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Производство риса занимает одну из лидирующих позиций в крупяном секторе России. Однако возделывание риса сопряжено с высокой антропогенной нагрузкой на почвы рисовых оросительных систем, в результате которой лугово-черноземные, луговые, аллювиальные лугово-болотные почвы водохозяйственно-ирригационного комплекса Нижней Кубани с началом использования под рисосеяние теряют благоприятные физические свойства, становясь деградированными, слитыми, вязкими, оглеенными образованиями. Поэтому в настоящее время важнейший класс экономико-экологических задач связан с охраной окружающей среды от загрязнения антропогенными выбросами. Фактор загрязнения является лимитирующим в решении экологических проблем. Важнейшим показателем вредности экологической опасности загрязнения есть функция от концентрации загрязнителей, которая в зависимости от типа вредного вещества является либо неограниченно возрастающей функцией, либо функцией с ярко выраженными зонами нечувствительности или насыщения. В статье рассмотрена имитационная модель водоохранной системы, позволяющая выполнять текущее прогнозирование экологической обстановки. Основой разработанной имитационной модели является математическое описание причинно-следственных связей, действующих в изучаемой системе. В работе использован методический подход, который позволяет быстро и точно оценить экологическую эффективность намечаемых мероприятий и из разных по эффективности программ выбрать ту, которая требует минимальных затрат на свою реализацию. В наших исследованиях предлагается подход, дающий возможность получения количественной оценки различных факторов, влияющих на урожайность риса. Использование разработанной имитационной модели в разнообразных природных условиях и сельскохозяйственных специализациях регионов России работниками агропромышленного комплекса позволит оптимально размещать производительные силы и получать запрограммированные урожаи риса без снижения агроресурсного потенциала почв., Rice production occupies one of the leading positions in the cereal sector in Russia. However, rice cultivation is associated with a high anthropogenic load on the soils of rice irrigation systems, as a result of which meadow-chernozem, meadow, alluvial meadow-boggy soils of the water management and irrigation complex of the Lower Kuban, with the beginning of their use for rice sowing, lose their favorable physical properties, becoming degraded, merged, viscous, gleyed formations. Therefore, at present, the most important class of economic and environmental problems is associated with the protection of the environment from pollution by anthropogenic emissions. The pollution factor is the limiting factor in solving environmental problems. The most important indicator of the harmfulness of the environmental hazard of pollution is the function of the concentration of pollutants, which, depending on the type of harmful substance, is either an unlimitedly increasing function, or a function with pronounced zones of insensitivity or saturation. The article discusses a simulation model of a water protection system, which makes it possible to carry out the current forecasting of the ecological situation. The basis of the developed simulation model is a mathematical description of the cause-and-effect relationships operating in the system under study. The work uses a methodological approach that allows you to quickly and accurately assess the environmental efficiency of planned activities and from programs of different effectiveness to choose the one that requires minimum costs for its implementation. In our studies, we propose an approach that makes it possible to obtain a quantitative assessment of various factors affecting the yield of rice. The use of the developed simulation model in various natural conditions and agricultural specializations of the regions of Russia by workers of the agro-industrial complex will optimally allocate productive forces and obtain programmed rice yields without reducing the agro-resource potential of soils.

Este artigo demonstra como os conflitos de interesse e a crescente pressão das elites económicas estiveram na origem do intervencionismo económico na institucionalização do Estado Novo. Através do sector orizícola, é nossa intenção compreender como a moldura institucional do comportamento económico foi reestruturada num período de crise e como o corporativismo foi a forma encontrada para realizar os reajustamentos necessários para um desempenho económico diferente. This article demonstrates how the role of conflict of interests and increased pressure from economic elites were at the origin of economic interventionism during the institutionalisation of Estado Novo. Through the rice sector, we aim to shed light on how the institutional framework of economic behaviour was re-structured during a crisis and how corporatism was the solution found to make the necessary arrangements for a different economic performance. Cet article montre comment les conflits d’intérêts et la pression croissante des élites économiques ont été à l’origine de l’interventionnisme économique dans l’institutionnalisation de l’Estado Novo. À travers le secteur du riz, nous avons l’intention de comprendre comment le cadre institutionnel du comportement économique a été restructuré en période de crise et comment le corporatisme a été la forme adoptée pour effectuer les ajustements nécessaires pour une performance économique différente.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Agriculture is one of the main activities practiced in the municipalities of the geographical region known as Baixo São Francisco Sergipano. Rice farming is the crop developed in the Perímetro Irrigado do Betume (PIBE), with 2,600 hectares of rice planted in 2018. However, problems such as the salinisation of the São Francisco River, the intense use of pesticides and producers linked to middlemen, increasingly put the success of this culture in this region at risk. Faced with such risks, two activities are beginning to emerge as alternatives that seek clean and sustainable production and that enable producers to earn income, are the production of agroecological rice and rizicarcinicultura. For this reason, this research had the general objective of analyzing these modalities of agriculture and aquaculture activities developed in the Perímetro Irrigado do Betume (PIBE), characterizing them in the municipalities of the spatial area, in addition to building a set of indicators related to these activities and examining, through these indicators, if the activities can be a way to catch a glimpse of the sustainability. The methodology used for the development of this study, at first, started through a theoretical and empirical survey related to the chosen theme, as well as the mapping of the research area. Subsequently, in the field study, non-participant observation techniques were used in loco from the main questions raised for the consolidation of this study. Then, the Survey research method was used through questionnaires to obtain data or information about characteristics, actions or opinions from a sample of the research universe. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that rice, despite the incentives and modernization geared towards production over the years, maintains archaic practices that are harmful to the environment, the health of producers and consumers, considering that they still use different types of pesticides for each pest in the plantation. In contrast, the modalities that are beginning to emerge involving the rice and the shrimp are moving in the opposite direction of the unsustainable character, given that they have abandoned the use of pesticides to allow the development of clean rice and the healthy growth of shrimp. These activities, although beginners and in test, have already changed the way of production of those who use them. With this, one can then consider these as viable and alternative choices for the Baixo São Francisco Sergipano, which allow sustainable development between human beings, economic activity and the environment. A Agricultura é uma das principais atividades praticadas nos municípios da região geográfica conhecida como Baixo São Francisco Sergipano. A orizicultura, plantação de arroz, é a cultura desenvolvida no Perímetro Irrigado do Betume (PIBE), tendo sido plantados 2,6 mil hectares de arroz no ano de 2018. No entanto, problemas como a salinização do Rio São Francisco, o uso intenso de defensivos agrícolas e os produtores atrelados aos atravessadores, cada vez mais, colocam em risco o sucesso desta cultura nessa região. Diante de tais riscos, duas atividades começam a surgir como alternativas que buscam uma produção limpa e sustentável e que possibilitam renda aos produtores, são as produções de arroz agroecológico e da rizicarcinicultura. Por essa razão, essa pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar essas modalidades das atividades de agricultura e aquicultura desenvolvidas no Perímetro Irrigado do Betume, caracterizando-as nos municípios do recorte espacial, além de construir um conjunto de indicadores referente a estas atividades e examinar, por meio desses indicadores, se as atividades podem ser um caminho para vislumbrar a sustentabilidade. A metodologia utilizada para o desenvolvimento desse estudo, em um primeiro momento, teve início através de levantamento teórico e empírico relacionado à temática escolhida, bem como o mapeamento da área objeto de pesquisa. Posteriormente, no estudo de campo, fez-se uso de técnicas de observação não-participante in loco a partir dos principais questionamentos levantados para a consolidação deste estudo. Em seguida, utilizou-se do método de pesquisa Survey por meio de questionários para a obtenção de dados ou informações sobre características, ações ou opiniões junto à uma amostra do universo da pesquisa. Com base nos resultados da pesquisa, pode-se concluir que o arroz, apesar dos incentivos e modernização voltados para a produção ao longo dos anos, mantém junto aos rizicultores práticas arcaicas e prejudiciais ao meio ambiente, à saúde dos produtores e do consumidor, tendo em vista que ainda utilizam diferentes tipos de agrotóxicos para cada praga existente na plantação. Em contrapartida, as modalidades que começam a surgir envolvendo as culturas de arroz e de camarão estão caminhando no sentido oposto do caráter não-sustentável, haja vista que abandonaram o uso de agrotóxico para permitir o desenvolvimento de um arroz limpo e o crescimento saudável do camarão. Essas atividades, ainda que iniciantes e em teste, já alteraram o modo de produção daqueles que delas fazem uso. Com isto, pode-se considerar então estas culturas como escolhas viáveis e alternativas para o Baixo São Francisco Sergipano, que permitem o desenvolvimento sustentável entre o ser humano, a atividade econômica e o meio ambiente. São Cristóvão, SE

