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Avian Rhinotracheitis Virus, kanatlılarda üst solunum yollarını etkilemektedir. Broyler damızlıklarda ise solunum yolları ile birlikte sinirsel semptomlar ile yumurta veriminde düşüklük gözlenmektedir. Klinik tablonun ortaya çıkışında sekonder patojenlerin ve yetiştirme koşullarının önemli rolü bulunmaktadır. İnfeksiyonun tanısında serolojik yöntemler önem taşımaktadır. Özellikle ELISA bu amaçla kullanılmaktadır.Bu çalışmada, Aydın, İzmir ve Manisa illerindeki Ticari Broyler yetiştirilen kümeslerde, solunum yollarında hastalığa ve yüksek verim kayıplarına neden olabilen Avian Rhinotracheitis virusunun neden olduğu hastalığın serolojik prevalansının saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Örneklemede Aydın'da 9 farklı kümesten 178, İzmir'de 11 farklı kümesten 215, Manisa'da 8 farklı kümesten 159 adet olmak üzere toplam 28 farklı kümesten 552 adet kan örneği kullanılmıştır. Her üç ilin toplamında tüm numunelere göre bir değerlendirme yapıldığında ise araştırmada işlenen toplam 552 adet kan serumunun ELISA testi ile ART yönünden değerlendirmesinde pozitiflik oranı % 73,91 (408 pozitif – 144 negatif) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Aydın ilindeki pozitiflik oranı %69,66 , İzmir ilindeki pozitiflik oranı % 80,93, Manisa ilindeki pozitiflik oranı ise %69,18 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde her üç ilde de pozitiflik oranları da oldukça yüksek bulunmuştur. Bu nedenle hastalıkla ilgili daha fazla çalışmaların yapılması gerekliliği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Hastalıkla mücadele açısından daha ayrıntılı çalışmaların yapılması yararlı olacaktır. Avian rhinotracheitis virus affects the upper respiratory tract in poultry. In broiler breeders it is observed that there is a decrease in the egg production with neural symptoms along with the respiratory tract. Secondary pathogens and growing conditions play an mportant role in the appearance of the clinical picture. Serological methods are important in the diagnosis of infection. Especially ELISA is used for this purpose.The aim of this study is to determine the serological prevalance of Avian Rhinotracheitis virus which can cause respiratory diseases and high yield losses in Commercial Broiler coops in Aydın, İzmir and Manisa provinces. In the samplingi totally 552 blood samples from 28 different coops, 178 from 9 different coops in Aydın, 215 from 11 different coops in İzmir and 159 from 8 different coops were used. When an evaluation was made according to all sample in the total of all three provinces, the positivity rate in the ART evalution of 552 blood sera processed in the study was found to be 73,91% (408 positive-144negative).The positivity rate in Aydın province was 69,66%, the positivity rate in İzmir province was 80,93% and the positivity rate in Manisa province was 69,18%. When the results of the study were evaluated, the positivity rates in all theree provinces were found to be quite high.Therefore, it is necessary that more studies about the disease should be done. More detailed studies will be useful in terms og struggling with the disease. 36

Master thesis volume 42 pages. It’s consists of 42 references, 3 tables ,15 pictures and 1 annex. Feline viral rhinotracheitis is a common disease, which is particularly widespread among homeless cats, animal shelters, where cats are considered. People who unknowing about this disease often shelter the homeless kittens and so the virus will infect their pet cats. This virus, once the illness itself remains in the body for the rest of the life of a cat, which requires as far as possible try to avoid this disease. The main aim of the thesis is to evaluate the etiology, pathogenesis of diseases, diseases caused pathological changes and clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment and preventive measures of feline viral rhinotracheitis. In most cases the disease is diagnosed based on a study, according to clinical signs and collected animal life and disease in medical history. It is also special analysis methods, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), virus isolation in cell culture of cats, immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent tests. Specific methods for the determination was not carried out during this study. During the investigation period, since 2013 September 1st. - 2015 31 August in small animal clinic and since 2014 September 1st. - 2015 August 31st. in cat shelter, data were collected and analyzed in order to assess the incidence of feline viral rhinotracheitis. It was evaluated certain factors on morbidity. The investigation and analysis of the data obtained, that males had the disease 1.2 times more often than females. Mostly sick cats up to 1 year (44.1%), of them, the highest incidence was among juveniles, ages 3-4 months (53.3%). Each age group of patients decreased with increasing age of the cat. The most common diseases occurred in the spring (32%), in April – May months especially, winter morbidity decreased by half (15%). Outside, derelict cats accounted for 47% ill. The lowest incidence was among pet cats that are not coming out to the outside (15%), they are generally ill after contact with a wild cat. For all patients occurred rhinitis (100%). Another common symptom was sneezing (80.9%), or cough (30.9%) (or both at the same time). Frequently reported disease typical symptom – conjunctivitis (61.8%). Vaccinate cats concluded for 21% of groups, and only 1 vaccinated cat died. It shows how effective use of preventive measures.

