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Rhinolith, commonly addressed as nasal stone is quite unusual and rare entity. It is actually a calcified mass that form within the nasal cavity, typically as a result of mineral deposits accumulating around a core of foreign material (which can be exogenous or endogenous in origin). Although often small and asymptomatic, rhinolith can occasionally grow to significant size, causing severe clinical symptoms. Case description: We report a case of this clinical entity, a tribal woman from interior Himalayan regions, where the lack of medical facilities and expertise led to missed diagnosis, years of suffering and a rhinolith of humongous proportions. Significance: Although a rare clinical entity, recurrent specific symptoms, as discussed in article should raise a suspicion of Rhinolithiasis too. If diagnosed at initial stages, it can save years of torment and complications to patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Unilateral nasal obstruction is a common complaint with a broad differential diagnosis that includes anatomic asymmetry, unilateral infective or inflammatory conditions, and benign and malignant sinonasal masses. A rhinolith is an uncommon foreign body in the nose, which serves as a nidus for calcium salt deposition. The foreign body can be endogenous or exogenous in origin and may remain asymptomatic for many years before incidental discovery. When left untreated, stones may cause unilateral nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, nasal discharge, epistaxis or, in rare cases, progressive destruction leading to septal/palatal perforation or oro-antral fistula. Surgical removal is an effective intervention with limited complications reported. Case Report: This article describes a 34-year-old male who presented to the emergency department (ED) with unilateral obstructing nasal mass and epistaxis, which was found to be an iatrogenic rhinolith. Successful surgical removal was performed. Conclusion: Epistaxis and nasal obstruction are common presentations to the ED. Rhinolith is an uncommon clinical etiology that if left undiagnosed may lead to progressive destructive disease; it should be included in the differential for any unilateral nasal symptoms of unclear origin. Appropriate work-up for any suspected rhinolith includes computed tomography, as biopsy is risky given the broad differential of unilateral nasal mass. When identified, surgical removal has a high success rate with limited complications reported.

A canary (Serinus canaria) that was presented for consultation due to alterations in its beak and slight deterioration in its general condition, revealed during clinical examination the presence of a large rhinolith in the left nasal opening, which also had its margins markedly distended due to chronic lysis of its edges. The rhinolith was extracted but the bird died days later. Cytological evaluations and isolation in pure culture were carried out from the extracted rhinolith, all of whom supported the diagnosis of mucormycosis, which was later confirmed by molecular techniques. The product obtained by PCR was subsequently sequenced, resulting in a 98 % homology with Lichteimia corymbifera. Although mucormycosis affecting the nasal cavity has been diagnosed with some frequency in humans, it is reported for the first time in birds in the present work.

Key Clinical Message: Through this case report, we review a rare radiographic finding within the nasal cavity and its histopathological findings in order to emphasize the importance of familiarizing oneself with all radiographic findings, regardless of their rarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message Through this case report, we review a rare radiographic finding within the nasal cavity and its histopathological findings in order to emphasize the importance of familiarizing oneself with all radiographic findings, regardless of their rarity.