Avant l’arrivée des missionnaires dans les hautes terres toraja de l’île de Sulawesi en Indonésie, le cycle de la culture du riz était rythmé par un grand nombre de rituels. L’un d’entre eux consistait en un jeu chanté dans les rizières, qui mettait en interaction les femmes et les hommes. Les pieds dans l’eau, une vingtaine de femmes chantaient en polyphonie, tout en jouant avec les hommes qui passaient par là. Les paroles, la musique et le jeu de ce rituel, véritable ode au désir et à la continuité de la vie, participaient à la fertilité des cultures. Considérant qu’il menaçait les bonnes mœurs exigées par la religion protestante, les pasteurs et les autorités gouvernementales coloniales y mirent un terme. Le silence s’installa alors dans les rizières. Alors que le jeu fut interdit, le chant fut paradoxalement toléré, mais hors de son contexte initial pour différents types de représentations, locales ou régionales. En le réduisant à sa dimension formelle, ce court texte décrit comment ce qui chantait dans ce chant fut alors annihilé. Before the arrival of missionaries on the Toraja highlands of the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia, the rice cultivation cycle was punctuated by a large number of rituals. One of them consisted of a sung game in the rice fields involving interaction between the men and women. Their feet in the water, some twenty women sung polyphonously, while playing with passing men. The lyrics, music and play of this ritual—a veritable ode to desire and the continuity of lie—contributed to crop fertility. Viewing it as a threat to the good morals required by the Protestant religion, the pastors and the authorities of the colonial government put an end to it. Then silence descended upon the rice fields. Even though the game was prohibited, singing was paradoxically tolerated for various local or regional performances, but only outside of its original context. By reducing it to its formal dimension, this short text describes how what sung in that song was then annihilated.

International audience; This study aims at understanding the dynamics of agrarian landscapes and their impacts on agricultural activities in the town of Adéane in a context of deteriorating agro-pedological conditions. The diachronic cartography of land use of 1968, 2004 and 2016, carried out with Arc Gis (10.2), made it possible to quantify the spatio-temporal evolution of agrarian landscapes. In situ measurements made in the rice fields, using the Hanna 87 130 combo (pH and electrical conductivity) and the refractometer, highlight salinisation phenomena (with a maximum of 25% o in the Adéane rice paddy fields), and acidification (pH 4 to Agnack-small), causing degradation of agro-pedological conditions. The main consequence is the decline of exploited rice fields (45.45% for Adéane and 56.65% for Agnack-peti between 1968-2016) and light forest (100% for Adéane and Agnack-petit between 1968-2016) benefit of the arboriculture of cashew trees which rose by 228.46% in Adéane and 519.28% in Agnack-petit. In view of the rapid development of cashew growing in the commune of Adéane and the decline of agricultural activities (rice growing and plateau farming), it remains important to question the sustainability of agricultural systems in this Commune in a context of agroecological transition.; La présente étude vise à comprendre la dynamique des paysages agraires et ses impacts sur les activités agricoles dans la commune d’Adéane dans un contexte de dégradation des conditions agro-pédologiques. La cartographie diachronique d’occupation des sols de 1968, 2004 et 2016, réalisée avec Arc Gis (10.2), a permis de quantifier l’évolution spatiotemporelle des paysages agraires. Les mesures in situ effectuées dans les rizières, à l’aide du combo Hanna 87 130 (pH et conductivité électrique) et du réfractomètre, mettent en évidence les phénomènes de salinisation (avec un maximum de 25 %o dans les rizières d’Adéane), et de l’acidification (pH de 4 à d’Agnack-petit), à l’origine de la dégradation des conditions agro-pédologiques. La principale conséquence est le recul des rizières exploitées (45,45 % pour Adéane et 56,65 % pour Agnack-peti entre 1968-2016) et de la forêt claire (100 % pour Adéane et Agnack-petit entre 1968-2016) au profit de l’arboriculture d’anacardiers qui a progressé de 228,46 % à Adéane et de 519,28 % à Agnack-petit. Face à un développement rapide de l’arboriculture d’anacardier dans la commune d’Adéane et au recul des activités agricoles (riziculture et culture de plateau), il demeure important de s’interroger sur la durabilité des systèmes agricoles dans cette Commune dans un contexte de transition agroécologique.

We tested the ability of root-adhering soils (RAS) from eight rice cultivars to attract a bacterivorous nematode (Acrobeloides sp.) living in a poor-nutrient soil in Madagascar. We showed that the ability of rice to attract bacterivorous nematodes in its rhizosphere is variable among cultivars. FOFIFA 172 was the cultivar with the highest attraction value, the lowest root biomass (RB) and the highest RAS:RB ratio and RAS respiration. In contrast, nematodes exhibited strong repellent response to W880 RAS. Also, nematode attractancy was not related to rice resistance against pests (blast rice disease and Striga asiatica) neither to cultivar ability to grow at specific altitude. Our results suggest a trade-off in carbon allocation between plant biomass and root exudation driving nematode attractancy and raise questions about the impact of plant breeding on cultivar ability to interact with soil mutualists such as bacterivorous nematodes. Further investigations are required into (i) variation in root exudate quantity and composition among the eight cultivars and (ii) the response of rice cultivars to bacterivorous nematode inoculation.

