Search

In long-term dementia care, caregivers face a dilemma. On the one hand, they need to respect the residents' right to self-determination, but on the other hand, they sometimes rely on physical restraints to deal with potential violence and self-destructive behavior. The issue of self determination is further complicated by residents often depending on family members as advocates in decision-making. In this article, we examine 15 care plan meetings to identify the professional practices of discussing the physical restrictions posed to residents with severe dementia. Our method is conversation analysis. Our analysis demonstrates that staff members' practices involve informing, accounting, and agreeing on the goals rather than on the methods of physical restraining. Staff members tend to first inform family members about the principles of restraining and then account for the use of restraints. Accounts highlight the problems that can be avoided and the benefits that can be achieved by limiting residents' actions. Consequently, the family members' role in the discussion is to accept the decision that has already been approved by authorities. As the staff members highlight the aim of protecting the well-being of the resident, the family members tend to respond with overt agreement and even promote the use of restraints. Current negotiation practices provide insufficient opportunities for family members to advocate for residents. Therefore, we recommend involving family members in decision-making about restraining at an earlier stage, adjusting the protocol in care plan meetings, and engaging the family in minimizing and preventing restraints. In general, staff members should pay more attention to the residents' experiences and the family members' lifeworld knowledge of the residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerating geophysical activity is detected preceding some, but not all, large earthquakes. This observation may indicate that no precursors occur before some earthquakes, or that the instrumentation lacks the required sensitivity. To aid crustal monitoring efforts, we use discrete element method models to identify the locations and styles of deformation that may provide useful information about approaching fault reactivation. We model the reactivation of two healed rough faults in a variety of step over configurations, embedded in a host rock with varying amounts of damage subject to shear velocity loading parallel to the faults. Both the fault geometry and ratio of fault to host rock strength control the amount of off‐fault deformation. Consistent with field observations, models with larger steps and more preexisting host rock damage produce higher amounts of off‐fault deformation. We assess the size of the continuous regions of high velocities and strains to compare the value of the precursory information of each velocity and strain component. Comparing the three components of the velocity vector suggests that the fault‐parallel velocity produces the largest and most temporally continuous regions of elevated velocity. The size of these regions increases toward failure, indicating the usefulness of tracking this component. Comparing the volumetric and shear components of the three‐dimensional strain tensor suggests that during most of the interseismic period, the shear strain provides more information about approaching fault slip than the volumetric strain. However, in the days and months preceding fault reactivation, both the shear and volumetric strains provide similarly valuable information. Plain Language Summary: Variations in geophysical properties preceding some large earthquakes suggest the possibility of using such signals to forecast the timing of large events. However, detectable precursors do not appear to precede some earthquakes. To improve crustal monitoring efforts, we use numerical models to simulate deformation preceding the reactivation of two faults in a variety of geometries. Contrary to expectations, similarly strong precursory deformation occurs outside of the zones of healed faults as within these zones. In agreement with previous work, decreasing the strength of the crust and increasing the geometric complexity of the fault network promotes off‐fault deformation. By examining the three‐dimensional velocity and strain components preceding fault reactivation, we find that the fault parallel velocity component, the shear strain, and the volumetric strain may produce the most systematic, and thus perhaps the most detectable, precursory information in the months and days preceding fault reactivation. Key Points: More preexisting damage and larger steps produce more off‐fault deformationThe fault parallel velocity produces larger and more temporally continuous regions of high velocities than the other componentsThe shear and volumetric strains produce similarly sized regions preceding failure [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of beneficiaries who are accommodated in social welfare homes are persons with mental disabilities. Most of them are locked up and prevented from leaving those institutions by their own will. They are virtually deprived of their liberty, with the explanation that it is in their "best interest". However, there is no legal ground in the Serbian legal system for the deprivation of liberty of beneficiaries of social welfare institutions. Such treatment is contrary to Article 27 of the Serbian Constitution according to which "deprivation of liberty is allowed only for the reasons and in the procedure provided for by law". It also contravenes Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights, according to which "no one shall be deprived of his liberty save... in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law". After years of ignoring the Ombudsman's recommendation to stop deprivation of liberty without valid legal ground, the Ministry responsible for social affairs in 2019 tried to regulate the said conduct. However, the offered versions of the Draft Law contain numerous shortcomings and contradict current standards. This paper is an attempt to argue for the unsustainability of the solutions offered.

Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) are widely used in non-destructive testing (NDT). However, when ultrasonic waves are excited, the transmitting coil generates a strong alternating magnetic field, resulting in the generation of an electromagnetic pulse. To address this problem, an EMAT with electromagnetic pulse restraining is presented in this paper. First, the cause of the electromagnetic pulse is investigated. Second, the conditions for restraining the electromagnetic pulse using the new transmitting coil are analysed. Finally, the design method for the new transmitting coil is provided through evaluation of the magnetic field model of the new transmitting coil. The experimental results demonstrate that the new transmitting coil has a significant effect on the excitation of ultrasonic waves in the tested material and the restraining of electromagnetic pulses. Therefore, the method proposed in this study can self-compensate for the strong alternating magnetic field generated by the transmitting coil, reduce the interference of the electromagnetic pulse with the ultrasonic wave and improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of EMATs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Crimen: Journal for Criminal Justice is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The extreme personalization of the sports car industry requires the development of reliable and affordable techniques for the in-house set-up and control of processing conditions in deep drawing of body-in-white parts. In order to cope with this urgent need, a handy draw bead simulator (DBS) is proposed to measure the restraining force exerted on a sheet metal by the draw bead during deep drawing. The apparatus can be integrated into a common tensile testing machine and the male-female parts of the DBS are variable to account for different geometries of the draw bead and for different thicknesses of the sheet metal. For validation, the DBS is operated to reproduce the effect of a draw bead working on an Al6014-T4 strip according to assigned industrial conditions. Tensile tests repeated on the metal strip after drawing open the way to quantify work hardening effects. The new DBS can be applied to measure the restraining force and investigate the specific role of the draw bead in deep drawing, but it may also be used to verify the predictivity of computational models, thus supporting the development of simulations for feasibility studies and tool design optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an experimental research on steel and composite partially encased steel columns embedded on brick walls and subjected to fire. The specimens were made of HEA 100 and HEA 220 steel profiles, with the web parallel and orthogonal to the wall's surface. The thickness of the tested walls was 7, 11, and 15 cm depending on the steel profile used in the column. Due to the generated thermal gradient, this type of columns experienced thermal bowing, bending first towards the exposed side and then to the opposite side of the fire. When the column's web is parallel to the wall's surface, a less pronounced thermal gradient is developed, and the column behaves more like to a uniform heated one. The axial restraining forces increasing and after reaching the peak value decreasing quite suddenly. When the column's web is orthogonal to the wall's surface, the steel flange is directly exposed to fire, resulting on its rapid thermal elongation accompanied by a rapid degradation of the mechanical properties of the materials, while the remaining cross-section heats slower. The restraining forces after reaching a peak value descended a little bit and then increasing again up to second peak value, thus part of the cross-section is slowly heating and elongating. The thickness of the brick wall influenced the stiffness of the tested columns, affecting the development of the restraining forces and displacements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to document details about traditional practices adopted for restraining camel in Rajasthan. The information was collected by discussing villagers of the study area using the “Transect walks” method of the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) technique from August 2014 to September 2015. The study revealed that restraining practices vary with age of the animal and purpose of restraining. Homemade rope halter is primarily used for restraining young camels, while use of nose-peg and nose-rings are common techniques used in adult animals. Tying fore or hind legs with rope is frequently used for restraining animals in standing or sitting position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of harmonic circulation current in paralleled inverters system,a method of restraining harmonic circulating current was proposed based on analysis of mathematic model of single inverter with harmonic disturbance and produced principle of harmonic circulating current in paralleled inverters system,in which dual-ring control mode of current and voltage was used for single inverter of paralleled inverters system and coupling inductances were added to output ends of inverters.The theoretical analysis and simulation result verified the validity of the method.