In my study I chose to focus on the epidemiological and economically significant diseases affecting Ireland at this current time. I believed it was important to educate myself, through my research on behalf of this thesis, for the benefit of my future career. Through this thesis, I hope my knowledge will benefit my clients, who can potentially be affected by the diseases concerned. It will be my duty as a qualified veterinarian to recommend measures to my clients in relation to the prevention and eradication of such diseases.

I summarized in the introduction and literature overview the economic damages caused by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), and I also wanted to point at the economic importance of successful eradication and its pathogen-free status of our country. Necessary data for my research was provided by the Governmental Office for Győr- Moson-Sopron County, Directorate of Food Chain Safety and Animal Health. My goal was to give a comprehensive overview and summary of the past four years diagnostic and epidemiologic results of the county’s large-numbered cattle livestock’s current IBR status.

A distribuição de anticorpos neutralizantes para o herpesvirus bovino 1 (HVB 1) foi estudada em quatro faixas etárias de bovinos, em 21 rebanhos de leite e de corte. Os resultados da sorologia foram analisados e relacionados com as respostas de questionários aplicados aos responsáveis pelos rebanhos. As taxas de freqüência de anticorpos neutralizantes para o HVB 1 foram comparadas segundo a aptidão e a faixa etária. Fatores como tipo de manejo e idade dos animais influenciaram na distribuição de anticorpos para o HVB 1. The distribution of neutralizing antibodies to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV 1) was studied in 21 beef and dairy cattle herds, in four different age groups. The results were analyzed and related with answers given to a questionnaire proposed to the farmers. The frequency rates of neutralizing antibodies for the BHV 1 were compared according to the dairy or beef herds and age of the animals. The animal husbandry and age influenced the distribution of neutralizing antibodies to this virus.

A distribuição de anticorpos neutralizantes para o herpesvirus bovino 1 (HVB 1) foi estudada em quatro faixas etárias de bovinos, em 21 rebanhos de leite e de corte. Os resultados da sorologia foram analisados e relacionados com as respostas de questionários aplicados aos responsáveis pelos rebanhos. As taxas de freqüência de anticorpos neutralizantes para o HVB 1 foram comparadas segundo a aptidão e a faixa etária. Fatores como tipo de manejo e idade dos animais influenciaram na distribuição de anticorpos para o HVB 1.The distribution of neutralizing antibodies to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV 1) was studied in 21 beef and dairy cattle herds, in four different age groups. The results were analyzed and related with answers given to a questionnaire proposed to the farmers. The frequency rates of neutralizing antibodies for the BHV 1 were compared according to the dairy or beef herds and age of the animals. The animal husbandry and age influenced the distribution of neutralizing antibodies to this virus.

Bovine abortions cause major financial loss to the farming industry of Ireland each year. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the prevalence and trends of common infectious bovine abortifacients in Ireland in 2013. It will also examine in detail the aetiology of the identified abortifacients, the pathophysiology and in some cases the available preventative and curative measures which can be taken. This thesis has used quantitative data extracted from yearly reports compiled by the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and the Marine and the Agri-Food Biosciences Institute of Ireland. The findings from this thesis demonstrate that while there were many common causes of abortion in cattle in Ireland in 2013 such as Salmonella dublin and Neospora caninum, the most common cause in 2013 was Trueperella pyogenes, detected in 208 out of the 3517 foetuses or foetal samples submitted.

