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Роботу присвячено аналізу особливостей визначення економічних показників доцільності впровадження заходів з підвищення енергетичної ефективності. На відміну від енергозбереження, що спрямоване на зменшення споживання енергетичних ресурсів, енергоефективність – це питання доцільного витрачання енергії, тобто застосування меншої кількості енергії для того ж рівня забезпечення будівель або виробництв. Тема є актуальною, оскільки наразі ціни на енергоресурси зростають з кожним роком все вище. В той же час Міжнародне енергетичне агентство передбачує збільшення загальної потреби в ресурсах до 2040 року на 25%. Для досягнення мети було проаналізовано, оцінено і по груповано типові заходи спрямовані на підвищення енергетичної ефективності будівель, ефекти від впровадження описаних заходів, ряд економічних показників, серед яких PP, ARR, NPV, PI, BCR, SIR, MARR, IRR та DPP. Основну увагу було приділено динамічній групі показників у зв’язку з тим, що під час їхнього розрахунку передбачають використання процедури дисконтування. Загальна схема всіх динамічних показників однакова і ґрунтується на прогнозуванні витрат і доходів на плановий період. Показники цієї групи враховують зміни вартості грошей у часі, чим нехтують показники статичної групи. Найбільш популярними вважаються показники розрахунку чистої приведеної вартості (NPV) та визначення індексу рентабельності (PI). Дана робота може бути використана при вирішенні проблеми низької енергоефективності та недостатньому фінансуванні для модернізації будівлі. The work is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of determining the economic indicators of the feasibility of implementing measures to improve energy efficiency. In contrast to energy saving, which aims to reduce the consumption of energy resources, energy efficiency is a matter of appropriate energy consumption. That is, the use of less energy for the same level of supply of buildings or industries. The topic is relevant, because now energy prices are rising every year. At the same time, the International Energy Agency estimates an increase in total resource needs by 25% by 2040. To achieve this goal, standard measures aimed at improving the energy efficiency of buildings, the effects of the implementation of these measures, a number of economic indicators, including PP, ARR, NPV, PI, BCR, SIR, MARR, IRR and DPP, were analyzed, evaluated and grouped. The focus was on the dynamic group of indicators due to the fact that their calculation involves the use of a discounting procedure. The general scheme of all dynamic indicators is the same and is based on forecasting costs and revenues for the planning period. The indicators of this group take into account changes in the value of money over time, which is neglected by the indicators of the static group. The most popular indicators are the calculation of net present value (NPV) and the definition of profitability index (PI). This work can be used to solve the problem of low energy efficiency and insufficient funding for the modernization of the building.

Försäljningspriser på den svenska bostadsmarknaden tenderar att i allt högre grad avvika från fastighetsmäklarnas utgångspriser. En förklaring till detta är att fastighetsmäklare inte omedelbart anpassar sig till en stigande prisnivå. Syftet med denna uppsats är att förklara vilka faktorer hos bostadsrätter som är svåra för fastighetsmäklare att värdera i en marknad med stigande priser. Undersökningen är begränsad till att endast behandla fastighetsanknutna faktorer. Genom syftet vill vi bidra till en bättre förståelse kring hur köpares betalningsvilja skiljer sig från fastighetsmäklares värdering i en sådan marknad. För att uppnå syftet har en kombination av kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod använts. Undersökningen baseras på 112 bostadsrätter avyttrade under en tidsperiod av sex efterföljande kalendermånader i Karlstad, Sverige. Grunden