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Oxalobacter formigenes is a unique bacterium with the ability to metabolize oxalate as a primary carbon source. Most kidney stones in humans are composed of calcium and oxalate. Therefore, supplementation with an oxalate-degrading bacterium may reduce stone burden in patients suffering from recurrent calcium oxalate-based urolithiasis. Strains of O. formigenes are divided into two groups: group I and group II. However, the differences between strains from each group remain unclear and elucidating these distinctions will provide a better understanding of their physiology and potential clinical applications. Here, genomes from multiple O. formigenes strains underwent whole genome sequencing followed by phylogenetic and functional analyses. Genetic differences suggest that the O. formigenes taxon should be divided into an additional three species: Oxalobacter aliiformigenes sp. nov, Oxalobacter paeniformigenes sp. nov, and Oxalobacter paraformigenes sp. nov. Despite the similarities in the oxalyl-CoA gene (oxc), which is essential for oxalate degradation, these strains have multiple unique genetic features that may be potential exploited for clinical use. Further investigation into the growth of these strains in a simulated fecal environment revealed that O. aliiformigenes strains are capable of thriving within the human gut microbiota. O. aliiformigenes may be a better therapeutic candidate than current group I strains (retaining the name O. formigenes), which have been previously tested and shown to be ineffective as an oral supplement to mitigate stone disease. By performing genomic analyses and identifying these novel characteristics, Oxalobacter strains better suited to mitigation of calcium oxalate-based urolithiasis may be identified in the future.

The genomes of two Penicillium strains were sequenced and studied in this study: strain 2HH was isolated from the digestive tract of Anobium punctatum beetle larva in 1979 and the cellulase hypersecretory strain S1M29, derived from strain 2HH by a long-term mutagenesis process. With these data, the strains were reclassified and insight is obtained on molecular features related to cellulase hyperproduction and the albino phenotype of the mutant. Both strains were previously identified as Penicillium echinulatum and this investigation indicated that these should be reclassified. Phylogenetic and phenotype data showed that these strains represent a new Penicillium species in series Oxalica, for which the name Penicillium ucsense is proposed here. Six additional strains (SFC101850, SFCP10873, SFCP10886, SFCP10931, SFCP10932 and SFCP10933) collected from the marine environment in the Republic of Korea were also classified as this species, indicating a worldwide distribution of this new taxon. Compared to the closely related strain Penicillium oxalicum 114-2, the composition of cell wall-associated proteins of P. ucsense 2HH shows five fewer chitinases, considerable differences in the number of proteins related to β-d-glucan metabolism. The genomic comparison of 2HH and S1M29 highlighted single amino-acid substitutions in two major proteins (BGL2 and FlbA) that can be associated with the hyperproduction of cellulases. The study of melanin pathways shows that the S1M29 albino phenotype resulted from a single amino-acid substitution in the enzyme ALB1, a precursor of the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthesis. Our study provides important knowledge towards understanding species distribution, molecular mechanisms, melanin production and cell wall biosynthesis of this new Penicillium species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Anderson and Kathwohl’s adaption of Bloom’s taxonomy, and inspired by Schrok’s Bloomin’ Apps project, Allan Carrington created the Padagogy Wheel, which visually merges Bloom’s Taxonomy, learning outcomes, classroom activities, and mobile apps into a single disc. Since the Chinese version of this wheel is not strictly a translation but rather an adaption, the Chinese poster may serve as a valuable resource for teachers of Chinese as a foreign language. However, due to regional restrictions in app stores across the globe, not all of the apps listed there can be used if located outside of China. This paper therefore aims to adapt the Padagogy wheel for the needs of foreign language acquisition and presents some alternative infographics that can be combined with the Padagogy Wheel to further enhance awareness of all its features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a model for mastery learning. The framework for this model overlays the cognitive and knowledge dimensions from Krathwohl's revision of Bloom's Taxonomy, the Revised Taxonomy, with Polanyi's theory of personal knowledge. A simplified framework integrates Polanyi's concepts of subsidiary and focal awareness with the Revised Taxonomy levels of knowledge acquisition to form a new model consisting of two dynamic parts: base thought and elevated thought. The base/elevated thought framework serves as a model for mastery learning with regards to the usefulness, application, and integration of technology into the creative problem-solving process. Allocating base knowledge to other means of instruction (for example, online tutorials or flipped classroom techniques) frees up the instructor's time and allows the expert (teacher) to engage novices (students) in more direct student-instructor contextual learning requiring higher levels of cognitive thinking. While this paper proposes the use of the framework within the context of a technology-focused model, its application has potential for other learning scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The order Caryophanales , belonging to class Bacilli , is globally distributed in various ecosystems. Currently, this order comprised 12 families that show vast phenotypic, ecological and genotypic variation. The classification of Caryophanales at the family level is currently mainly based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis and the presence of shared phenotypic characteristics, resulting in noticeable anomalies. Our present study revises the taxonomy of Caryophanales based on 1080 available high-quality genome sequences of type strains. The evaluated parameters included the core-genome phylogeny, pairwise average aa identity, lineage-specific core genes, physiological criteria and ecological parameters. Based on the results of this polyphasic approach, we propose that the order Caryophanales be reclassified into 41 families, which include the existing 12 families, 17 families in a recent Validation List in the IJSEM (Validation List no. 215) and 12 novel families for which we propose the names Aureibacillaceae , Cytobacillaceae , Domibacillaceae , Falsibacillaceae , Heyndrickxiaceae , Lottiidibacillaceae , Oxalophagaceae , Pradoshiaceae , Rossellomoreaceae , Schinkiaceae , Sulfoacidibacillaceae and Sutcliffiellaceae . This work represents a genomic sequence-based and systematic framework for classifying the order Caryophanales at the family level, providing new insights into its evolution.