There was almost a 20% decrease in the amount of positive cases of BVD being reported in new-born animals from 2013 to 2014. The number of positive BVD herds also decreased but herds with one or more PI’s increased. This indicates that farmers are not implanting the removal of PI’s firmly enough. The policing of this programme is not strict enough and with the absence of penalties, Ireland will struggle to gain a BVD free status. IBR is seasonal and spreads during the winter months when animals are being housed. High frequency of herds exposed are to BoHV-1 in Ireland. IBR primarily causes respiratory infections in cattle, which then may lead to abortion. It is difficult to diagnose if IBR is responsible for this abortion. Therefore, the number of abortions due to IBR may be higher than previously documented. However, BoHV-1 remains the leading cause of respiratory infections in cattle in Ireland.

El herpesvirus bovino-1 (BHV-1) es un virus de genoma DNA perteneciente a la familia Herpesviridae, el cual afecta al bovino en el que provoca un amplio espectro de manifestaciones clínicas y pérdidas económicas. El principal componente inmunogénico de su envoltura es la glicoproteína D (gD), la cual ha sido caracterizada y utilizada como inmunógeno en distintos sistemas de expresión. El objetivo de este trabajo fue generar un poxvirus recombinante (Raccoonpox [RCN]) que expresara una versión truncada de la gD del BHV-1 para ser usado como inmunógeno. Para ello, se amplificó el gen que codifica para la versión truncada de la gD, la cual se clonó en el plásmido de transferencia pTK/ IRES/tpa que posee sitios de homología a la timidinakinasa del poxvirus, un sitio interno de entrada al ribosoma (IRES) y una señal secretoria (tPA), generando el constructo pTK/gD/IRES/tpa. Para generar el RCN recombinante, se tomaron células BSC-1, se infectaron con una cepa Silvestre del RCN (CDC/V71-I-85A) a un índice de multiplicidad de infección de 0,05 y se transfectaron con el constructo pTK/gD/IRES/tpa; generándose diferentes poblaciones virales con y sin el gen de interés. Para seleccionar los virus recombinantes que expresaban el gen de interés, se realizó una selección de recombinantes negativos para timidina kinasa y positivos para la gD por tres rondas de purificación de placas en monocapas de células RAT-2 las cuales son mutantes para timidina kinasa y en presencia de bromodeoxiuridina. Los virus recombinantes se confirmaron por PCR y secuenciación de nucleótidos y se denominaron RCN-gD. Bovine Herpesvirus-1 is a DNA virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae, which affects cattle, causing a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and economic losses. The main immunogenic component is its envelope glycoprotein D (gD), which has been characterized and used as immunogen in different expression systems. The aim of this work was to generate a recombinant poxvirus (Raccoonpox [RCN]) expressing a truncated version of BHV-1 gD to be used as a vaccine. To do this, it was amplified the gene for a truncated version of gD which subsequently was cloned in transfer plasmid PTK/IRES/tpa which has homology to sites of poxvirus thymidine kinase, an internal site of ribosome entry (IRES) and a secretory signal (tPA), generating the construct PTK/gD/IRES/tpa. To generate the recombinant RCN, we took BSC-1 cells and we infected with a wild type RCN (CDC/V71-I-85A) at a multiplicity of infection of 0.05, then cells were transfected with the construct PTK/gD/IRES/tpa, generating different viral populations with and without the gene of interest. To select recombinant viruses expressing the gene of interest, we performed a selection of recombinant thymidine kinase negative and positive for gD by three rounds of plaque purification on RAT-2 cells monolayers which are thymidine kinase null and using bromodeoxyuridine. Recombinant viruses were recovered and confirmed by PCR and nucleotide sequencing and so called RCN-gD.