La primera parte del artículo trata de la sobreproducción y de los problemas de exportación del arroz en los años sesenta, de las reacciones de los agricultores a la crisis y de la propuesta de la Hydrotechnic Corporation de cambiar el uso del suelo. La segunda parte habla de la pregunta porqué esta propuesta no fue realizada y describe detalladamente las características económicas y demográficas del delta a principios de este siglo. Hoy día, el delta sigue siendo un área arrocera en alto grado, con explotaciones pequeñas y medianas que no suelen dar ingresos suficientes. El trabajo en los sectores secundario y terciario, encontrado sobre todo en los pueblos al borde del delta, suministra ingresos adicionales, así como – en el delta mismo - la extracción de sal, la pesca y el turismo de naturaleza relacionado con el Parque Natural del Ebro., The first part of this article deals with the overproduction and export problems of rice in the 1960s, with the farmers’ reactions to the crisis and the proposal of the Hydrotechnic Corporation to change the delta’s land use. The second part deals with the question of why this proposal has never been put into practice and gives a detailed description of the economic and demographic characteristics of the delta nowadays. The delta still is an important rice growing area with mostly small and medium-sized farms that give insufficient income to live from. Jobs in the secondary and tertiary sector, mostly found in the area bordering the delta, provide additional income. In the delta itself, salt extraction, fishing and tourism related with the Parque Natural del Ebro also offer some employment opportunities.

The Amou valley in Togo has been subject between 1967 and 1984 to an operation of popularization of irrigated rice growing, led by the Chineese cooperation. This paper evokes the origins and the different steps of the accomplishment of this project, and analyses especially its socio-economic consequences. It is clear that irrigated rice growing has permitted in the years 1970 a great increase of output, rice growing and farmers' revenues and a general rise of the standard of living. But it has declined toward the middle of the years 1980 due to the failure in the supervising system, especially after the Chinese, and to the lack of training for rice growers to the usage, the management and the repairing of work materials and the irrigation system., La vallée de l'Amou au Togo a été l'objet entre 1967 et 1984 d'une opération de vulgarisation de la riziculture irriguée, conduite par la coopération chinoise. Cet article évoque les origines et les différentes étapes de la réalisation de ce projet, et analyse ensuite ses conséquences surtout socio-économiques. Il apparaît que la culture irriguée du riz a permis dans les années 1970 un accroissement massif des rendements, de la production du riz et des revenus des agriculteurs, et une élévation générale du niveau de vie. Mais elle a sombré à partir du milieu des années 1980 en raison de la défaillance du système d'encadrement, surtout postchinois, et de l'absence de formation des riziculteurs à l'usage, à la gestion et à la réparation des matériels de travail et du système d'irrigation., Abotchi Tchégnon. Riziculture irriguée et développement durable dans la vallée de l'Amou (Togo). (Irrigated rice growing and rural development in the Amou valley of Togo). In: Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français, 85e année, 2008-4 ( décembre). Grande vitesse ferroviaire / Varia. pp. 505-525.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Given the insufficient amount of water available to meet the demand of rice cultivation irrigation, the Associação dos Parceleiros do Distrito de Irrigação do Betume began to recirculate up to 100% of the system drainage water, most often without dilution. Despite the water reuse in irrigation be worldwide considered a best practice to save the resource, this practice should occur given the technical principles and parameters of existing norms, aiming the safety of direct and indirect users and the prospect of sustainability of agro-ecosystems. This research aimed to identify the degree of irrigator´s acceptance about the reuse of drainage water for irrigation of rice growing. In carrying out this study, secondary data were explored by consulting records, documents, and literature review. Primary data was obtained through systematic observation; semi-structured interviews with 88 local farmers; and measurement of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters of drainage water. Sources of pollution and contamination of anthropogenic origin were found. Three water quality parameters (BOD, turbidity and thermotolerant coliforms) were above the regulatory limits, indicating a need for monitoring and treatment of drainage water. 80 % of farmers accept the reuse of drainage water for irrigation that is taking place, but require adjustments of the current situation in order to minimize economic losses, risks to health and degradation of natural resources, ultimately contributing to the improvement of local sustainability. A insuficiente quantidade de água disponível para atender à demanda da irrigação da rizicultura, o Distrito de Irrigação do Betume passou a recircular até 100 % da água de drenagem do sistema, na maioria das vezes sem diluição. Apesar do reuso de água na irrigação ser uma prática recomendada mundialmente como uma das formas de se economizar o recurso, esta prática deve ocorrer atendendo aos preceitos técnicos e aos parâmetros das normatizações vigentes, que objetivam a segurança dos usuários diretos e indiretos e a perspectiva da sustentabilidade dos agroecossistemas. Essa pesquisa visou identificar o grau de aceitação dos irrigantes quanto ao reuso da água de drenagem na irrigação da rizicultura. Para a concretização do referido estudo, foram explorados dados secundários por meio da consulta de registros e documentos e da revisão da literatura; e obtidos dados primários através da observação sistemática; entrevistas semiestruturadas com 88 agricultores do local e mensuração de parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológico da água de drenagem. Foram evidenciadas fontes de poluição e contaminação de origem antrópica. Três parâmetros de qualidade da água (DBO, Turbidez e Coliformes termotolerantes) apresentaram-se acima dos limites normativos, indicando necessidade de monitoramento e tratamento da água de drenagem. 80 % dos agricultores aceitam o reuso da água de drenagem para irrigação que está ocorrendo, porém demandam adequações da situação atual a fim de minimizar perdas econômicas, riscos à saúde e à degradação dos recursos naturais, enfim contribuindo para a melhoria da sustentabilidade local.

International audience; In the heart of the Lake Alaotra basin, the largest ‘rice granary’ in Madagascar, the 4000-hectare irrigated rice perimeter PC15 - Marianina Valley has among the highest yields on the island (average 4 tonnes of paddy rice per hectare). Research problematics are focused on explaining, for this perimeter, the spatial disparities in water consumption between Water Users Associations (Associations d’Usagers de l’Eau, AUE) and temporal trends in these disparities in a context of landholding pressure, downstream extension of the perimeter and shortage of water in years of small or irregular precipitation. The approach is based on pluri-weekly hydraulic data collected by perimeter technicians from the 2007-2008 crop season to that of 2011-2012. Several trends emerge. First, disparities between AUEs are considerable, varying by up to 100 percent between Marianina Valley and PC15 and between the upstream and downstream AUEs within each of these units. Second, these differences are aggravated by water shortages at the beginning of the season and comparative over-consumption in the perimeter at the end of the crop season. Finally, these differences in consumption are accompanied by other characteristics—physicochemical or socioeconomic—that vary from one association to another.; Au sein de la cuvette du lac Alaotra, le plus grand « grenier à riz » de Madagascar, le périmètre rizicole irrigué PC15-Vallée Marianina connaît sur 4000 ha parmi les plus forts rendements de l’île (4 tonnes de paddy par hectare en moyenne). La problématique de recherche vise à expliciter, au sein de ce périmètre, les disparités spatiales en termes de consommation en eau entre les associations des usagers de l’eau (AUE), et les évolutions temporelles de ces disparités, dans un contexte de pression sur les terres, d’extension du périmètre en aval et de pénurie en eau lors des années de précipitations faibles ou irrégulières. Elle s’appuie sur les données hydrauliques pluri-hebdomadaires recueillies par les techniciens du périmètre depuis la saison de culture 2007-2008 jusqu’à la saison 2011-2012. Plusieurs tendances se dégagent. D’une part, les disparités entre AUE sont importantes, du simple au double de consommation interannuelle, entre la vallée Marianina et le PC15, ainsi qu’entre les AUE amonts et les AUE avals au sein de chacun des deux ensembles, vallée Marianina et PC15. D’autre part, ces disparités sont exacerbées par des pénuries d’eau en début de saison et une surconsommation relative du périmètre en fin de saison culturale. Enfin, ces disparités de consommation recouvrent des caractéristiques d’un autre ordre, physico-technique ou socio-économique, variables selon les associations.