till undersökningen är de utvalda bostadsrätternas objektsbeskrivningar. Genom analys av samtliga objektsbeskrivningar och respektive bostadsrätts prisutveckling utifrån utgångspris till försäljningspris har resultat kring faktorer som är svåra att värdera uppnåtts. Resultatet visar att nästan samtliga undersökta faktorer inom värdeteorin är överrepresenterade hos bostadsrätterna med hög prisutveckling. Den faktor med högst representation bland bostadsrätter med en hög prisutveckling är förekomsten av både kakel och klinker i badrum. Tidigare forskning visar att ett väl underhållet och modernt badrum är av stor vikt för köparen. Läget, som enligt teorin är den viktigaste faktorn för en bostads värde, visar i undersökningen inte lika hög överrepresentation hos bostadsrätter med hög prisutveckling mätt i avstånd till kommunikationsmedel och dagligvaruhandel. Detta behöver dock inte betyda att läget inte är den viktigaste värdeskapande faktorn, utan att fastighetsmäklare är väl medvetna om lägets betydelse och således kan värdera denna faktor rätt. Andra faktorer som ingått i undersökningen är antal rum, standard i kök, balkong/uteplats, våningsplan, utsikt över vatten, parkeringsmöjlighet, månadsavgift samt kakelugn/öppen spis. En slutsats är att fastighetsmäklare har svårt att, i en marknad med stigande priser, följa med i utvecklingen och utföra enligt marknaden korrekta värderingar. Undersökningen visar förekomsten av faktorer som fastighetsmäklare värderar korrekt samtidigt som det finns vissa faktorer med större betydelse för köpare, vilket bidrar till att försäljningspriset väsentligt avviker från utgångspriset. The prices of residentials on the Swedish housing market tends to increasingly deviate from the list price. One explanation is that real estate agents not immediately adapt to the rising prices. The purpose of this paper is to describe the factors of condominiums which are especially difficult for real estate agents to valuate in a period with rising prices. This paper is limited to discribe only the factors related to the condominiums. By this purpose, we want to contribute to a better understanding of how customers’ willingness to pay differs from real estate agents valuation. To fulfill the purpose both a quantitative and a qualitative method has been used. The survey is based on 112 condominiums sold during a period of six following months in Karlstad, Sweden. The basis for the survey are the prospects of the selected condominiums. Through analysis of the prospects and the respective tenant price trends, results about specific factors difficult to valuate are achieved. The result shows that almost all investigated factors in the theory of value are overrepresented among the condominiums with high price trends. The factor that has the highest connection with a high price trend is the presence of both wall and floor tiles and/or clinker in the bathroom. Previous research says that a well-maintained and modern bathroom is important for the buyer. The location, which according to the theory is the most important factor for a residential value, does not show equal high connection according to the survey. This does not clearly mean that the location not is the most important value influcencing factor, rather that real estate agents are well aware of the importance of the location and therefore can valuate this factor correctly. Other factors involved in the survey are the number of rooms, standard in kitchen, presence of balcony/patio, storey, view, parking, the monthly fee and the presence of a stove/fireplace. A conclusion is that real estate agents faces difficulties that in a market with rising prices valuate residential properly and keep up with developments in the market. There are some factors that real estate agents are valuing correctly while other factors have greater importance for buyers and thus contribute to a significantly increase from the initial list price to the selling price.