Objective—To assess long-term effects and risk factors for the efficacy of hyperimmunization protocols against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) during a longitudinal field study of dairy and dairy-beef mixed farms. Animals—Approximately 7,700 cows from 72 farms. Procedures—Farms were assigned to 3 treatment groups (hyperimmunization groups [HIGs] 1 and 2, which were hyperimmunized with glycoprotein E [gE]–deleted marker vaccines, and a nonintervention group [NIG]). Cattle in HIG 1 were initially vaccinated with an attenuated vaccine, whereas cattle in HIG 2 were initially vaccinated with an inactivated-virus vaccine. Cattle in both HIGs received booster inoculations with inactivated-virus vaccines at 6-month intervals. The risk for gE seroconversion was compared among experimental groups via a shared frailty model with a piecewise constant baseline risk to correct for seasonal and secular effects. Results—Risk for gE seroconversion significantly decreased over time for the HIGs, compared with the NIG. Seasonal changes in the risk of gE seroconversion were detected, with a higher risk during winter periods, compared with grazing periods. No significant difference was detected between HIGs 1 and 2. The only significant risk factor was the number of buildings for cattle on a farm; the higher the number of buildings, the lower the risk for gE seroconversion. Prevalence of IBR decreased over time in both HIGs but remained constant or increased in the NIG. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hyperimmunization via repeated administration of attenuated and inactivated-virus gE-deleted marker vaccines as well as inactivated-virus vaccines may provide a method for control of IBR.

RESUMEN: El herpesvirus bovino-1 (BHV-1) es un virus de genoma DNA perteneciente a la familia Herpesviridae, el cual afecta al bovino en el que provoca un amplio espectro de mani festaciones clínicas y pérdidas económicas. El principal componente inmunogénico de su envoltura es la glicoproteína D (gD), la cual ha sido caracterizada y utilizada como inmunógeno en distintossistemas de expresión. El objetivo de este trabajo fue generar un poxvirusrecombinante (Raccoonpox[RCN]) que expresara una versión truncada de la gD del BHV-1 para ser usado como inmunógeno. Para ello, se amplificó el gen que codifica para la versión truncada de la gD, la cual se clonó en el plásmido de transferencia pTK/ IRES/tpa que posee sitios de homología a la timidinakinasa del poxvirus, un sitio interno de entrada al ribosoma (IRES) y una señal secretoria (tPA), generando el constructo pTK/gD/IRES/tpa. Para generar el RCN recombinante, se tomaron células BSC-1, se in fectaron con una cepa Silvestre del RCN (CDC/V71-I-85A) a un índice de multiplicidad de infección de 0,05 y se transfectaron con el constructo pTK/gD/IRES/tpa; generándose diferentes poblaciones virales con y sin el gen de interés. Para seleccionar los virus recombinantes que expresaban el gen de interés,se realizó una selección de recombinantes negativos para timidina kinasa y positivos para la gD por tres rondas de purificación de placas en monocapas de células RAT-2 las cuales son mutantes para timidina kinasa y en presencia de bromodeoxiuridina. Los virus recombinantes se confirmaron por PCR y secuenciación de nucleótidos y se denominaron RCN-gD ABSTRACT: Bovine Herpesvirus-1 is a DNA virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae, which affects cattle, causing a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and economic losses. The main immunogenic component is its envelope glycoprotein D (gD), which has been characterized and used as immunogen in different expression systems. The aim of this work wasto generate a recombinant poxvirus(Raccoonpox[RCN]) expressing a truncated version of BHV-1 gD to be used as a vaccine. To do this, it was amplified the gene for a truncated version of gD which subsequently was cloned in transfer plasmid PTK/IRES/tpa which has homology to sites of poxvirus thymidine kinase, an internal site of ribosome entry (IRES) and a secretory signal (tPA), generating the construct PTK/gD/IRES/tpa. To generate the recombinant RCN, we took BSC-1 cells and we infected with a wild type RCN (CDC/V71-I-85A) at a multiplicity of infection of 0.05, then cells were transfected with the construct PTK/gD/IRES/tpa, generating different viral populations with and without the gene of interest. To select recombinant viruses expressing the gene of interest, we performed a selection of recombinant thymidine kinase negative and positive for gD by three rounds of plaque purification on RAT-2 cells monolayers which are thymidine kinase null and using bromodeoxyuridine. Recombinant viruses were recovered and confirmed by PCR and nucleotide sequencing and so called RCN-gD COL0001262