Bem adaptada ao meio e detentora de um conjunto de saberes e técnicas que, durante séculos, lhe permitiu garantir a sua segurança alimentar, a sociedade Felupe encontra-se actualmente confrontada com mudanças bruscas de parâmetros que condicionam a sua estabilidade e resiliência: o crescente e rápido aumento da inconstância do mercado mundial dificulta a criação atempada de estratégias de adaptação; os fluxos instáveis de influências, ideias, comércios ilícitos, etc., promovem golpes de Estado que, por indutores de instabilidade política e/ou de segurança, alteram a organização social, agravam constrangimentos existentes, geram novas turbulências, fragilizam a coesão social e, consequentemente, a estabilidade social. Este paper explora estas bruscas e agressivas mudanças de parâmetros que poderão condicionar fortemente a estabilidade e resiliência da sociedade Felupe. The Felupe society, before constraints and turbulences generated by external dynamics, has been able to adapt their internal dynamics to ensure its stability. Diversifying the agricultural production and serving up of the specificity of their social organization, the location of their ground and the ties with other Joola subgroups, the Felupe society strengthened and restructured traditional networks that allowed the improvement of their own conditions of life. However, today, new factors are constraining its social cohesion and resilience: rainfall changes decrease the surface of mangrove rice; migration, even though seasonal, reduces the required hand labor; dependence, risk and uncertainty inherent to annual fluctuations of food prices in foreign markets, weakens the economy; the growing strength of the external and invasive dynamics strengthens the capacity of resilience. In fact, the growing and rapid increase of world market inconstancy makes more difficult the timely establishment of strategies of adaptation to turbulences caused in the balance of food security and, consequently, in social stability. This paper explores these aggressive and abrupt changes of parameters which may strongly restrict the stability and resilience of the Felupe society.

A produção agrícola apresenta características particulares, se comparada a outras atividades econômicas, sendo uma das mais marcantes a extensão dos riscos aos quais está exposta. O cultivo de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) irrigado, embora pareça menos suscetível do que as culturas de sequeiro, também está exposto a riscos. Maior produtor mundial de arroz fora da Ásia, o Brasil tem no Rio Grande do Sul seu principal estado produtor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar como o orizicultor da Fronteira Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul percebe os riscos da sua atividade e quais medidas adota para geri-los. A metodologia empregada envolveu aplicação presencial de questionários a orizicultores, de acordo com uma amostra não probabilística. Os resultados indicaram que os orizicultores atribuem maior relevância aos riscos socioeconômicos do que aos de produção. Evidencia-se, assim, a importância da gestão do negócio pelos orizicultores, para que sua atividade esteja integrada com os demais elos da cadeia produtiva. A redução de custos pode ser uma alternativa para mitigação de riscos de mercado, apontados como os mais relevantes pelos orizicultores. A percepção dos orizicultores sobre riscos e sobre medidas para mitigá-los pode representar a base na formulação de estratégias de gestão de riscos. Agricultural production has many different infl uencing factors compared to other economic activities. One of the most striking is the extent of the risks to which it is exposed. Irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation, although seeming less susceptible than non-irrigated crops, is also exposed to risks. World’s largest producer of rice outside Asia, Brazil has the state of Rio Grande do Sul as its main producer. The aim of this study was to analyze how rice farmers in Fronteira Oeste, Rio Grande do Sul realize the risks of their activity and how they manage them. Methodology involved the administration of a questionnaire, according to a non-probabilistic sample. The results indicated that rice farmers attach greater relevance to economic and social risks rather than to production related ones. Thus, one realizes the importance of business management, in order to integrate their activity with others links of the production chain. Costs reduction may be an option to mitigate market risks, identifi ed as the most relevant by the rice growers. Rice growers´ perception on risk and on measures to mitigate it may represent the foundation for formulating risk management strategies.

Dans le Cambodge angkorien, les souverains khmers administraient une paysannerie mouvante par le biais de temples-palais. Lorsque les Français prennent le contrôle, en 1845, ils se retrouvent devant une « masse paysanne inorganisée, inorganique même » (Delvert, 1961 : 201) et restent « confondus devant la mobilité des Cambodgiens » (Forest, 1980 : 30). À l’époque postcoloniale, les ethnologues feront essentiellement le même constat, pendant que John F. Embree (1950) proposera de catégoriser les sociétés indianisées du Sud-Est asiatique comme étant « loosely structured » : postulant une faible intégration individuelle des structures sociales donnant lieu à une prévalence de comportements individualistes ad hoc et à des communautés sans réelle organisation. La proposition fera école. Ces observations paraissent justes, mais l’analyse infructueuse. La structure dont parle Embree s’appuie sur une culture hautement syncrétique qui se reflétait aléatoirement dans les comportements. Mais l’organisation sociale khmère se trouve ailleurs : dans les solutions organisationnelles qui gouvernent les choix des individus lorsqu’ils doivent se regrouper afin d’effectuer des tâches récurrentes. À ce titre, les paysans khmers évoluaient dans une organisation sociale rigoureusement minimaliste et flexible. La maisonnée était l’élément essentiel, tandis que la communauté territoriale locale était contingente et fluctuante. Dans l’environnement naturel généreux du Cambodge, un petit groupe d’individus mobiles réunis sous un même toit pouvait aisément accomplir toutes les tâches nécessaires à sa survie. Alors on ne s’attachait jamais indéfiniment à une localité : seulement à des communautés sans cesse en évolution, centrées autour de pagodes agissant comme des ports d’ancrage., In Angkorian Cambodia, Khmer rulers administered a moving peasantry through temple-palaces. When the French took over, in 1845, they found what administrators called an unorganized mass of peasants, “even inorganic” (Delvert, 1961: 201) and were confounded by Cambodian peasants’ mobility (Forest, 1980: 30). During the postcolonial era, ethnologists essentially came to the same conclusions, while John F. Embree (1950) proposed to categorize South-East Asian indianized societies as “loosely structured”. He postulated that the prevalence of ad hoc individualistic behavior and the lack of organization found in communities were due to a weak integration of social structures at the individual level. Many ethnologists followed in Embree’s path. These observations appear just but the analysis seems unfruitful. Embree’s structure is modeled on a highly syncretic Khmer culture which was randomly reflected in individual behavior indeed. But Khmer social organization lies elsewhere: In the organizational strategies which govern individual choices when groups must come together to accomplish recurring tasks. In this respect, Cambodian peasants evolved in a social organization that was rigorously minimalistic and flexible. The household was the essential element here, while the local territorial community was incidental. In Cambodia’s generous natural environment, a small mobile group of individuals united under one roof could easily accomplish all the tasks essential to their survival. Thus the Khmer never attached themselves indefinitely to a locality: Only to ever evolving communities, centered on pagodas which acted as anchor harbors.