A report on the brachyuran crabs collected from the southwestern coast of India by the Indian research vessel FORV Sagar Sampada is presented. The material consists of 13 species from three genera and five families, of which four are new records for India: Heteroplax maldivensis (Rathbun, 1902) (Euryplacidae), Cryptopodia collifer Flipse, 1930 (Parthenopidae), Thalamita macrodonta Borradaile, 1903 (Portunidae), and Paraxanthodes cumatodes (MacGilchrist, 1905) (Xanthidae). The cruise also obtained the first known male of Nectopanope rhodobaphes Wood-Mason in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891 (type species of Nectopanope Wood-Mason in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891), and its characters show that it is in fact a member of the Euryplacidae Stimpson, 1871. The genus had previously been incorrectly classified in the Xanthidae MacLeay, 1838. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allopatric alpine populations of Phtheochroa frigidana s. lat. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) are reviewed. In addition to traditional diagnostic characters of external morphology, the genitalia structures of everted vesicae in male genitalia and DNA barcodes are analysed. This new approach supports the existence of five rather than two species in Europe: Phtheochroa schawerdae (Rebel, 1908) comb. nov. (Dinaric Mts, Rila Mts, Pirin Mts) = P. drenowskyi (Rebel, 1916) syn. nov.; P. alpinana sp. nov. (SW Alps); P. apenninana sp. nov. (Apennines); P. frigidana (Guenée, 1845) stat. rev. (Pyrenees) = P. flavidana (Guenée, 1845) = P. sulphurana (Guenée, 1845) = P. andorrana (Millière, 1865); P. cantabriana sp. nov. (Cantabrian Mts). In order to stabilize the nomenclature, a neotype for Eupoecilia frigidana is designated.

In this study, the main purpose is to present the main frame of revised version in 2001 of Bloom's taxonomy that has been accepted extensively in our country since 1956 as well as around the world. In accordance with this purpose, in the study, answers have been searched to these questions: 1- The rise of the original Bloom's taxonomy and what are the key features of? 2- What are the reasons for renewal of original taxonomy? 3- What kind of arrangements has been made in revised taxonomy? 4- What are the comments on Revised Taxonomy? Scanning method was used as a research method. These are the findings that were acquired in line with the research questions: 1- Between 1948-1956, a group of educators under the coordination of Bloom, developed the classification of cognitive domain. 2- Being modified of thinking and practices related with education by changes since 1956 is the leading motive of the taxonomy's being revised. 3- In revised taxonomy, two different dimensions revealed including dimension of information and dimension of the cognitive process. 4- Dimension of information is similar to the lower stages of knowledge digit of original taxonomy. Cognitive process dimension refers to the action size of the gains.