Rhinoliths are a rare condition caused due to the deposition of various salts in and around endogenous or exogenous foreign bodies. They typically present with unilateral foul-smelling nasal discharge, nasal block, epistaxis, anosmia, etc. In this article, we report the case of a 12-year-old girl who had complaints of bilateral foul-smelling nasal discharge and nasal block, which were treated multiple times as chronic rhinosinusitis in various local hospitals. A drastic turn of events after nasal endoscopy and radiological workup was noted, and the child was diagnosed with rhinolith, and its further management is discussed in this article. This case report aims at highlighting the fact that in many instances, parents are unaware of the child inserting any foreign body or neglect such events, and such a negative history is misleading, and a thorough workup must be done for early diagnosis and treatment. Nasal endoscopy and computed tomography scans aid in the diagnosis of such cases. Management is endoscopic removal with the placement of a stent or nasal pack to prevent adhesions and formation of synechiae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study reviews the presentation, management, and outcomes of patients with rhinolithiasis. Data Sources: An electronic database search of PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library was performed in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 updated guidelines for reporting systematic reviews. Review Methods: Case reports and case series published from 2004 to 2020 were included. Data collected included patient demographics, clinical symptoms at presentation, diagnosis, treatment, complications, and follow‐up. Relevant descriptive statistics were computed using Microsoft Excel 2013 (Microsoft Corp). Results: Fifty‐five case reports and five case series were included (n = 122). The majority were female (60.7%). The mean age was 29.4 years (range, 4‐80 years). The most common symptoms were rhinorrhea (81.1%), nasal obstruction (79.5%), nasal malodor (38.5%), and headache (27.9%). Computed tomography imaging was obtained in 109 (91.5%) cases. Concurrent rhinosinusitis (35.2%) and deviated nasal septum (28.7%) were commonly identified. Rhinoliths were commonly found in the right nostril (52.5%) and in between the inferior turbinate and nasal septum (26.9%). All rhinoliths were fully excised using endoscopic sinonasal surgery, accompanied by a septoplasty (9.2%). The nidus was identified in 27 (22.2%) patients. There were no recurrences or complications over an average follow‐up of 8.5 months (range, 0.25‐36 months). Conclusion: Rhinolithiasis is an uncommon entity of the nasal cavity and should be suspected in patients with long‐standing unilateral nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and nasal malodor. Rigid nasal endoscopy and endoscopic sinonasal surgery are the most important methods for diagnosis and treatment, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Rhinoliths are calcified masses formed in the nasal cavity by the deposit of mineral salts. The nest of a rhinolith is usually an exogenous foreign body forgotten in the nose during childhood (seeds, beads, cotton and insects). CLINICAL CASE: A 32-year-old male patient with chronic kidney disease. We were consulted as part of the protocol for the patient’s kidney transplant. Upon questioning, the patient began his current condition 12 years ago with left nasal obstruction, with no apparent triggering cause, accompanied by anterior and posterior left nasal discharge with mucopurulent, fetid characteristics, in moderate amount, with exacerbations and partial remissions to medical treatment with multiple antibiotic regimens at unspecified doses and durations. CONCLUSIONS: Because it is a rare entity, the diagnosis of a rhinolith must have a high clinical suspicion, directing the questioning to the patient and accompanying it with imaging studies; simple computed tomography is the study of choice. Treatment must be surgical, with complete resection of the foreign body, and resolution of the complications that it has generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungus balls are a chronic and non-invasive fungal infection. Despite being relatively common in the paranasal sinuses, they are rare in the nasal cavity. The etiology of fungus balls in the nasal cavity is unknown. Fungus balls generally develop slowly and asymptomatically. When symptomatic, they can cause symptoms similar to those of chronic sinusitis or intranasal masses, such as nasal obstruction, nasal and post-nasal discharge, head and face pain, and smell perception disorders. The preferred treatment of fungus balls in the nasal cavity is functional en-doscopic sinus surgery and debridement. This case report describes a 50-year-old woman operated with a preliminary diagnosis of rhinolith but finally diagnosed with fungus ball as a result of histopathological examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Rhinolithiasis, the presence of nasal stones, is uncommon in children. It can pose a diagnostic challenge because of the unusual presentation and difficulties associated with its identification., Presentation of Case: This article describes a 2-year-old boy who came to our clinic with his parents complaining of foul-smelling nasal discharge, which was unilateral and greenish in color. A rhinolith was found and successfully removed in the emergency room., Discussion: Several studies have shown that patients with rhinolithiasis may present with cacosmia, epistaxis, headache, facial pain, and epiphora. The usual presentation of rhinolithiasis is between the ages of 8 and 25, with a higher rate of occurrence in females. Various imaging techniques do not show rhinoliths clearly; instead, endoscopic examination plays a major role in the diagnosis., Conclusion: Rhinolithiasis is a rare clinical etiology, especially in this age group. If left untreated, further destruction of the nasal cavity will occur. Otolaryngologists should consider an appropriate diagnostic and management approach in such cases, and rhinolithiasis should be one of the top differentials in cases of sudden unilateral nasal obstruction., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement All authors declare no financial or non-financial conflicts of interest regarding the work or any financial support provided by companies towards its completion., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Rhinitis caseosa, also known as nasal cholesteatoma, is an uncommon disorder marked by the growth of caseous masses of material in the nose and, rarely, the maxillary antrum. This disease can be caused by tuberculosis, syphilis, erysipelas, Strepthrix alba infection, polyp degeneration, or suppuration due to protracted blockage. Patients mostly present with complaints of nasal obstruction with foul-smelling nasal discharge and can mimic features of sinonasal malignancy or fungal rhinosinusitis. Therefore, an early diagnosis and management become crucial. Herein, we present an unusual case of a female in her mid-20s with similar complaints. A diagnosis of rhinitis caseosa was made with a nasal endoscopy and computed tomography scan of the paranasal sinuses, which were eventually treated with surgical excision and confirmed by histopathological examination., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Goyal et al.)