A produção agrícola apresenta características particulares, se comparada a outras atividades da economia, sendo uma das mais marcantes a extensão dos riscos aos quais está exposta. O cultivo de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) irrigado, embora pareça menos suscetível a riscos do que as culturas de sequeiro, também está exposto aos riscos inerentes ao exercício da atividade agrícola. Maior produtor mundial de arroz fora da Ásia, o Brasil tem no estado do Rio Grande do Sul seu principal estado produtor, com 65% do total. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar como o orizicultor do Rio Grande do Sul percebe os riscos inerentes à sua atividade e quais medidas adota para gerir estes riscos. O método empregado envolveu a aplicação presencial de questionários semiestruturados em orizicultores, de acordo com uma amostra não probabilística definida. Os resultados indicaram que os orizicultores atribuem maior relevância aos riscos socioeconômicos do que aos de produção, na percepção atual. Quando comparada a percepção atual dos orizicultores em relação à de cinco anos atrás, observou-se um aumento da relevância dos riscos de mercado e institucionais. Evidencia-se, assim, a importância da gestão do negócio por parte dos orizicultores do Rio Grande do Sul, para que sua atividade produtiva esteja organizada de modo a ocorrer de forma integrada com os demais elos da cadeia produtiva do arroz. A menor relevância atribuída pelos orizicultores aos riscos de produção, na percepção atual, pode indicar que as técnicas produtivas já estejam consolidadas. Em se tratando de medidas de gestão de riscos, a busca de informação é adotada pela maioria dos orizicultores e foi considerada relevante; no entanto, há indicativos de que a aplicação desta informação ainda pode ser melhorada. Os orizicultores percebem a importância e a necessidade de reduzir custos sem, no entanto, formalizar a maneira de fazê-lo. A redução de custos pode ser uma alternativa para mitigação de riscos de mercado, apontados como os mais relevantes pelos orizicultores. A percepção dos orizicultores sobre as fontes de risco inerentes à sua atividade e sobre as medidas para mitigá-las pode representar o alicerce na formulação de estratégias de gestão de riscos. Agricultural production has many different influencing factors compared to other economic areas. One of the most striking is the extent of the risks to which it is exposed. Irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation, although seeming less susceptible to risk than non-irrigated crops, is also exposed to risks related to agricultural practices. World's largest producer of rice outside Asia, Brazil has the state of Rio Grande do Sul as its main producer, reaching 65% of the total amount. The aim of this study was to analyze how rice farmers in Rio Grande do Sul realize the risks of their activity and what measures they take to manage such risks. Methodology involved the administration of a semi-structured questionnaire with rice farmers, according to a non-probabilistic sample. The results indicated that rice farmers attach greater relevance to economic and social risks in their current perception, rather than to production related ones. Comparing rice growers’ current perception with that of five years ago, an increase on the relevance of market and institutional risks was observed. Thus, one realizes the importance of business management by rice farmers in Rio Grande do Sul, in order to organize their activity to take place in an integrated manner with others links of the rice production chain. The lowest relevance ascribed to production-related risks in the current perception may indicate that production techniques have already been consolidated. Regarding measures for risk management, information seeking is adopted for most rice farmers and was considered relevant; however, there is evidence that the applicability of this information can still be improved. Rice growers realize the importance and the need to reduce costs without, however, formalizing a way of doing it. Costs reduction may be an option to mitigate market risks, identified as the most relevant by the rice growers. Rice growers´ perception on the risk sources inherent to their activity and on measures to mitigate them may represent the foundation for formulating risk management strategies.

Em vista da enorme área de pastagens degradadas na Região Norte de Mato Grosso, tornam-se necessárias pesquisas de alternativas para sua recuperação. No presente trabalho o objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos de doses reduzidas de cyhalofop butil e épocas de semeadura da forrageira, no consórcio de Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu com a cultura do arroz. O trabalho foi desenvolvido nas safras 2005/2006 e 2006/2007 em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, no esquema fatorial 2x6, constituído pela combinação de duas cultivares de arroz (BRS Primavera e BEST 2000) e seis alternativas de renovação, sendo quatro com doses reduzidas do herbicida cyhalofop butil (0; 0,40; 0,80 e 1,2 L ha-1) e duas por semeadura a lanço aos 10 e 20 dias após a emergência do arroz. No segundo ano, o esquema utilizado foi 2x8 em que, além dos tratamentos do primeiro ano, foram acrescentados a semeadura de braquiária em sulco, na entrelinha, aos 20 e 30 dias após a emergência do arroz. Foram avaliados: número de perfilhos e de panículas m-2, rendimento de engenho, massa de cem grãos e produtividade. Pode-se concluir que BRS Primavera tem melhor desempenho quando o desenvolvimento da forrageira ocorre satisfatoriamente. A semeadura da forrageira a lanço não é viável e doses iguais ou superiores a 0,80 L ha-1 de cyhalofop butil são eficazes como alternativa na recuperação de pastagens. Because to the great area of degraded pastures in the northern region of Mato Grosso, become necessary to search for alternatives that seek to recover the same. This study aimed to evaluate of the low doses effects of cyhalofop butil and sowing dates of forage in the consortium of Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu and upland rice. The work was carried out in 2005/06 and 2006/07 seasons in experimental design of randomized blocks with four replications in a factorial scheme 2x6, constituted by the combination of two cultivars of rice (BRS primavera and BEST 2000) and six options for renewal, and four low doses of herbicide cyhalofop butil (0, 0.40, 0.80 and 1.2 L ha-1) and two in broadcast sowing at 10 and 20 days after rice emergence and second year the scheme was used 2x8, where first year treatments were sowing Brachiaria in the furow in between lines, 20 and 30 days after rice emergence. Were evaluated: number of tillers and panicles m-2, hulling yield, 100 grains mass and productivity. The BRS primavera has better performance when satisfactory forage development of fodder. The broadcast sowing forage was not viable and doses greater than or equal to 0.80 L ha-1 cyhalofop butil were effective as an alternative in the recovery of pastures.