Thesis (PhD (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013 This study investigated the demand patterns of poor households during a period of rising prices. Focus was on three main constructs namely the poor, rising prices and the demand patterns. The study was on Bophelong, a township in South Africa. This study was conducted from an empirical, quantitative approach which was preceded by a literature review. The main objective of conducting the literature review was to provide a theoretical framework for questionnaire design and empirical work. Cross sectional data was collected at Bophelong households. On completion of the survey, the poor were selected from the non-poor by means of a poverty line. The poor were further divided into two categories, namely moderately poor and the very poor. Moderately poor households were categorised by an income ranging 50% to 99% inclusively of their household poverty line. The very poor households were categorised by an income in the range of 0 to 49% inclusively of their poverty line. Using the above division, the total poverty rate was 56% of the total sample, 26% being moderately poor and 30% very poor. The poverty gap ratio for all the poor in the sample was 0.48, meaning that on average, the poor needed 48% of their current income to reach their poverty line. This ratio was 0.29 for the moderately poor households and 0.69 for the very poor households. A logistic regression done on the determinants of poverty in Bophelong showed that household size, age of the household head, monthly household income and the employment status of the household head were significant in determining poverty. The monthly average household income in Bophelong was R2 910. For the moderately poor households it was R1 641 for the and R932 for the very poor households. Household size was 3.96 for the whole sample size, 2.97 for the non-poor households, 4.2 for the moderately poor households and 4.7 for the very poor households. The study revealed that demand patterns of the poor differ from those of the non-poor. In addition the moderately poor households‟ demand patterns differ from the very poor An analysis of the poor‟s demand patterns during rising prices: the case of Bophelong household. The greatest part of income of the poor is spent on basic food stuffs. The very poor spent more than half of their income (53%) on food. The study indicated that bread is a giffen good only to the very poor households where quantity demanded moves in the same direction with price. In the non-poor households, bread is regarded inferior. A commodity can be overly a necessity, but the degree of necessity differs with a households‟ economic status. In some cases, a commodity was a necessity in the very poor households but a luxury in the non-poor. The way households substitute one good for another depends on their income levels. In conclusion, the study recommends that for poverty alleviation policies to effectively target the very poor in reducing malnutrition and hunger, these very poor should be studied separetely from the poor households. This is because households of different poverty levels face different challenges. A more detailed and deeper study relating to the demand structure of the poor is recommended. There is also a need to explore the survival means of the poor as to direct policy actions aimed at alleviating poverty among the poor in general. Doctoral

The role of the agriculture sector in the economic development of Barbados has been substantially reduced as the country has continued on a path of economic diversification. Policy initiatives aimed towards this notable structural change in the economy, however, have subsequently resulted in a significant decline in output from the agriculture industry. However, recent global and national challenges have brought the need to rethink the relevance of the agriculture to the fore. This paper reviews some of the prevailing literature pertaining to the role of the agriculture on economic growth and development. In doing so, the potential scope of the industry for the overall economic growth and development of Barbados should be revealed. The paper also highlights two key agricultural issues that could potentially threaten economic development in Barbados. These are: the rising level of imports and rising food prices. Strategies that may be deemed beneficial to the local agricultural industry, if it is to remain a viable tool for national economic growth and development, will also be presented., Bridgetown, Barbados 6th – 10th July, 2009

Cet article traite de l’évolution des prix de détails dans la grande distribution française suite à la promulgation de la loi Châtel en janvier 2008. Il ressort de cette étude que les relations industrie-commerce témoignent en France d’une concentration stratégique du canal autour d’une structure spécifique de marché, que nous qualifions d’oligopole bilatéral à frange non concurrentielle, consubstantielle d’une hausse générale du prix des produits de détail. En France, le rôle de la structure de marché semble donc un élément plus déterminant que l’évolution législative du cadre réglementaire observée au travers des effets induits par la loi Châtel., This article discusses the evolution of retail prices in French outlets after the promulgation of the Chatel Act in January 2008. This study shows that industry/trade relationships in France bespeak a strategic focus of distribution channel around a specific market structure, which we call bilateral oligopoly with uncompetitive fringes, consubstantial to an overall rise in retail products prices. In France, the role of the market structure seems to be a development more decisive than the legislative history of the regulatory framework through the effects induced by the Chatel Act., Este artículo trata de la evolución de los precios en la gran distribución francesa debido a la promulgación de la ley Châtel en enero de 2008. Resulta de este estudio que las relaciones industria-comercio ponen de manifiesto en Francia una concentración estratégica del canal alrededor de una estructura específica de mercado, que calificamos de oligopolio bilateral con franja no competitiva y consubstancial de una subida general del precio de los productos de detalle. En Francia, el papel de la estructura de mercado parece entonces un elemento más determinante que la evolución legislativa del marco regulatorio observada a través de los efectos inducidos por la ley Châtel.