Rhinolith is a rare nasal foreign body formed by the progressive deposition of calcium and magnesium salts on the exogenous or endogenous nidus. Sinonasal inflammatory disorders like sinusitis and chronic vestibulitis are frequently identified endogenous cause. In contrast, rhinolith formation is rarely reported to be associated with allergic rhinitis, despite it is a common disease globally. Unilateral nasal obstruction and purulent nasal discharge are among the most common presentation. We present a case of huge rhinolith in a teenage girl with underlying moderate to severe persistent allergic rhinitis, presented with epistaxis and worsening nasal obstruction. It was successful removed in the clinic after application of topical anesthesia and decongestant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhinolith is an uncommon condition that usually happens due to mineralisation of calcium and magnesium salts over a retained foreign body inside the nasal cavity for long period of time. Here we report one such case of a 33-year-old lady who presented to us with long standing intermittent epistaxis and on examination rhinolith was discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Rhinolith is a calcic deposition formed by mineralization of salts in an impacted nasal foreign body. It is a benign condition that can be troublesome owing to its size and extent of impact. Case Report A 35-year-old man with a history of right nasal obstruction with occasional foul-smelling discharge and right eye pain since ten years was diagnosed with rhinolith. During its removal, it was three times bigger than what could be visualized in nasal endoscopy. Conclusion Proper history, examination, and a high suspicion can clinch the diagnosis in almost all cases. A rigid diagnostic nasendoscopy is an important tool in the diagnosis. The treatment of choice is endoscopic removal under local or general anaesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: Rhinolithiasis is a rare condition which results from deposition of salt around a endogenous or exogenous nidus. In the literature, most of the reports are single case studies. In this study, we aimed to present the characteristics, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment methods of 31 rhinolithiasis cases and to focus on the current literature. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 31 rhinolithiasis cases which have been diagnosed and treated in a tertiary care center between January 2014 and December 2018. Patient characteristics, presenting symptoms, concomitant sinonasal disorders, and type of surgery were noted. Descriptive statistics were carried out. RESULTS: Mean age was 25.4±15.7. The cases were comprised 14 female patients (45.2%) and 17 male patients (54.8%). The most common presenting symptom was nasal obstruction (71%). Malodorous unilateral rhinorrhea was present in 17 patients (54.8%). Epistaxis snoring and sleep apnea were other rare symptoms. In 21 of the cases (67.7%), rhinolith was located between inferior turbinate and septum which was the most common location seen in our series. The number of patients who were under the age of 18 was 13, in 2 of them, rhinolith was found to be formed around a plastic bead, and in 2 of them, fruit seeds were the nidus. The most common concomitant sinonasal pathology was septal deviation which was detected in 20 of the patients (64.5%), adenoid vegetation and nasal polyposis were other disorders. In 20 of the patients (64.5%), simple removal of the rhinolith using a forceps with the help of a rigid nasal endoscope was performed. Eight of the 17 patients had severe deviation and septoplasty was performed at the same time, which was the most common concomitant surgical intervention (25.8%). In 3 patients (9.6%), functional endoscopic sinus surgery was performed at the same time. CONCLUSION: Our series is one of the largest series in the literature. The most common presenting symptom was nasal obstruction followed by malodorous rhinorrhea. Accompanying sinonasal disorders should be addressed to improve the outcome. Rigid or flexible endoscopic examination should be used to detect a rhinolith. Computed tomography scan can diagnose a hidden rhinolith in a patient with nasal obstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case of large rhinolith arising on a foreign body is presented. Rhinolith is synonymous with the stone in the nose. It may be asymptomatic in some patients. A 30-year-old female patient presented with nasal obstruction, intermittent foul-smelling nasal discharge, and bleeding from the right nasal cavity. The patient was diagnosed as a case of rhinolith by endoscopy, X-ray para nasal sinuses (PNS) and confirmed by computerized tomography scan of PNS. She was operated successfully and rhinolith was removed.