Assessing the N2O fluxes balance is a key challenge to estimate the effect of agriculture practices on greenhouse gas production. N2O fluxes remained difficult to measure on a field scale due to high spatial and temporal variability and usually low concentrations. Our work aimed at (i) characterizing by laboratory measurements soil potential N2O emissions from nitrification and denitrification and (ii) testing a modelling approach of N2O emissions that circumvents the problem of discrete measurements for two Brazilian rainfed rice cropping systems, no-tillage (NT) vs. disk tillage (DT). This latter approach consisted in the combination of 2 models: a mechanistic water transfer model and a N2O emission model, namely PASTIS and NOE. Simulations with the PASTIS + NOE approach showed for both NT and DT treatments that: (i) the soil emitted low amounts of N2O, (ii) emissions by denitrification corresponded to short periods of high N2O emissions (15 times as high as emission by nitrification), (iii) nitrification contributed to ca 35% of the total N2O emissions at the crop cycle scale, (iv) field N2O emission measurements corresponded to the low bound of simulated emissions from nitrification. Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T23:51:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SimulatingN2O.pdf: 392308 bytes, checksum: 6719de3f2f2549b5be13b7a349d91e45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-13

Water shortages in certain periods have led to serious social conflicts, as well as economic and environmental impacts resulting from irrigated agriculture, especially of rice growing, which represents a high demand of water. The present study proposes a methodology for analyzing the water sustainability of rice growing through the implementation the temporary dams at the river-bed of water courses, with the study area the watershed of Arroio Grande, which has a growing need to match the conditions of supply and demand. The analysis of water supply and demand conditions was made in the context of the watershed and by control point, three scenarios are composed: scenarios 1 - the existing situation; scenario 2: considers compliance to environmental legislation, with elimination of rice growing areas in areas of permanent preservation and destination of the portion of environmental flow (30%Q90) an; scenario 3: considers compliance to environmental legislation and implementation the temporary dam at the river-beds of water courses upstream of where the shortage was indicated, as a way to expand and ensure water supply for rice growing. The results show that the in the scenario 1 the demand is met, although for control points 5 and 6 it is equivalent to 89% to 97% of its availability, besides not meet environmental legislation. For the scenario 2, control points 5 and 6 indicate water scarcity for the months analyzed (November February), indicating the places where water supply should be expanded. In scenario 3, it is concluded that the temporary dams proposed have the may partially meet the water requirements and PC 5, PC 6, the results indicate no compliance between supply and demand. Therefore, concluded that the conflicts over water use in the watershed of the Arroio Grande resulting from irrigated agriculture can be minimized with the installation of temporary dams. However, the results indicate that the water sustainability of rice growing can only be achieved by reducing the irrigated area, specifically between the PC 3-5 and 4-6. A escassez de água em determinados períodos vem provocando sérios conflitos sociais, econômicos e ambientais, decorrentes da agricultura irrigada, especialmente da cultura orizícola, que apresenta alta demanda hídrica. Desta forma, o presente estudo propõe uma metodologia para analisar a sustentabilidade hídrica da cultura orizícola através da implantação de barragens temporárias no álveo de cursos d água, tendo como área de estudo a sub-bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Grande, que apresenta uma crescente necessidade de compatibilizar as condições de oferta e demanda. A análise das condições de oferta e demanda hídrica foi realizada no contexto da sub-bacia e por ponto de controle (PC), sendo compostos três cenários: cenário 1 - situação existente; cenário 2: considera o atendimento a legislação ambiental, com a eliminação de áreas de cultivo orizícola em Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) e destinação da parcela de vazão ambiental (30%Q90) e; cenário 3: considera o atendimento a legislação ambiental e propõe a implantação de barragens temporárias no álveo de cursos d água, a montante dos locais que indica escassez, como forma de ampliar o suprimento hídrico da cultura orizícola. Os resultados mostraram que no cenário 1 a demanda é atendida, embora para os pontos de controle 5 e 6, equivale de 89% a 97% da disponibilidade hídrica, além de não atender a legislação ambiental. Para o cenário 2, os pontos de controle 5 e 6 apontam escassez hídrica para os meses analisados (novembro a fevereiro), indicando assim os locais em que a oferta hídrica deverá ser ampliada. No cenário 3, conclui-se que as barragens temporárias propostas poderão atender parcialmente a demanda hídrica do PC 5 e, no PC 6, os resultados indicam não haver conformidade entre oferta e demanda. Desta forma, conclui-se que os conflitos pelo uso da água na sub-bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Grande decorrentes da agricultura irrigada poderão ser minimizados com a implantação das barragens temporárias. Entretanto, os resultados indicam que a sustentabilidade hídrica da cultura orizícola somente poderá ser alcançada com a redução da área irrigada, especificamente, entre os PC 3 - 5 e, 4 - 6.

The evaluation of cropping system at farm and regional scales requires information and data on potential crop yields and their variation in time and space. Cropping systems models to represent and explore future scenarios need to be able to capture the main limiting factors affecting productivity and the major sources of crop yield variability. For irrigated rice, the main crop grown in the region of Camargue, south of France, these factors are: low temperature and solar radiation during the crop cycle, success of sowing (stand density), nitrogen application, and weed management. As it is often the case, few data are available for analysing and establishing empirical relationship between observed yield and the different limiting factors listed above. The relationships thus established, on the other hand, do not allow exploring alternative systems, not yet practiced, or outside of the range of conditions for which the models were developed. Efforts have been devoted for decades to building comprehensive crop growth models that predict yields given a combination of environmental and management conditions. However, these models do not consider the whole range of limiting factors that determine crop variability in the field. While simulation modelling can be used to estimate a range of variability in crop yields that is deterministic (i.e., due to variation imposed in model parameters), observed crop variability has always a stochastic component, and variable degrees of uncertainty on the sources of such variability. Here, we compare the magnitude and nature of these two types of variability, observed and model-generated, to evaluate to what extent crop simulation models can be used to approximate such reality.