Introducción. El herpes virus bovino tipo I (BHV-1) causa la enfermedad llamada rinotraqueitis infecciosa bovina (IBR), infecta al ganado vacuno y presenta manifestaciones clínicas tales como la vulvovaginitis purulenta, el aborto, la rinotraqueitis y la meningoencefalitis. Objetivo. Determinar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos contra herpesvirus-1 bovino (BHV-1) y diarrea viral bovina y los factores de riesgo asociados a estas infecciones en los hatos lecheros del municipio de Pasto, Nariño. Materiales y métodos. Se seleccionaron fincas sobre 2527 msnm. Se tomaron 238 muestras de suero y se analizaron mediante la prueba de ELISA para determinar la seropositividad de HVB-1 and DVB. En un cuestionario se recolectó la información en cada finca, donde se incluyeron variables relacionadas al ganado, salud y prácticas de manejo. Con un análisis multivariado mediante regresión logística binaria con un Intervalo de Confianza del 95% (p

The IBR situation varies between the different European countries. Scandinavia, Austria and Switzerland are considered free of IBR, while Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia have national eradication programs in place. To ensure the health statuses of the different nations, different directives are in place to regulate the moving of animals across borders. One of the main directives is the European Union Council Directive 64/432/EEC. This is a directive for both swine and bovines that are destined for breeding, production and slaughter. It also sets the standards for hygiene and states the type of transport vehicle approved for this kind of transportation. Norway as a member of the EEA has also implemented this directive. In addition to rules for transport of live animals there are also separate regulations for the transport of different genetic material. For sperm collection and storing, the Council Direc-tive 88/407/EECdictates how this should be handled and it also describes the demands for the donor bulls’ health to be documented appropriately. The trading of sperm with third countries is under the same directive. The embryo export and import follows Council Directive 89/556/EECwhich also includes the handling of the donor animal and the teams responsible for the collection and production. Since there is no intra-community border control, special care must be taken to make sure that animal transport is in accordance with European law. Random spot-checks need to be performed according Council Directive 90/425/EEC,this directive also describes the TRACES system which harmonizes the veterinarian health certificates and makes it easier to certify that all requirements are fulfilled. At entry into the EU, additional inspections are to be carried out as stated in Council Directive 91/496/EEC.Various measures must be taken if animals do not comply with regulations. Specific bio-security measures towards IBR are found described in Council Directive 2004/558/EECthat is implemented from Council Directive 64/432/EEC.It acknowledges eradication programs presented by certain Member States and lists regulations for the rest of the EU countries in case of clinical signs being discovered. The conditions for ac-quiring an IBR free-status are given in the Directive 2007/584/ECand include documenta-tion of absence of clinical signs and negative tests. The duty to notify in case of disease is regulated by Council Directive 82/894/EECand the codified forms and the codes for the notification of animal diseases pursuant toCouncil Directive 82/894/. When Norway took part in the EEA-agreement in 1994, the bovine import to Norway also commenced. Norway has had little problems with IBR/IPV with only two positive IPV out-breaks in the early 1960’s and a positive bulk milk sample in 1993. According to the Food Act, IBR is classified as a B-disease in Norway and it is notifiable. If there is suspicion of IBR, measures must be taken as listed in Regulation No 732where both the owner and the Nor-wegian Food Safety Authority have responsibilities in order to prevent spread. Since Norway is free of IBR, strict rules for import and export must be in place to prevent infection. Regulation No 305 dictates regulations for countries with a lower IBR health sta-tus. A procedure that includes identity check, clinical examination must be performed and no signs of IBR must be revealed. Also an isolation period must be finished before ship-ment. The transportation is also under regulation by Regulation No 384which only allows animals fit to finish the journey to travel. During the transit, the animals must be accom-panied by a health certificate according to Regulation No 1484. At import to Norway, there must be a registration with the Norwegian Food Safety Authority and the delivery must be reported using a CVED. For sperm, Regulation No 1489includes both members of the EEA and third countries, and it describes the demands for sperm collection procedure, approval of the bull station and the donor bull. Embryos must be collected and produced by approved groups according to Regulation No 1486 and there must be no findings of IBR. The embryo collection work must be indexed properly and saved. Norway has committed to surveillance and control the IBR-free situation and to produce a report documenting the findings. In return, Norway gets additional guarantees from their trading partner-countries listed in EFTA Surveillance Agency Regulation No 74/94/COL which ensures that there shall be no risk of IBR infection among imported bovines.