Rhinolith is a rare mineralized mass located in the nose. A rhinolith can be asymptomatic for many years and can be detected by chance during a routine examination. Unilateral nasal congestion and nasal discharge are the most common symptoms. Rhinolite cases are often followed as chronic sinusitis or allergic rhinitis. The diagnosis is made by rigid endoscopic examination and paranasal sinus tomography. Treatment is surgical removal of the mass. We present this case as a case of rhinolite followed by chronic sinusitis for many years in the light of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:A rhinolith is a rare entity affecting all people in all age groups. It is defined as a mineralized foreign body. The purpose of the present study was to reveal the distribution in age and gender and the localization, side, and prominent symptoms of rhinoliths to identify the risk groups and characteristics of the rhinoliths in a large case series.Methods:A retrospective review was performed from the medical charts of 28 patients who were diagnosed with rhinolith and underwent surgery between May 2011 and January 2015 in Ankara Research and Training Hospital. All data, including age, gender, duration of symptoms, localization of the lesion and accompanying pathologies, were documented.Results:In total, 28 patients (18 females and 10 males) with a mean age of 26.2±16.6 (5-62) years who were diagnosed with rhinolithiasis were reviewed. Nasal obstruction (71.4%) and nasal discharge (64.3%) were the most common complaints. The rhinolith was located in the right nasal cavity in 24 patients and in the left in four; this difference was statistically significant (p

Rhinolith is a calcareous secretion that occurs in the nasal cavity and is usually discovered during routine radiographic examination as it is rare, unilateral, and asymptomatic. It can sometimes lead to nasal obstruction, fetid odor, and purulent secretion. This case report is about the accidental finding of rhinolith during conventional diagnostic procedure. A 10-year-old female had an ovoid radiopacity in the right side of the nasal cavity. Although the patient had no symptoms of prevalence of this mass, it was found during routine radiographic examination. After the complete investigation of the radiopaque mass with the help of cone-beam computed tomography, the rhinolith was endoscopically removed.