Diffusion du document : Publique Diplôme : Dr. d'Université; In this research, we assessed the emergence of a strategic complementarity between farming and biodiversity, in a landscape with a high environmental value. We rely on the Rhone river delta, wetland of international interest, and well known biodiversity's hotspot. We examine the conditions of emergence of the organic agriculture in this particular context. The market conditions, more precisely the presence of imperfect competition for input (seeds and herbicides) are putting several constraints on adaptation's strategies accessibles to firms. As a consequence, the main way to adapt is the control of input supply. We study at which conditions an interior equilibrium does exist. The study of economic factors of rice' cultivar's diversity in farms in the Camargue area confirm the role played by niche strategies, and highlight the importance of market opportunities and commercial networks in the cultivar's portfolio choices made by farmers. They are naturally playing in interaction with factors governing the costs and benefits of managing a greater cultivar's diversity. Finally, the choice experiments survey put emphasis on the influence of collective norms in farmers' preferences for production technologies. The results show that a large majority of rice producers are adopt agro-ecological technologies at a price of monetary incentives equivalent to those obtained currently from the CAP, without conditions. Thus, the future of agricultural development in the Camargue area should be associated with environmental preservation. This de facto strategic complementarity could enables stakeholders and public authorities to design future public policies and give a conditional support to a sustainable agriculture.; Dans cette thèse nous nous interrogeons sur l'émergence d'une complémentarité stratégique entre l'agriculture et la biodiversité dans les territoires à haute valeur environnementale. Nous étudions l'exemple de la Camargue, zone humide d'intérêt international, où l'enjeu est de concilier agriculture et protection de l'environnement. Nous réalisons d'abord une analyse du contexte camarguais, en insistant sur les rapports ambivalents entre agriculture et biodiversité . Dans la mesure où la réforme future de la PAC va venir remettre en question les conditions d'octroi de ces aides, autant que leur volume global, le développement de la riziculture camarguaise passe à terme par son association à une image de terre sauvage et naturelle. Cette complémentarité stratégique de fait peut permettre de concevoir les futures politiques publiques et de justifier le maintien des aides à la riziculture camarguaise, par sa contribution à la gestion durable de la biodiversité. Nous examinons ensuite les conditions économiques d'émergence d'une riziculture biologique, dans ce contexte particulier. Les conditions de marché, et plus précisément la présence d'une concurrence imparfaite, caractérisés par la concentration de la fourniture d'intrants (herbicides et semences) en un petit nombre de fournisseurs. Leurs stratégies d'adaptation au développement des pratiques d'agriculture biologique sont contraintes par les conditions de marché et limitées aux quantités offertes. Nous étudions à quelles conditions un équilibre stratégique existe, et excluons des équilibres extrêmes (riz biologique dominant / exclu). Nos résultats placent les stratégies d'offre variétale au coeur de ces interactions stratégiques, c'est pourquoi nous prolongeons cette approche stratégique par l'étude des déterminants économiques de la diversité variétale dans les exploitations rizicoles camarguaises. Celle-ci confirme la place accordée aux stratégies de niche, et met en avant le rôle des opportunités de marché et des réseaux dans les choix de porte-feuille de cultivars par les agriculteurs, au-delà des contraintes structurelles de l'exploitation. Enfin, une enquête de type "choice experiments" fait apparaître l'influence des normes collectives dans les préférences des riziculteurs camarguais pour les technologies de production dont ils disposent. Les résultats de cette étude empirique montrent qu'une grande majorité des producteurs pourrait adopter des technologies sans intrants chimiques, à condition d'être accompagnés de compensations financières équivalentes à celles accordées actuellement sans condition dans le cadre de la PAC. Au-delà du cas d'étude, la thèse fournit donc des enseignements utiles pour la conception de politiques publiques capables de concilier efficacité économique et développement durable. Elle est aussi une contribution à la réflexion sur la gestion intégrée multi-acteurs de l'agriculture et de la biodiversité à l'échelle d'un territoire à haute valeur environnementale.

Os países africanos, com populações maioritariamente dependentes de uma agricultura de pequena escala persistentemente desvalorizada, têm sido incapazes de garantir a segurança alimentar das suas populações. Esta situação precária foi exponencialmente agravada com a recente crise dos cereais de 2007-2008. Na tentativa de identificar e compreender as estratégias das sociedades rurais africanas para garantir a segurança alimentar e os problemas que à sua volta e em consequência desta crise dos cereais se fizeram e fazem sentir, tornou-se relevante tentar compreender o que está na sua génese, as suas consequências e as formas como as populações mais afectadas lidam com estes fenómenos, designadamente a sociedade Joola-felupe, escolhida como objecto de análise. A maioria das populações rurais em África não participa nem se reconhece nos Estados africanos, modelo importado, ao contrário do que se verifica com as Autoridades Tradicionais. Presentes desde sempre nestas sociedades e tendo sido ao longo do tempo capazes de se adaptar às exigências do momento são, consequentemente, legitimadas pelas suas comunidades como responsáveis pela gestão e manutenção da segurança social comunitária e sua reprodução material e espiritual. Pretende-se, pois, perceber se, na actual realidade, as Autoridades Tradicionais da sociedade em análise deterão ainda a capacidade necessária para gerir de forma sustentável o espaço e os indivíduos de maneira a garantir a segurança alimentar. African countries, with their populations largely dependent on the persistently undervalued small scale agriculture, have been unable to guarantee the food security of their populations. This precarious situation has been exponentially exacerbated by the recent 2007-2008’ cereal crisis. In an attempt to identify and understand the strategies of rural societies in Africa to ensure food security and the problems felt around them and as a result of this cereal crisis, it became important trying to understand what’s in its genesis, its consequences and how those affected populations cope with these phenomena, in particular the Joola-felupe society, the object of analysis in this study. Most rural populations in Africa don’t review themselves in the African State, an imported model, contrary to what happens with the Traditional Authorities. Always present in these societies, they have been able to adapt to each moment in time and, therefore, are legitimated by their communities as responsible for the management and maintenance of the community’s social security and its material and spiritual reproduction. The aim is therefore to understand whether in the current situation and reality, the Traditional Authorities will hold the necessary capacity to sustainably manage the space and the individuals in order to ensure food safety. Los países africanos, con poblaciones dependientes en gran parte de una agricultura de pequeña escala persistentemente desvalorizada, han sido incapaces de garantizar la seguridad alimentaria de sus poblaciones. Esta situación precaria se ha agravado exponencialmente con la crisis de los cereales de 2007-2008. Intentando identificar y comprender las estrategias de las sociedades rurales africanas para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria y los problemas que le rodean, y como consecuencia de esta crisis de los cereales se produjeron y son patentes actualmente, se ha vuelto relevante intentar comprender lo que la origina, sus consecuencias, y las formas como las poblaciones más afectadas lidian con estos fenómenos, todo ello a través de la sociedad Joola-felupe, que se ha elegido como objeto de análisis. La mayoría de las poblaciones rurales en África no participan ni se reconocen en los Estados africanos, modelo importado, al contrario de lo que pasa con las Autoridades Tradicionales. Siempre presentes en estas sociedades han sido a lo largo del tiempo capaces de adaptarse a las exigencias del momento siendo, consecuentemente, legitimadas por las comunidades como responsables por la gestión y manutención de la seguridad social comunitaria y su reproducción material y espiritual. Se pretende entender si, en la realidad actual, las Autoridades Tradicionales de la sociedad en análisis tendrán la capacidad necesaria para gestionar de manera sostenible el espacio y los individuos de manera que garanticen la seguridad alimentaria.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade da água utilizada para a rizicultura, em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da planta, no sistema de plantio pré-germinado. Foram analisadas as águas de irrigação e de drenagem no processo de cultivo. Foram escolhidas três áreas de amostragens, localizadas no Município de Gaspar, SC, que apresentam técnicas de cultivo semelhantes. A água utilizada para irrigação é retirada de um curso de água e devolvida após o uso no quarteirão, para o mesmo curso. Neste sistema não existem aportes de poluentes externos intermediários. Para avaliar a qualidade da água, foi utilizado o Índice de Qualidade de Água de Bascarán (IQAb). De acordo com os resultados, a água utilizada para irrigação apresenta qualidade imprópria (IQAb 40-50). A água de drenagem foi classificada, de modo geral, como desagradável (IQAb 30-40). Os parâmetros que mais influenciaram a diminuição do IQAb na água de drenagem foram a turbidez, fosfatos e DQO. Constatou-se que a fase de preparo do solo é a que provoca maior degradação da qualidade da água, na cultura orizícola. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the water used for rice irrigation, considering different periods of the plants growth, using the pre-germinated seeds planting technique. Irrigation and drainage water were analyzed during the process of tillage. Three sites of sampling located around the City of Gaspar SC, Brazil were chosen. All three sites presented similar techniques of tillage. The water used for the irrigation was collected from a watercourse and returned after it passed through the tillage. In this system there are no external or intermediary pollutant conductors. To evaluate the quality of water it was used the Quality of Water Index from Bascarán (IQAb). The results demonstrate that the water used for irrigation, enters in the tillage area with an improper quality (IQAb 40-50). Drainage water was classified as disagreable (IQAb 30-40). The parameters that influenced the decrease of IQAb in drainage water were the turbidity, phosphates and QOD. The decrease of drainage water quality was influenced by the vegetative period. This study determined that the major degradation of the quality of the water is due to the preparation of the soil.