An experimental research on the fire behaviour of compressed cold-formed steel columns with closed built-up cross-sections and restrained thermal elongation is presented. Several parameters were assessed, including the influence of loading level, boundary conditions, restraint to thermal elongation imposed by the surrounding structure and cross-sectional shape. The investigation suggests that an increase in the non-dimensional axial restraint ratio and column load levels lead to a decrease in critical temperatures. Furthermore, the 350 °C critical temperature limit predicted in the EN 1993-1-3:2005 may be too simplistic and conservative for fire design of this type of columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to determine the opinions of family caregivers on the use of physical restraints in patients admitted to intensive care units. Material and Methods: This descriptive study included the caregivers of 42 restrained patients admitted in Medical and Surgical Intensive Care Units of the Hacettepe University Adult Hospital between August 2012 and August 2013. Data was collected using a data collection form developed by researchers based on the literature. Descriptive statistical analyses and chi-square tests were used for data analysis. Results: The mean age of patients was 41.2±11.2; 52.4% of the patients were females. Among the caregivers, 61.9% were the patients' children. In this study, physical restraints were applied to the upper extremity alone and to both wrists and ankles in 90.5% and 9.5% of the patients, respectively. Among the relatives, 78.6% stated that they were informed of the physical restraining; 90.9% stated that the information provided was adequate. In addition, 85.7% of the relatives reported that physical restraint on the patient was necessary, 9.5% of the relatives stated that it was unnecessary, and 4.8% of the caregivers were ambivalent regarding the requirement of physical restraining. Only 8.6% of the patients suggested that their presence next to the patient in the intensive care unit may be a substitution for physical restraint. Informed consent for physical restraining was obtained from only 9.8% of the caregivers. Conclusion: Most of the caregivers were informed about physical restraining, and they thought that it was necessary; however, it was determined that informed consent was obtained from only a small percentage of caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will analyse the legal nature, content, conditions for application, durability, execution and breach of the restraining penalty in the Spanish Criminal Law. There are three different penalties under this name: deprivation of the right to reside in specific places or to visit them, prohibition to approach and prohibition to communicate with the victim, or with her relatives or other persons determined by the Judge or Court of Law. The aim is to identify deficiencies in its regulation and make proposals for improving it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite structures are nowadays used, principally in high-rise buildings, due to its high load-bearing capacity and seismic and fire resistance. There are already several research works on the fire behaviour of composite steel and concrete columns with restrained thermal elongation, mainly of numerical nature, but a few were carried out on composite columns made of totally encased steel sections. This paper presents the results of an experimental research carried out in this last type of columns subjected to fire. Several parameters that might have influence on its behaviour were tested, such as the initial applied load level, the stiffness of the surrounding structure ( i.e. axial and rotational restraining to thermal elongation) and the dimensions of the cross-section that resulted in different slenderness values of the columns tested. The tabulated data of EN 1994-1-2 (2005), for these type of columns, showed to be very conservative and on the safe side, when compared with those resulted from the experimental tests of the present investigation, because the ones of this code may have an empiric base and resulted from columns tested without thermal restraining. The load level and concrete cover showed to have a big influence on the critical time of the columns. Increasing the first reduced while increasing the second increased the critical time of the tested columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental study on the fire behaviour of cold-formed steel lipped channel (C) and built-up I (2C) slender columns with restrained thermal elongation is presented. The studied parameters were the stiffness of the surrounding structure, type of cross-section, end support conditions and initial applied load level on the columns. The results showed that increasing the stiffness of the surrounding structure and initial applied load level for the semi-rigid support conditions and both cross-sections, lead to a significant reduction of the critical temperature whereas for the pin-ended support conditions the reduction is supposed to be smaller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public is becoming increasingly concerned about how nonhuman animals are treated, and many studies show that European citizens are concerned about farm animal welfare. Religious slaughter has always been a controversial and emotive subject, caught between animal welfare considerations, cultural and human rights issues. There is considerable variation in current practices, and the rules regarding religious requirements are still confusing. Similarly, consumer demands and concerns also need to be addressed. Therefore, there is a need for information relating to slaughter techniques as well as product range, consumer expectations, market share, and socioeconomic issues. This research aims at identifying the procedures for current methods of religious slaughter in Italy. Conventional slaughter is performed with prior stunning; kosher slaughter is practiced without stunning. Halal slaughter is performed for most of the animals without stunning. Halal slaughter with prior stunning is accepted for 5.9% of small ruminants. Questionnaires were sent to regional health authorities, and spot-check visits were conducted on cattle, sheep, and poultry abattoirs in Italy from October 2008 to March 2009. The observed parameters are discussed in regards to the risk to animal welfare. Observations not only on restraining methods, but also on post-cut, clinical indicators of consciousness are considered. This research is the first, systematic attempt to analyze the methods of religious slaughter and to discuss the implications for animal welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of the temper bead welding (TBW) technique and post weld heat treatment (PWHT) on mechanical properties of multi-layer welding on low carbon steel specimens using Charpy V-notch impact testing and tensile testing. Several samples of two different weld geometries, viz. (i) smooth-contoured, and (ii) U-shaped were made with multiple bead layers using both TBW and PWHT techniques. Impact testing showed that at room temperature and below, TBW gave an impact toughness in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) better than both PWHT and the parent material. At temperatures higher than the room temperature but below 60 °C, PWHT gave better impact toughness in the HAZ. Above 60 °C, both TBW and PWHT showed impact toughness lower than that of the parent material. In tensile testing, both TBW and PWHT weld metal specimens produced acceptable results; however, TBW gave yield and tensile strengths closer to that of the actual material than PWHT. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) disrupts hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. Given the established role of HPA axis hormones in regulating bone metabolism, we tested the hypothesis that traumatic stress has a negative impact on bone development. We employed a variant single prolonged stress (SPS) model in which several stressors were applied to three week old C57BL/6J mice. Compared to the controls, the stressed mice showed increased freezing behavior reminiscent of PTSD symptoms. At two weeks, bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (B area) and bone mineral density (BMD) in total body based on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis were reduced by 10.2%, 7.0% and 3.6%, respectively. Micro-CT analysis of the metaphyseal region of the excised tibia revealed that SPS caused a deterioration of trabecular architecture with trabecular number (Tb.N), BV/TV, connectivity density (Conn-Den) decreasing 12.0%, 18.9%, 23.3% and trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp), structure model index (SMI) increasing 13.9%, 21.8%, respectively. Mechanical loading increased the cross-sectional area in the mid-shaft region of the loaded right versus unloaded left tibia by 7.6% in the controls, and 10.0% in the stressed mice. Therefore, SPS applied to pre-pubertal young mice produced strong negative impact on both bone mass acquisition and trabecular architecture. Mechanical loading can be employed to increase bone size, a parameter related to bone strength, in normal as well as stressed conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The simplified calculation methods proposed in EN1993-1-2 for fire design of steel columns do not take into account the restraining to its thermal elongation. In order to provide data for developing a new simplified calculation method for fire design of HEA, HEB and HEM steel columns with restrained thermal elongation a parametric study using the advanced calculation model ABAQUS, was carried out. This method was established taking into account the axial and rotational restraint to the column in case of fire, the column slenderness and the load level. The critical times and temperatures can be obtained directly from formulae. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The filling of circular hollow sections (CHS) with concrete is a good solution for strengthening columns since such procedure increase their load bearing capacity at room and high temperatures. However, in the event of a fire, restraining to thermal elongation may change their mechanical behavior. This paper presents the results of a large series of fire resistance tests on CHS columns with restrained thermal elongation. Parameters such as the slenderness of the column, its load level, the stiffness of the surrounding structure, the percentage of steel reinforcement and the degree of concrete filling inside the column, were tested. The results obtained show that the critical time of the columns was less than 46min. The use of a concrete ring around the internal surface of the column''s wall is of no advantage in terms of its behavior under fire conditions because this concrete ring suffers extensive spalling and cracking due to overheating of the steel tube. The main failure mode of the columns was global buckling. However in several cases local buckling also occurred. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Brain and heart activities were measured in 31 veal calves during restraining and rotating followed by neck cutting with or without stunning to evaluate welfare. After neck cutting Correlation Dimension analyses and %power of EEG beta wave fraction decreased gradually to lower values resulting in an induction of unconsciousness lasting on average 80s. Corneal reflex response ceased 135±57s after neck cutting. The CD scores and the %power of beta waves fell immediately after post-cut captive bolt and pre-cut electrical stunning to levels indicating unconsciousness. Heart rate in lairage increased upon entrance to the restrainer and again after rotation, heart rate variability decreased. Rotating the restrainer 90°, 120° or 180° compromised veal calf welfare and should be avoided. It is recommended to use post-cut captive bolt stunning or pre-cut electrical stunning inducing immediate unconsciousness. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The behavior of steel columns subjected to fire depends on their interaction with the surrounding building structure. To improve knowledge of the phenomenon a great many fire resistance tests have been carried out on steel columns with restrained thermal elongation. A new experimental system was designed and constructed to carry out the tests. The columns tested had slenderness of 50.6 and 63.3, an initial applied load of 30% and 70% of the column''s design value of the buckling load at room temperature and an axial stiffness of the surrounding structure of 13, 45 and 63.3kN/mm. Also tested were columns with initial applied loading eccentricity equal to the width of the cross-section in the direction of the weak inertia axis or both principal inertia axes. The results showed that increasing the stiffness of the surrounding structure may not lead to a reduction of the column''s critical temperature. This is because, associated with an increase of the axial stiffness is an increase of the rotational stiffness, which has an opposite effect to the first one. It was also noted that the higher initial applied load levels resulted in shorter critical temperatures of the columns. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study on the nurses safety measures in an acute psychiatric unit during the restraining of aggressive patients. It mentions that studies aims to identify the factors in the restraining process that can be obtained to improve the nurses safety. It says that the study uses within-method triangulation and two quantitative data collection methods. Result shows that the most injuries of the restraining is in the afternoon shift by physical assaults.

