidence remains inconclusive. Moreover, empirical work has largely failed to distinguish between firms' motivation to take risks and their ability to do so. In this study, recognizing the distinct roles played by these two components, we specifically focus on risk-taking motivation. Drawing on March and Shapira's shifting-focus-of-attention model, we highlight that firms' motivation to take risks is contingent on their chosen reference points and the shifts between them. We propose that, on average, risk-taking motivation exhibits a positive monotonic relationship with performance shortfalls, a sequence involving an initial increase, subsequent leveling off, and then a renewed increase. To advance the theory of risk-taking motivation, we extend our inquiry to consider the moderating effect of concern for firm survival and subsequently explore factors influencing this concern. Furthermore, we investigate a critical implication of differentiating risk-taking motivation and ability. Because of the mismatch between motivation and ability, underperforming firms take the greatest risks when their performance is moderately below aspirations, with motivation and ability being at moderate levels, leading to an inverted U-shaped relationship between performance shortfalls and risk taking. Empirical evidence derived from experiments and archival data supports our theoretical predictions. This study contributes to the BTOF literature by demonstrating that underperforming firms' risk-taking behavior is jointly determined by their motivation, ability, focus of attention, and concern for survival. Funding: This work was supported by the Israel Science Foundation [Grant 677/20]. Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2020.13953. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the relationship between corporate environmental responsibility (CER) and risk-taking in Chinese A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2020. It seeks to understand the influence of CER on risk-taking behavior and explore potential moderating factors. Design/methodology/approach: A quantitative approach is used, using data from Chinese A-share listed companies over the specified period. Regression analysis is used to examine the relationship between CER and risk-taking, while considering moderating variables such as performance aspiration, environmental enrichment and contextual factors. Findings: The findings indicate that CER positively influences corporate risk-taking, with significant impacts on information asymmetry and corporate reputation. Moreover, positive performance aspiration strengthens the effect of CER on risk-taking, while negative performance aspiration and environmental enrichment weaken this effect. Cross-sectional analysis shows that the positive association between CER and risk-taking is more prominent for firms located in areas with strict environmental regulation, for nonstate-owned firms, and for firms with higher levels of internal control. Originality/value: This research contributes to the literature by providing insights into the dynamics between CER and risk-taking in the Chinese market context. It expands existing knowledge by considering the influence of performance aspiration on this relationship, offering practical implications for firms seeking to enhance corporate performance through strategic management of environmental responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The current study attempted to replicate the original findings regarding the effects of power posing on testosterone and cortisol levels, risk-taking behavior, and perceived power. We further extended the investigation by testing the effect of power posing on estradiol and progesterone levels. Methods A sample of 92 young adults (30 males; 32 females taking oral contraceptives; and 30 females not taking oral contraceptives who were in their midluteal phase) were randomly assigned to high-power-pose or low-power-pose conditions and asked about their feelings of power. They completed a risk-taking task, and their neuroendocrine levels were measured both at baseline and following the power manipulation. Results Power posing was not found to replicate the original results regarding effects on testosterone levels or feelings of power; however, our findings partially supported the original results regarding effects on cortisol levels and risk-taking. Among high-power posers, a decrease in cortisol levels was associated with risk tolerance. Power posing was not found to influence progesterone levels. However, among females taking oral contraceptives, high-power posing increased estradiol levels. Conclusions These preliminary findings suggest that estradiol is influenced by short-term exposure to social cues under specific hormonal profiles.

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper expands the existing literature on entrepreneurial intentions by employing the integrated model of external factors, personality characteristics, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory to explore the effects of risk-taking, entrepreneurial knowledge, entrepreneurial mindset, and cognitive antecedents on entrepreneurial intention. Adopting a cross-sectional approach, this study collected data from 422 respondents using questionnaires, and the findings were analyzed using partial least squares-structural equation modeling. The results suggest that risk-taking is closely related to opportunities and shapes entrepreneurial self-efficacy; entrepreneurial knowledge is crucial in developing entrepreneurial intention by shaping cognitive antecedents. The effect mechanism of the entrepreneurial mindset can change the coping defense mechanism by boosting attitude and self-confidence. Attitude towards entrepreneurship is one of the best factors in driving entrepreneurial intention and will subsequently directly affect behavior. Unleashing entrepreneurial competencies is vital for enhancing entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, entrepreneurial passion can act as a moderator among attitudes toward entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention. The findings also provide seminal insights into external factors, cognitive antecedents, and entrepreneurial intentions for policymakers to design education programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how age and gender similarity between individuals and potential social engineers affect the individuals’ trust and risk-taking behaviors. We crafted and face validated 16 personas, varying in demographics and visual cues, and inquired whether participants would agree to use each persona’s offer to connect to the internet via their personal mobile hotspot, as well as the degree of trust they placed in the persona’s intentions. Individuals were informed about the potential risks associated with using another person’s mobile hotspot and that the person offering can be, but not necessarily, malicious. Data from 635 participants (322 Arabs and 313 British) were collected through an online survey. Participants were categorized by gender into male and female groups, and by age into two groups: early adulthood (18–35 years) and middle adulthood (36–59 years). Our results showed a correlation between trust and offer acceptance across all participant groups except for British females in middle adulthood. Additionally, participants, regardless of their gender and age groups, exhibited greater trust and acceptance towards personas who were female or older. Arab sample did not indicate a significant gender preference in aged personas; however, the British early adulthood group displayed a significant inclination towards accepting the offer from aged female personas over aged male personas. While demographic similarity between the potential manipulator personas and participants did not significantly impact the participants trust and risk-taking, our study uncovered differences in trust and offer acceptance when both age and gender demographics were considered together, suggesting nuanced effects of demographic matching and mismatching on taking security risks. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating bias awareness and debiasing techniques to reduce high reliance on demographic or cultural stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study whether psychological responses to trauma are associated with financial risk‐taking behavior. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms for individuals, assessed after the traumatic experiences, are used as psychological responses to the events. Individuals who experience moderate‐level PTSD symptoms are 1.5% more likely to invest in risky assets, whereas individuals with high‐level PTSD symptoms are 2.4% less likely to invest in risky assets. Further analysis suggests that the association between PTSD symptoms and risk‐taking comes through a preferences channel rather than a beliefs channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the data set of Chinese A-share listed enterprises, this paper discusses the impact of directors' and officers' liability insurance (hereinafter referred to as D&O insurance) on related-party transactions. We empirically find that D&O insurance positively associates with related-party transactions, and this conclusion still holds after robustness tests such as the DID approach, Heckman two-stage model, and propensity score matching. Mechanism analysis shows that D&O insurance promotes the occurrence of related-party transactions by improving the level of enterprise risk-taking. This positive correlation is more significant in enterprises audited by non-Big Four, non-state-owned enterprises, and samples with strong board independence. This paper not only complements the literature on the actual impact of D&O insurance from the perspective of operating activities, but also provides useful reference for regulating the governance of related-party transactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]