International audience; Severe epidemics of leptospirosis yearly occurred in Thailand since 1997, causing over 1,200 deaths, especially among farmers highly exposed while working in flooded rice fields. Main vectors are wild rodents, spreading the human pathogenic bacteria (spirocheta) in the environment through their urine. Phrae province, which has recorded among the highest incidences, was chosen for a large scale spatial analysis, in collaboration with Phrae provincial Public Health Office. A health geographic database (GIS) was built, using SavGIS, a Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) freeware developed by the Development Research French Institute (IRD), to understand the disease dynamics and assess the villagers' exposure. GIS and Remote Sensing processing have shown a great potential in analyzing vector-borne diseases but have never been applied to leptospirosis. The land use was extracted and vegetation indices computed from a TERRA ASTER satellite image and described around villages. In a second step, this information was compared with the reported disease incidence. Problems encountered due to the accuracy of biomedical and location-based data are detailed. The results are exposed and discussed in a preventive planning perspective.

The paradox of a tropical volcano : Overpopulation and Natural Risks on Mount Merapi, Java, Indonesia. Reaching almost 3000 meters at its highest point, the Merapi, located in the center of the island of Java, is unique, compared to other tropical mountains : in spite of intense cultivation, the slopes of the volcano are at the heart of a social crisis and of radical changes in the organization of rural space, related mainly to overpopulation (1 140 inhab./km² ; average size of the farms : 0,3 ha). Emigration remains a marginal solution, even though the Merapi is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes in the world. Volcanic risks which are already very high are increasing progressively with the increase of the vulnerability of the population. Even though a few efficient short-term and middle term measures of prevention have reduced these risks slightly., Culminant à près de 3 000 m au centre de l’île de Java, le Merapi se distingue des autres montagnes tropicales par un paradoxe unique : malgré une mise en valeur très intensive, les flancs du volcan connaissent aujourd’hui une crise sociale et une mutation de l’espace rural liées surtout au surpeuplement (1 140 hab./km2 ; moyenne des exploitations : 0,3 ha). L’émigration reste une solution marginale, le Merapi étant pourtant l’un des volcans les plus actifs et les plus dangereux de la planète. Les risques volcaniques, déjà très élevés, se renforcent progressivement par l’augmentation de la vulnérabilité des populations. Cependant, certaines mesures efficaces de prévention à court et moyen termes parviennent à pondérer quelque peu ces risques., Lavigne Franck. Le paradoxe d’une montagne tropicale volcanique : surpeuplement et risques naturels sur le volcan Merapi, Java, Indonésie. In: Les montagnes tropicales : identités, mutations, développement. Table-Ronde, Bordeaux-Pessac, 27 et 28 novembre 1998. Bordeaux : Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 2001. pp. 119-131. (Espaces tropicaux, 16)

Everyone would agree that rice has played an extremly significant role in Japanese culture through modern times, but when exactly dud it begin to take on such importance ? We would like to counter the common assumption that rice played a predominant role rignt from the begining, when it was introduced in Japan between 800 and 300 BC. We propose instead a more evolutionary approach based on the gradual development of agriculture in Japan with the predominance of Neolithic shifting cultivation techniques through the Middle Ages. Yet given the lack of written sources and archeological evidence, we have focused our analysis on terminology and place names used between the 8th and 12th centuries., Nul ne doute que la riziculture a joué un rôle très important dans la culture japonaise jusqu'à une date récente ; mais depuis quand ? A l'opinion générale qui lui accorde une place prépondérante depuis son introduction au Japon entre 800 et 300 avant J.C. nous opposons une vision plus évolutionniste qui considère un développement graduel des techniques agricoles durant deux millénaires et qui accorde une place encore très importante aux pratiques néolithiques des cultures sur brûlis jusqu'au Moyen Age. Confrontés à l'indigence des sources écrites et à l'absence de documents archéologiques, nous proposons une analyse de la terminologie et des toponymes centrée sur la période du VIIIe au XIIe siècle de notre ère., Von Verschuer Charlotte. L'autre agriculture : les cultures sur brûlis dans le Japon ancien. In: Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée, 37ᵉ année, bulletin n°2,1995. pp. 129-164.

The demographic imbalance between the over-crowded island of Java and the so-called " Outer-Provinces ", has long obliged the Indonesian Government to carry out a policy of population redistribution. During the seventies, the huge tidal-swamps reclamation project on the southern coast of Kalimantan appeared as the great moment of this so-named Transmigration resettlement policy. The Barito deltaic tidal swamps reclamation began a few years later after the 1965 "events" and was presented as the symbol of the new priorities, turning away from the too romantic tinged past. However, despite the banjarese agricultural pattern was taken into account while this gigantic pioneer front was planned, the results are quite disappointing. The cleverness of the javanese peasant who succeeds in obtaining two rice harvests a year is not enough to support the taking-off of colonization villages whose regional integration suffers many difficulties., Pour faire face au déséquilibre démographique qui oppose Tile de Java surpeuplée aux Provinces Extérieures sous-peuplées, le gouvernement indonésien est engagé depuis de longues années dans un programme de redistribution volontaire de la population. L'aménagement des marais maritimes de la côte sud de Kalimantan durant les années 70, constitue l'un des grands moments de l'histoire de cette colonisation dirigée appelée Transmigration. La "bonification" des terres marécageuses du delta de Barito entreprise après les "événements" de 1965 témoigne en effet de la foi des ingénieurs indonésiens lancés à la conquête des "terres-neuves", dans une politique de rupture avec un passé récent teinté de nationalisme romantique. Cependant, malgré la prise en compte du savoir-faire traditionnel des populations Banjar tant par les concepteurs des projets que par la paysannerie javanaise qui a su faire preuve d'ingéniosité, les résultats ne sont pas à la hauteur des espérances. Deux saisons de culture par an ne suffisent pas à assurer le décollage économique de villages dont l'intégration au sein de l'espace régional se réalise très mal., Sevin Olivier. Transmigration et aménagement des marais maritimes sur la côte sud de Kalimantan (Indonésie). In: Eau et aménagement dans les régions inter-tropicales. Tome 1. Bordeaux : Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 1990. pp. 309-333. (Espaces tropicaux, 2)

International audience