Objective: Rhinolith is a hard nasal mass formed in time by the mineral salts around an endogenous or exogenous-originating nidus. Rhinolith, which is seen rarely, has been reported in the literature as case reports. In this study, we are presenting the demographic and clinical features together with accompanying sinonasal pathologies of 23 rhinolith cases.Methods: The medical records and radiological findings of 23 cases, who were operated for rhinolith between January 2010 and June 2018 in Tokat State Hospital, were analyzed retrospectively. The age, gender, the side where rhinolith exists, nidus presence, type of surgery and sinonasal pathologies that accompany rhinolith, and accompanying secondary sinonasal surgeries were examined.Results: A total of 17 (73.2%) of the 23 cases were female, and 6 (26.8%) were male. The mean age was 24.9 years. The symptoms that were seen in the patients were nasal obstruction (100%), rhinorrhea (82.6%), nasal malodor (78.2%), oral malodor (26%), headache (26%), epistaxis (17.3%), face pain (4,3%), respectively. Nidus could be detected in 6 patients. The most frequent localization of rhinolith was between the inferior concha and the nasal septum (n=21). The most common concomitant sinonasal pathology in rhinolith was septum deviation (43.4%); and the second most common pathology was mucosal thickening (30.4%) in the maxillary sinus. The surgery type that accompanied rhinolith at the highest frequency was septoplasty (n=5). Other surgeries were septorhinoplasty (n=1), antrochoanal polyp excision (n=1), adenoidectomy (n=1).Conclusion: The most common symptoms of rhinolith, which is a rare nasal pathology, are nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea. Radiological imaging together with a rigid endoscopy is important especially to evaluate the placement of rhinolith. In addition to this, radiological imaging, evaluation of the sinuses that are not sufficiently evaluated with rigid endoscope are important for planning the type of the operation and secondary surgical procedures which may accompany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhinolithiasis is part of the differential diagnosis of a chronic rhinosinusitis resistant to medical treatment. Rhinoliths are infrequent, they are foreign bodies that are calcified by the deposit of mineral salts; the most common symptoms are unilateral nasal obstruction, unilateral mucopurulent rhinorrhea, foul smelling, epistaxis and headache, which are usually part of the clinical picture of rhinosinusitis. Generally they are unilateral, they are lodged in the floor of the nasal cavity, their diagnosis is by nasal endoscopy and the imaging studies (radiography and computed tomography) confirm the diagnosis. Its treatment is surgical extraction. A high level of suspicion is required for its diagnosis, due to the infrequent nature of the disease. This paper reports a case and makes a literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhinoliths are rare, intranasal, mineralized masses formed via the precipitation of mineral salts around an intranasal nidus. Clinical signs are typically consistent with inflammatory rhinitis and nasal obstruction, but asymptomatic cases are possible. Rhinoliths may be classified as exogenous or endogenous depending on the origin of the nidus, with endogenous rhinoliths reportedly being less common. This case report describes a suspected case of endogenous rhinolithiasis in a cat which was detected as an incidental finding during radiographic assessment of a maxillary canine tooth with endodontic disease. Treatment consisted of removal of the suspected rhinolith via a transalveolar approach after surgical extraction of the maxillary canine tooth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign bodies in the nose are rarely seen among adults. Rhinoliths are uncommon intranasal foreign bodies that have a very low incidence. They are often asymptomatic may be up to many years and subsequently present with nasal symptoms. We reported a case of an adult man with unilateral rhinolith, who complained of unilateral nasal blockage and foul-smelling nasal discharge. He was diagnosed with rhinolith endoscopically and successfully removed under general anaesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unilateral choanal atresia is a congenital anomaly where a newborn baby is born with a unilateral imperforate posterior nare. In most of the time the diagnosis may be missed for years after birth. A rhinolith is an entity formed by gradual deposition and coating of different salts of calcium and magnesium over an endogenous or exogenous nidus in the nasal cavity. Coexistence of a rhinolith and choanal atresia is a very rare encounter in clinical practice and to the best of our knowledge this is perhaps the first documented case in Tanzania. We present a 15-year old boy who was attended at our department with a longstanding history of left sided non-foul smelling nasal discharge which was noticed first when he was 5 years old but at the age of 13 years, he presented with ipsilateral nose bleeding and episodic foul smelling nasal discharge. He was attended at various peripheral health facilities without relief. The patient underwent left sided