An epidemiological and serological survey of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) infection was conducted in Andalusia from January to April of 2000. A total of 4,035 blood samples were collected from 164 herds. A questionnaire, which included variables potentially associated with infection, was filled out for each herd. Serum samples were obtained to identify specific BHV1 antibodies and were tested using a blocking ELISA test. The observed crude odds ratio (OR) (estimate of the chance of a particular event occurring in an exposed group in relation to its rate of occurrence in a nonexposed group) for vaccination is 9.8 (95% confidence interval: 8.3-11.7). The vaccinated group comprised large dairy farms. This study can only be considered as representative of unvaccinated, small to medium size dairy farms and beef farms in Andalusia. True seroprevalence of the BHV1 virus in nonvaccinated bovine populations in Andalusia reached 45.7% of individuals and 70.4% of herds. Risk factors for BHV1 infection in bovine Andalusian nonvaccinated herds are nonexistence of specific cattle infrastructure (OR: 3.07), beef crossbreeding (OR: 7.90), affiliation with Livestock Health Defence Associations (OR: 2.57), a history of reproductive disorders (OR: 8.39), external replacement (OR: 2.74), proximity to an urban area (OR: 6.11) and herd size (41.98). To control for confounding effects, a binomial logistic regression model was developed. From this regression, BHV1 infections are concentrated in large herds, with external replacement, located close to urban areas. This is the first published report on BHV1 prevalence in the South of Spain., Desde enero a abril de 2000 se ha realizado un estudio epidemiológico y serológico sobre la infección por el herpesvirus bovino tipo 1 (HVB1) en Andalucía, donde se tomaron un total de 4035 muestras de sangre procedentes de 164 rebaños, donde además se cumplimentó un cuestionario que incluye variables potencialmente asociadas a la infección. Mediante un kit ELISA de bloqueo se evaluó la presencia de anticuerpos frente al HVB1. El valor de odds ratio (OR) (probabilidad que tiene un suceso de ocurrir en un grupo expuesto a un factor en relación a la probabilidad en un grupo no expuesto) cruda para la vacunación frente al HVB1 es de 9,8 (IC 95%: 8,3-11,7). Al haberse vacunado las granjas grandes, que fueron eliminadas, el estudio es representativo sólo de granjas de pequeño y mediano tamaño. La prevalencia real en animales no vacunados es del 45,7%, mientras que la dispersión es del 70,4%. Los factores de riesgo detectados son: inexistencia de infraestructuras específicas (OR: 3,07), animales de razas no puras (OR: 7,90), pertenencia a asociaciones de defensa sanitaria (OR: 2,57), historial de trastornos reproductivos (OR: 8,39), reemplazo externo (OR: 2,74), proximidad a zonas urbanas (OR: 6,11) y tamaño del rebaño (41,98). Para limitar el impacto de variables confusoras, se generó un modelo mediante regresión logística, que señala que las infecciones se concentran en grandes rebaños con reemplazo externo en las proximidades de áreas urbanas. Este es el primer trabajo acerca de la prevalencia del HVB1 en el sur de España.