The aim of this study is to point out the reasons of and the critics about revised taxonomy which has been used since 1956 and was revised in 2001. Scanning method is used in this study. In the light of analysis of data collection, these results are obtained: 1. Reasons behind the revision of Bloom's taxonomy are; being unable to respond with a one-dimensional form to the developments in educational psychology and learning approaches, having difficulty in evaluating owing to the cumulative hierarchical framework of original taxonomy, and being insufficient of one-dimensional form of Bloom's taxonomy within the scope of cognitive processes. 2. Here are the main critics of the revised taxonomy; revised taxonomy brings terminological and structural innovations for the process of instructional planning, increased number of sub-categories contributes to phase of reading objectives, revised taxonomy makes it possible to use new concepts, such as performance and authentic assessment, there are different opinions about the two steps that are accepted as the most difficult and located at the top. The knowledge dimension and cognitive process dimension are understandable enough and there are difficulties regarding the use of the classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to point out the reasons of and the critics about revised taxonomy which has been used since 1956 and was revised in 2001. Scanning method is used in this study. In the light of analysis of data collection, these results are obtained: 1. Reasons behind the revision of Bloom's taxonomy are; being unable to respond with a one-dimensional form to the developments in educational psychology and learning approaches, having difficulty in evaluating owing to the cumulative hierarchical framework of original taxonomy, and being insufficient of one-dimensional form of Bloom's taxonomy within the scope of cognitive processes. 2. Here are the main critics of the revised taxonomy; revised taxonomy brings terminological and structural innovations for the process of instructional planning, increased number of sub-categories contributes to phase of reading objectives, revised taxonomy makes it possible to use new concepts, such as performance and authentic assessment, there are different opinions about the two steps that are accepted as the most difficult and located at the top. The knowledge dimension and cognitive process dimension are understandable enough and there are difficulties regarding the use of the classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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So far much research concerning Bloom's taxonomy has been done both in our country and all over the world. The taxonomy revised by Krathwhol and his colleagues keeps six categories in the cognitive processes but this time the creativity dimension which does not exist in the Bloom's taxonomy is now placed at the top stage. One of the notable revisions is that the knowledge level is divided into four subcategories and these subcategories are classified with the cognitive-process dimensions. In this study there are some explanations and criticisms regarding the Bloom's (1956) and revised taxonomies. It is the fact that a presupposition leading the Bloom's taxonomy as an ultimate and unique taxonomy undermines the very essence of scientific thought. For this reason the revised taxonomy will add profoundness and wide perspectives to the new studies in this area and thus the overuse of the Bloom's taxonomy can be diminished. There is a subjectivity regarding in which cognitive process a student answered a question in Bloom's taxonomy. But the same subjectivity can be suggested for the revised taxonomy due to the difficulties in classification. Despite the criticisms the efforts of applying this revised taxonomy to teaching and evaluation processes can facilitate the advancement of this revised theoretical structure in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wasp family Panguidae Li, Rasnitsyn, Shih & Ren, 2019 was erected on the basis of the type species Pangu yuangu, which is a female preserved in mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Myanmar) amber. Herein, a new species, Pangu antiquum sp. nov., is described based on a male wasp. In addition, the wasp Prosphex anthophilos Grimaldi & Engel, 2019, described as Family Incertae sedis from Burmese amber, fits well with the diagnosis of Panguidae. We suggest to include Prosphex Grimaldi & Engel, 2019 as the second genus in the Panguidae. A key for genera and species of Panguidae is provided. Up to date, all taxa in Panguidae are known only from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Lactobacillus comprises 261 species (at March 2020) that are extremely diverse at phenotypic, ecological and genotypic levels. This study evaluated the taxonomy of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae on the basis of whole genome sequences. Parameters that were evaluated included core genome phylogeny, (conserved) pairwise average amino acid identity, clade-specific signature genes, physiological criteria and the ecology of the organisms. Based on this polyphasic approach, we propose reclassification of the genus Lactobacillus into 25 genera including the emended genus Lactobacillus , which includes host-adapted organisms that have been referred to as the Lactobacillus delbrueckii group, Paralactobacillus and 23 novel genera for which the names Holzapfelia , Amylolactobacillus , Bombilactobacillus , Companilactobacillus , Lapidilactobacillus , Agrilactobacillus , Schleiferilactobacillus , Loigolactobacilus , Lacticaseibacillus , Latilactobacillus , Dellaglioa , Liquorilactobacillus , Ligilactobacillus , Lactiplantibacillus , Furfurilactobacillus , Paucilactobacillus , Limosilactobacillus , Fructilactobacillus , Acetilactobacillus , Apilactobacillus , Levilactobacillus , Secundilactobacillus and Lentilactobacillus are proposed. We also propose to emend the description of the family Lactobacillaceae to include all genera that were previously included in families Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae . The generic term 'lactobacilli' will remain useful to designate all organisms that were classified as Lactobacillaceae until 2020. This reclassification reflects the phylogenetic position of the micro-organisms, and groups lactobacilli into robust clades with shared ecological and metabolic properties, as exemplified for the emended genus Lactobacillus encompassing species adapted to vertebrates (such as Lactobacillus delbrueckii , Lactobacillus iners , Lactobacillus crispatus , Lactobacillus jensensii , Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus acidophilus ) or invertebrates (such as Lactobacillus apis and Lactobacillus bombicola ).