nasal endoscopy where unilateral choanal atresia and a rhinolith were found. Transnasal endoscopic choanal atresia release and rhinolith removal were done under general anaesthesia in operating room. Postoperatively, he was kept on a nasal decongestant, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, intranasal corticosteroid and an analgesic. Clinicians must have a high index of suspicion so as to establish the diagnosis of unilateral choanal atresia in patients with persistent unilateral non-foul smelling discharge and also nasal foreign bodies in those with foul smelling nasal discharge. • Coexistence of choanal atresia and a rhinolith in teenagers is very rare in clinical practice. • Unilateral foul smelling nasal discharge in children suggests nasal foreign bodies. • Transnasal endoscopic resection of the atretic plate remains to be the treatment of choice of choanal atresia. • Rhinolith removal under local or general anaesthesia remains the treatment of choice. • Clinicians must have a high index of suspicion to establish the diagnosis of both choanal atresia and rhinolith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: A rhinolith is a rare entity affecting all people in all age groups. It is defined as a mineralized foreign body. The purpose of the present study was to reveal the distribution in age and gender and the localization, side, and prominent symptoms of rhinoliths to identify the risk groups and characteristics of the rhinoliths in a large case series. Methods: A retrospective review was performed from the medical charts of 28 patients who were diagnosed with rhinolith and underwent surgery between May 2011 and January 2015 in Ankara Research and Training Hospital. All data, including age, gender, duration of symptoms, localization of the lesion and accompanying pathologies, were documented. Results: In total, 28 patients (18 females and 10 males) with a mean age of 26.2±16.6 (5-62) years who were diagnosed with rhinolithiasis were reviewed. Nasal obstruction (71.4%) and nasal discharge (64.3%) were the most common complaints. The rhinolith was located in the right nasal cavity in 24 patients and in the left in four; this difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). There were 11 accompanying pathologies including nasal septal deviation (n=6), nasal polyposis (n=2), concha bullosa (n=2), and adenoid vegetation (n=1). In 21 (75%) patients, the most common site was the nasal base of the cavity between the inferior turbinate and the nasal septum. Conclusion: If unilateral right-sided nasal obstruction with foul-smelling purulent discharge is detected in a young adult and a nasal examination reveals a mass in the floor of the cavity, a rhinolith should be strongly considered in the differential diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhinoliths result from neglected nasal foreign bodies that gradually increase in size. They are usually discovered incidentally during routine ENT examination or due to the associated symptoms such as nasal obstruction or persistent foul-smelling unilateral nasal discharge. A case of a 14-year-old girl was reported with a year history of the symptom. The foul-smelling nasal discharge noted by her mother was not the main concern to them. She was referred by her primary care physician as she complained of impacted ear wax. However, rhinolith was incidentally found upon routine clinical examination in the ENT clinic and was removed uneventfully

Foreign body neglected in the nasal cavity for many years leads to the formation of a rhinolith, which gradually increases in size. Nasal obstruction and persistent foul smelling nasal discharge usually are the main presenting symptoms, although some might be silent. This paper presents and discuss a case of 19-year-old female patient whose main complaint was nasal obstruction for many years and treated as allergic rhinitis. Diagnosis was confirmed with computed tomography scan, and it was removed endoscopically without complications. We think that proper examination, which includes endoscopic evaluation, should be done to reach the diagnosis. A computed tomography scan confirmed the diagnosis and helped in planning the best treatment option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rhinolith is a stone that forms in the nose. It occurs as a result of the solidification of mucus and nasal debris by mineral salts, calcium, magnesium phosphate and carbonate. It can be seen on radiographs as a radiopaque object in the nasal fossa and may be confused with several pathologic entities that will call for more invasive surgical procedures. We present the first case of a giant rhinolith, possibly arising from aspergillosis, and discuss its clinical and radiologic features.

This is a case report of an 11-year old child who was suffering from rhinorrhoea for five years. As there was no history of foreign body insertion into the nose, the diagnosis of a nasal problem was not suspected. Furthermore, the initial presentation of unilateral rhinorrhoea (nasal discharge) masked the suspicion of other pathologies. The child was treated for allergic rhinitis until she presented herself to our attention whereby a rhinoscopy was performed, showing a rhinolith.