In 2007, an outbreak of epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) occurred in Turkey. On the basis of clinical investigation, 41 cattle were suspected to have EHD. Reverse transcription-PCR and sequence analyses indicated that the virus belonged to EHD virus serotype 6, thus confirming EHD virus infection of cattle in Turkey. UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (BBS/E/I/00001144) UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (BBS/E/I/00001159) UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (BBS/E/I/00001446)

An epidemiological and serological survey of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) infection was conducted in Andalusia from January to April of 2000. A total of 4,035 blood samples were collected from 164 herds. A questionnaire, which included variables potentially associated with infection, was filled out for each herd. Serum samples were obtained to identify specific BHV1 antibodies and were tested using a blocking ELISA test. The observed crude odds ratio (OR) (estimate of the chance of a particular event occurring in an exposed group in relation to its rate of occurrence in a nonexposed group) for vaccination is 9.8 (95 % confidence interval: 8.3-11.7). The vaccinated group comprised large dairy farms. This study can only be considered as representative of unvaccinated, small to medium size dairy farms and beef farms in Andalusia. True seroprevalence of the BHV1 virus in nonvaccinated bovine populations in Andalusia reached 45.7% of individuals and 70.4% of herds. Risk factors for BHV1 infection in bovine Andalusian nonvaccinated herds are nonexistence of specific cattle infrastructure (OR: 3.07), beef crossbreeding (OR: 7.90), affiliation with Livestock Health Defence Associations (OR: 2.57), a history of reproductive disorders (OR: 8.39), external replacement (OR: 2.74), proximity to an urban area (OR: 6.11) and herd size (41.98). To control for confounding effects, a binomial logistic regression model was developed. From this regression, BHV1 infections are concentrated in large herds, with external replacement, located close to urban areas. This is the first published report on BHV1 prevalence in the South of Spain. Desde enero a abril de 2000 se ha realizado un estudio epidemiológico y serológico sobre la infección por el herpesvirus bovino tipo 1 (HVB1) en Andalucía, donde se tomaron un total de 4035 muestras de sangre procedentes de 164 rebaños, donde además se cumplimentó un cuestionario que incluye variables potencialmente asociadas a la infección. Mediante un kit ELISA de bloqueo se evaluó la presencia de anticuerpos frente al HVB1. El valor de odds ratio (OR) (probabilidad que tiene un suceso de ocurrir en un grupo expuesto a un factor en relación a la probabilidad en un grupo no expuesto) cruda para la vacunación frente al HVB1 es de 9,8 (IC 95%: 8,3-11,7). Al haberse vacunado las granjas grandes, que fueron eliminadas, el estudio es representativo sólo de granjas de pequeño y mediano tamaño. La prevalencia real en animales no vacunados es del 45,7%, mientras que la dispersión es del 70,4%. Los factores de riesgo detectados son: inexistencia de infraestructuras específicas (OR: 3,07), animales de razas no puras (OR: 7,90), pertenencia a asociaciones de defensa sanitaria (OR: 2,57), historial de trastornos reproductivos (OR: 8,39), reemplazo externo (OR: 2,74), proximidad a zonas urbanas (OR: 6,11) y tamaño del rebaño (41,98). Para limitar el impacto de variables confusoras, se generó un modelo mediante regresión logística, que señala que las infecciones se concentran en grandes rebaños con reemplazo externo en las proximidades de áreas urbanas. Este es el primer trabajo acerca de la prevalencia del HVB1 en el sur de España

Objective:Recombinant feline interferon omega (rFeIFN-ω), a type I IFN, may have the potential to limit virus replication and associated clinical signs when administered early on in the course of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) infection and reactivation, respectively. The effect of rFeIFN-ω pretreatment on the course of subsequent FHV-1 infection in cats was investigated. Animals studied: Nine SPF cats were divided into an IFN group (n=5) and a control-group (n=4). Procedures: The IFN group was pretreated for 2 days with 10 000 units rFeIFN-ω twice aday topically into both eyes and 20 000 units rFeIFN-ω once a day orally, whereas the control group was mock-treated. Subsequently all cats were infected with FHV-1. Samples for FHV-1 DNA detection and quantitation, virus isolation, and titration of FHV-1 antibodies were collected. Clinical and ocular signs were recorded and scored. Results: Courses of median individual clinical and ocular scores and virus load did not differ significantly between both groups using for repeated measurements. Analysis (Anova)of each individual ocular parameter revealed significantly high scores for epithelial keratitis (P=0.016) in the IFN group compared to the control group. Periods of virus shedding did not differ significantly between both groups using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Conclusions: Results indicated a lack of beneficial effects of rFeIFN-ω pretreatment in the course of primary FHV-1 infection in cats.