Abstract: The behaviour of composite columns made of partially encased steel sections subjected to fire has been studied numerically by several researchers. Experimental studies are scarce and there are still many phenomena to study. The influence of the axial and rotational restraint on the behaviour of these types of columns subjected to fire is still under research. This paper presents the results of a series of fire resistance tests on these types of columns with restrained thermal elongation. A new experimental set-up, specially conceived for fire resistance tests on building columns, was used for the tests. The experimental set-up was conceived so that the axial and rotational restraint of the columns would be similar to the conditions in a real building. The parameters studied were the load level, the axial and rotational restraint ratios and the slenderness of the column. The main conclusion of this work is that for low load levels the stiffness of the surrounding structure has a major influence on the behaviour of the column subjected to fire. Increasing the stiffness of the surrounding structure led to reductions in the critical times. The same behaviour was not observed for the high load levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper outlines experimental research on the behaviour of reinforced concrete columns with restrained thermal elongation subjected to fire. The high temperatures developed in a fire lead to the thermal elongation of the structural elements, but other parts of the structure that remain at lower temperatures will impose restraints on that elongation, resulting in additional stresses on the heated members. It is therefore important to analyze the influence of the thermal restraint on the behaviour of reinforced concrete columns subjected to fire. Fire resistance tests were carried out on reinforced concrete columns with restrained thermal elongation to study this phenomenon. The influence of several parameters on the behaviour of the columns subjected to fire was tested, including the longitudinal reinforcement ratio, the slenderness of the column, the restraint level, the load level and the load eccentricity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The shape of timber changes due to variations in moisture content (MC). Analytical models, which explain how the cladding restrains the timber studs that are prone to twist, are presented. The models are used for parametric studies of various properties, such as longitudinal shrinkage, torsional modulus of elasticity and cross-sectional size of the timber stud and stiffness of the cladding. With respect to twist, the bending stiffness of the cladding is of great importance. Large bending stiffness increases the restraint in the twist-prone studs and results in a straighter wall. Low torsional stiffness in the studs makes it easier for the cladding to restrain twist. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The shape of timber changes due to variations in moisture content (MC). A poor way of designing and/or erecting a structure may result in excessive deformation. An analytical model, which explains spring in a partition wall, is presented. The model is used for parametric studies of various properties such as longitudinal shrinkage coefficient, modulus of elasticity and cross-sectional size of the timber studs and stiffness of the cladding. With respect to spring, a problem is likely to occur when erecting a wall with single-sided cladding in a drying climate and the structure will benefit from relatively stiff studs and weak cladding. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Kind en Adolescent is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper describes a series of four full-scale furnace tests conducted on unprotected concrete-filled steel tubular columns with and without reinforcement bars. Three of the columns were subjected to compression and horizontal loads, considering the end restraints provided by the adjacent cooler frame members and the forced displacement caused by thermal elongation of the heated beam during fire. One of the columns was subjected to concentric load for the purpose of benchmark comparison. The test setup consisted of multi-loaded specimens that comprised two-story columns which were subjected to compression load. The lower column was subjected to an ISO-834 standard fire and a displacement control horizontal force was applied to the top of the column until a horizontal displacement of 1/50th of the heating length of the column was attained after 2 or 4 h of fire. The test results showed that the failure times of the columns under multi-loading conditions were shorter than those of the columns under axial loading condition because of the double curvature bending on the core concrete. The double curvature bending was observed to be more severe than the single curvature bending in the eccentrically loaded furnace test. • Fire resistance of reinforced CFST columns under multi-loading was studied. • Restraint by surrounding frame and forced displacement by heated beam were assessed. • Additional bending action worsened fire resistance performance significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]