Rhinolith is a calcareous secretion that occurs in the nasal cavity and is usually discovered during routine radiographic examination as it is rare, unilateral, and asymptomatic. It can sometimes lead to nasal obstruction, fetid odor, and purulent secretion. This case report is about the accidental finding of rhinolith during conventional diagnostic procedure. A 10-year-old female had an ovoid radiopacity in the right side of the nasal cavity. Although the patient had no symptoms of prevalence of this mass, it was found during routine radiographic examination. After the complete investigation of the radiopaque mass with the help of cone-beam computed tomography, the rhinolith was endoscopically removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhinolith is an entity formed by gradual deposition and coating of different salts of calcium and magnesium over an endogenous or exogenous nidus in the nasal cavity. The type, size and duration of the rhinolith lead to multiple types of presentation. Giant rhinoliths are very rare in paediatric patients owing the size of their nasal cavities. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported case of a giant paediatric rhinolith in Tanzania. We present a 12-year old male who presented with a history of left sided nasal obstruction accompanied with foul smelling nasal discharge for 11 years and was marked by being followed by house flies. Had history of occasional episodes of headache but no facial pain. He was managed at various remote health facilities without specialist consultation for eleven years as case of allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis and finally was referred with a provisional diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease of the nose. The patient underwent anterior rhinoscopy and a left sided stony hard mass was removed under topical local anaesthesia. The patient underwent anterior rhinoscopy and a left sided stony hard mass was removed under topical local anaesthesia. Postoperatively he was kept on a nasal decongestant, a broad-spectrum antibiotic and an analgesic. Any child with unilateral foul smelling nasal discharge should be considered to have a nasal foreign body until proven otherwise. The treatment of choice remains to be nasal foreign body removal under local or general anaesthesia. • Giant rhinoliths are very rare in paediatric patients owing the size of their nasal cavities. • Unilateral foul smelling nasal discharge in a child suggests a nasal foreign body. • Type, size and duration of the rhinolith lead to multiple presentations. • Rhinolith removal under local or general anaesthesia remains the treatment of choice. • Clinicians must have a high index of suspicion to establish the diagnosis of a rhinolith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhinoliths are calcareous concretions around calcinated intranasal foreign bodies within the nasal cavity. They are commonly seen in the anterior part of the nasal cavity and are diagnosed based on history and presenting illness. Developing lesions are usually asymptomatic and can be a supplementary finding during routine radiography. We report a case of rhinolith, found incidentally in a dental radiograph.

Exogenous foreign bodies enter the nasal cavity through the nostrils or in some cases through the choana and usually get stuck in the lower or middle nasal meatus. An alien body that has been in the nasal cavity for a long time serves as a nucleus around which calcium and magnesium salts, organic components, are deposited from the nasal secretions, and contributes to the formation of rhinolith (nasal stone, from Greek rhino - nose, lithos - stone). Endogenous material (thick mucous secret or a blood clot drying into the crusts, desquamated epithelium, an atypically located tooth, products of cellular lysis and necrosis of the mucous membrane) can also serve as a potential nucleus for salt deposition. Narrowing of the nasal passages due to the curvature of the nasal septum, hypertrophy of the nasal conchae, violation of mucociliary transport and inflammatory changes in the mucous membrane in chronic rhinitis or rhinosinusitis can lead to a delay in the mucous discharge in the nasal cavity, pH changes, excessive saturation of the secretion with crystalloids, initiate crystallization around the nucleus and deposition of salts. This article presents the results of clinical examination and surgical treatment of a patient with rhinolith formed by prolonged inhalation of construction dust.

Rhinoliths are calcified foreign bodies which lodged in the nose. Nasal obstruction, discharge and odor are main symptoms of these patients. The patient with halitosis and recurrent nasal discharge and nasal obstruction were applyed our department. On examination, anterior rhinoscopy revealed masses lodged between the septum and the inferior turbinate in left nasal cavities of the patients. Under local anesthesia, anterior rhinoscopy and nasal endoscopic approach was rhinolith giant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhinoliths are rare entities encountered in clinical practice. They are calcified masses found within the nasal cavity. Which lesions can be encountered incidentally upon a routine dental radiograph. This article reports a case of such an incidental finding of rhinolith on a dental radiograph.